US20080128415A1 - Fuel tank filler neck and method of manufacturing same - Google Patents
Fuel tank filler neck and method of manufacturing same Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20080128415A1 US20080128415A1 US12/029,855 US2985508A US2008128415A1 US 20080128415 A1 US20080128415 A1 US 20080128415A1 US 2985508 A US2985508 A US 2985508A US 2008128415 A1 US2008128415 A1 US 2008128415A1
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- filler neck
- neck assembly
- outlet opening
- inlet opening
- tubular body
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- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
- B60K15/00—Arrangement in connection with fuel supply of combustion engines or other fuel consuming energy converters, e.g. fuel cells; Mounting or construction of fuel tanks
- B60K15/03—Fuel tanks
- B60K15/04—Tank inlets
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the fuel tank filler neck connected to the gas tank of an automobile.
- Gas tank fuel systems with reduced gasoline vapor loss are becoming increasingly important in the automobile industry to reduce needless loss of fuel.
- the typical solution to this problem has been to reduce the diameter of at least a section of the fuel tank filler neck. Though this approach has been somewhat successful, it is limited because as the diameter of the filler neck is decreased, the resistance to flow of the gasoline is increased. The increased resistance causes the fill neck to become filled during vehicle refueling thereby blocking release of any pressure buildup and causing the fuel nozzle to shut off prematurely before the fuel tank is full.
- Another consideration in preventing the loss of fuel is the permeability of the materials from which the fuel tank system is made. Fuel vapors escape by diffusing through the various types of mild steels of which components of fuel tank systems are typically made. This fuel escape is particularly apparent after the mild steel components have corroded to any degree.
- a filler neck assembly includes a funnel member having a tubular body defining a transition portion between an inlet opening and an outlet opening and a nozzle receptor disposed within the tubular body.
- the nozzle receptor positions a nozzle relative to the transition portion to create a suctioning effect that prevents fuel vapors from escaping into the atmosphere during fueling.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic of a fuel tank filler neck incorporated in a automobile fuel tank system
- FIG. 2 is a fragmented cross sectional view of the fuel tank filler neck and an attached elongated member in the fuel tank system of FIG. 1 according to one embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 3 is a schematic dimensional view of the filler neck as a funnel member according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a cross sectional view of a rolled over top modification of the fuel tank filler neck according to another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a cross sectional view of a barbed end design of the fuel tank filler neck according to another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a cross sectional view of a hose bead modification of the fuel tank filler neck according to another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIGS. 7 a - 7 i are schematic illustrations of the method steps for making the fuel tank filler neck of this invention.
- FIG. 1 a schematic of an embodiment of fuel tank filler neck 2 incorporated into automobile fuel tank system 4 is provided.
- Filler neck 2 for receiving fuel nozzle 6 for a motor vehicle fuel tank includes a one-piece funnel member 8 having a tubular body.
- One piece funnel member 8 may be made of a number of types of metals, suitable materials include but are not limited to cold rolled steel, zinc nickel, zinc galvanized, 304 stainless steel, 409 stainless steel, terne plate, tin plate, nickel plate, galvaneal, and aluminum.
- Funnel member 8 may also be made from injection molded plastics.
- Suitable injection molded plastics include, but are not limited to Acetal (25% glass fiber), PPH (40% glass fiber), Nylon 66 (33% glass fiber), Liquid Crystal Polymer (50% glass fiber) and Nylon 66 (60% glass ceramic fiber).
- the various grades of stainless steel are more desirable in that such materials are more efficient in preventing gasoline vapors from escaping into the environment.
- funnel member 8 One end of funnel member 8 is defined by inlet opening 10 which is attached to nozzle receptor 12 . Gas cap 14 screws directly into nozzle receptor 12 . Fuel tank system 4 attaches to automobile body 16 through opening 18 . Movable cover 20 conceals gas cap 14 when the vehicle is not being refueled.
- the other end of funnel member 8 is defined by outlet opening 22 that is attached to elongated tube member 24 . Elongated tube member 24 attaches to fuel tank 26 .
