US20070224055A1 - Electrokinetic pump designs and drug delivery systems - Google Patents
Electrokinetic pump designs and drug delivery systems Download PDFInfo
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- US20070224055A1 US20070224055A1 US11/603,926 US60392606A US2007224055A1 US 20070224055 A1 US20070224055 A1 US 20070224055A1 US 60392606 A US60392606 A US 60392606A US 2007224055 A1 US2007224055 A1 US 2007224055A1
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
- F04B19/00—Machines or pumps having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F04B1/00 - F04B17/00
- F04B19/04—Pumps for special use
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M5/00—Devices for bringing media into the body in a subcutaneous, intra-vascular or intramuscular way; Accessories therefor, e.g. filling or cleaning devices, arm-rests
- A61M5/14—Infusion devices, e.g. infusing by gravity; Blood infusion; Accessories therefor
- A61M5/142—Pressure infusion, e.g. using pumps
- A61M5/145—Pressure infusion, e.g. using pumps using pressurised reservoirs, e.g. pressurised by means of pistons
- A61M5/1452—Pressure infusion, e.g. using pumps using pressurised reservoirs, e.g. pressurised by means of pistons pressurised by means of pistons
- A61M5/14526—Pressure infusion, e.g. using pumps using pressurised reservoirs, e.g. pressurised by means of pistons pressurised by means of pistons the piston being actuated by fluid pressure
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
- F04B17/00—Pumps characterised by combination with, or adaptation to, specific driving engines or motors
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
- F04B19/00—Machines or pumps having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F04B1/00 - F04B17/00
- F04B19/006—Micropumps
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M5/00—Devices for bringing media into the body in a subcutaneous, intra-vascular or intramuscular way; Accessories therefor, e.g. filling or cleaning devices, arm-rests
- A61M5/14—Infusion devices, e.g. infusing by gravity; Blood infusion; Accessories therefor
- A61M5/142—Pressure infusion, e.g. using pumps
- A61M5/145—Pressure infusion, e.g. using pumps using pressurised reservoirs, e.g. pressurised by means of pistons
- A61M2005/14513—Pressure infusion, e.g. using pumps using pressurised reservoirs, e.g. pressurised by means of pistons with secondary fluid driving or regulating the infusion
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M2209/00—Ancillary equipment
- A61M2209/04—Tools for specific apparatus
- A61M2209/045—Tools for specific apparatus for filling, e.g. for filling reservoirs
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
- Y10T137/0318—Processes
- Y10T137/0391—Affecting flow by the addition of material or energy
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Hematology (AREA)
- Anesthesiology (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Vascular Medicine (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Infusion, Injection, And Reservoir Apparatuses (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/739,390 filed Nov. 23, 2005, titled, “Electrokinetic Pump Designs and Drug Delivery Systems” which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. This application is related to the following co-pending patent applications: U.S. application Ser. No. (not yet assigned) filed herewith titled, “Electrokinetic Pump Designs and Drug Delivery Systems” (Attorney Docket number 10076-705.201); U.S. application Ser. No. 10/198,223, filed Jul. 17, 2002 titled, “Laminated Flow Devices”; U.S. application Ser. No. 10/273,723 filed Oct. 18, 2002 titled, “Electrokinetic Device Having Capacitive Electrodes”; U.S. application Ser. No. 10/322,083 filed Dec. 17, 2002 titled, “Electrokinetic Device Having Capacitive Electrodes” and U.S. application Ser. No. 11/112,867 filed Apr. 21, 2005 titled, “Electrokinetic Delivery Systems, Devices and Methods,” each of which are incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
- Pumps and pumping systems exist for the delivery of various fluids. A variety of pumps are used in a number of various different configurations and uses. Pumps are used for infusion of drugs or delivery of drugs into mammals, the sterility of the drugs is very important. In addition, contamination of the drug or delivery fluid from the pump system should be reduced or eliminated. Additionally, it remains an important aspect to minimize contact between the drug to be delivered and the internal components of the pump being used to deliver the drug. Filling or preparing the drug or fluid for delivery should not be time consuming. These and other difficulties are encountered using conventional filling and pumping systems.
