US20080099188A1 - Perforated heat pipes - Google Patents

Perforated heat pipes Download PDF

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Publication number
US20080099188A1
US20080099188A1 US11/306,529 US30652905A US2008099188A1 US 20080099188 A1 US20080099188 A1 US 20080099188A1 US 30652905 A US30652905 A US 30652905A US 2008099188 A1 US2008099188 A1 US 2008099188A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
heat pipe
construction
mesh
cells form
dimensional
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US11/306,529
Inventor
Igor Victorovich Touzov
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Individual
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Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to US11/306,529 priority Critical patent/US20080099188A1/en
Priority to US11/307,125 priority patent/US7299860B2/en
Priority to US11/307,292 priority patent/US20070151710A1/en
Priority to US11/307,359 priority patent/US20070151121A1/en
Priority to US11/307,865 priority patent/US7310232B2/en
Priority to US11/308,107 priority patent/US20070154700A1/en
Priority to US11/308,438 priority patent/US20070155271A1/en
Priority to US11/308,663 priority patent/US20070151703A1/en
Priority to PCT/US2006/062591 priority patent/WO2007079371A2/en
Publication of US20080099188A1 publication Critical patent/US20080099188A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28DHEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D15/00Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies
    • F28D15/02Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies in which the medium condenses and evaporates, e.g. heat pipes
    • F28D15/0241Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies in which the medium condenses and evaporates, e.g. heat pipes the tubes being flexible
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A41WEARING APPAREL
    • A41DOUTERWEAR; PROTECTIVE GARMENTS; ACCESSORIES
    • A41D13/00Professional, industrial or sporting protective garments, e.g. surgeons' gowns or garments protecting against blows or punches
    • A41D13/002Professional, industrial or sporting protective garments, e.g. surgeons' gowns or garments protecting against blows or punches with controlled internal environment
    • A41D13/005Professional, industrial or sporting protective garments, e.g. surgeons' gowns or garments protecting against blows or punches with controlled internal environment with controlled temperature
    • A41D13/0051Heated garments
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28FDETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F21/00Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials
    • F28F21/06Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials of plastics material
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28FDETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F3/00Plate-like or laminated elements; Assemblies of plate-like or laminated elements
    • F28F3/12Elements constructed in the shape of a hollow panel, e.g. with channels
    • F28F3/14Elements constructed in the shape of a hollow panel, e.g. with channels by separating portions of a pair of joined sheets to form channels, e.g. by inflation

Definitions

  • the essence of this invention is to provide completely passive lightweight solution that will be able to reduce thermal stress of wearier and have unlimited operating time.
  • Benefit of this invention is effective combination of natural ability of a body to redistribute/manage heat and efficient heat exchange properties of the apparel system combined with its primary functions.
  • Each apparel article according to this invention is uniquely designed for a specific use scenario. This makes them comfortable, practical, lightweight, and reliable unlike prior art designs. Heat pipes are employed to increase heat exchange between the body surface and a heat source/recipient (in most scenarios ambient air).
  • Heat pipe uses a thin shell impermeable or partially impermeable to gases.
  • Material of choice for the shell is:
  • Heat pipes are permanently imbedded into or form by itself the apparel structure. This improves apparel durability and reduces its weight.
  • Preferred liquid of the heat pipes of the invention is medium pressure commercial refrigerants, while low or high pressure refrigerants and other liquids are not excluded. Use of medium pressure refrigerants allows to overcome problem associated with high gas permeability of polymer materials.
  • Preferred shape of the invention is a planar mesh or a planar ribbon with flaps. Spatial mesh structures are also the subject of this invention.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates the concept of invention.
  • the mesh shape 1 allows for significant airflow through the pipe that voids the need for dedicated heat sinks, and allows for effective integration of the pipe into apparel and other systems by sewing, gluing, or fastening etc through the voids 1 a of the mesh, while preserving breathable properties of the product.
  • the shape of ribbon with flaps 2 allows convenient integration of the pipe into apparel and other systems by sewing through the flaps 2 a or gluing or laminating.
  • the flaps may also contain perforations 2 b of various patterns including the mesh patterns.
  • Preferred shell material of the invention is polyester backed thermoplastic elastomer film (such as TPSiV produced by Dow Corning Company, or other TPE).
  • Preferred wick is made of mesh fabric (felt, braided, or other). Its lattice may be is interlaced with water soluble PVA mesh fabric. The purpose of soluble PVA mesh is to form vapor transport channels in the heat pipe structure that can be removed from partial assembly.
  • Preferred design can be manufactured using variety of processes.
  • a layer of TPSiV film 3 is covered with a layer of felt 4 of the same composition, all elements are maintained below +30° C., liquid 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-114) 5 is dispensed to saturate the felt, second layer of TPSiV film 6 is placed on top of the assembly, hot stamp with mesh pattern is pressed against the assembly at pressure in excess of 44 atm at 295° C., after setting time the stamp is cooled.
  • R-114 liquid 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
  • Described process creates sealed flat heat pipe with mesh pattern 1 of blanks that can be also cut through holes.
  • internal pressure caused by R-114 evaporation reshapes flexible shell material and creates vapor transfer channels.
  • the size of the pattern is defined by two factors in addition to artistic perception:
  • Invented heat pipe can be custom cut to desired shape without need for special equipment using standard hot knife and a wise or a clamp.
  • the pipe sheets or decals can be sewed together or to any fabric using standard sewing equipment. This makes the product suitable for general apparel manufacturing.
  • Plurality of alternative manufacturing techniques can be utilized to create the device of invention.
  • tree dimensional mesh can be created as following. Material of the wick in form of yarns is braided to form three-dimensional sparse structure. It is then spray-coated with liquid rubber. Because of high viscosity sprayed polymer doe not penetrate into the wick volume but creates flexible cast around strings composing the layout. Additional coats of various materials can be deposited on top of initial cast, including electrodeposited metals, polymers, composites ceramics, etc.
  • Invention provides benefits to apparel, electronics (e.g. as a heat sink material), automotive industry (e.g. alternative to engine or fuel cell cooling systems), appliances, construction materials, etc.
  • articles benefiting from this heat pipe technology are hockey jersey, baseball hat, wall insulation, engine cylinder block, etc. Sheets of these heat pipes of planar of foam like 3D meshes can be utilized as a thermal barrier for fire protection, building thermal insulation, energy harvesting by heat pumps, and other traditional thermal applications.
  • the mesh structure of the invention contributes to high transport efficiency of capillary wicks.
  • the small area of segments created by the mesh is compensated by two or three dimensional flow pattern of the mesh. This allows for large geometrical dimensions of the heat pipes with minimal degradation of their efficiency.

