US20070235705A1 - Composite fence - Google Patents
Composite fence Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20070235705A1 US20070235705A1 US11/760,528 US76052807A US2007235705A1 US 20070235705 A1 US20070235705 A1 US 20070235705A1 US 76052807 A US76052807 A US 76052807A US 2007235705 A1 US2007235705 A1 US 2007235705A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- composite
- substrate
- fence
- rail
- weight
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04H—BUILDINGS OR LIKE STRUCTURES FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSES; SWIMMING OR SPLASH BATHS OR POOLS; MASTS; FENCING; TENTS OR CANOPIES, IN GENERAL
- E04H17/00—Fencing, e.g. fences, enclosures, corrals
- E04H17/14—Fences constructed of rigid elements, e.g. with additional wire fillings or with posts
- E04H17/1413—Post-and-rail fences, e.g. without vertical cross-members
- E04H17/1417—Post-and-rail fences, e.g. without vertical cross-members with vertical cross-members
- E04H17/1426—Picket fences
- E04H17/143—Picket fences with separate pickets attached to the side of the horizontal members
Definitions
- Wood fiber/polymer composites and wood flour/polymer composites have been used as replacements for all-natural wood, particle board, wafer board, and other similar materials. Wood composites may provide desired appearance, strength, durability, weatherability, and other structural characteristics. As compared to natural woods, wood fiber/polymer composites and wood flour/polymer composites may offer superior resistance to wear and tear. In addition, wood fiber/polymer composites and wood flour/polymer composites may have enhanced resistance to moisture. Moreover, wood fiber/polymer composites and wood flour/polymer composites may be sawed, sanded, shaped, turned, fastened, and finished in a similar manner as natural woods.
- FIG. 3 is an end elevation view of the composite fence component of FIG. 2 , wherein a substrate is exposed for illustrative purposes.
- FIG. 4 is a partial, perspective view of an alternative embodiment of a composite fence of the present invention including the component of FIG. 2 .
- cross-linking agents include polyurethanes, such as isocyanates, phenolic resins, unsaturated polyesters, epoxy resins, and other similar, suitable, or conventional materials. Combinations of the aforementioned materials are also examples of cross-linking agents.
- lubricants include zinc stearate, calcium stearate, esters, amide wax, paraffin wax, ethylene bis-stearamide, and other similar, suitable, or conventional materials.
- stabilizers include light stabilizers, tin stabilizers, lead and metal soaps such as barium, cadmium, and zinc, and other similar, suitable, or conventional materials.
- process aids include acrylic modifiers and other similar, suitable, or conventional materials.
- pigments include titanium dioxide and other similar or suitable white or color additives.
- lubricants may be included in the amount of 0% to about 15% by weight of the composite, more preferably about 1% to about 7% by weight of the composite.
- examples of lubricants include, but are not limited to, wax, zinc stearate, and other types of stabilizers, e.g., metal soaps.
- the HDPE material may include at least one inorganic filler, e.g., talc and other mineral fillers, in the amount of 0% to about 25% by weight of the composite, more preferably about 5% to about 20% by weight of the composite.
- the composite may also optionally include an endothermic or exothermic blowing agent from 0% to about 15% by weight, preferably from 0% to about 6% by weight.
- plank 14 and rail 16 may be comprised of a HDPE wood foam composite material.
- a HDPE wood foam composite material may be comprised of at least one cellulosic component (e.g., wood flour) in an amount of about 15% to about 55% by weight, more preferably about 30% to about 40%.
- the composite material may be comprised of HDPE material in an amount of about 30% to about 70% by weight, more preferably about 45% to about 55% by weight.
- the HDPE material is comprised of HDPE.
- the HDPE may be of any desired type, and it may have any desired melt index (MI).
- MI melt index
- the HDPE may be incorporated in any desired form, but powder reactor flake form is preferred to facilitate mixing with the cellulosic filler.
- the HDPE material may include other ingredients in addition to the HDPE.
- lubricants may be included in the amount of 0% to about 10% by weight of the composite, more preferably about 1% to about 6% by weight of the composite.
- examples of lubricants include, but are not limited to, wax, zinc stearate, and other types of stabilizers, e.g., metal soaps.
- the HDPE material may include at least one inorganic filler, e.g., talc and other mineral fillers, in the amount of 0% to about 20% by weight of the composite, more preferably about 5% to about 15% by weight of the composite.
- FIGS. 2, 3 , and 4 show an alternative embodiment of fence 30 , wherein plank 34 is comprised of the plastic composite described above, rail 36 is comprised of a composite 22 having a substrate 24 at least partially embedded in the plastic composite 22 , and the post 32 may be any commercially available fence post.
- the post 32 may be made from the same plastic material used to make plank 34 , the plastic material and embedded substrate used to make the rail 36 , another plastic composite of the present invention, or any other similar or suitable material.
- This exemplary embodiment may include at least two of rail 36 ; however, the second rail 36 is not shown in the figures.
- any component of fence 30 may include a substrate at least partially embedded in the plastic composite. However, for illustration purposes only and, not limitation, the substrate 24 is only shown embedded within rail 36 .
- the HDPE material may include other ingredients in addition to the HDPE.
- lubricants may be included in the amount of 0% to about 15% by weight of the composite, more preferably about 5% to about 10% by weight of the composite.
- the HDPE material may include at least one inorganic filler, e.g., talc and other mineral fillers, in the amount of 0% to about 25% by weight of the composite, more preferably about 10% to about 20% by weight of the composite.
- the plastic composite 22 may cover some or all sides of the substrate 24 .
- FIG. 3 shows a preferred embodiment in which the substrate 24 is covered on all sides by the plastic composite 22 .
- the substrate 24 may be embedded in the plastic composite 22 by any suitable means.
- the plastic composite 22 may be formed on the substrate 24 such that the substrate 24 becomes embedded in the plastic composite 22 .
- the plastic composite 22 may be formed on the substrate 24 by extrusion, compression molding, injection molding, or any other similar or suitable hot melt process.
- the substrate 24 may have any suitable shape and dimensions to provide the desired rail 36 characteristics.
- the substrate 24 is a sheet. As shown in FIG. 2 , the sheet may have at least one perforation 26 .
- the plastic composite 22 may flow through the aperture(s) 26 , thereby locking the substrate 24 in the plastic composite 22 .
- An aperture 26 may have any suitable shape and dimensions. Preferably, an aperture is sufficiently large to allow the passage of the plastic composite 22 .
- an aperture 26 is circular in shape and has a diameter of about 0.0625 in. However, it is not intended to limit the aperture to any particular shape or dimensions. Similarly, the spacing between the apertures may be selected to provide the desired rail 36 characteristics.
- the substrate 24 may be solid in other embodiments.
- the plastic composite 22 may be formed at least partially around the substrate such that it becomes embedded.
- An adhesive or any other suitable tie layer may be used to facilitate embedding the substrate in the plastic composite.
- the substrate may be made from any material that is suitable for providing the desired fence characteristics.
- the substrate 24 may be made from any material that has more bending strength or rigidity than the plastic composite.
- a piece of the material used for the substrate 24 may have a higher bending strength or rigidity than a comparable size piece of the plastic composite 22 .
- the substrate 24 may be selected for improving the fastener 38 retention of the rail 36 .
- Metal and metal alloys are examples of materials that are suitable for use as a substrate 24 in the present invention. Examples of metal include steel, aluminum, and other similar or suitable metals and metal alloys.
- Fiberglass is another example of a material that may be used as a substrate 24 in the present invention.
- materials that may be used as a substrate 24 include, but are not limited to, wood, pre-formed wood composites, pre-formed plastic composites (such as, but not limited to, inorganic-filled plastic composites and cellulosic-filled plastic composites), pre-formed plastics, glass, concrete, other types building or construction materials, other similar or suitable materials that have a higher bending strength or rigidity than the plastic composite, and other similar or suitable materials that improve the fastener retention of the resulting rail 36 .
- FIG. 4 shows fence 30 assembled with rail 36 connected to post 32 and plank 34 connected to rail 36 .
- rail 36 includes the substrate 26 embedded within composite material 22 .
- Fasteners 38 extend through plank 34 and into rail 16 to preferably engage substrate 26 .
- the size and position of the fasteners 38 as well as the size and position of the apertures in the substrate 26 may be selected such that the fasteners 38 extend though the metal. If the fasteners 38 engage the substrate 26 , this may increase the retention of fasteners 38 .
- the perforated substrate 26 may help to limit creep by the rail 16 .
- the rail 16 is 3 inches by 1 inch, and the perforated sheet 26 is 0.030 inch by 2.5 inches.
- the cellulosic filler(s) may be dried to a desired moisture content.
- the cellulosic filler(s) may be dried to about 0.5% to about 3% moisture content by weight, more preferably to about 0.5% to about 1.5% moisture content by weight.
- the cellulosic filler(s) may have a moisture content less than about 0.5% by weight or greater than about 3% by weight.
- an in-line compounding and extrusion system may be utilized to eliminate a pre-drying step.
- a mixer such as an extruder (which may include a die system), a compression molding apparatus, an injection molding apparatus, or any other similar or suitable molding apparatus. Also, some or all of the ingredients may be separately introduced into the molding apparatus.