- gas cap 14 is removed and gas nozzle 6 is inserted into nozzle receptor 12 .
- Fuel flows out of gas nozzle 6 into funnel member 8 .
- Funnel member 8 induces a swirling motion in the fuel as the fuel proceeds to flow into elongated tube member 24 .
- the swirling motion of the fuel continues as the fuel fills fuel tank 26 .
- the swirling motion of the fuel created by funnel member 8 creates a suctioning effect that prevents fuel vapors from escaping into the atmosphere during refueling.
- the swirling motion of the fuel also creates a central void that allows any pressure buildups created during refueling to vent, thereby preventing premature shutoff of the fuel nozzle.
- Vent tube 25 connects to funnel member 8 at funnel vent hole 27 and to fuel tank 26 at fuel tank hole 29 .
- Vent tube 27 allows displaced vapors in fuel tank 26 to be vented during refueling.
- the venting configuration defined by vent tube 27 may be replaced by a system that re-circulates the fuel vapor. Such system are known to individuals skilled in the art.
- funnel member 8 defines in off-set axial relation a relatively large inlet opening 10 adapted for attachment to a gas nozzle receptor 12 and a relatively small necked down outlet opening 22 adapted for attachment to inlet 28 of elongated tubular member 24 .
- the off-set axial relation between the inlet opening 10 and outlet opening 22 causes fuel emerging from gas nozzle 6 to impinge on side 30 of funnel member 8 and thereby causes fuel to spiral as the fuel proceeds forward to elongated tube member 24 .
- Gas cap 14 screws directly into gas nozzle receptor 6 .
- Filler neck 2 may optionally be provided with vent opening 27 for attachment to vent tube 25 . Vent opening 27 may either be drilled in funnel member 8 after it drawn or it may be incorporated in the sheet stock before funnel member 8 is drawn.
- Funnel member 8 is drawn and is therefore seamless. Funnel member 8 is provided with an cutouts 30 , 32 adjacent to inlet opening 10 for attaching the nozzle receptor 6 to funnel member 8 . Cutouts 30 , 32 allow nozzle receptor 6 to snap into position via wings 34 , 36 that protrude out of nozzle receptor 6 . Because funnel member 8 is seamless, insert section 38 of nozzle receptor 6 is able to make intimate contact with funnel member 8 thereby creating a leak-proof seal via 0 -ring 40 . Funnel member 8 is attached to the elongated member inlet 28 by braised joint 42 . Optionally, filler neck 2 may be coated with an anti-corrosive coating 44 .
- relatively large diameter section 46 forming the inlet opening 10 and the spaced-apart relatively smaller diameter tubular section 48 forming the outlet opening 22 are in an axially offset relationship.
- the large diameter section 46 and the small diameter tubular section 48 are connected to one another by tapered section 50 which gradually blends from the large diameter section 46 to the small diameter section 48 .
- Tapered section 50 intersects large diameter section 46 at elliptically-shaped junction 52 which lies in a plane inclined at angle A which is 60-85 degrees from the axis of the tubular sections.
- the funnel inlet opening 10 has a diameter D 1 of 60 mm and the tubular section has a diameter D 2 of 25 mm with a coaxial offset at a distance X which is 15 mm. This offset axial relationship is sufficient to achieve fuel swirl during fuel filling.
- a modification of filler neck 2 is illustrated.
- Rolld over top 54 is formed at the top of large diameter section 46 .
- rolled over top 54 provides a sealing surface onto which gas cap 14 makes a seal.
- Gas cap 14 screws directly into nozzle receptor 12 .
- Nozzle receptor 12 is held in position by crimps 56 , 58 which project into indentations 60 , 62 in nozzle receptor 12 .
- a modification of filler neck 2 is illustrated.
- the surface of the smaller diameter tubular section 48 is provided with barbs 64 , 66 , 68 .
- This modification allows for plastic or rubber tubing to be utilized for the formation of elongated tube member 24 .
- a modification of filler neck 2 is provided.