Abstract

This invention enables broad commercial use of heat pipe technology in designs ranging from traditional outdoor apparel to high-end sport garments and special tasks garments. Heat pipes of popular mesh or velvet patterns provides integrated heat sink functionality that decreases weight, size and cost of thermal designs. Products of the invention are lightweight, flexible and even elastic that provides maximum comfort to their users.

Description

    PRIOR ART
  • Idea of use of heat pipes in conjunction with human wearable apparel was exploited for sake of thermal stress management. Inventors suggested uses of various heat reservoirs to absorb the heat (U.S. Pat. No. 6,763,671). All these ideas provide short term benefits with expense of reduced mobility and added weight.
  • Prior art inventors (U.S. Pat. No. 5,269,369) suggest redistribution of heat between distinct pieces of apparel that creates discomfort in dressing as well as causes faults in practical use of such apparel systems.
  • DETAILED DESCRIPTION
  • The essence of this invention is to provide completely passive lightweight solution that will be able to reduce thermal stress of wearier and have unlimited operating time. Benefit of this invention is effective combination of natural ability of a body to redistribute/manage heat and efficient heat exchange properties of the apparel system combined with its primary functions.
  • Each apparel article according to this invention is uniquely designed for a specific use scenario. This makes them comfortable, practical, lightweight, and reliable unlike prior art designs. Heat pipes are employed to increase heat exchange between the body surface and a heat source/recipient (in most scenarios ambient air).
  • Heat pipe uses a thin shell impermeable or partially impermeable to gases. Material of choice for the shell is:
      • laminated single or multilayer metal foil (aluminum or other)
      • inorganic film (silicate based or other)
      • polymer or rubber (natural or synthetic with or without nano-composites or other additives)
      • composites, fabrics, etc.
  • Heat pipes are permanently imbedded into or form by itself the apparel structure. This improves apparel durability and reduces its weight. Preferred liquid of the heat pipes of the invention is medium pressure commercial refrigerants, while low or high pressure refrigerants and other liquids are not excluded. Use of medium pressure refrigerants allows to overcome problem associated with high gas permeability of polymer materials. Preferred shape of the invention is a planar mesh or a planar ribbon with flaps. Spatial mesh structures are also the subject of this invention.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates the concept of invention. The mesh shape 1 allows for significant airflow through the pipe that voids the need for dedicated heat sinks, and allows for effective integration of the pipe into apparel and other systems by sewing, gluing, or fastening etc through the voids 1 a of the mesh, while preserving breathable properties of the product.
  • The shape of ribbon with flaps 2 allows convenient integration of the pipe into apparel and other systems by sewing through the flaps 2 a or gluing or laminating. The flaps may also contain perforations 2 b of various patterns including the mesh patterns.
  • Preferred shell material of the invention is polyester backed thermoplastic elastomer film (such as TPSiV produced by Dow Corning Company, or other TPE). Preferred wick is made of mesh fabric (felt, braided, or other). Its lattice may be is interlaced with water soluble PVA mesh fabric. The purpose of soluble PVA mesh is to form vapor transport channels in the heat pipe structure that can be removed from partial assembly.
  • Preferred design can be manufactured using variety of processes. Herein there is an example of such: A layer of TPSiV film 3 is covered with a layer of felt 4 of the same composition, all elements are maintained below +30° C., liquid 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-114) 5 is dispensed to saturate the felt, second layer of TPSiV film 6 is placed on top of the assembly, hot stamp with mesh pattern is pressed against the assembly at pressure in excess of 44 atm at 295° C., after setting time the stamp is cooled.
  • Described process creates sealed flat heat pipe with mesh pattern 1 of blanks that can be also cut through holes. Upon temperature increases above +4° C. internal pressure caused by R-114 evaporation reshapes flexible shell material and creates vapor transfer channels. The size of the pattern is defined by two factors in addition to artistic perception:
      • vapor pressure of selected liquid at desirable operating temperature of the pipe
      • the material properties and the wall thickness for selected outer films
  • Use of smaller separations allows for use of thinner material film and higher internal pressure.
  • Invented heat pipe can be custom cut to desired shape without need for special equipment using standard hot knife and a wise or a clamp. The pipe sheets or decals can be sewed together or to any fabric using standard sewing equipment. This makes the product suitable for general apparel manufacturing.
  • Plurality of alternative manufacturing techniques can be utilized to create the device of invention. As an example, tree dimensional mesh can be created as following. Material of the wick in form of yarns is braided to form three-dimensional sparse structure. It is then spray-coated with liquid rubber. Because of high viscosity sprayed polymer doe not penetrate into the wick volume but creates flexible cast around strings composing the layout. Additional coats of various materials can be deposited on top of initial cast, including electrodeposited metals, polymers, composites ceramics, etc.
  • The essence of the invention survives modifications of materials composing peripheral shell, wick, liquid, as it is well known how to make these alteration. For example both metal felt and plaited carbon can be used as a wick structure. The alterations will affect the method of production and the liquid of choice. Described patterns can provide additional functions such as artistic look, energy harvesting, weight distribution management (e.g. in turbine engine designs), mechanical support (e.g. PV panels of satellites).
  • Invention provides benefits to apparel, electronics (e.g. as a heat sink material), automotive industry (e.g. alternative to engine or fuel cell cooling systems), appliances, construction materials, etc. Examples of articles benefiting from this heat pipe technology are hockey jersey, baseball hat, wall insulation, engine cylinder block, etc. Sheets of these heat pipes of planar of foam like 3D meshes can be utilized as a thermal barrier for fire protection, building thermal insulation, energy harvesting by heat pumps, and other traditional thermal applications.
  • The mesh structure of the invention contributes to high transport efficiency of capillary wicks. The small area of segments created by the mesh is compensated by two or three dimensional flow pattern of the mesh. This allows for large geometrical dimensions of the heat pipes with minimal degradation of their efficiency.

Claims (16)

1. A heat pipe device having a shape of one or two or three dimensional mesh, wherein each cell of said mesh contains an element with structure of linear heat pipe and a junction, wherein said junction is formed by material or materials of the pipe's walls, and wherein said junction may contain holes, and the term mesh comprises ordered, unordered, periodic, or non-periodic composition.
2. A device of claim 1, wherein said cells form parallel rows evenly or not evenly distributed.
3. A device of claim 1, wherein said cells form a two dimensional lattice pattern.
4. A device of claim 1, wherein said cells form a three-dimensional pattern.
5. A device of claim 3, wherein said pattern has through holes.
6. A device of claim 1, wherein said cells form a two dimensional ornament or picture or other artistic element.
7. A device of claim 1, wherein said heat pipe uses a polymer based composite in construction of gas partly permeable walls.
8. A device of claim 1, wherein said heat pipe uses a metal foil in construction of gas impermeable walls.
9. A device of claim 1, wherein said heat pipe uses an inorganic film in construction of gas impermeable walls.
10. A device of claim 1, wherein said heat pipe uses nano-particles, nano-composites, nano-clay or other functional additives in construction of gas impermeable walls.
11. Use of device of claim 1 in production of human wearable apparel items.
12. Use of device of claim 1 in construction of heat sinks for electronic components.
13. Use of device of claim 1 for thermal protection or insulation.
14. Use of device of claim 1 for energy harvesting.
15. Use of device of claim 1 in production of pet's wearable items.
16. Use of device of claim 1 in production of human wearable gear or equipment.
US11/306,529 2005-12-30 2005-12-30 Perforated heat pipes Abandoned US20080099188A1 (en)