- Related U.S. application Ser. No. 11/112,867 filed Apr. 21, 2005 titled, “Electrokinetic Delivery Systems, Devices and Methods,” discloses a technique for filling a pump with fluid for delivery. This technique involves operating the pump system in reverse to draw the delivery fluid into the pump. Then, after filling the pump with the delivery fluid, the pump direction is reversed and the delivery fluid is delivered from the pump. Reversing pump direction may be a good solution for small amounts of fluid or for pump configurations that have a very high linear flow rate. However, the time requirements for loading large volumes of delivery fluid using this technique may be prohibitive for time conscious applications and problematic for later pump operation.
- What are needed are improved techniques for providing the delivery fluid into the pumping system. The pump filling procedures should be simple and require small amounts of time.
- One embodiment of the present invention provides a piston assembly having a piston housing filled with an electrolyte; a housing within the piston housing that divides the piston housing into a first portion and a second portion, the housing having apertures that provide fluid communication between the first portion and the second portion; a shaft connecting the housing to a piston head outside of the piston housing; and a porous material inside of the housing in contact with the electrolyte.
- In one aspect, the porous material is a porous dielectric material adapted for operation as part of an electrokinetic pump. In another aspect, there is a sealing element around the piston head or the housing. In yet another aspect, there is a second shaft connecting the housing to a handle outside of the piston housing. In another aspect there is a valve within the second shaft wherein actuation of the valve provides a flow path between the first portion and the second portion. In yet another aspect, the flow path from one side of the housing to the other side of the housing includes a bypass through the porous material contained in the housing. In another aspect, the valve is actuatable from a handle attached to the second shaft. In another aspect, the shaft extends through a wall in the piston housing. In another aspect, the sealing element around the material housing seals the housing to a wall of the piston housing. In another aspect, there is an electrode in the first portion and an electrode in the second portion. In one embodiment, the electrodes have a double layer capacitance of greater than 10−4 microfarad/cm2.
- In another embodiment of the invention, there is provided a pump having a delivery chamber, a pump chamber and a wall separating the pump chamber from the delivery chamber; a piston assembly having a piston head in the delivery chamber, a housing in the pump chamber and a shaft connecting the piston head to the housing and passing through the wall separating the pump chamber from the delivery chamber; and a dielectric material in the housing.
- In one aspect, there is a pair of electrodes in the pump housing. In one aspect, there is one electrode is on each side of the housing. In one embodiment, the pair of electrodes are made from a material selected to electrokineticly move a fluid in the pump chamber. In one aspect, the delivery chamber and the pump chamber are in a single housing. In another aspect, the housing divides the pump chamber into a first portion and a second portion. In yet another aspect, there is provided apertures in the housing that provide fluid communication between the first portion and the second portion. In another aspect, there is an electrolyte in the pump chamber. In a further aspect, each electrode in the pair of electrodes has a double layer capacitance of more than 10−4 microfarad/cm2. In yet another aspect, there is a bypass valve in the shaft that provides a fluid pathway from one side of the housing to the other side of the housing. In one aspect, the bypass valve in the shaft that provides a fluid pathway from the first portion to the second portion. In another aspect, the delivery chamber is filled with a delivery fluid by relative movement between the pump chamber and the delivery chamber. In another aspect, application of an electric field across the electrodes moves the fluid in the pump chamber from one side of the housing to the other side of the housing. In one aspect, application of an electric field across the electrodes moves the piston head in the delivery chamber. In another aspect, application of an electric field across the electrodes moves the housing relative to the pump chamber.
- In another embodiment, there is provided a method for operating a fluid delivery system by inserting a piston assembly into a delivery chamber, the piston assembly having a pump housing, a piston head outside of the pump housing and attached to a shaft extending through a wall in the pump housing, a housing attached to the shaft and between electrodes in the pump housing; and filling the delivery chamber with a delivery fluid by withdrawing the piston head from within the delivery chamber. In one further aspect, the method fixes the position of the pump housing relative to the delivery chamber. In another aspect, there is provided the step of advancing the piston head in the delivery chamber by moving fluid in the pump chamber. In one aspect, moving fluid within the pump chamber comprises electrokineticly moving fluid through the housing. In another aspect, moving fluid within the pump chamber comprises providing an electric field between the electrodes. In yet another aspect, the filling step comprises withdrawing the pump assembly.