- the surface of the smaller diameter tubular section 48 is provided with hose bead 70 .
- This modification allows for plastic or rubber tubing to be utilized for the formation of elongated tube member 24 .
- the fuel tank filler neck of this invention may be made by a number of processes which includes eyelet/progressive stamping, eyelet stamping, progressive die stamping, transfer die stamping, and hydroforming. If the fuel tank filler neck is made of plastic, injection molding and compression molding are suitable methods for manufacturing the fuel tank filler neck.
- the filler neck 2 for motor vehicle fuel tank system 4 is formed by deep-drawing a seamless funnel member 8 having an elongated tubular body 24 with an enlarged inlet opening 10 at one end and a relatively small outlet opening 22 at the opposite end.
- a length of butt-seam tubing is cut to form a tubular member 24 of desired length.
- An end of the tubular member is telescopically aligned with outlet opening 22 of funnel member 8 and securely joins the funnel and tubular members together.
- Elongated tubular member 24 is bent to a desired shape.
- Nozzle receptor 12 is attached to funnel member 8 adjacent funnel inlet opening 10 .
- the configuration is then leak tested to verify the integrity of joining funnel member 8 to tubular member 24 and the attachment of nozzle receptor 12 to funnel member 8 , and the integrity of the butt-seam joint 42 and the tubular member 24 subsequent to bending.
- the funnel member 8 is attached to the tubular member 24 by braising, adhesive bonding, or welding.
- a portion of the filler neck 2 is configured to induce a sufficient swirl to create a hollow passage for suctioning fuel vapors into the tank 26 and to allow venting of any pressure buildup during in fuel tank 26 during refueling.
- step 7 a sheet stock is preformed into a circular blank that is drawn into a funnel shape in step 7 b.
- the ends of the funnel shape are next trimmed in step 7 c to remove excess stock and thereby form funnel member 8 .
- step 7 d pipe stock is cut to desired length to form elongated tube member 24 .
- Elongated tube member 24 is then flared at the ends in step 7 i in order to provide an attachment mechanism to the funnel member.
- the elongated tube and funnel member are then aligned in step 7 f and brazed together in step 7 g.
- the funnel member and elongated tube combination is then bent in step 7 h.
- Nozzle receptor 12 is then inserted in step 7 i.
Abstract
Description
- This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/615,485 filed on Jul. 8, 2003, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/998,113 filed on Nov. 30, 2001 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,588,459), which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/454,103 filed on Dec. 3, 1999 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,330,893). The disclosures of the above applications are incorporated herein by reference.
- The present invention relates to the fuel tank filler neck connected to the gas tank of an automobile.
- Gas tank fuel systems with reduced gasoline vapor loss are becoming increasingly important in the automobile industry to reduce needless loss of fuel. The typical solution to this problem has been to reduce the diameter of at least a section of the fuel tank filler neck. Though this approach has been somewhat successful, it is limited because as the diameter of the filler neck is decreased, the resistance to flow of the gasoline is increased. The increased resistance causes the fill neck to become filled during vehicle refueling thereby blocking release of any pressure buildup and causing the fuel nozzle to shut off prematurely before the fuel tank is full. Another consideration in preventing the loss of fuel, is the permeability of the materials from which the fuel tank system is made. Fuel vapors escape by diffusing through the various types of mild steels of which components of fuel tank systems are typically made. This fuel escape is particularly apparent after the mild steel components have corroded to any degree.
- Another disadvantage of the current methods of reducing gasoline vapor losses is that typically the end of the gas line filler neck is flared out in order to provide a sufficient diameter to accept the gas nozzle during refueling. These filler necks are often made by a process of repeated reductions and expansions of a seamed welded tube. Accordingly, there is an increasing tendency for the integrity of the weld to leak as thinner diameter tubes are utilized.
- A filler neck assembly includes a funnel member having a tubular body defining a transition portion between an inlet opening and an outlet opening and a nozzle receptor disposed within the tubular body. The nozzle receptor positions a nozzle relative to the transition portion to create a suctioning effect that prevents fuel vapors from escaping into the atmosphere during fueling.