- a mixer is a high intensity mixer such as those made by Littleford Day Inc. or Henschel Mixers America Inc.
- Another type of a mixer is a low intensity mixer including, but not limited to, a ribbon blender. The type of mixer may be selected to blend the ingredients at desired temperatures.
- An example of an extruder is a conical, twin screw, counter-rotating extruder with a vent. At least one force feed hopper, crammer, or any other suitable, similar, or conventional apparatus may be used to feed the materials into the extruder. Using a cross-head die, the resulting plastic composite may be formed on the substrate.
- the fence 10 or 30 and/or any or all of its components may be manufactured using an in-line extrusion process.
- all of the raw materials except the optional blowing agent and any colorant are premixed before entering the extrusion system.
- the extrusion system may be comprised of at least one extruder, at least one inline die, and other suitable extrusion equipment.
- One such extruder is a standard, twin screw conical, CM 80 , commercially available from Cincinnati Milacron, Cincinnati, Ohio.
- CM 80 commercially available from Cincinnati Milacron, Cincinnati, Ohio.
- the materials are heated and forced through an inline die located at the opposite end of the extruder. The die shapes the material into a two-dimensional desired shape.
- FIG. 5 shows an example of an in-line manufacturing system 40 that may be used to make an exemplary component of the present invention.
- the plastic composite raw materials 50 are fed from a hopper 42 into an extrusion system 44 that processes the plastic composite.
- the extrusion system 44 may be comprised of at least one extruder 46 , at least one die 48 , and other suitable extrusion equipment. The raw materials are mixed and heated in the extruder 46 and then pushed through the die 48 .
- any embodiment of the present invention may include any of the optional or preferred features of the other embodiments of the present invention.
- the exemplary embodiments herein disclosed are not intended to be exhaustive or to unnecessarily limit the scope of the invention.
- the exemplary embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain the principles of the present invention so that others skilled in the art may practice the invention. Having shown and described exemplary embodiments of the present invention, those skilled in the art will realize that many variations and modifications may be made to affect the described invention. Many of those variations and modifications will provide the same result and fall within the spirit of the claimed invention. It is the intention, therefore, to limit the invention only as indicated by the scope of the claims.
Abstract
The apparatus and method of the present invention is directed to an improved composite fence and, more particularly, to a composite fence made of cellulosic fillers and/or inorganic fillers. An alternative embodiment of the present invention is directed to a fence in which a substrate is embedded in a plastic composite. One example of a component of the present invention is comprised of a substrate sheet that is embedded in a plastic composite. Another example of a component of the present invention is a perforated substrate that is embedded in a plastic composite.
Description
- This is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/920,037, filed Aug. 17, 2004, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/758,737, filed Jan. 16, 2004, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/452,612, filed Jun. 2, 2003, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/450,415, filed Feb. 27, 2003, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
- The present invention relates generally to components made from composite materials. More particularly, the present invention is directed to a fence and/or its components made from a composite material. Examples of composite materials include plastic composites that include cellulosic fillers and/or inorganic fillers. Cellulosic-filled plastic composites may also be known as synthetic wood composites or, more simply, wood composites.
- Generally, fence components such as fence rails, picket panels, posts, etc. are continuously exposed to environmental conditions, such as rain, ice, and snow. In fact, it is well known that the retention of moisture is a primary cause of the warping, splintering, discoloration, and general deterioration of natural woods. In order to slow this degradation of a wood fence, the wood is typically pre-treated with a water-proofing chemical to prevent it from retaining moisture. This pre-treatment adds to the initial cost of the fence. Also, in order to continue to maintain the moisture resistance of the wood, the fence must be regularly treated, preferably annually, with the water-proofing chemical. This regular waterproofing increases the time and costs to maintain the wood fence. Even with this preventative maintenance, wood fences still experience many, if not all, of the deteriorating effects described above.
- In addition, the supply of natural woods for construction and other purposes is dwindling. When a tree is harvested for manufacturing purposes, it takes many years to grow another tree of similar size in its place. As a result, many are concerned about conserving the world's forests, and the cost of natural woods has risen. In light of these factors, a tremendous demand has developed in recent years for wood composites that exhibit the look and feel of natural woods.
- Wood fiber/polymer composites and wood flour/polymer composites have been used as replacements for all-natural wood, particle board, wafer board, and other similar materials. Wood composites may provide desired appearance, strength, durability, weatherability, and other structural characteristics. As compared to natural woods, wood fiber/polymer composites and wood flour/polymer composites may offer superior resistance to wear and tear. In addition, wood fiber/polymer composites and wood flour/polymer composites may have enhanced resistance to moisture. Moreover, wood fiber/polymer composites and wood flour/polymer composites may be sawed, sanded, shaped, turned, fastened, and finished in a similar manner as natural woods.
- In addition, like natural wood, plastic composites are subject to stress caused by load conditions or the conditions of the environment. For instance, plastic composites can expand, contract, bend, warp, creep, or undergo other structural changes over time in response to environmental or load conditions. In addition, fasteners may withdraw from plastic composite fences in a manner similar to which fasteners back out of natural wood. Accordingly, there is a need for further improving the structural characteristics of plastic composite fences.
- The apparatus and method of the present invention is directed to an improved composite fence and, more particularly, to a composite fence made of cellulosic fillers and/or inorganic fillers. An alternative embodiment of the present invention is directed to a fence in which a substrate is embedded in a plastic composite to further improve the strength of a fence component and fastener retention. Any of a variety of substrates and plastic composites may be used to achieve the desired component characteristics. One example of a composite fence component of the present invention is a picket panel comprised of a cellulosic filler, a polymer, a lubricant, and an inorganic filler. Another example of a composite fence component includes the previous ingredients plus an endothermic or exothermic blowing agent. In another alternative embodiment of a composite fence of the present invention, the composite fence includes a first fence component comprised of a cellulosic filler, a polymer, a lubricant, an inorganic filler, and a exothermic or endothermic blowing agent and a second fence component comprised of a plastic composite having a substrate sheet embedded in it, wherein the plastic composite may be comprised of a cellulosic filler, a polymer, a lubricant, and an inorganic filler.
- In addition to the novel features and advantages mentioned above, other features and advantages of the present invention will be readily apparent from the following descriptions of the drawings and exemplary embodiments.
-
FIG. 1 is a partial, perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of a composite fence of the present invention. -
FIG. 2 is a partial, side elevational view of an alternative embodiment of a composite fence component of the present invention, wherein a substrate is exposed for illustrative purposes. -
FIG. 3 is an end elevation view of the composite fence component ofFIG. 2 , wherein a substrate is exposed for illustrative purposes. -
FIG. 4 is a partial, perspective view of an alternative embodiment of a composite fence of the present invention including the component ofFIG. 2 . -
FIG. 5 is a diagram of an exemplary embodiment of an extruder and an inline die system. - The apparatus and method of the present invention is directed to a composite fence. More particularly, the apparatus and method of the present invention is directed to a fence made of plastic composites that include cellulosic fillers and/or inorganic fillers. Cellulosic-filled plastic composites may also be known as synthetic wood composites or, more simply, wood composites.
- The inventors have discovered that a fence, in particular, may benefit from the present invention. For the same reasons, various fence components may also benefit from the present invention. The fence of the present invention may take any form of a fence including, but not limited to, split rail, picket, privacy, and any other type of fence.
FIG. 1 shows an exemplary embodiment of acomposite fence 10 of the present invention. The fence orassembly 10 includes apost 12,plank 14, and rail 16. Theplank 14 may be connected to rail 16 by fasteners 18, which extend throughplank 14 and into rail 16. The size and position of the fasteners 18 may vary without changing the scope of the present invention. -
Fence 10 may have one component or more components comprised of cellulosic-filled and/or inorganic-filled plastic composites of the present invention. Examples of plastic composites include, but are not limited to, polyolefin composites and polyvinyl chloride composites. A cellulosic-filled plastic composite may be comprised of materials that include, but are not limited to, cellulosic fillers, polymers, inorganic fillers, cross-linking agents, lubricants, process aids, stabilizers, accelerators, inhibitors, enhancers, compatibilizers, blowing agents, foaming agents, thermosetting materials, pigments, anti-oxidants, and other suitable materials. Examples of cellulosic fillers include sawdust, newspapers, alfalfa, wheat pulp, wood chips, wood fibers, wood particles, ground wood, wood flour, wood flakes, wood veneers, wood laminates, paper, cardboard, straw, cotton, rice hulls, coconut shells, peanut shells, bagass, plant fibers, bamboo fiber, palm fiber, kenaf, flax, and other similar materials. - Examples of polymers include multilayer films, high density polyethylene (HDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE), chlorinated polyethylene (CPE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), ethyl-vinyl acetate (EVA), other similar copolymers, other similar, suitable, or conventional thermoplastic materials, and formulations that incorporate any of the aforementioned polymers. Examples of inorganic fillers include talc, calcium carbonate, kaolin clay, magnesium oxide, titanium dioxide, silica, mica, barium sulfate, and other similar, suitable, or conventional materials.