- In another embodiment, there is a method for operating a fluid delivery assembly having a pump chamber and a delivery chamber by withdrawing a shaft from within the fluid delivery assembly to simultaneously displace a moving pump element within the delivery chamber and bypass fluid around a housing in the pump chamber.
- In one aspect, withdrawing a shaft from the pump assembly introduces a delivery fluid into the delivery chamber and into contact with the moving pump element. In another aspect, advancing the moving pump element in the delivery chamber by applying an electrical field across electrodes in the pump chamber and on either side of the housing. Still another aspect provides electrokineticly moving fluid in the pump chamber to dispense fluid from the delivery chamber. In still another aspect includes actuating a bypass in the shaft during the withdrawing step.
- All publications and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.
- The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity in the claims that follow. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the invention are utilized, and the accompanying drawings of which:
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FIG. 1 is section view of an exemplary pump system. -
FIGS. 2A-2E illustrate details for the loading and delivery of fluid using the pumping system 900. -
FIGS. 3A-3E illustrate details for the loading and delivery of fluid using thepumping system 1000. -
FIG. 1 will be described to provide an understanding of the basic components and operation of a typical fluid delivery system.FIG. 1 illustrates a cross section view of a fluid delivery system 1. The fluid delivery system has afirst chamber 30, a second chamber 32 and athird chamber 35. A flow through pump element 20 (such as electrokinetic pump, as shown inFIG. 1 ) separates thefirst chamber 30 from the second chamber 32. A moveable pump element 40 (such as a floating piston, as shown) separates the second chamber 32 from thethird chamber 35. While in this illustrative embodiment themoveable element 40 is a floating piston, any device that provides a moveable barrier may be used as will be illustrated in the examples that follow. In this embodiment, the first, the second and the third chambers are within asingle housing 15.Seals 42 are used to seal themoveable pump element 40 as it moves within thehousing 15. Anoutlet 45 provides communication between thethird chamber 35 and the exterior ofhousing 15. Anoutlet 55 provides communication between the second chamber 32 and the exterior ofhousing 15. In this embodiment, avalve 60 separates thesecond outlet 55 from the exterior ofhousing 15. - As illustrated, a
conduit 71 connects theoutlet 55 to theopening 70. Avalve 60 in theconduit 71 controls fluid flow from theoutlet 55 to theopening 70. Thevalve 60 has adisc 62,stem 64, aspring 66 and a disc orseal 68.Seats 72, 74 in the housing are shaped to seal with, respectively, discs or seals 62, 68.Valve 60 is shown in the closed position wherespring 66 holdsdiscs seats 72, 74. In this embodiment,conduit 71 andvalve 60 are disposed in a wall ofhousing 15. Other configurations are possible such as a separate valve assembly that attaches directly toport 55 or a valve/conduit configuration that ports through thepump element 20 rather than around thepump element 20 as shown. - In the illustrated embodiment, the
first chamber 30 contains a moveable pump element 82 (i.e., a diaphragm adjacent the pump element 20). Thefirst chamber 30 also contains avent 75, if needed to ensure free movement of themoveable element 82. The space between thediaphragm 82 and thepump element 20 contains a buffer or pump fluid 80 that is selected to operate with the type of pump element used. If thepump element 20 is an electrokinetic pump, then thebuffer 80 would be an electrolyte selected to operate with the electrode and porous material materials and desired operation of the pump. Examples of specific electrolytes and other details of electrokinetic pumps are described in co-pending and commonly assigned patent application serial numbers U.S. application Ser. No. 10/198,223, filed Jul. 17, 2002 titled, “Laminated Flow Devices”; U.S. application Ser. No. 10/273,723 filed Oct. 18, 2002 titled, “Electrokinetic Device Having Capacitive Electrodes”; U.S. application Ser. No. 10/322,083 filed Dec. 17, 2002 titled, “Electrokinetic Device Having Capacitive Electrodes” and U.S. application Ser. No. 11/112,867 filed Apr. 21, 2005 titled, “Electrokinetic Delivery Systems, Devices and Methods,” each of which are incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. - The