- The above objects and other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention are readily apparent from the following detailed description of the best mode for carrying out the invention when taken in connection with the accompanying drawings.
- The present invention will become more fully understood from the detailed description and the accompanying drawings, wherein:
-
FIG. 1 is a schematic of a fuel tank filler neck incorporated in a automobile fuel tank system; -
FIG. 2 is a fragmented cross sectional view of the fuel tank filler neck and an attached elongated member in the fuel tank system ofFIG. 1 according to one embodiment of the present invention; -
FIG. 3 is a schematic dimensional view of the filler neck as a funnel member according to an embodiment of the present invention; -
FIG. 4 is a cross sectional view of a rolled over top modification of the fuel tank filler neck according to another embodiment of the present invention; -
FIG. 5 is a cross sectional view of a barbed end design of the fuel tank filler neck according to another embodiment of the present invention; -
FIG. 6 is a cross sectional view of a hose bead modification of the fuel tank filler neck according to another embodiment of the present invention; and -
FIGS. 7 a-7 i are schematic illustrations of the method steps for making the fuel tank filler neck of this invention. - With reference to
FIG. 1 a schematic of an embodiment of fueltank filler neck 2 incorporated into automobile fuel tank system 4 is provided.Filler neck 2 for receivingfuel nozzle 6 for a motor vehicle fuel tank includes a one-piece funnel member 8 having a tubular body. Onepiece funnel member 8 may be made of a number of types of metals, suitable materials include but are not limited to cold rolled steel, zinc nickel, zinc galvanized, 304 stainless steel, 409 stainless steel, terne plate, tin plate, nickel plate, galvaneal, and aluminum.Funnel member 8 may also be made from injection molded plastics. Suitable injection molded plastics include, but are not limited to Acetal (25% glass fiber), PPH (40% glass fiber), Nylon 66 (33% glass fiber), Liquid Crystal Polymer (50% glass fiber) and Nylon 66 (60% glass ceramic fiber). The various grades of stainless steel are more desirable in that such materials are more efficient in preventing gasoline vapors from escaping into the environment. - One end of
funnel member 8 is defined by inlet opening 10 which is attached tonozzle receptor 12.Gas cap 14 screws directly intonozzle receptor 12. Fuel tank system 4 attaches toautomobile body 16 through opening 18.Movable cover 20conceals gas cap 14 when the vehicle is not being refueled. The other end offunnel member 8 is defined by outlet opening 22 that is attached toelongated tube member 24. Elongatedtube member 24 attaches tofuel tank 26. - During refueling
gas cap 14 is removed andgas nozzle 6 is inserted intonozzle receptor 12. Fuel flows out ofgas nozzle 6 intofunnel member 8.Funnel member 8 induces a swirling motion in the fuel as the fuel proceeds to flow intoelongated tube member 24. The swirling motion of the fuel continues as the fuel fillsfuel tank 26. The swirling motion of the fuel created byfunnel member 8, creates a suctioning effect that prevents fuel vapors from escaping into the atmosphere during refueling. The swirling motion of the fuel also creates a central void that allows any pressure buildups created during refueling to vent, thereby preventing premature shutoff of the fuel nozzle. Venttube 25 connects tofunnel member 8 atfunnel vent hole 27 and tofuel tank 26 atfuel tank hole 29. Venttube 27 allows displaced vapors infuel tank 26 to be vented during refueling. The venting configuration defined byvent tube 27 may be replaced by a system that re-circulates the fuel vapor. Such system are known to individuals skilled in the art. - With reference to