- Examples of cross-linking agents include polyurethanes, such as isocyanates, phenolic resins, unsaturated polyesters, epoxy resins, and other similar, suitable, or conventional materials. Combinations of the aforementioned materials are also examples of cross-linking agents. Examples of lubricants include zinc stearate, calcium stearate, esters, amide wax, paraffin wax, ethylene bis-stearamide, and other similar, suitable, or conventional materials. Examples of stabilizers include light stabilizers, tin stabilizers, lead and metal soaps such as barium, cadmium, and zinc, and other similar, suitable, or conventional materials. In addition, examples of process aids include acrylic modifiers and other similar, suitable, or conventional materials. Examples of pigments include titanium dioxide and other similar or suitable white or color additives.
- One example of a polyolefin composite used in the present invention is a cellulosic/HDPE material. The composite material may be comprised of at least one cellulosic filler in an amount of about 10% to about 70% by weight, more preferably about 30% to about 50%. Additionally, the composite material may be comprised of HDPE material in an amount of about 10% to about 70% by weight, more preferably about 30% to about 55% by weight. The HDPE material is comprised of HDPE. The HDPE may be of any desired type, and it may have any desired melt index (MI). The HDPE may be incorporated in any desired form, but powder reactor flake form is preferred to facilitate mixing with the cellulosic filler. Optionally, the HDPE material may include other ingredients in addition to the HDPE. For instance, lubricants may be included in the amount of 0% to about 15% by weight of the composite, more preferably about 1% to about 7% by weight of the composite. Examples of lubricants include, but are not limited to, wax, zinc stearate, and other types of stabilizers, e.g., metal soaps. Furthermore, the HDPE material may include at least one inorganic filler, e.g., talc and other mineral fillers, in the amount of 0% to about 25% by weight of the composite, more preferably about 5% to about 20% by weight of the composite. The composite may also optionally include an endothermic or exothermic blowing agent from 0% to about 15% by weight, preferably from 0% to about 6% by weight.
- On the other hand, an example of a polyvinyl chloride composite used in the present invention may include at least one cellulosic filler in the amount of about 30% to about 60% by weight, more preferably about 40% to about 50% by weight, and still more preferably about 45% to about 50% by weight. The composite may also include a PVC material in the amount of about 40% to about 70% by weight, more preferably about 50% to about 60% by weight, and still more preferably about 50% to about 55% by weight. The PVC material may include stabilizer(s) in an amount of about 1 to about 10 parts, more preferably about 3 to about 5 parts, per 100 parts of the PVC resin. The lubricant(s) may be present in an amount of about 2 to about 12 parts, more preferably about 4 to about 8 parts, per 100 parts of the PVC resin. Also, process aid(s) may be included in an amount of about 0.5 to about 8 parts, more preferably about 1 to about 3 parts, per 100 parts of the PVC resin. Optionally, at least one inorganic filler may be added in an amount of up to about 10 parts, more preferably up to about 5 parts, per 100 parts of the PVC resin.
- As previously mentioned, an example of a cellulosic filler is wood flour. In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the wood flour may have a mesh size from about 40 to about 100, preferably from about 40 to about 60. The wood flour may be selected from any desired type of wood including, but not limited to, oak, maple, and pine.
- In the exemplary embodiment shown in
FIG. 1 , theplank 14 and rail 16 are made from the composite material of the present invention. This exemplary embodiment may include at least two of rail 16; however, the second rail 16 is not shown in the figures. Thepost 12 may be any commercially available fence post and may be generally made from plastic, metal, wood, or any other suitable material. However, the post may be made from the composite material of the present invention as well. - In this exemplary embodiment,
plank 14 and rail 16 may be comprised of a HDPE wood foam composite material. Such a composite may be comprised of at least one cellulosic component (e.g., wood flour) in an amount of about 15% to about 55% by weight, more preferably about 30% to about 40%. Additionally, the composite material may be comprised of HDPE material in an amount of about 30% to about 70% by weight, more preferably about 45% to about 55% by weight. The HDPE material is comprised of HDPE. The HDPE may be of any desired type, and it may have any desired melt index (MI). The HDPE may be incorporated in any desired form, but powder reactor flake form is preferred to facilitate mixing with the cellulosic filler. - Optionally, the HDPE material may include other ingredients in addition to the HDPE. For instance, lubricants may be included in the amount of 0% to about 10% by weight of the composite, more preferably about 1% to about 6% by weight of the composite. Examples of lubricants include, but are not limited to, wax, zinc stearate, and other types of stabilizers, e.g., metal soaps. Furthermore, the HDPE material may include at least one inorganic filler, e.g., talc and other mineral fillers, in the amount of 0% to about 20% by weight of the composite, more preferably about 5% to about 15% by weight of the composite. In addition, the
plank 14 and rail 16 may include an endothermic or exothermic blowing agent from 0% to about 15% by weight, more preferably from 0% to about 6% by weight. As mentioned, thefence 10 may also only comprise a single component (e.g., such as the plank 14) made from the plastic composite of the present invention and then the remaining components may be commercially available products or products made from other types of materials. -
FIGS. 2, 3 , and 4 show an alternative embodiment offence 30, whereinplank 34 is comprised of the plastic composite described above,rail 36 is comprised of a composite 22 having asubstrate 24 at least partially embedded in theplastic composite 22, and the post 32 may be any commercially available fence post. In the alternative, the post 32 may be made from the same plastic material used to makeplank 34, the plastic material and embedded substrate used to make therail 36, another plastic composite of the present invention, or any other similar or suitable material. This exemplary embodiment may include at least two ofrail 36; however, thesecond rail 36 is not shown in the figures. It is understood that any component offence 30 may include a substrate at least partially embedded in the plastic composite. However, for illustration purposes only and, not limitation, thesubstrate 24 is only shown embedded withinrail 36. - In this exemplary embodiment,
rail 36 is comprised of acomposite material 22 with a perforated metal sheet embedded in the center ofrail 36 as described above. Thecomposite material 22 of this alternative embodiment is comprised of at least one cellulosic component in an amount of about 25% to about 65% by weight, more preferably about 40% to about 50%. Additionally, the composite material may be comprised of HDPE material in an amount of about 15% to about 55% by weight, more preferably about 30% to about 40% by weight. The HDPE material is comprised of HDPE. The HDPE may be of any desired type, and it may have any desired melt index (MI). The HDPE may be incorporated in any desired form, but powder reactor flake form is preferred to facilitate mixing with the wood flour filler. - Optionally, the HDPE material may include other ingredients in addition to the HDPE. For instance, lubricants may be included in the amount of 0% to about 15% by weight of the composite, more preferably about 5% to about 10% by weight of the composite. Furthermore, the HDPE material may include at least one inorganic filler, e.g., talc and other mineral fillers, in the amount of 0% to about 25% by weight of the composite, more preferably about 10% to about 20% by weight of the composite.
- The plastic composite 22 may cover some or all sides of the
substrate 24.FIG. 3 shows a preferred embodiment in which thesubstrate 24 is covered on all sides by theplastic composite 22. Thesubstrate 24 may be embedded in theplastic composite 22 by any suitable means. For example, theplastic composite 22 may be formed on thesubstrate 24 such that thesubstrate 24 becomes embedded in theplastic composite 22. The plastic composite 22 may be formed on thesubstrate 24 by extrusion, compression molding, injection molding, or any other similar or suitable hot melt process. - The
substrate 24 may have any suitable shape and dimensions to provide the desiredrail 36 characteristics. In this example, thesubstrate 24 is a sheet. As shown inFIG. 2 , the sheet may have at least one perforation 26. In this type of embodiment, theplastic composite 22 may flow through the aperture(s) 26, thereby locking thesubstrate 24 in theplastic composite 22. An aperture 26 may have any suitable shape and dimensions. Preferably, an aperture is sufficiently large to allow the passage of theplastic composite 22. In one exemplary embodiment, an aperture 26 is circular in shape and has a diameter of about 0.0625 in. However, it is not intended to limit the aperture to any particular shape or dimensions. Similarly, the spacing between the apertures may be selected to provide the desiredrail 36 characteristics. - The
substrate 24 may be solid in other embodiments. In such an embodiment, theplastic composite 22 may be formed at least partially around the substrate such that it becomes embedded. An adhesive or any other suitable tie layer may be used to facilitate embedding the substrate in the plastic composite. - The substrate may be made from any material that is suitable for providing the desired fence characteristics. In one exemplary embodiment, the
substrate 24 may be made from any material that has more bending strength or rigidity than the plastic composite. In other words, a piece of the material used for thesubstrate 24 may have a higher bending strength or rigidity than a comparable size piece of theplastic composite 22. In another exemplary embodiment, thesubstrate 24 may be selected for improving thefastener 38 retention of therail 36. Metal and metal alloys are examples of materials that are suitable for use as asubstrate 24 in the present invention. Examples of metal include steel, aluminum, and other similar or suitable metals and metal alloys. - Fiberglass is another example of a material that may be used as a
substrate 24 in the present invention. Still other examples of materials that may be used as asubstrate 24 include, but are not limited to, wood, pre-formed wood composites, pre-formed plastic composites (such as, but not limited to, inorganic-filled plastic composites and cellulosic-filled plastic composites), pre-formed plastics, glass, concrete, other types building or construction materials, other similar or suitable materials that have a higher bending strength or rigidity than the plastic composite, and other similar or suitable materials that improve the fastener retention of the resultingrail 36. -
FIG. 4 showsfence 30 assembled withrail 36 connected to post 32 andplank 34 connected to rail 36. As shown,rail 36 includes the substrate 26 embedded withincomposite material 22.Fasteners 38 extend throughplank 34 and into rail 16 to preferably engage substrate 26. The size and position of thefasteners 38 as well as the size and position of the apertures in the substrate 26 may be selected such that thefasteners 38 extend though the metal. If thefasteners 38 engage the substrate 26, this may increase the retention offasteners 38. In addition, the perforated substrate 26 may help to limit creep by the rail 16. For exemplary purposes only, the rail 16 is 3 inches by 1 inch, and the perforated sheet 26 is 0.030 inch by 2.5 inches. - In an exemplary method of making the
fence - Some or all of the composite ingredients may be combined in a mixer prior to introduction into a molding apparatus such as an extruder (which may include a die system), a compression molding apparatus, an injection molding apparatus, or any other similar or suitable molding apparatus. Also, some or all of the ingredients may be separately introduced into the molding apparatus. One example of a mixer is a high intensity mixer such as those made by Littleford Day Inc. or Henschel Mixers America Inc. Another type of a mixer is a low intensity mixer including, but not limited to, a ribbon blender. The type of mixer may be selected to blend the ingredients at desired temperatures. An example of an extruder is a conical, twin screw, counter-rotating extruder with a vent. At least one force feed hopper, crammer, or any other suitable, similar, or conventional apparatus may be used to feed the materials into the extruder. Using a cross-head die, the resulting plastic composite may be formed on the substrate.