pump element 20 is connected to supporting electronics 5 byelectrical connectors 26. The supporting electronics 5 may be altered depending upon the type of pump element(s) used but will generally include a user control interface 6,electronic control circuitry 8 and apower supply 10. The user control interface 6 may be a touch screen or other input means to allow a user to operate the delivery system, select a program or otherwise provide programming instructions to the system. The electronic control circuitry contains the programming instructions needed to translate the user inputs into commands to operate the pump element. The electronic control circuitry also regulates the power supply to achieve user desired pumping characteristics such as flow rate and delivery timing. Thepower supply 10 may be a battery or the delivery system may be plugged into an electrical supply. The supporting electronics are conventional and will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. - An exploded view of one type of
pump element 20 is shown inFIG. 1 . Thepump element 20 shown inFIG. 1 is an electrokinetic pump element. Electrokinetic pump element contains aporous material 22 between twocapacitive electrodes 24. One example of a suitable porous material is a nanopore filter. The capacitive electrodes are connected to the supporting electronics 5 byelectrical connectors 26. The pump element contains a pump fluid or buffer 80 that is moved through theporous material 22 from one electrode towards the other electrode depending on how a charge is applied between theelectrodes 24. The electrokinetic flow produced by thepump element 20 may be in one direction (from one electrode to the other electrode) or may alternate directions of flow (towards one electrode and then away from that electrode and towards the other electrode). Examples of electrokinetic pumps configurations, electrolytes, electrodes, porous materials (also referred to as porous dielectric materials) and other details of are described in co-pending and commonly assigned patent applications: U.S. application Ser. No. 10/198,223, filed Jul. 17, 2002 titled, “Laminated Flow Devices”; U.S. application Ser. No. 10/273,723 filed Oct. 18, 2002 titled, “Electrokinetic Device Having Capacitive Electrodes”; U.S. application Ser. No. 10/322,083 filed Dec. 17, 2002 titled, “Electrokinetic Device Having Capacitive Electrodes” and U.S. application Ser. No. 11/112,867 filed Apr. 21, 2005 titled, “Electrokinetic Delivery Systems, Devices and Methods,” each of which are incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. - Optionally, a
storage fluid 50 fills the second chamber. Thestorage fluid 50 may be a fluid used to maintain the integrity of thepump element 20 during storage or prior to operation. Thestorage fluid 50 may be the same or different than the fluid 80 stored in the first chamber. Thestorage fluid 50 may also be a pump fluid (i.e., such as electrolyte suited to operation in an electrokinetic pump) moved by operation of thepump element 20. Adelivery fluid 36 is stored in thethird chamber 35. In some embodiments, the delivery fluid is a drug, a pharmacological or therapeutic agent, or other substance to be delivered by operation of thepump element 20.FIG. 1 also illustrates aconventional syringe 90 is also illustrated having a body 91 with atip 92. Aplunger 93 is attached to handle 95 byshaft 94 is disposed within the body 91. - Pump system 1 provides one solution to loading the pump system without the use of the
pump element 20 by bypassing the pump element. Additionally, thepump element 20 remains in a fixed position within the pump housing during both filling and pumping operations. Thepump systems 900 and 1000 provide an alternative apparatus and method for filling and delivering fluid. In contrast to the fixed pump element fluid system 1, the pump element inpump systems 900, 1000 moves within the pump housing during fluid delivery operations. The pump element influid system 1000 also moves during pump filling operations. These and other details of thepump systems 900, 1000 are described below. - FIGS. 2A-D and FIGS. 3A-E illustrate pumping