FIGS. 1 and 2 ,funnel member 8 defines in off-set axial relation a relatively large inlet opening 10 adapted for attachment to agas nozzle receptor 12 and a relatively small necked down outlet opening 22 adapted for attachment toinlet 28 of elongatedtubular member 24. The off-set axial relation between the inlet opening 10 and outlet opening 22 causes fuel emerging fromgas nozzle 6 to impinge onside 30 offunnel member 8 and thereby causes fuel to spiral as the fuel proceeds forward toelongated tube member 24.Gas cap 14 screws directly intogas nozzle receptor 6.Filler neck 2 may optionally be provided with vent opening 27 for attachment tovent tube 25. Vent opening 27 may either be drilled infunnel member 8 after it drawn or it may be incorporated in the sheet stock beforefunnel member 8 is drawn. -
Funnel member 8 is drawn and is therefore seamless.Funnel member 8 is provided with ancutouts nozzle receptor 6 tofunnel member 8.Cutouts nozzle receptor 6 to snap into position viawings nozzle receptor 6. Becausefunnel member 8 is seamless,insert section 38 ofnozzle receptor 6 is able to make intimate contact withfunnel member 8 thereby creating a leak-proof seal via 0-ring 40.Funnel member 8 is attached to theelongated member inlet 28 by braised joint 42. Optionally,filler neck 2 may be coated with ananti-corrosive coating 44. - With reference to
FIG. 3 , relativelylarge diameter section 46 forming theinlet opening 10 and the spaced-apart relatively smallerdiameter tubular section 48 forming theoutlet opening 22 are in an axially offset relationship. Thelarge diameter section 46 and the smalldiameter tubular section 48 are connected to one another by taperedsection 50 which gradually blends from thelarge diameter section 46 to thesmall diameter section 48.Tapered section 50 intersectslarge diameter section 46 at elliptically-shapedjunction 52 which lies in a plane inclined at angle A which is 60-85 degrees from the axis of the tubular sections. Thefunnel inlet opening 10 has a diameter D1 of 60 mm and the tubular section has a diameter D2 of 25 mm with a coaxial offset at a distance X which is 15 mm. This offset axial relationship is sufficient to achieve fuel swirl during fuel filling. - With reference to
FIG. 4 , a modification offiller neck 2 is illustrated. Rolled over top 54 is formed at the top oflarge diameter section 46. In this modification, rolled over top 54 provides a sealing surface onto whichgas cap 14 makes a seal.Gas cap 14 screws directly intonozzle receptor 12.Nozzle receptor 12 is held in position by crimps 56, 58 which project intoindentations nozzle receptor 12. - With reference to
FIG. 5 , a modification offiller neck 2 is illustrated. The surface of the smallerdiameter tubular section 48 is provided withbarbs elongated tube member 24. - With reference to
FIG. 6 , a modification offiller neck 2 is provided. The surface of the smallerdiameter tubular section 48 is provided withhose bead 70. This modification allows for plastic or rubber tubing to be utilized for the formation ofelongated tube member 24. - The fuel tank filler neck of this invention may be made by a number of processes which includes eyelet/progressive stamping, eyelet stamping, progressive die stamping, transfer die stamping, and hydroforming. If the fuel tank filler neck is made of plastic, injection molding and compression molding are suitable methods for manufacturing the fuel tank filler neck.