- The
fence -
FIG. 5 shows an example of an in-line manufacturing system 40 that may be used to make an exemplary component of the present invention. In this exemplary embodiment, the plastic compositeraw materials 50 are fed from ahopper 42 into anextrusion system 44 that processes the plastic composite. Theextrusion system 44 may be comprised of at least oneextruder 46, at least onedie 48, and other suitable extrusion equipment. The raw materials are mixed and heated in theextruder 46 and then pushed through thedie 48. - The
die system 48 may include a fold-up die, a calibrator, a sizer, or any other similar or suitable equipment for making extruded products. The resultingproduct 52 may undergo roll forming, cold forming, hydro forming, and other similar or suitable manufacturing techniques. Also, after exiting the die system, the extruded product may be cooled. For example, the extruded product may be cooled by submersing it in a water bath, passing it through a cooling liquid spray, and/or drying it with compressed gas or cryogenic fluid. - An example of a
rail 36 having asubstrate 24 was made and compared to asimilar rail 36 without aninner substrate layer 24. Therail 36 having asubstrate 24 was also compared to a pine board. The testing consisted of withdrawing a #8 galvanized deck screw which had been inserted to a depth of 1.25 inches in each type of component to compare fastener retention. The testing demonstrated the component of the present invention exhibited significantly improved fastener retention. The test results are shown below.COMPONENT (LBS/INCH OF DEPTH) Rail With Perforated Steel 1065 Rail Without Perforated Steel 867 CCA Treated S.Y. Pine Board 568 - Any embodiment of the present invention may include any of the optional or preferred features of the other embodiments of the present invention. The exemplary embodiments herein disclosed are not intended to be exhaustive or to unnecessarily limit the scope of the invention. The exemplary embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain the principles of the present invention so that others skilled in the art may practice the invention. Having shown and described exemplary embodiments of the present invention, those skilled in the art will realize that many variations and modifications may be made to affect the described invention. Many of those variations and modifications will provide the same result and fall within the spirit of the claimed invention. It is the intention, therefore, to limit the invention only as indicated by the scope of the claims.
Claims (20)
1. A fence rail comprising:
a substrate; and
a composite layer comprising a plastic and at least one filler, said composite covering said substrate such that all sides of said substrate are coated by said composite layer;
wherein said substrate has a higher bending strength than a comparable size piece of said composite or said substrate is adapted to improve a fastener retention ability of said fence rail.
2. The fence rail of claim 1 wherein said substrate is comprised of metal.
3. The fence rail of claim 1 wherein said substrate is comprised of fiberglass.
4. The fence rail of claim 1 wherein said substrate is a substantially flat sheet.
5. The fence rail of claim 1 wherein said substrate has at least one perforation such that said composite passes through said at least one perforation.
6. The fence rail of claim 1 wherein said plastic comprises polyethylene.
7. The fence rail of claim 1 wherein said at least one filler is selected from the group consisting of cellulosic fillers and inorganic fillers.
8. The fence rail of claim 1 wherein:
said at least one filler comprises cellulosic filler in an amount from about 25% to about 65% by weight of said composite; and
said plastic comprises polyethylene in an amount from about 15% to about 55% by weight of said composite.
9. The fence rail of claim 8 wherein said composite further comprises inorganic filler in an amount less than about 25% by weight of said composite.
10. The fence rail of claim 1 wherein:
said substrate is comprised of a substantially flat sheet of metal having at least one perforation such that said composite passes through said at least one perforation;
said at least one filler comprises cellulosic filler in an amount from about 25% to about 65% by weight of said composite; and
said plastic comprises polyethylene in an amount from about 15% to about 55% by weight of said composite.
11. A fence comprising:
a plurality of spaced-apart posts;
a rail extending between said posts, said rail comprising:
a) a substrate; and
b) a composite layer comprising a plastic and at least one filler, said composite covering said substrate such that all sides of said substrate are coated by said composite layer;
wherein said substrate has a higher bending strength than a comparable size piece of said composite or said substrate is adapted to improve a fastener retention ability of said rail.
12. The fence of claim 11 wherein said substrate is comprised of metal.
13. The fence of claim 11 wherein said substrate is comprised of fiberglass.
14. The fence of claim 11 wherein said substrate has at least one perforation such that said composite passes through said at least one perforation.
15. The fence of claim 11 wherein:
said at least one filler comprises cellulosic filler in an amount from about 25% to about 65% by weight of said composite; and
said plastic comprises polyethylene in an amount from about 15% to about 55% by weight of said composite.
16. The fence of claim 15 wherein said composite further comprises inorganic filler in an amount less than about 25% by weight of said composite.
17. The fence of claim 11 wherein:
said substrate is comprised of a substantially flat sheet of metal having at least one perforation such that said composite passes through said at least one perforation;
said at least one filler comprises cellulosic filler in an amount from about 25% to about 65% by weight of said composite; and
said plastic comprises polyethylene in an amount from about 15% to about 55% by weight of said composite.
18. The fence of claim 11 further comprising at least one plank connected to said rail by a fastener such that said fastener extends through said substrate.
19. A fence comprising:
a plurality of spaced-apart posts;
a rail extending between said posts, said rail comprising:
a) a substrate comprised of a substantially flat sheet of metal having at least one perforation; and
b) a composite layer covering said substrate such that all sides of said substrate are coated by said composite and said composite passes through said at least one perforation, said composite comprising:
i) cellulosic filler in an amount from about 25% to about 65% by weight of said composite; and
ii) plastic in an amount from about 15% to about 55% by weight of said composite; and
a plank connected to said rail, said plank comprised of a composite, said composite comprising:
a) cellulosic filler in an amount from about 15% to about 55% by weight of said composite; and
b) plastic in an amount from about 30% to about 70% by weight of said composite.