systems 900, 1000. Novel piston assemblies are at the heart of the systems. The piston assemblies are designed to move within another pump component to deliver fluid. Piston assembly 970 (illustrated inFIG. 2B ) and piston assembly 990 (illustrated inFIG. 3B ) have several common components. Apiston head 972 is connected to ahousing 980 by ashaft 976. Thehousing 980 contains aporous material 984 and a plurality ofapertures 982 to allow fluid flow through thehousing 980 and theporous material 984. In one embodiment, theporous material 984 is a dielectric material adapted for operation as part of an electrokinetic pump. Examples of porous dielectric materials described in the co-pending patent applications described above. A sealing element orelements 974 are provided around the perimeter of thepiston head 972. Thepiston head 972 is sealed within a delivery chamber that is separate from the pump chamber (i.e.,delivery chamber 910 inFIG. 2A ) or integrally formed with the pump chamber (i.e.,delivery chamber 1010 inFIG. 3A ). One ormore sealing elements 978 is provided around the perimeter of thehousing 980. Thehousing 980 is sealed within the pump chamber using sealingelements 978 as shown inFIGS. 2A and 3A . -
FIG. 2A illustrates a pump 900 that includes adelivery chamber 910, a pump chamber orpiston housing 950 and a wall 931 separating thepump chamber 950 from thedelivery chamber 910. Thepiston housing 950 is filled with asuitable electrolyte 80. Apiston assembly 970 has apiston head 972 in the delivery chamber 910 (i.e., outside of the pump housing 950), ahousing 980 in the piston housing or pumpchamber 950 and ashaft 976 connecting thepiston head 972 to thehousing 980. Theshaft 976 passes through the wall 931 separating thepump chamber 950 from thedelivery chamber 910. As shown inFIG. 2B , thehousing 980 divides thepiston housing 950 into afirst portion 950A and asecond portion 950B. A pair ofelectrodes 924 are in thepump housing 950 where there is oneelectrode 924 is on each side of thehousing 980. There is anelectrode 924 in thefirst portion 950A and anelectrode 924 in thesecond portion 950B. In one embodiment, each electrode in the pair of electrodes has a double layer capacitance of more than 10−4 microfarad/cm2. Aporous material 984 is contained inside of thehousing 980 and in contact with theelectrolyte 80. Thehousing 980 hasapertures 982 that provide fluid communication between thefirst portion 950A and asecond portion 950B. Thehousing 980 is sealed within thepiston housing 950 using sealingelement 978. - The
housing 910 includes anoutlet 945 and aninterior space 915. Theinterior space 915 is sized and shaped to sealingly receive thepiston head 972. Thepiston housing 950 is adapted for pumping operations using thepiston assembly 970. Thehousing 950 includeselectrodes 924 positioned on either end of housing interior. Thepiston assembly 970 is disposed within thehousing 950 withshaft 976 extending through a sealedopening 943. Thehousing 950 is inserted into theinterior space 915 and thepiston 972 is advanced against the interior 915 adjacent theoutlet 945. The pump system 900 is now ready for filling. - The pump system 900 is filled by attaching a
vial 105 or other suitable container to theoutlet 1045 and then withdrawing thepiston housing 950 from thedelivery interior 915 as indicated by the arrow inFIG. 2C . The relative movement of thepump chamber 950 to thedelivery chamber 910 draws thedelivery fluid 36 fromvial 105 through theoutlet 945 and into the interior 915 as shown inFIG. 2C . Next, thevial 105 is removed and a delivery device, such as an infusion set 96, is attached tooutlet 945. An optional purge or prime procedure is illustrated inFIG. 2D . Before attachment of the delivery device, after attachment of the delivery device or both before and after attachment of the delivery device the system may be primed or purged of air by advancing thepiston housing 950 relative to thedelivery chamber 910 as indicated by the arrows inFIG. 2D . - Prior to commencement of pumping, the position of the
piston housing 950 is fixed relative to thedelivery chamber 910. In one embodiment, thehousings feature 912 ondelivery chamber 910 and feature 934 onchamber 950 are locked inplace using bars 492 andspaces 494 within the frame 490 as illustrated inFIG. 2E . - Pumping begins when an electric field is applied across