- The eyelet/progressive stamping method of manufacturing the fuel tank filler neck of this invention will now be described with reference to
FIGS. 1 , 2, 3 and 7. First, thefiller neck 2 for motor vehicle fuel tank system 4 is formed by deep-drawing aseamless funnel member 8 having an elongatedtubular body 24 with an enlarged inlet opening 10 at one end and a relativelysmall outlet opening 22 at the opposite end. A length of butt-seam tubing is cut to form atubular member 24 of desired length. An end of the tubular member is telescopically aligned with outlet opening 22 offunnel member 8 and securely joins the funnel and tubular members together.Elongated tubular member 24 is bent to a desired shape.Nozzle receptor 12 is attached to funnelmember 8 adjacentfunnel inlet opening 10. In a refinement of this embodiment, the configuration is then leak tested to verify the integrity of joiningfunnel member 8 totubular member 24 and the attachment ofnozzle receptor 12 to funnelmember 8, and the integrity of the butt-seam joint 42 and thetubular member 24 subsequent to bending. Thefunnel member 8 is attached to thetubular member 24 by braising, adhesive bonding, or welding. In yet another refinement of this embodiment, a portion of thefiller neck 2 is configured to induce a sufficient swirl to create a hollow passage for suctioning fuel vapors into thetank 26 and to allow venting of any pressure buildup during infuel tank 26 during refueling. - With reference to
FIG. 7 , schematic illustrations of the method steps for making the fuel tank filler neck of this invention and attaching the elongated tube member are provided. In step 7a, sheet stock is preformed into a circular blank that is drawn into a funnel shape in step 7 b. The ends of the funnel shape are next trimmed in step 7 c to remove excess stock and thereby formfunnel member 8. In step 7 d, pipe stock is cut to desired length to formelongated tube member 24.Elongated tube member 24 is then flared at the ends in step 7 i in order to provide an attachment mechanism to the funnel member. The elongated tube and funnel member are then aligned in step 7 f and brazed together in step 7 g. The funnel member and elongated tube combination is then bent in step 7 h.Nozzle receptor 12 is then inserted in step 7 i. - While embodiments of the invention have been illustrated and described, it is not intended that these embodiments illustrate and describe all possible forms of the invention. Rather, the words used in the specification are words of description rather than limitation, and it is understood that various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (19)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US12/029,855 US20080128415A1 (en) | 1999-12-03 | 2008-02-12 | Fuel tank filler neck and method of manufacturing same |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US09/454,103 US6330893B1 (en) | 1999-12-03 | 1999-12-03 | Fuel tank filter neck and method of manufacturing same |
US09/998,113 US6588459B2 (en) | 1999-12-03 | 2001-11-30 | Fuel tank filler neck and method of manufacturing same |
US10/615,485 US7343942B2 (en) | 1999-12-03 | 2003-07-08 | Fuel tank filler neck and method of manufacturing same |
US12/029,855 US20080128415A1 (en) | 1999-12-03 | 2008-02-12 | Fuel tank filler neck and method of manufacturing same |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US10/615,485 Continuation US7343942B2 (en) | 1999-12-03 | 2003-07-08 | Fuel tank filler neck and method of manufacturing same |
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US20080128415A1 true US20080128415A1 (en) | 2008-06-05 |
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US09/998,113 Expired - Lifetime US6588459B2 (en) | 1999-12-03 | 2001-11-30 | Fuel tank filler neck and method of manufacturing same |
US10/615,485 Expired - Lifetime US7343942B2 (en) | 1999-12-03 | 2003-07-08 | Fuel tank filler neck and method of manufacturing same |
US12/029,855 Abandoned US20080128415A1 (en) | 1999-12-03 | 2008-02-12 | Fuel tank filler neck and method of manufacturing same |
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US09/998,113 Expired - Lifetime US6588459B2 (en) | 1999-12-03 | 2001-11-30 | Fuel tank filler neck and method of manufacturing same |
US10/615,485 Expired - Lifetime US7343942B2 (en) | 1999-12-03 | 2003-07-08 | Fuel tank filler neck and method of manufacturing same |
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US (3) | US6588459B2 (en) |
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Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20120074028A1 (en) * | 2009-06-08 | 2012-03-29 | Inergy Automotive Systems Research (Societe Anonyme) | Fuel tank or filler pipe for this tank |
US20130306631A1 (en) * | 2012-04-27 | 2013-11-21 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Adapter for an oil filler neck and assembly method for the adapter |
US9016499B2 (en) * | 2012-04-27 | 2015-04-28 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Adapter for an oil filler neck and assembly method for the adapter |
US9731596B1 (en) | 2016-09-08 | 2017-08-15 | Underway Marine Llc | Nonspill fuel filler adapter |
US9776503B1 (en) | 2016-09-08 | 2017-10-03 | Underway Marine Llc | Nonspill fuel filler adapter |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20020083997A1 (en) | 2002-07-04 |
US20060065325A1 (en) | 2006-03-30 |
US6588459B2 (en) | 2003-07-08 |
US7343942B2 (en) | 2008-03-18 |
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