20. The fence of claim 19 wherein:
said plank is a picket of said fence; and
said plank is connected to said rail by a fastener such that said fastener extends through said substrate.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US11/760,528 US20070235705A1 (en) | 2003-02-27 | 2007-06-08 | Composite fence |
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US45041503P | 2003-02-27 | 2003-02-27 | |
US10/452,612 US20040026021A1 (en) | 2002-05-31 | 2003-06-02 | Method of manufacturing a metal-reinforced plastic panel |
US75873704A | 2004-01-16 | 2004-01-16 | |
US92003704A | 2004-08-17 | 2004-08-17 | |
US11/760,528 US20070235705A1 (en) | 2003-02-27 | 2007-06-08 | Composite fence |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US92003704A Continuation | 2003-02-27 | 2004-08-17 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20070235705A1 true US20070235705A1 (en) | 2007-10-11 |
Family
ID=38574249
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US11/760,528 Abandoned US20070235705A1 (en) | 2003-02-27 | 2007-06-08 | Composite fence |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20070235705A1 (en) |
Cited By (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20080128933A1 (en) * | 2006-11-22 | 2008-06-05 | Przybylinski James P | Wood-Plastic Composites Using Recycled Carpet Waste and Systems and Methods of Manufacturing |
US20090062413A1 (en) * | 2003-10-24 | 2009-03-05 | Crane Building Products Llc | Composition of fillers with plastics for producing superior building materials |
US20100015456A1 (en) * | 2008-07-16 | 2010-01-21 | Eastman Chemical Company | Thermoplastic formulations for enhanced paintability toughness and melt process ability |
US7923477B2 (en) | 2006-01-20 | 2011-04-12 | Material Innovations Llc | Carpet waste composite |
US8074339B1 (en) | 2004-11-22 | 2011-12-13 | The Crane Group Companies Limited | Methods of manufacturing a lattice having a distressed appearance |
US8167275B1 (en) | 2005-11-30 | 2012-05-01 | The Crane Group Companies Limited | Rail system and method for assembly |
US8460797B1 (en) | 2006-12-29 | 2013-06-11 | Timbertech Limited | Capped component and method for forming |
US20140203230A1 (en) * | 2013-01-21 | 2014-07-24 | Enduris Extrusions, Inc. | Fence system with variable rail reinforcement |
US9073295B2 (en) | 2008-12-19 | 2015-07-07 | Fiber Composites, Llc | Wood-plastic composites utilizing ionomer capstocks and methods of manufacture |
US9920526B2 (en) | 2013-10-18 | 2018-03-20 | Eastman Chemical Company | Coated structural members having improved resistance to cracking |
US9919503B2 (en) | 2012-12-06 | 2018-03-20 | Eastman Chemical Company | Extrusion coating of elongated substrates |
US20210164259A1 (en) * | 2018-04-06 | 2021-06-03 | Next Generation Polymerics (Pty) Limited | Electric fencing components |
US11572646B2 (en) | 2020-11-18 | 2023-02-07 | Material Innovations Llc | Composite building materials and methods of manufacture |
Citations (95)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2072687A (en) * | 1936-01-29 | 1937-03-02 | Lancaster Processes Inc | Manufacture of plastic material |
US2153316A (en) * | 1938-01-28 | 1939-04-04 | Henry A Wallace | Method for the production of plastics |
US2156160A (en) * | 1938-05-17 | 1939-04-25 | Northwood Chemical Company | Lignin molding compound |
US2188396A (en) * | 1937-02-20 | 1940-01-30 | Goodrich Co B F | Method of preparing polyvinyl halide products |
US2316283A (en) * | 1941-05-08 | 1943-04-13 | Celanese Corp | Preparation of plastic molding material |
US2976164A (en) * | 1958-09-25 | 1961-03-21 | Durel Inc | Lignocellulose product and method |
US3308218A (en) * | 1961-05-24 | 1967-03-07 | Wood Conversion Co | Method for producing bonded fibrous products |
US3309444A (en) * | 1962-06-07 | 1967-03-14 | Schueler George Berthol Edward | Method of producing particle board |
US3492388A (en) * | 1966-01-13 | 1970-01-27 | Urlit Ag | Method of preparing pressed plates |
US3493527A (en) * | 1962-06-07 | 1970-02-03 | George Berthold Edward Schuele | Moldable composition formed of waste wood or the like |
US3562373A (en) * | 1969-03-06 | 1971-02-09 | Norristown Rug Mfg Co | Method of manufacturing pellets of thermoplastic material |
US3645939A (en) * | 1968-02-01 | 1972-02-29 | Us Plywood Champ Papers Inc | Compatibilization of hydroxyl containing materials and thermoplastic polymers |
US3864201A (en) * | 1970-10-06 | 1975-02-04 | Lion Fat Oil Co Ltd | Thermoplastic resins loaded with filler bonded to cover layers |
US3867493A (en) * | 1971-11-16 | 1975-02-18 | Sekisui Plastics | Process of producing synthetic wood having a beautiful appearance |
US3931384A (en) * | 1972-10-02 | 1976-01-06 | Plexowood, Inc. | Method of making end frames for upholstered furniture |
US3943079A (en) * | 1974-03-15 | 1976-03-09 | Monsanto Company | Discontinuous cellulose fiber treated with plastic polymer and lubricant |
US4005162A (en) * | 1974-01-18 | 1977-01-25 | Bison-Werke Bahre & Greten Gmbh & Co. Kg | Process for the continuous production of particle board |
US4005035A (en) * | 1974-12-24 | 1977-01-25 | Tecnik International Corporation | Composition for reinforced and filled high density rigid polyurethane foam products and method of making same |
US4012348A (en) * | 1974-11-29 | 1977-03-15 | Johns-Manville Corporation | Method of preparing a mixture for making extruded resin articles |
US4071494A (en) * | 1970-08-21 | 1978-01-31 | Champion International Corporation | Compatibilization of hydroxyl-containing fillers and thermoplastic polymers |
US4071479A (en) * | 1976-03-25 | 1978-01-31 | Western Electric Company, Inc. | Reclamation processing of vinyl chloride polymer containing materials and products produced thereby |
US4081582A (en) * | 1976-10-20 | 1978-03-28 | Johnson & Johnson | Fibrous material and method of making the same |
US4133930A (en) * | 1977-11-17 | 1979-01-09 | Champion International Corporation | Lightweight structural panel |
US4145389A (en) * | 1977-08-22 | 1979-03-20 | Smith Teddy V | Process for making extruded panel product |
US4181764A (en) * | 1977-08-31 | 1980-01-01 | Totten Clyde D | Weather resistant structure and method of making |
US4187352A (en) * | 1977-04-19 | 1980-02-05 | Lankhorst Touwfabrieken B.V. | Method and apparatus for producing synthetic plastics products, and product produced thereby |
US4191798A (en) * | 1978-11-22 | 1980-03-04 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Highly filled thermoplastic compositions based on ethylene interpolymers and processing oils |
US4244903A (en) * | 1976-10-22 | 1981-01-13 | Rolf Schnause | Manufacture of flowable composite particulate material |
US4248743A (en) * | 1979-08-17 | 1981-02-03 | Monsanto Company | Preparing a composite of wood pulp dispersed in a polymeric matrix |
US4248820A (en) * | 1978-12-21 | 1981-02-03 | Board Of Control Of Michigan Technological University | Method for molding apertures in molded wood products |
US4250222A (en) * | 1974-12-31 | 1981-02-10 | Institut National De Recherche Chimique Appliquee | Process for manufacturing finished and semi-finished products from mixtures of various synthetic resin scrap materials |
US4317765A (en) * | 1968-02-01 | 1982-03-02 | Champion International Corporation | Compatibilization of hydroxyl-containing fillers and thermoplastic polymers |
US4367978A (en) * | 1980-09-15 | 1983-01-11 | Cecil Schaaf | Device for preventing beach erosion |
US4376144A (en) * | 1981-04-08 | 1983-03-08 | Monsanto Company | Treated fibers and bonded composites of cellulose fibers in vinyl chloride polymer characterized by an isocyanate bonding agent |
US4430468A (en) * | 1982-07-21 | 1984-02-07 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Surfactant-containing filled and plasticized thermoplastic compositions based on ethylene interpolymers |
US4491553A (en) * | 1979-07-17 | 1985-01-01 | Lion Corporation | Method for producing filler-loaded thermoplastic resin composite |
US4503115A (en) * | 1981-12-04 | 1985-03-05 | Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft | Plate-shaped molded article and process for its preparation and use |
US4505869A (en) * | 1982-03-03 | 1985-03-19 | Sadao Nishibori | Method for manufacturing wood-like molded product |
US4506037A (en) * | 1983-03-23 | 1985-03-19 | Chuo Kagaku Co., Ltd. | Production of resin foam by aqueous medium |
US4645631A (en) * | 1983-12-22 | 1987-02-24 | Anton Heggenstaller | Process for the extrusion of composite structural members |
US4717742A (en) * | 1985-05-29 | 1988-01-05 | Beshay Alphons D | Reinforced polymer composites with wood fibers grafted with silanes - grafting of celluloses or lignocelluloses with silanes to reinforce the polymer composites |
US4734236A (en) * | 1985-12-02 | 1988-03-29 | Sheller-Globe Corporation | Method for forming fiber web for compression molding structural substrates for panels |
US4800214A (en) * | 1986-10-21 | 1989-01-24 | Lonseal Corporation | Open cell body made of hard vinyl chloride resin |