electrodes 924. Application of an electric field across theelectrodes 924 moves electrolyte 80 in thepump chamber 950 from one side of the housing 980 (i.e., theportion 950B) to the other side of the housing (i.e. theportion 950A). In one embodiment, theelectrolyte 80 is moved electrokineticly through theapertures 982 and theporous material 984 from oneelectrode 924 towards the other as indicated by the arrows inFIG. 2E . This movement of the electrolyte decreases the volume of theportion 950B and increases the volume of theportion 950A. Increasing volume ofportion 950A moves thehousing 980 and thepiston head 972 towards theoutlet 945 which in turn expelsdelivery fluid 36 out throughoutlet 945. - Turning now to
FIGS. 3A and 3B that illustrate thepumping system 1000. Thepumping system 1000 includes adelivery chamber 1010 and apump chamber 1020 within a single housing (i.e., the pump housing 1005). Thedelivery chamber 1010 has anoutlet 1045 and avent 1012. Avial 105 filled with adelivery fluid 36 is attached tooutlet 1045 and thepump system 1000 is ready for filling. Thepiston assembly 990, illustrated inFIG. 3B , is disposed within thepump housing 1005. Thepiston assembly 990 is arranged within a piston housing or pumpchamber 1020 filled with anelectrolyte 80. Ahousing 980 within the piston housing divides the piston housing into afirst portion 980A and asecond portion 980B and maintained byseals 978. Thehousing 980 hasapertures 982 that provide fluid communication between thefirst portion 980A and thesecond portion 980B. Thehousing 980 contains aporous material 984 in communication with theelectrolyte 80. Theporous material 984 may be a porous dielectric material adapted for operation as part of an electrokinetic pump. A pair ofelectrodes 1024 are provided in thepump chamber 1020. Oneelectrode 1024 is provided on each side of the housing 980 (i.e., one electrode in thefirst portion 980A and one electrode in thesecond portion 980B). In the illustrated embodiment, the electrodes, dielectric material and electrolyte are selected to provide electrokinetic movement of the electrolyte within the pump chamber and through thehousing 980. In one embodiment, the electrodes are made of a material having a double layer capacitance greater than 10−4 microfarads/cm2. - A
shaft 976 connects thehousing 980 to a moveable pump element (here, a piston head 972) and ahandle 994 outside of thepiston housing 1020. Theshaft 976 may be a single piece as illustrated or be formed of multiple pieces. An example of a multiple piece shaft would be a first shaft connecting thehousing 980 to thepiston head 972 and a second shaft connecting thehousing 980 to thehandle 994.Sealing elements openings piston assembly 990 also includes a bypass feature not found inpiston assembly 970. Thepiston assembly 990 includes avalve 988 within theshaft 976 that provides a fluid pathway from one side of the housing 980 (i.e., thefirst portion 980A) to the other side of the housing 980 (i.e., thesecond portion 980B) without passing the fluid through theporous material 984. Thevalve 988 or fluid path through theshaft 976 provides a bypass through the porous material contained in the housing without requiring operation of the electrodes or inducing flow though thematerial 984. Thevalve 988 is actuatable from ahandle 994 attached to thehousing 980. In the illustrated embodiment, abutton 996 located on thehandle 994 is used to depress the spring in 986,open valve 988 and to allow fluid flow through theshaft 976 around thehousing 980. -
FIG. 3C illustrates a method of operating afluid delivery system 1000 having apump chamber 1020 and adelivery chamber 1010. Filling is performed by withdrawing theshaft 976 within the fluid delivery assembly to simultaneously displace a moving pump element within the pump chamber (i.e., the piston head 972) and bypass fluid around thehousing 980 in the pump chamber 1020 (as shown by the arrows in pump chamber 1020).FIG. 3C also illustrates that thebutton 996 inhandle 994 is depressed (thereby opening the bypass with valve 988) while thehandle 994 is withdrawn. Once avial 105 or other suitable container is attached to theoutlet 1045, withdrawing theshaft 976 from the pump assembly also introduces thedelivery fluid 36 into thedelivery chamber 1010 and into contact with the moveable pump element (i.e., the piston head 972). When thebutton 996 is depressed thebypass valve 988 allows fluid allowsbuffer 80 to pass from one side of thehousing 980 to the other side as illustrated by the arrows. Now thatbuffer 80 may move freely within thepumping chamber 1020, thehandle 994 is withdrawn thereby withdrawingpiston head 972 within thedelivery chamber 1010. This action drawsdelivery fluid 36 into the delivery chamber theoutlet 1045. - As shown in