Priority Applications (9)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US11/306,529 US20080099188A1 (en) 2005-12-30 2005-12-30 Perforated heat pipes
US11/307,125 US7299860B2 (en) 2005-12-30 2006-01-24 Integral fastener heat pipe
US11/307,292 US20070151710A1 (en) 2005-12-30 2006-01-31 High throughput technology for heat pipe production
US11/307,359 US20070151121A1 (en) 2005-12-30 2006-02-02 Stretchable and transformable planar heat pipe for apparel and footwear, and production method thereof
US11/307,865 US7310232B2 (en) 2005-12-30 2006-02-26 Multi-surface heat sink film
US11/308,107 US20070154700A1 (en) 2005-12-30 2006-03-07 Tunable heat regulating textile
US11/308,438 US20070155271A1 (en) 2005-12-30 2006-03-24 Heat conductive textile and method producing thereof
US11/308,663 US20070151703A1 (en) 2005-12-30 2006-04-19 Grid and yarn membrane heat pipes
PCT/US2006/062591 WO2007079371A2 (en) 2005-12-30 2006-12-24 Perforated heat pipe material

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US11/306,529 US20080099188A1 (en) 2005-12-30 2005-12-30 Perforated heat pipes

Related Parent Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US11/306,527 Continuation-In-Part US20070151708A1 (en) 2005-12-30 2005-12-30 Heat pipes with self assembled compositions
US11/306,530 Continuation-In-Part US20070151709A1 (en) 2005-12-30 2005-12-30 Heat pipes utilizing load bearing wicks

Related Child Applications (8)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US11/306,530 Continuation-In-Part US20070151709A1 (en) 2005-12-30 2005-12-30 Heat pipes utilizing load bearing wicks
US11/307,125 Continuation-In-Part US7299860B2 (en) 2005-12-30 2006-01-24 Integral fastener heat pipe
US11/307,292 Continuation-In-Part US20070151710A1 (en) 2005-12-30 2006-01-31 High throughput technology for heat pipe production
US11/307,359 Continuation-In-Part US20070151121A1 (en) 2005-12-30 2006-02-02 Stretchable and transformable planar heat pipe for apparel and footwear, and production method thereof
US11/307,865 Continuation-In-Part US7310232B2 (en) 2005-12-30 2006-02-26 Multi-surface heat sink film
US11/308,107 Continuation-In-Part US20070154700A1 (en) 2005-12-30 2006-03-07 Tunable heat regulating textile
US11/308,438 Continuation-In-Part US20070155271A1 (en) 2005-12-30 2006-03-24 Heat conductive textile and method producing thereof
US11/308,663 Continuation-In-Part US20070151703A1 (en) 2005-12-30 2006-04-19 Grid and yarn membrane heat pipes

Publications (1)

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US20080099188A1 true US20080099188A1 (en) 2008-05-01

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Family Applications (1)

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US11/306,529 Abandoned US20080099188A1 (en) 2005-12-30 2005-12-30 Perforated heat pipes

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Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20100282433A1 (en) * 2009-05-07 2010-11-11 Columbia Sportswear North America, Inc. Patterned heat management material
US20110203783A1 (en) * 2009-05-07 2011-08-25 Columbia Sportswear North America, Inc. Holographic patterned heat management material
US20120015155A1 (en) * 2009-05-07 2012-01-19 Columbia Sportswear North America, Inc. Zoned functional fabrics
USD670435S1 (en) 2009-05-07 2012-11-06 Columbia Sportswear North America, Inc. Heat reflective material with pattern
USD707974S1 (en) 2012-05-11 2014-07-01 Columbia Sportswear North America, Inc. Patterned prismatic bodywear lining material
US9402427B2 (en) 2012-09-12 2016-08-02 International Business Machines Corporation Self-contained thermal distribution and regulation device for cold weather apparel
US20200166293A1 (en) * 2018-11-27 2020-05-28 Hamilton Sundstrand Corporation Weaved cross-flow heat exchanger and method of forming a heat exchanger
US11612201B2 (en) 2017-10-16 2023-03-28 Columbia Sportswear North America, Inc. Limited conduction heat reflecting materials