US4801495A (en) * | 1984-05-17 | 1989-01-31 | Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft | Decorative panel with improved surface characteristics |
US4894192A (en) * | 1987-08-05 | 1990-01-16 | Hans Warych | Process for producing molded bodies from paper and a thermoplastic material |
US4988478A (en) * | 1987-12-16 | 1991-01-29 | Kurt Held | Process for fabricating processed wood material panels |
US5002713A (en) * | 1989-12-22 | 1991-03-26 | Board Of Control Of Michigan Technological University | Method for compression molding articles from lignocellulosic materials |
US5078937A (en) * | 1990-06-08 | 1992-01-07 | Rauma-Repola Oy | Method and system for producing slab-formed material blanks |
US5082605A (en) * | 1990-03-14 | 1992-01-21 | Advanced Environmental Recycling Technologies, Inc. | Method for making composite material |
US5087400A (en) * | 1988-01-13 | 1992-02-11 | Wogegal S.A. | Process for making a product serving as a cultivation support |
US5088910A (en) * | 1990-03-14 | 1992-02-18 | Advanced Environmental Recycling Technologies, Inc. | System for making synthetic wood products from recycled materials |
US5091436A (en) * | 1990-02-20 | 1992-02-25 | Frisch Kurt C | Reinforced foam composites comprising hydroxy-containing vinyl ester resin |
US5096046A (en) * | 1990-03-14 | 1992-03-17 | Advanced Environmental Recycling Technologies, Inc. | System and process for making synthetic wood products from recycled materials |
US5096406A (en) * | 1990-03-14 | 1992-03-17 | Advanced Environmental Recycling Technologies, Inc. | Extruder assembly for composite materials |
US5194461A (en) * | 1991-06-26 | 1993-03-16 | University Of Northern Iowa Foundation | Structural materials from recycled high density polyethylene and herbaceous fibers, and method for production |
US5276082A (en) * | 1990-07-13 | 1994-01-04 | Armstrong World Industries, Inc. | Halogen-free floor covering |
US5284710A (en) * | 1991-09-17 | 1994-02-08 | Crane Plastics Company | Fluoropolymer-acrylic plastic composite and coextrusion method |
US5288772A (en) * | 1992-06-23 | 1994-02-22 | Clemson University | Pre-treated cellulosic materials for producing molded composite articles therefrom and process |
US5292208A (en) * | 1992-10-14 | 1994-03-08 | C-Loc Retention Systems, Inc. | Corner adapter for corrugated barriers |
US5387381A (en) * | 1989-12-07 | 1995-02-07 | Alcan Aluminum Corporation | Method for extruding plastic with accent color pattern |
US5393536A (en) * | 1993-04-05 | 1995-02-28 | Crane Plastics Company | Coextrusion apparatus |
US5480602A (en) * | 1994-06-17 | 1996-01-02 | Nagaich; Laxmi | Extruded particle board |
US5486553A (en) * | 1992-08-31 | 1996-01-23 | Andersen Corporation | Advanced polymer/wood composite structural member |
US5491951A (en) * | 1991-11-06 | 1996-02-20 | Riegelman; Harry M. | Composite framing member construction for windows and doors |
US5497594A (en) * | 1992-09-01 | 1996-03-12 | Andersen Corporation | Advanced polymer and wood fiber composite structural component |
US5593625A (en) * | 1992-08-11 | 1997-01-14 | Phenix Biocomposites, Inc. | Biocomposite material and method of making |
US5725939A (en) * | 1994-02-10 | 1998-03-10 | Ein Engineering Co., Ltd. | Synthetic wood meal, method and apparatus for manufacturing the same; synthetic wood board including the synthetic wood meal, method and apparatus of extrusion molding therefor |
US5858522A (en) * | 1993-08-30 | 1999-01-12 | Formtech Enterprises, Inc. | Interfacial blending agent for natural fiber composites |
US5863064A (en) * | 1997-08-14 | 1999-01-26 | Textron Autmotive Company Inc. | Skin for automotive air bag cover panel formed by casting different plastic materials |
US5863480A (en) * | 1994-08-29 | 1999-01-26 | Srp Industries Ltd. | Process for making a filler reinforced thermoplastic composites having biaxially oriented components |
US5866264A (en) * | 1996-10-22 | 1999-02-02 | Crane Plastics Company Limited Partnership | Renewable surface for extruded synthetic wood material |
US5866054A (en) * | 1996-04-03 | 1999-02-02 | M. A. Hannacolor, A Division Of M. A. Hanna Company | Composition and method for extruding plastic articles having accent color pattern |
US5869138A (en) * | 1996-02-09 | 1999-02-09 | Ein Engineering Co., Ltd. | Method for forming pattern on a synthetic wood board |
US5882564A (en) * | 1996-06-24 | 1999-03-16 | Andersen Corporation | Resin and wood fiber composite profile extrusion method |
US6011091A (en) * | 1996-02-01 | 2000-01-04 | Crane Plastics Company Limited Partnership | Vinyl based cellulose reinforced composite |
US6015612A (en) * | 1992-08-31 | 2000-01-18 | Andersen Corporation | Polymer wood composite |
US6015611A (en) * | 1992-08-31 | 2000-01-18 | Andersen Corporation | Advanced polymer wood composite |
US6033155A (en) * | 1998-03-09 | 2000-03-07 | Materials International, Inc. | Reinforced structure panel for forming barrier walls |
US6035588A (en) * | 1996-11-21 | 2000-03-14 | Crane Plastics Company Limited Partnership | Deck plank |
US20020015820A1 (en) * | 1997-03-28 | 2002-02-07 | Andersen Corporation | Thermoplastic resin and fiberglass fabric composite and method |
US20030021915A1 (en) * | 2001-06-15 | 2003-01-30 | Vivek Rohatgi | Cellulose - polymer composites and related manufacturing methods |
US20030025233A1 (en) * | 1997-09-05 | 2003-02-06 | Crane Plastics Company Llc | In-line compounding and extrusion system |
US20040026021A1 (en) * | 2002-05-31 | 2004-02-12 | Groh A. Anthony | Method of manufacturing a metal-reinforced plastic panel |
US20040038002A1 (en) * | 2002-08-21 | 2004-02-26 | Sandro Franco | Extruded wood imitation component and process |
US20040048055A1 (en) * | 2002-09-11 | 2004-03-11 | Alfonso Branca | Continuous fiber composite reinforced synthetic wood elements |
US6844049B2 (en) * | 2002-10-30 | 2005-01-18 | Hossein Amin-Javaheri | Polyvinyl chloride/wood composite having a natural wood grain finish and a method for creating the finish |
US20050013984A1 (en) * | 1995-04-27 | 2005-01-20 | Dijk Dirk Van | Plastic-based composite product and method and apparatus for manufacturing same |
US6863972B2 (en) * | 2001-01-09 | 2005-03-08 | Crane Plastics Company Llc | Synthetic wood component having a foamed polymer backing |
US20050067729A1 (en) * | 2001-04-26 | 2005-03-31 | Laver Terry C. | Apparatus and method for low-density cellular wood plastic composites |
US6984676B1 (en) * | 1996-10-22 | 2006-01-10 | Crane Plastics Company Llc | Extrusion of synthetic wood material |
US20060010883A1 (en) * | 2001-01-19 | 2006-01-19 | Crane Plastics Company Llc | Cooling of extruded and compression molded materials |
US20060012066A1 (en) * | 2001-01-19 | 2006-01-19 | Crane Plastics Company Llc | System and method for directing a fluid through a die |
US20060068053A1 (en) * | 2004-09-30 | 2006-03-30 | Crane Plastics Company Llc | Integrated belt puller and three-dimensional forming machine |
US20060068215A2 (en) * | 2004-06-08 | 2006-03-30 | Trex Company, Inc. | Improved variegated composites and related methods of manufacture |
US7186457B1 (en) * | 2002-11-27 | 2007-03-06 | Crane Plastics Company Llc | Cellulosic composite component |
-
2007
- 2007-06-08 US US11/760,528 patent/US20070235705A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (99)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2072687A (en) * | 1936-01-29 | 1937-03-02 | Lancaster Processes Inc | Manufacture of plastic material |
US2188396A (en) * | 1937-02-20 | 1940-01-30 | Goodrich Co B F | Method of preparing polyvinyl halide products |
US2153316A (en) * | 1938-01-28 | 1939-04-04 | Henry A Wallace | Method for the production of plastics |
US2156160A (en) * | 1938-05-17 | 1939-04-25 | Northwood Chemical Company | Lignin molding compound |
US2316283A (en) * | 1941-05-08 | 1943-04-13 | Celanese Corp | Preparation of plastic molding material |
US2976164A (en) * | 1958-09-25 | 1961-03-21 | Durel Inc | Lignocellulose product and method |
US3308218A (en) * | 1961-05-24 | 1967-03-07 | Wood Conversion Co | Method for producing bonded fibrous products |
US3309444A (en) * | 1962-06-07 | 1967-03-14 | Schueler George Berthol Edward | Method of producing particle board |
US3493527A (en) * | 1962-06-07 | 1970-02-03 | George Berthold Edward Schuele | Moldable composition formed of waste wood or the like |
US3492388A (en) * | 1966-01-13 | 1970-01-27 | Urlit Ag | Method of preparing pressed plates |
US3645939A (en) * | 1968-02-01 | 1972-02-29 | Us Plywood Champ Papers Inc | Compatibilization of hydroxyl containing materials and thermoplastic polymers |
US4317765A (en) * | 1968-02-01 | 1982-03-02 | Champion International Corporation | Compatibilization of hydroxyl-containing fillers and thermoplastic polymers |
US3562373A (en) * | 1969-03-06 | 1971-02-09 | Norristown Rug Mfg Co | Method of manufacturing pellets of thermoplastic material |