FIG. 3D , when the filling operation is complete, thebutton 996 is released. Whenbutton 996 is released, action byspring 986 forces thevalve 988 closed thereby preventing further passage ofbuffer 80 through the bypass valve as illustrated inFIG. 3D . A delivery device is attached to theoutlet 1045. In the illustrated embodiment, the delivery device is an infusion set 96 having anoutlet 1080. - Pumping begins with the application of an electric field across the
electrodes 1024 that moves theelectrolyte 80 in the pump chamber from one side of thehousing 980 to the other as indicated by the arrows insidechamber 1020. The movement of electrolyte fromportion 980B into 980A moves thehousing 980 and thepiston head 972 towards theoutlet 1045 by increasing the volume ofportion 980A while decreasing the volume of theportion 980B. In the illustrated configuration, when an electric field is applied acrosselectrodes 1024,electrolyte 80 is moved electrokineticly through theapertures 982 and theporous material 984 from oneelectrode 924 towards theother electrode 1024 as indicated by the arrows insidechamber 1020. As such, movement of thebuffer 80 through theapertures 982 moves thehousing 980. Movement of thehousing 980 in turn advances thepiston head 972 to expeldelivery fluid 36 out throughoutlet 1045 anddelivery device 96. - The foregoing illustrative embodiments have used certain terms to provide an explanation of the principal involved or operation of the illustrated systems. It is to be appreciated that numerous alternatives for components and elements are possible. For example, the pump element and components in the pump chamber may form an electrokinetic pump as described but may be reconfigured to accommodate the use of diaphragm pumps, piston pumps, and piezoelectric pumps. The supporting electronics 5 and
electrical connectors 26 would be modified as needed according to the type of pump element and other components used. Additionally, many of the illustrative configurations described the use of a movable pump element such aspiston head 972. It is to be appreciated that the movable pump element may be a piston or a diaphragm and that both may be used in a single system (i.e., as illustrated inFIG. 1 ). The diaphragm may be a ‘rolling’ type diaphragm. Rolling diaphragms have a convolute that allows predictable travel of the diaphragm. While a rolling diaphragm does have advantages, the invention is not so limited and other types of diaphragms and moveable pump elements may be used. - The process of drug aspirating and air purging has been shortened in many of the illustrative descriptions. For configurations describing filling the pump with delivery fluid, the description simply indicates to pull back on a handle or pump housing to drawn drug or delivery fluid in. Those of ordinary skill will appreciate that this is an abbreviated instruction. Like any drug aspiration process, trapped air is vented before the drug is delivered. As such, the full process includes drawing drug in by pulling back on the handle or housing, then while holding the unit with the drug exit port at the top, flick the unit to release bubbles, and then press the syringe handle in to purge air out of the unit. The process is repeated if necessary until all visible air is removed and the unit is filled with the desired amount of drug. This process is identical to the typical method used by medical practitioners to aspirate drug into syringes and purge air.
- A generic infusion set 96 is described and many of the pump system embodiments are represented as connected to an infusion set. While not illustrated in every embodiment, a similar configuration of an infusion set connection or other suitable delivery device can be inferred for all pump system embodiments. Alternatively, the
delivery fluid 36 or drug may be dispensed without an infusion set such as, for example, when it is delivered directly into a canula or elsewhere. - The use of liquid and/or air seals have been illustrated in some embodiments. In some embodiments, those components requiring seals (
piston head 972,housing 980, etc.) have two o-ring seals while in other embodiments only one o-ring seal shown. Two seals are typically used in medical syringes and have thus been shown in pairs on most of the pistons described herein. It is to be appreciated that one or more o-rings may be used, however, or alternate types of seals may be employed. - Any of the configurations may be partially filled with drug or delivery fluid to any desired amount. Additionally, in some embodiments, the portion of pump housing (i.e.