Citations (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3613778A (en) * 1969-03-03 1971-10-19 Northrop Corp Flat plate heat pipe with structural wicks
US4258783A (en) * 1977-11-01 1981-03-31 Borg-Warner Corporation Boiling heat transfer surface, method of preparing same and method of boiling
US4322737A (en) * 1979-11-20 1982-03-30 Intel Corporation Integrated circuit micropackaging
US4765396A (en) * 1986-12-16 1988-08-23 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration Polymeric heat pipe wick
US4787441A (en) * 1986-07-24 1988-11-29 Eric Granryd Heat transfer element
US5269369A (en) * 1991-11-18 1993-12-14 Wright State University Temperature regulation system for the human body using heat pipes
US6003591A (en) * 1997-12-22 1999-12-21 Saddleback Aerospace Formed laminate heat pipe
US6763671B1 (en) * 2003-02-06 2004-07-20 Ut-Battelle, Llc Personal, closed-cycle cooling and protective apparatus and thermal battery therefor
US6987318B2 (en) * 2002-10-11 2006-01-17 Chien-Min Sung Diamond composite heat spreader having thermal conductivity gradients and associated methods
US7124810B2 (en) * 2004-07-20 2006-10-24 Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., Ltd. Heat pipe having wick structure

Patent Citations (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3613778A (en) * 1969-03-03 1971-10-19 Northrop Corp Flat plate heat pipe with structural wicks
US4258783A (en) * 1977-11-01 1981-03-31 Borg-Warner Corporation Boiling heat transfer surface, method of preparing same and method of boiling
US4322737A (en) * 1979-11-20 1982-03-30 Intel Corporation Integrated circuit micropackaging
US4787441A (en) * 1986-07-24 1988-11-29 Eric Granryd Heat transfer element
US4765396A (en) * 1986-12-16 1988-08-23 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration Polymeric heat pipe wick
US5269369A (en) * 1991-11-18 1993-12-14 Wright State University Temperature regulation system for the human body using heat pipes
US6003591A (en) * 1997-12-22 1999-12-21 Saddleback Aerospace Formed laminate heat pipe
US6209200B1 (en) * 1997-12-22 2001-04-03 Sadleback Aerospace Formed laminate heat pipe
US6987318B2 (en) * 2002-10-11 2006-01-17 Chien-Min Sung Diamond composite heat spreader having thermal conductivity gradients and associated methods
US7384821B2 (en) * 2002-10-11 2008-06-10 Chien-Min Sung Diamond composite heat spreader having thermal conductivity gradients and associated methods
US6763671B1 (en) * 2003-02-06 2004-07-20 Ut-Battelle, Llc Personal, closed-cycle cooling and protective apparatus and thermal battery therefor
US7124810B2 (en) * 2004-07-20 2006-10-24 Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., Ltd. Heat pipe having wick structure

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20100282433A1 (en) * 2009-05-07 2010-11-11 Columbia Sportswear North America, Inc. Patterned heat management material
US20110203783A1 (en) * 2009-05-07 2011-08-25 Columbia Sportswear North America, Inc. Holographic patterned heat management material
US20120015155A1 (en) * 2009-05-07 2012-01-19 Columbia Sportswear North America, Inc. Zoned functional fabrics
USD670435S1 (en) 2009-05-07 2012-11-06 Columbia Sportswear North America, Inc. Heat reflective material with pattern
US8424119B2 (en) * 2009-05-07 2013-04-23 Columbia Sportswear North America, Inc. Patterned heat management material
US8453270B2 (en) * 2009-05-07 2013-06-04 Columbia Sportswear North America, Inc. Patterned heat management material
US8479322B2 (en) * 2009-05-07 2013-07-09 Columbia Sportswear North America, Inc. Zoned functional fabrics
US8510871B2 (en) * 2009-05-07 2013-08-20 Columbia Sportswear North America, Inc. Holographic patterned heat management material
USD707974S1 (en) 2012-05-11 2014-07-01 Columbia Sportswear North America, Inc. Patterned prismatic bodywear lining material
US9402427B2 (en) 2012-09-12 2016-08-02 International Business Machines Corporation Self-contained thermal distribution and regulation device for cold weather apparel
US11612201B2 (en) 2017-10-16 2023-03-28 Columbia Sportswear North America, Inc. Limited conduction heat reflecting materials
US20200166293A1 (en) * 2018-11-27 2020-05-28 Hamilton Sundstrand Corporation Weaved cross-flow heat exchanger and method of forming a heat exchanger

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