US4071494A (en) * | 1970-08-21 | 1978-01-31 | Champion International Corporation | Compatibilization of hydroxyl-containing fillers and thermoplastic polymers |
US3864201A (en) * | 1970-10-06 | 1975-02-04 | Lion Fat Oil Co Ltd | Thermoplastic resins loaded with filler bonded to cover layers |
US3867493A (en) * | 1971-11-16 | 1975-02-18 | Sekisui Plastics | Process of producing synthetic wood having a beautiful appearance |
US3931384A (en) * | 1972-10-02 | 1976-01-06 | Plexowood, Inc. | Method of making end frames for upholstered furniture |
US4005162A (en) * | 1974-01-18 | 1977-01-25 | Bison-Werke Bahre & Greten Gmbh & Co. Kg | Process for the continuous production of particle board |
US3943079A (en) * | 1974-03-15 | 1976-03-09 | Monsanto Company | Discontinuous cellulose fiber treated with plastic polymer and lubricant |
US4012348A (en) * | 1974-11-29 | 1977-03-15 | Johns-Manville Corporation | Method of preparing a mixture for making extruded resin articles |
US4005035A (en) * | 1974-12-24 | 1977-01-25 | Tecnik International Corporation | Composition for reinforced and filled high density rigid polyurethane foam products and method of making same |
US4250222A (en) * | 1974-12-31 | 1981-02-10 | Institut National De Recherche Chimique Appliquee | Process for manufacturing finished and semi-finished products from mixtures of various synthetic resin scrap materials |
US4071479A (en) * | 1976-03-25 | 1978-01-31 | Western Electric Company, Inc. | Reclamation processing of vinyl chloride polymer containing materials and products produced thereby |
US4081582A (en) * | 1976-10-20 | 1978-03-28 | Johnson & Johnson | Fibrous material and method of making the same |
US4244903A (en) * | 1976-10-22 | 1981-01-13 | Rolf Schnause | Manufacture of flowable composite particulate material |
US4187352A (en) * | 1977-04-19 | 1980-02-05 | Lankhorst Touwfabrieken B.V. | Method and apparatus for producing synthetic plastics products, and product produced thereby |
US4145389A (en) * | 1977-08-22 | 1979-03-20 | Smith Teddy V | Process for making extruded panel product |
US4181764A (en) * | 1977-08-31 | 1980-01-01 | Totten Clyde D | Weather resistant structure and method of making |
US4133930A (en) * | 1977-11-17 | 1979-01-09 | Champion International Corporation | Lightweight structural panel |
US4191798A (en) * | 1978-11-22 | 1980-03-04 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Highly filled thermoplastic compositions based on ethylene interpolymers and processing oils |
US4248820A (en) * | 1978-12-21 | 1981-02-03 | Board Of Control Of Michigan Technological University | Method for molding apertures in molded wood products |
US4491553A (en) * | 1979-07-17 | 1985-01-01 | Lion Corporation | Method for producing filler-loaded thermoplastic resin composite |
US4248743A (en) * | 1979-08-17 | 1981-02-03 | Monsanto Company | Preparing a composite of wood pulp dispersed in a polymeric matrix |
US4367978A (en) * | 1980-09-15 | 1983-01-11 | Cecil Schaaf | Device for preventing beach erosion |
US4376144A (en) * | 1981-04-08 | 1983-03-08 | Monsanto Company | Treated fibers and bonded composites of cellulose fibers in vinyl chloride polymer characterized by an isocyanate bonding agent |
US4503115A (en) * | 1981-12-04 | 1985-03-05 | Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft | Plate-shaped molded article and process for its preparation and use |
US4505869A (en) * | 1982-03-03 | 1985-03-19 | Sadao Nishibori | Method for manufacturing wood-like molded product |
US4430468A (en) * | 1982-07-21 | 1984-02-07 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Surfactant-containing filled and plasticized thermoplastic compositions based on ethylene interpolymers |
US4506037A (en) * | 1983-03-23 | 1985-03-19 | Chuo Kagaku Co., Ltd. | Production of resin foam by aqueous medium |
US4645631A (en) * | 1983-12-22 | 1987-02-24 | Anton Heggenstaller | Process for the extrusion of composite structural members |
US4801495A (en) * | 1984-05-17 | 1989-01-31 | Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft | Decorative panel with improved surface characteristics |
US4717742A (en) * | 1985-05-29 | 1988-01-05 | Beshay Alphons D | Reinforced polymer composites with wood fibers grafted with silanes - grafting of celluloses or lignocelluloses with silanes to reinforce the polymer composites |
US4734236A (en) * | 1985-12-02 | 1988-03-29 | Sheller-Globe Corporation | Method for forming fiber web for compression molding structural substrates for panels |
US4800214A (en) * | 1986-10-21 | 1989-01-24 | Lonseal Corporation | Open cell body made of hard vinyl chloride resin |
US4894192A (en) * | 1987-08-05 | 1990-01-16 | Hans Warych | Process for producing molded bodies from paper and a thermoplastic material |
US4988478A (en) * | 1987-12-16 | 1991-01-29 | Kurt Held | Process for fabricating processed wood material panels |
US5087400A (en) * | 1988-01-13 | 1992-02-11 | Wogegal S.A. | Process for making a product serving as a cultivation support |
US5387381A (en) * | 1989-12-07 | 1995-02-07 | Alcan Aluminum Corporation | Method for extruding plastic with accent color pattern |
US5002713A (en) * | 1989-12-22 | 1991-03-26 | Board Of Control Of Michigan Technological University | Method for compression molding articles from lignocellulosic materials |
US5091436A (en) * | 1990-02-20 | 1992-02-25 | Frisch Kurt C | Reinforced foam composites comprising hydroxy-containing vinyl ester resin |
US5082605A (en) * | 1990-03-14 | 1992-01-21 | Advanced Environmental Recycling Technologies, Inc. | Method for making composite material |
US5088910A (en) * | 1990-03-14 | 1992-02-18 | Advanced Environmental Recycling Technologies, Inc. | System for making synthetic wood products from recycled materials |
US5096046A (en) * | 1990-03-14 | 1992-03-17 | Advanced Environmental Recycling Technologies, Inc. | System and process for making synthetic wood products from recycled materials |
US5096406A (en) * | 1990-03-14 | 1992-03-17 | Advanced Environmental Recycling Technologies, Inc. | Extruder assembly for composite materials |
US5078937A (en) * | 1990-06-08 | 1992-01-07 | Rauma-Repola Oy | Method and system for producing slab-formed material blanks |
US5276082A (en) * | 1990-07-13 | 1994-01-04 | Armstrong World Industries, Inc. | Halogen-free floor covering |
US5194461A (en) * | 1991-06-26 | 1993-03-16 | University Of Northern Iowa Foundation | Structural materials from recycled high density polyethylene and herbaceous fibers, and method for production |
US5284710A (en) * | 1991-09-17 | 1994-02-08 | Crane Plastics Company | Fluoropolymer-acrylic plastic composite and coextrusion method |
US5491951A (en) * | 1991-11-06 | 1996-02-20 | Riegelman; Harry M. | Composite framing member construction for windows and doors |
US5288772A (en) * | 1992-06-23 | 1994-02-22 | Clemson University | Pre-treated cellulosic materials for producing molded composite articles therefrom and process |
US5593625A (en) * | 1992-08-11 | 1997-01-14 | Phenix Biocomposites, Inc. | Biocomposite material and method of making |
US6015611A (en) * | 1992-08-31 | 2000-01-18 | Andersen Corporation | Advanced polymer wood composite |
US5486553A (en) * | 1992-08-31 | 1996-01-23 | Andersen Corporation | Advanced polymer/wood composite structural member |
US6015612A (en) * | 1992-08-31 | 2000-01-18 | Andersen Corporation | Polymer wood composite |
US5497594A (en) * | 1992-09-01 | 1996-03-12 | Andersen Corporation | Advanced polymer and wood fiber composite structural component |
US5292208A (en) * | 1992-10-14 | 1994-03-08 | C-Loc Retention Systems, Inc. | Corner adapter for corrugated barriers |
US5393536A (en) * | 1993-04-05 | 1995-02-28 | Crane Plastics Company | Coextrusion apparatus |
US5858522A (en) * | 1993-08-30 | 1999-01-12 | Formtech Enterprises, Inc. | Interfacial blending agent for natural fiber composites |
US5725939A (en) * | 1994-02-10 | 1998-03-10 | Ein Engineering Co., Ltd. | Synthetic wood meal, method and apparatus for manufacturing the same; synthetic wood board including the synthetic wood meal, method and apparatus of extrusion molding therefor |
US5480602A (en) * | 1994-06-17 | 1996-01-02 | Nagaich; Laxmi | Extruded particle board |
US5863480A (en) * | 1994-08-29 | 1999-01-26 | Srp Industries Ltd. | Process for making a filler reinforced thermoplastic composites having biaxially oriented components |
US20050013984A1 (en) * | 1995-04-27 | 2005-01-20 | Dijk Dirk Van | Plastic-based composite product and method and apparatus for manufacturing same |
US6011091A (en) * | 1996-02-01 | 2000-01-04 | Crane Plastics Company Limited Partnership | Vinyl based cellulose reinforced composite |
US5869138A (en) * | 1996-02-09 | 1999-02-09 | Ein Engineering Co., Ltd. | Method for forming pattern on a synthetic wood board |
US5869176A (en) * | 1996-04-03 | 1999-02-09 | M. A. Hannacolor, A Division Of M. A. Hanna Company | Composition and method for extruding plastic articles having accent color pattern and comprising poly-α-methylstyrene pellets |