delivery chambers 910, 1010) that stores the delivery fluid would be transparent and graduated to allow visibility and amount of thedelivery fluid 36 present. In addition, a transparent housing generally would also allow visibility of any air that needs to be purged during the filling process. Volumetric increment markings may also be appropriately provided on the pump housing by printing, stamping, embossing, painting or otherwise indicating the contents of thedelivery fluid 36 within a drug or delivery chamber. - One benefit of the pumping systems described herein is that these systems provide indirect pumping of delivered liquids regardless of the type of pump used for
pump element 20 or pumping configuration. The pump components are contained withinpiston housing 950 orpump chamber 1020 and as the descriptions above make clear, thedelivery fluid 36 does not pass through any pump mechanism and is actually separated from the pump components. As such, the pump systems described herein can be reused without concern of contamination of a deliverable fluid via contact with previously contacted surfaces of the pump mechanism (e.g. interior of pump, piston pump, etc.) by previously used delivery fluids. Another advantage is the decreased likelihood of damage to fluids that are susceptible to mechanical and/or chemical degradation such as long chain protein molecules and peptides. Mechanical actions including compression, shearing, and extrusion, as well as exposure to electrical currents can cause molecular level damage to some fluids. By obviating the need for the fluids to pass through the pump mechanism, concern over pumping damage to these compounds is diminished. - The term buffer has been used throughout the description. Buffer refers to any suitable working fluid that may be used by a particular pumping system. In many pumping system embodiments, the buffer or working fluid is any fluid having a viscosity low enough to be pumped through the pump element. In those embodiments where the pump element is an electrokinetic pump, working fluid is an electrolyte suited to the specific electrodes and dielectric material used by the electrokinetic pump. In one specific embodiment, the electrolyte is a buffered electrolyte. One buffered electrolyte is Tris Sorbate (sp?). [DEON: Please confirm. Are there other specific electrolytes or pump fluids or suitable working fluids or storage fluids for pumps generally and EK pumps specifically?]
- The term delivery fluid has been used throughout the description. In many pumping system embodiments, the delivery fluid is any fluid having a viscosity low enough to be pumped through action of the pump element. In some embodiments, the delivery fluid is a pharmacological agent. In other embodiments, the delivery fluid is a therapeutic agent. In still other embodiments, the delivery fluid is a saline solution or Ringers solution.
- While numerous embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. In addition, the intended uses of the present invention include a variety of medical applications as well as other applications where highly precise, compact devices for fluid transport are needed. It should be understood that various alternatives to these embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed in practicing the invention. It is intended at the following claims defined the scope of the invention and it methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby.
Claims (39)
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US12/728,844 US20110031268A1 (en) | 2005-11-23 | 2010-03-22 | Electrokinetic pump designs and drug delivery systems |
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US13/764,568 Abandoned US20130156608A1 (en) | 2005-11-23 | 2013-02-11 | Electrokinetic pump designs and drug delivery systems |
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US13/764,568 Abandoned US20130156608A1 (en) | 2005-11-23 | 2013-02-11 | Electrokinetic pump designs and drug delivery systems |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1957794B1 (en) | 2014-07-02 |
WO2007062068A2 (en) | 2007-05-31 |
US20130156608A1 (en) | 2013-06-20 |
US20110031268A1 (en) | 2011-02-10 |
EP1957794A4 (en) | 2012-07-25 |
US8152477B2 (en) | 2012-04-10 |
EP1957793B1 (en) | 2013-01-16 |
DK1957794T3 (en) | 2014-08-11 |
US20070148014A1 (en) | 2007-06-28 |
EP1957794A2 (en) | 2008-08-20 |
WO2007062068A3 (en) | 2009-05-07 |
US20090185916A1 (en) | 2009-07-23 |
WO2007062182A3 (en) | 2007-11-08 |
WO2007062182A2 (en) | 2007-05-31 |
US8794929B2 (en) | 2014-08-05 |
EP1957793A4 (en) | 2011-04-13 |
EP1957793A2 (en) | 2008-08-20 |
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