US5866054A (en) * | 1996-04-03 | 1999-02-02 | M. A. Hannacolor, A Division Of M. A. Hanna Company | Composition and method for extruding plastic articles having accent color pattern |
US5882564A (en) * | 1996-06-24 | 1999-03-16 | Andersen Corporation | Resin and wood fiber composite profile extrusion method |
US5866264A (en) * | 1996-10-22 | 1999-02-02 | Crane Plastics Company Limited Partnership | Renewable surface for extruded synthetic wood material |
US6984676B1 (en) * | 1996-10-22 | 2006-01-10 | Crane Plastics Company Llc | Extrusion of synthetic wood material |
US6035588A (en) * | 1996-11-21 | 2000-03-14 | Crane Plastics Company Limited Partnership | Deck plank |
US20020015820A1 (en) * | 1997-03-28 | 2002-02-07 | Andersen Corporation | Thermoplastic resin and fiberglass fabric composite and method |
US5863064A (en) * | 1997-08-14 | 1999-01-26 | Textron Autmotive Company Inc. | Skin for automotive air bag cover panel formed by casting different plastic materials |
US20030025233A1 (en) * | 1997-09-05 | 2003-02-06 | Crane Plastics Company Llc | In-line compounding and extrusion system |
US6033155A (en) * | 1998-03-09 | 2000-03-07 | Materials International, Inc. | Reinforced structure panel for forming barrier walls |
US6863972B2 (en) * | 2001-01-09 | 2005-03-08 | Crane Plastics Company Llc | Synthetic wood component having a foamed polymer backing |
US20060010883A1 (en) * | 2001-01-19 | 2006-01-19 | Crane Plastics Company Llc | Cooling of extruded and compression molded materials |
US7017352B2 (en) * | 2001-01-19 | 2006-03-28 | Crane Plastics Company Llc | Cooling of extruded and compression molded materials |
US20060012066A1 (en) * | 2001-01-19 | 2006-01-19 | Crane Plastics Company Llc | System and method for directing a fluid through a die |
US20060010884A1 (en) * | 2001-01-19 | 2006-01-19 | Crane Plastics Company Llc | Cooling of extruded and compression molded materials |
US20050067729A1 (en) * | 2001-04-26 | 2005-03-31 | Laver Terry C. | Apparatus and method for low-density cellular wood plastic composites |
US20030021915A1 (en) * | 2001-06-15 | 2003-01-30 | Vivek Rohatgi | Cellulose - polymer composites and related manufacturing methods |
US20060012071A1 (en) * | 2002-05-31 | 2006-01-19 | Crane Plastics Company Llc | Method of manufacturing a metal-reinforced plastic panel |
US20040026021A1 (en) * | 2002-05-31 | 2004-02-12 | Groh A. Anthony | Method of manufacturing a metal-reinforced plastic panel |
US20040038002A1 (en) * | 2002-08-21 | 2004-02-26 | Sandro Franco | Extruded wood imitation component and process |
US20040048055A1 (en) * | 2002-09-11 | 2004-03-11 | Alfonso Branca | Continuous fiber composite reinforced synthetic wood elements |
US6844049B2 (en) * | 2002-10-30 | 2005-01-18 | Hossein Amin-Javaheri | Polyvinyl chloride/wood composite having a natural wood grain finish and a method for creating the finish |
US7186457B1 (en) * | 2002-11-27 | 2007-03-06 | Crane Plastics Company Llc | Cellulosic composite component |
US20060068215A2 (en) * | 2004-06-08 | 2006-03-30 | Trex Company, Inc. | Improved variegated composites and related methods of manufacture |
US20060068053A1 (en) * | 2004-09-30 | 2006-03-30 | Crane Plastics Company Llc | Integrated belt puller and three-dimensional forming machine |
Cited By (30)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20090062413A1 (en) * | 2003-10-24 | 2009-03-05 | Crane Building Products Llc | Composition of fillers with plastics for producing superior building materials |
US8074339B1 (en) | 2004-11-22 | 2011-12-13 | The Crane Group Companies Limited | Methods of manufacturing a lattice having a distressed appearance |
USD782697S1 (en) | 2005-11-30 | 2017-03-28 | Cpg International Llc | Rail |
US10358841B2 (en) | 2005-11-30 | 2019-07-23 | Cpg International Llc | Rail system and method for assembly |
US9822547B2 (en) | 2005-11-30 | 2017-11-21 | Cpg International Llc | Rail system and method for assembly |
US8167275B1 (en) | 2005-11-30 | 2012-05-01 | The Crane Group Companies Limited | Rail system and method for assembly |
USD797953S1 (en) | 2005-11-30 | 2017-09-19 | Cpg International Llc | Rail assembly |
USD797307S1 (en) | 2005-11-30 | 2017-09-12 | Cpg International Llc | Rail assembly |
USD788329S1 (en) | 2005-11-30 | 2017-05-30 | Cpg International Llc | Post cover |
USD787707S1 (en) | 2005-11-30 | 2017-05-23 | Cpg International Llc | Rail |
USD782698S1 (en) | 2005-11-30 | 2017-03-28 | Cpg International Llc | Rail |
US8455558B2 (en) | 2006-01-20 | 2013-06-04 | Material Innovations Llc | Carpet waste composite |
US10294666B2 (en) | 2006-01-20 | 2019-05-21 | Material Innovations Llc | Carpet waste composite |
US11773592B2 (en) | 2006-01-20 | 2023-10-03 | Material Innovations Llc | Carpet waste composite |
US8809406B2 (en) | 2006-01-20 | 2014-08-19 | Material Innovations Llc | Carpet waste composite |
US9637920B2 (en) | 2006-01-20 | 2017-05-02 | Material Innovations Llc | Carpet waste composite |
US10822798B2 (en) | 2006-01-20 | 2020-11-03 | Material Innovations Llc | Carpet waste composite |
US8278365B2 (en) | 2006-01-20 | 2012-10-02 | Material Innovations Llc | Carpet waste composite |
US7923477B2 (en) | 2006-01-20 | 2011-04-12 | Material Innovations Llc | Carpet waste composite |
US20080128933A1 (en) * | 2006-11-22 | 2008-06-05 | Przybylinski James P | Wood-Plastic Composites Using Recycled Carpet Waste and Systems and Methods of Manufacturing |
US8460797B1 (en) | 2006-12-29 | 2013-06-11 | Timbertech Limited | Capped component and method for forming |
US20100015456A1 (en) * | 2008-07-16 | 2010-01-21 | Eastman Chemical Company | Thermoplastic formulations for enhanced paintability toughness and melt process ability |
US10875281B2 (en) | 2008-12-19 | 2020-12-29 | Fiber Composites Llc | Wood-plastic composites utilizing ionomer capstocks and methods of manufacture |
US9073295B2 (en) | 2008-12-19 | 2015-07-07 | Fiber Composites, Llc | Wood-plastic composites utilizing ionomer capstocks and methods of manufacture |
US9919503B2 (en) | 2012-12-06 | 2018-03-20 | Eastman Chemical Company | Extrusion coating of elongated substrates |
US9512634B2 (en) * | 2013-01-21 | 2016-12-06 | Enduris Extrusions, Inc. | Fence system with variable rail reinforcement |
US20140203230A1 (en) * | 2013-01-21 | 2014-07-24 | Enduris Extrusions, Inc. | Fence system with variable rail reinforcement |
US9920526B2 (en) | 2013-10-18 | 2018-03-20 | Eastman Chemical Company | Coated structural members having improved resistance to cracking |
US20210164259A1 (en) * | 2018-04-06 | 2021-06-03 | Next Generation Polymerics (Pty) Limited | Electric fencing components |
US11572646B2 (en) | 2020-11-18 | 2023-02-07 | Material Innovations Llc | Composite building materials and methods of manufacture |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US20070235705A1 (en) | Composite fence | |
US6971211B1 (en) | Cellulosic/polymer composite material | |
US6590004B1 (en) | Foam composite wood replacement material | |
US7186457B1 (en) | Cellulosic composite component | |
US6863972B2 (en) | Synthetic wood component having a foamed polymer backing | |
US6579605B2 (en) | Multilayer synthetic wood component | |
US7488530B2 (en) | Composite coated/encapsulated wood products and methods to produce the same | |
US6617376B2 (en) | Flexible wood composition | |
US5827462A (en) | Balanced cooling of extruded synthetic wood material | |
US6344268B1 (en) | Foamed polymer-fiber composite | |
US10683401B2 (en) | Use of recycled packaging in polymer composite products | |
US6984676B1 (en) | Extrusion of synthetic wood material | |
US6578368B1 (en) | Cryogenic cooling of extruded and compression molded materials | |
US20060065993A1 (en) | Foamed polymer-fiber composite | |
EP2993203A1 (en) | Composite material | |
EP2993035B1 (en) | Composite material | |
US20030087994A1 (en) | Flax-filled composite | |
US7743567B1 (en) | Fiberglass/cellulosic composite and method for molding | |
US9394432B1 (en) | Composite members and methods for producing same | |
US20100272958A1 (en) | Laminated Composite Products and Methods for Manufacturing the Same | |
US8460797B1 (en) | Capped component and method for forming | |
US6784216B1 (en) | ABS foam and method of making same | |
US20130052395A1 (en) | Composite component having a multilayer cap | |
EP2993204A1 (en) | Composite material | |
US8074339B1 (en) | Methods of manufacturing a lattice having a distressed appearance |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: CRANE BUILDING PRODUCTS LLC, OHIO Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:CRANE PLASTICS COMPANY LLC;REEL/FRAME:020836/0513 Effective date: 20071228 Owner name: CRANE BUILDING PRODUCTS LLC,OHIO Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:CRANE PLASTICS COMPANY LLC;REEL/FRAME:020836/0513 Effective date: 20071228 |
|
STCB | Information on status: application discontinuation |
Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION |