US20080266120A1 - Combustion instability detection - Google Patents
Combustion instability detection Download PDFInfo
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- US20080266120A1 US20080266120A1 US11/741,435 US74143507A US2008266120A1 US 20080266120 A1 US20080266120 A1 US 20080266120A1 US 74143507 A US74143507 A US 74143507A US 2008266120 A1 US2008266120 A1 US 2008266120A1
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- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 88
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 title 1
- 230000010355 oscillation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 77
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 38
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 claims 4
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 15
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 3
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000567 combustion gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WUPHOULIZUERAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(oxolan-2-yl)propanoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCC1CCCO1 WUPHOULIZUERAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052980 cadmium sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000295 fuel oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
- F23N5/00—Systems for controlling combustion
- F23N5/02—Systems for controlling combustion using devices responsive to thermal changes or to thermal expansion of a medium
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
- F23N5/00—Systems for controlling combustion
- F23N5/24—Preventing development of abnormal or undesired conditions, i.e. safety arrangements
- F23N5/242—Preventing development of abnormal or undesired conditions, i.e. safety arrangements using electronic means
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
- F23N5/00—Systems for controlling combustion
- F23N5/02—Systems for controlling combustion using devices responsive to thermal changes or to thermal expansion of a medium
- F23N5/08—Systems for controlling combustion using devices responsive to thermal changes or to thermal expansion of a medium using light-sensitive elements
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
- F23N5/00—Systems for controlling combustion
- F23N5/02—Systems for controlling combustion using devices responsive to thermal changes or to thermal expansion of a medium
- F23N5/10—Systems for controlling combustion using devices responsive to thermal changes or to thermal expansion of a medium using thermocouples
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
- F23N5/00—Systems for controlling combustion
- F23N5/02—Systems for controlling combustion using devices responsive to thermal changes or to thermal expansion of a medium
- F23N5/12—Systems for controlling combustion using devices responsive to thermal changes or to thermal expansion of a medium using ionisation-sensitive elements, i.e. flame rods
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
- F23N5/00—Systems for controlling combustion
- F23N5/02—Systems for controlling combustion using devices responsive to thermal changes or to thermal expansion of a medium
- F23N5/14—Systems for controlling combustion using devices responsive to thermal changes or to thermal expansion of a medium using thermo-sensitive resistors
Definitions
- the present disclosure pertains generally to combustion appliances and more particularly to combustion appliances that may be susceptible to combustion instability.
- combustion appliances burn combustible fluids such as natural gas, propane, fuel oil and the like, in order to provide heat and/or light.
- combustion appliances include gas water heaters, gas clothes dryers, as stoves, ovens, gas grills, gas fireplaces, forced air furnaces, gas or oil fueled boilers for hot water heating systems, and the like.
- a combustion appliance may include a combustion chamber in which the fuel is burned, and the combustion gases may be vented through a flue.
- proper combustion results in a relatively low amount of undesirable gases such as carbon monoxide.
- improper combustion which may result from a variety of potential causes, may have undesired results, such as excessive carbon monoxide production. While these combustion gases are ideally all vented out the flue, it will be recognized that in some cases this may not occur completely. Thus, it may be desirable to recognize, and recognize quickly, if and when improper combustion may be occurring, so that combustion can be corrected or, if necessary, terminated.
- combustion instability may be indicated by significant fluctuations in flame intensity as measured, for example, by a flame sensor. These and other irregularities in flame intensity can be detected, possibly indicating an improper combustion condition, and appropriate actions can be taken.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an illustrative but non-limiting combustion appliance
- FIG. 2 is a flow diagram showing an illustrative method that may be carried out in operating the illustrative combustion appliance of FIG. 1 ;
- FIG. 3 is a flow diagram showing an illustrative method that may be carried out in operating the illustrative combustion appliance of FIG. 1 ;
- FIG. 4 is a flow diagram showing an illustrative method that may be carried out in operating the illustrative combustion appliance of FIG. 1 ;
- FIG. 5 is a flow diagram showing an illustrative method that may be carried out in operating the illustrative combustion appliance of FIG. 1 ;
- FIG. 6 is a flow diagram showing an illustrative method that may be carried out in operating the illustrative combustion appliance of FIG. 1 ;
- FIG. 7 is a flow diagram showing an illustrative method that may be carried out in operating the illustrative combustion appliance of FIG. 1 ;
- FIG. 8 is a flow diagram showing an illustrative method that may be carried out in operating the illustrative combustion appliance of FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 1 shows a combustion appliance 10 that may, as indicated, represent a forced air furnace.
- Combustion appliance 10 includes a burner 12 and a flame sensor 14 .
- Flame sensor 14 may be configured and/or disposed appropriately to provide a signal such as an electrical signal that provides some indication of a flame quality provided by burner 12 .
- flame sensor 14 may provide a current that is proportional or substantially proportional to flame intensity, but this is not required.
- flame sensor 14 may be any type of sensor that is capable of detecting and/or quantifying a flame.
- flame sensor 14 may be an optical sensor such as a cadmium sulfide flame sensor, a flame ionization sensor, or any other suitable flame sensor, as desired.
- flame sensor 14 may be an optical device that has an electrical characteristic that changes when light is incident on a window or other area of the flame sensor.
- one such flame sensor includes a resistive element that varies in resistance in response to visible or other wavelengths of light (e.g. a microbolometer).
- Flame sensor 14 may provide a voltage, current, frequency, or any other suitable output signal, as desired.
- Semi-conducting devices and/or photodiodes may also be used, as well as non-optical devices such as heat sensitive devices, if desired.
- flame sensor 14 is adapted to provide a quantitative output.
- one quantitative output would be a resistance value that, in response to light, varies from 300 ohms to 500 ohms of resistance.
- Other examples include an avalanche photodetector that outputs a current in response to incident light, or a phototransistor that receives light at the base of a bipolar junction transistor.
- the quantitative output may take on a number of forms including resistance, voltage, current, frequency, or any other suitable form, as desired.
- Combustion appliance 10 may, in some cases, include a controller 16 .
- Controller 16 may be adapted to regulate burner 12 by providing appropriate electrical or other signals to burner 12 , and/or to a gas valve (not shown) that provides fuel to burner 12 .
- combustion appliance 10 is a forced air furnace
- controller 16 may be configured to communicate with an external HVAC controller such as a zone control panel and/or one or more thermostats. If the external HVAC controller issues a HEAT call, for example, controller 16 may provide appropriate commands to burner 12 .
- controller 16 may be adapted to accept inputs from a user and translate these inputs into appropriate burner commands.
- controller 16 may be adapted to receive signals from flame sensor 14 .
- controller 16 may be programmed with one or more algorithms that may permit controller 16 to interpret flame signals from flame sensor 14 and thereby detect combustion instability before the combustion instability reaches an unsafe level.
- flame sensor 14 may provide controller 16 with an electrical signal that is proportional to flame intensity. If the flame intensity changes significantly, this may be an indication of improper or unstable combustion that may be caused by, for example, a change in flue pressure and/or a fuel/air ratio that is becoming either too rich or too lean.
- combustion instability may be manifested in a dancing flame. While a proper flame may have an intensity that oscillates slightly, this oscillation (if present) can have a relatively low amplitude and a relatively high frequency. An improper, or dancing, flame may have an intensity that oscillates at a relatively lower frequency but at a higher amplitude, dependant at least in part upon firing rate. An unsafe or potentially unsafe flame condition may, therefore, be detected by monitoring and analyzing a signal from flame sensor 14 .
- the flame sensor signal may be monitored for indications that an amplitude of the flame intensity is changing relatively quickly.
- An improper flame may, for example, have an amplitude that can vary by a value that can be as much as five percent or more of an average amplitude.
- an amplitude of an unstable flame may vary by an even greater amount.
- One or more relatively large changes in flame intensity may be an indication of improper combustion.
- Flame intensity oscillation may also be an indicator of improper combustion.
- the flame sensor signal may be monitored for indications that a sign of the flame intensity has changed.
- a sign change may indicate that the flame intensity has stopped increasing and has started decreasing and/or that the flame intensity has stopped decreasing and has started increasing.
- sign changes in flame intensity such as during flame oscillation, may be an indication of improper combustion.
- FIG. 2 is a flow diagram showing an illustrative method that may be carried out using combustion appliance 10 ( FIG. 1 ).
- temporally spaced flame measurements may be obtained.
- the temporally spaced flame measurements may be obtained at any desired time interval. For example, a flame measurement may be obtained every second, every 0.5 seconds, or at any other desired interval. The time interval may be uniform, or the sampling frequency may be varied.
- a flame measurement may be obtained from flame sensor 14 ( FIG. 1 ).
- Control passes to block 20 , where the temporally spaced flame measurements obtained at block 18 are monitored for indications of combustion instability. In some cases, control reverts back to block 18 and the process continues.
- FIG. 3 is a flow diagram showing an illustrative method that may be carried out using combustion appliance 10 ( FIG. 1 ).
- temporally spaced flame measurements may be obtained.
- flame measurements may be obtained from flame sensor 14 ( FIG. 1 ).
- Control passes to block 20 , where the temporally spaced flame measurements obtained at block 18 are monitored for indications of combustion instability.
- controller 16 determines if there are indications of combustion instability. In some instances, this determination may be based at least in part on the temporally spaced flame measurements obtained at block 18 . If no indications of combustion instability are detected or otherwise observed, control reverts back to block 18 . However, if there are indications of combustion instability, control passes to block 24 where one or more actions may be taken. In some cases, it may be possible to correct the combustion instability by changing one or more functional parameters such as firing rate, combustion fan speed and the like.
- combustion may be stopped, either before and/or after attempting to correct the combustion instability.
- combustion appliance 10 may remain off until a service professional can attend to it. In some instances, it is contemplated that combustion appliance 10 may be off for only a short period of time before a user is able to reset it, or the system may reset itself after a period of time.
- FIG. 4 is a flow diagram showing an illustrative method that may be carried out using combustion appliance 10 ( FIG. 1 ).
- a first flame measurement is obtained.
- controller 16 FIG. 1
- a second flame measurement is obtained at some time subsequent to a time at which the first flame measurement was obtained at block 26 .
- Control passes to block 30 , where a third flame measurement is obtained. As can be seen, a series of flame measurements may be obtained.
- the second flame measurement (obtained at block 28 ) may be a flame measurement obtained next in line after obtaining the first flame measurement (block 26 ).
- one or more flame measurements may be discarded or otherwise not used between obtaining the first flame measurement (block 26 ) and obtaining the second flame measurement (block 28 ).
- first, second and third are used to denote relative order, and should not be construed as requiring that first, second and/or third flame measurements be completely sequential (e.g. one directly after the other).
- controller 16 determines if a flame is unstable by comparing the flame measurements previously obtained.
- determining if the flame is unstable may include calculating if a difference between the first flame measurement and the second flame measurement and/or a difference between the second flame measurement and the third measurement is greater than a predetermined threshold.
- the predetermined threshold may, for example, be a function of an average flame measurement and/or may be determined at least in part based on the operating characteristics of combustion appliance 10 ( FIG. 1 ).
- determining flame instability may include calculating whether the second flame measurement is greater or less than the first flame measurement and whether the third flame measurement is greater or less than the second flame measurement.
- controller 16 FIG. 1
- controller 16 may determine that the flame is unstable based at least in part on whether or not the second flame measurement is sufficiently greater than the first flame measurement and/or sufficiently greater than the third flame measurement.
- flame instability may be determined, for example, if the second flame measurement is sufficiently less than the first flame measurement and/or sufficiently less than the third flame measurement. In some cases, these are indications of a sign change which may, as discussed above, indicate an unstable flame.
- FIG. 5 is a flow diagram showing an illustrative method that may be carried out using combustion appliance 10 ( FIG. 1 ).
- an n th flame intensity signal is obtained.
- “n” is an integer counter value.
- controller 16 FIG. 1
- controller 16 may obtain the n th flame intensity signal from flame sensor 14 ( FIG. 1 ).
- an n th +1 flame intensity signal is obtained.
- the n th +1 flame intensity signal is obtained temporally after obtaining the n th flame intensity signal. Any desired time interval may pass between obtaining the n th flame intensity signal and the n th +1 flame intensity signal.
- an accumulation amount is calculated. In some cases, the accumulation amount may be based at least partially upon the calculated difference between the n th flame intensity signal and the n th +1 flame intensity signal, and/or upon the sign of the calculated difference, i.e., is the difference positive or negative. Other factors that may influence the accumulation amount include one or more of an average flame intensity, a combustion fan speed and/or a firing rate history.
- Control passes to decision block 42 , where controller 16 determines if the calculated difference (from block 38 ) is equal to or greater than a predetermined threshold.
- the predetermined threshold may, for example, be based at least in part on the identity and/or operating characteristics of combustion appliance 10 ( FIG. 1 ).
- the amount that the accumulator value is decreased may be based at least in part on the operating characteristics of combustion appliance 10 ( FIG. 1 ). In some cases, the decreased amount may be a constant. In some cases, if the accumulator value exceeds a threshold value, combustion instability is determined. If desired, control may pass from either block 44 or block 46 to an optional block 48 . At block 48 , counter n is incremented by one, and control reverts to block 34 .
- FIG. 6 is a flow diagram showing an illustrative method that may be carried out using combustion appliance 10 ( FIG. 1 ).
- a flame is monitored. In some instances, this may include monitoring signals from flame sensor 14 ( FIG. 1 ).
- a flame delta is determined. In some cases, the flame delta may be a difference between a previous flame sensor signal and a current flame sensor signal.
- Control passes to decision block 54 , where controller 16 ( FIG. 1 ) determines if the flame delta is above a threshold. The threshold may be determined at least in part on the operating characteristics of combustion appliance 10 ( FIG. 1 ).
- controller 16 determines that the flame delta is above the threshold, control passes to block 60 where an adjusted flame delta is determined.
- the flame delta is adjusted, or weighted, to take differing situations into account. For example, some flame signals may warrant a more quickly increased accumulator value, and thus the adjusted flame delta may be larger than the actual flame delta. In some cases, a more slowly increased accumulator value may be beneficial.
- FIG. 7 is a flow diagram showing an illustrative method that may be carried out using combustion appliance 10 ( FIG. 1 ).
- FIG. 7 illustrates some of the considerations that may be involved in determining an adjusted flame delta as referenced at block 60 of FIG. 6 .
- a flame is monitored.
- controller 16 determines if the flame delta has changed sign (e.g. increasing-to-decreasing, or decreasing-to-increasing). If the sign has not changed, i.e., the flame intensity is still increasing or is still decreasing, control reverts to block 68 . However, if the flame delta has changed sign, i.e., the flame intensity has changed directions, control passes to block 72 and an adjusted flame delta is calculated.
- sign e.g. increasing-to-decreasing, or decreasing-to-increasing
- controller 16 determines if flame variability is to be expected.
- flame variability may be expected if, for example, the combustion fan speed is low and/or the firing rate has recently changed (such as within the last 60 seconds). If flame variability is not expected, control passes to block 76 and the accumulator value is increased by the adjusted flame delta. However, if flame variability is expected, control passes to block 78 and the adjusted flame delta is divided by two before control passes to block 76 .
- FIG. 8 is a flow diagram showing an illustrative method that may be carried out using combustion appliance 10 ( FIG. 1 ).
- controller 16 ( FIG. 1 ) executes a calibration cycle.
- controller 16 may determine acceptable ranges for flame intensity at one or more fire rates. These values include an average flame intensities at a minimum firing rate, as well as average flame intensities at other firing rates and may be used subsequently, as will be discussed.
- Control passes to block 82 , where controller 16 obtains a flame measurement.
- controller 16 compares the flame measurement to one or more previous flame measurements to determine if an absolute value of the change in flame measurement is above a predetermined threshold DE (Delta in Flame intensity). If the change in flame measurement is above the threshold DF, control passes to decision block 86 where controller 16 determines if the flame measurements have changed directions, i.e., the flame measurement had been decreasing but is now increasing, or the flame measurement had been increasing but is now decreasing. If the flame measurement has changed direction, control passes to block 88 and an adjusted flame delta ( ⁇ C) is calculated. If the flame measurement has not changed direction, control passes to block 90 and the accumulator value is decreased. In some cases, the accumulator value will not be decreased if already at a particular minimum value. Control then reverts to block 82 .
- DE Delta in Flame intensity
- controller 16 determines if flame variability is to be expected. Flame variability may be expected if, for example, the combustion blower is at low speed or if there has recently been a change in firing rate. If no variability is expected for these or other reasons, control passes to block 98 where ⁇ C is added to the accumulator value. However, if variability is expected, control passes to block 100 where ⁇ C is cut in half before being added to the accumulator value at block 98 .
Abstract
Description
- The present disclosure pertains generally to combustion appliances and more particularly to combustion appliances that may be susceptible to combustion instability.
- A variety of combustion appliances burn combustible fluids such as natural gas, propane, fuel oil and the like, in order to provide heat and/or light. Examples of combustion appliances include gas water heaters, gas clothes dryers, as stoves, ovens, gas grills, gas fireplaces, forced air furnaces, gas or oil fueled boilers for hot water heating systems, and the like. A combustion appliance may include a combustion chamber in which the fuel is burned, and the combustion gases may be vented through a flue.
- In many cases, proper combustion results in a relatively low amount of undesirable gases such as carbon monoxide. However, improper combustion, which may result from a variety of potential causes, may have undesired results, such as excessive carbon monoxide production. While these combustion gases are ideally all vented out the flue, it will be recognized that in some cases this may not occur completely. Thus, it may be desirable to recognize, and recognize quickly, if and when improper combustion may be occurring, so that combustion can be corrected or, if necessary, terminated.
- A need remains, therefore, for methods of recognizing and detecting combustion instability in combustion appliances.
- The present disclosure pertains to methods of recognizing combustion instability in combustion appliances. In some instances, combustion instability may be indicated by significant fluctuations in flame intensity as measured, for example, by a flame sensor. These and other irregularities in flame intensity can be detected, possibly indicating an improper combustion condition, and appropriate actions can be taken.
- The above summary of the present disclosure is not intended to describe each disclosed embodiment or every implementation of the present disclosure. The Figures and Detailed Description that follow more particularly exemplify these embodiments.
- The disclosure may be more completely understood in consideration of the following detailed description of various embodiments of the invention in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:
-
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an illustrative but non-limiting combustion appliance; -
FIG. 2 is a flow diagram showing an illustrative method that may be carried out in operating the illustrative combustion appliance ofFIG. 1 ; -
FIG. 3 is a flow diagram showing an illustrative method that may be carried out in operating the illustrative combustion appliance ofFIG. 1 ; -
FIG. 4 is a flow diagram showing an illustrative method that may be carried out in operating the illustrative combustion appliance ofFIG. 1 ; -
FIG. 5 is a flow diagram showing an illustrative method that may be carried out in operating the illustrative combustion appliance ofFIG. 1 ; -
FIG. 6 is a flow diagram showing an illustrative method that may be carried out in operating the illustrative combustion appliance ofFIG. 1 ; -
FIG. 7 is a flow diagram showing an illustrative method that may be carried out in operating the illustrative combustion appliance ofFIG. 1 ; and -
FIG. 8 is a flow diagram showing an illustrative method that may be carried out in operating the illustrative combustion appliance ofFIG. 1 . - While the invention is amenable to various modifications and alternative forms, specifics thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and will be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the intention is not to limit the invention to the particular embodiments described. On the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention.
- The following description should be read with reference to the drawings, in which like elements in different drawings are numbered in like fashion. The drawings, which are not necessarily to scale, depict selected embodiments and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Although examples of construction, dimensions, and materials are illustrated for the various elements, those skilled in the art will recognize that many of the examples provided have suitable alternatives that may be utilized.
- While in some instances, the disclosure may be described with respect to combustion appliances such as a forced air furnace, this is merely for illustrative purposes. It should be recognized that the disclosure pertains equally to other controller-controlled combustion appliances.
FIG. 1 shows acombustion appliance 10 that may, as indicated, represent a forced air furnace.Combustion appliance 10 includes aburner 12 and aflame sensor 14.Flame sensor 14 may be configured and/or disposed appropriately to provide a signal such as an electrical signal that provides some indication of a flame quality provided byburner 12. In some cases,flame sensor 14 may provide a current that is proportional or substantially proportional to flame intensity, but this is not required. - More generally,
flame sensor 14 may be any type of sensor that is capable of detecting and/or quantifying a flame. For example,flame sensor 14 may be an optical sensor such as a cadmium sulfide flame sensor, a flame ionization sensor, or any other suitable flame sensor, as desired. - In some cases,
flame sensor 14 may be an optical device that has an electrical characteristic that changes when light is incident on a window or other area of the flame sensor. Although not limiting, one such flame sensor includes a resistive element that varies in resistance in response to visible or other wavelengths of light (e.g. a microbolometer).Flame sensor 14 may provide a voltage, current, frequency, or any other suitable output signal, as desired. Semi-conducting devices and/or photodiodes may also be used, as well as non-optical devices such as heat sensitive devices, if desired. - In some instances,
flame sensor 14 is adapted to provide a quantitative output. For example, one quantitative output would be a resistance value that, in response to light, varies from 300 ohms to 500 ohms of resistance. Other examples include an avalanche photodetector that outputs a current in response to incident light, or a phototransistor that receives light at the base of a bipolar junction transistor. As noted above, the quantitative output may take on a number of forms including resistance, voltage, current, frequency, or any other suitable form, as desired. -
Combustion appliance 10 may, in some cases, include acontroller 16.Controller 16 may be adapted to regulateburner 12 by providing appropriate electrical or other signals to burner 12, and/or to a gas valve (not shown) that provides fuel toburner 12. Ifcombustion appliance 10 is a forced air furnace,controller 16 may be configured to communicate with an external HVAC controller such as a zone control panel and/or one or more thermostats. If the external HVAC controller issues a HEAT call, for example,controller 16 may provide appropriate commands to burner 12. In other applications,controller 16 may be adapted to accept inputs from a user and translate these inputs into appropriate burner commands. - In some cases,
controller 16 may be adapted to receive signals fromflame sensor 14. In some instances,controller 16 may be programmed with one or more algorithms that may permitcontroller 16 to interpret flame signals fromflame sensor 14 and thereby detect combustion instability before the combustion instability reaches an unsafe level. For example,flame sensor 14 may providecontroller 16 with an electrical signal that is proportional to flame intensity. If the flame intensity changes significantly, this may be an indication of improper or unstable combustion that may be caused by, for example, a change in flue pressure and/or a fuel/air ratio that is becoming either too rich or too lean. - In some cases, combustion instability may be manifested in a dancing flame. While a proper flame may have an intensity that oscillates slightly, this oscillation (if present) can have a relatively low amplitude and a relatively high frequency. An improper, or dancing, flame may have an intensity that oscillates at a relatively lower frequency but at a higher amplitude, dependant at least in part upon firing rate. An unsafe or potentially unsafe flame condition may, therefore, be detected by monitoring and analyzing a signal from
flame sensor 14. - In some cases, the flame sensor signal may be monitored for indications that an amplitude of the flame intensity is changing relatively quickly. An improper flame may, for example, have an amplitude that can vary by a value that can be as much as five percent or more of an average amplitude. In some cases, an amplitude of an unstable flame may vary by an even greater amount. One or more relatively large changes in flame intensity may be an indication of improper combustion.
- Flame intensity oscillation may also be an indicator of improper combustion. As such, and in some instances, the flame sensor signal may be monitored for indications that a sign of the flame intensity has changed. A sign change may indicate that the flame intensity has stopped increasing and has started decreasing and/or that the flame intensity has stopped decreasing and has started increasing. In some instances, sign changes in flame intensity, such as during flame oscillation, may be an indication of improper combustion. Some illustrative algorithms will be discussed with respect to subsequent Figures.
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FIG. 2 is a flow diagram showing an illustrative method that may be carried out using combustion appliance 10 (FIG. 1 ). Atblock 18, temporally spaced flame measurements may be obtained. The temporally spaced flame measurements may be obtained at any desired time interval. For example, a flame measurement may be obtained every second, every 0.5 seconds, or at any other desired interval. The time interval may be uniform, or the sampling frequency may be varied. In some instances, a flame measurement may be obtained from flame sensor 14 (FIG. 1 ). Control passes to block 20, where the temporally spaced flame measurements obtained atblock 18 are monitored for indications of combustion instability. In some cases, control reverts back to block 18 and the process continues. -
FIG. 3 is a flow diagram showing an illustrative method that may be carried out using combustion appliance 10 (FIG. 1 ). Atblock 18, temporally spaced flame measurements may be obtained. In some instances, flame measurements may be obtained from flame sensor 14 (FIG. 1 ). Control passes to block 20, where the temporally spaced flame measurements obtained atblock 18 are monitored for indications of combustion instability. - At
decision block 22, controller 16 (FIG. 1 ) determines if there are indications of combustion instability. In some instances, this determination may be based at least in part on the temporally spaced flame measurements obtained atblock 18. If no indications of combustion instability are detected or otherwise observed, control reverts back to block 18. However, if there are indications of combustion instability, control passes to block 24 where one or more actions may be taken. In some cases, it may be possible to correct the combustion instability by changing one or more functional parameters such as firing rate, combustion fan speed and the like. - In some cases, combustion may be stopped, either before and/or after attempting to correct the combustion instability. In some cases,
combustion appliance 10 may remain off until a service professional can attend to it. In some instances, it is contemplated thatcombustion appliance 10 may be off for only a short period of time before a user is able to reset it, or the system may reset itself after a period of time. -
FIG. 4 is a flow diagram showing an illustrative method that may be carried out using combustion appliance 10 (FIG. 1 ). Atblock 26, a first flame measurement is obtained. In some cases, controller 16 (FIG. 1 ) may capture or otherwise obtain a flame signal from flame sensor 14 (FIG. 1 ), but this is not required. Atblock 28, a second flame measurement is obtained at some time subsequent to a time at which the first flame measurement was obtained atblock 26. Control passes to block 30, where a third flame measurement is obtained. As can be seen, a series of flame measurements may be obtained. - In some cases, the second flame measurement (obtained at block 28) may be a flame measurement obtained next in line after obtaining the first flame measurement (block 26). In some instances, one or more flame measurements may be discarded or otherwise not used between obtaining the first flame measurement (block 26) and obtaining the second flame measurement (block 28). Similarly, there may or may not be one or more discarded flame measurements between the second flame measurement (block 28) and the third flame measurement (block 30). In this, first, second and third are used to denote relative order, and should not be construed as requiring that first, second and/or third flame measurements be completely sequential (e.g. one directly after the other).
- At
block 32, controller 16 (FIG. 1 ) determines if a flame is unstable by comparing the flame measurements previously obtained. In some cases, determining if the flame is unstable may include calculating if a difference between the first flame measurement and the second flame measurement and/or a difference between the second flame measurement and the third measurement is greater than a predetermined threshold. The predetermined threshold may, for example, be a function of an average flame measurement and/or may be determined at least in part based on the operating characteristics of combustion appliance 10 (FIG. 1 ). - In some instances, determining flame instability may include calculating whether the second flame measurement is greater or less than the first flame measurement and whether the third flame measurement is greater or less than the second flame measurement. In some cases, controller 16 (
FIG. 1 ) may determine that the flame is unstable based at least in part on whether or not the second flame measurement is sufficiently greater than the first flame measurement and/or sufficiently greater than the third flame measurement. Alternatively, or in addition, flame instability may be determined, for example, if the second flame measurement is sufficiently less than the first flame measurement and/or sufficiently less than the third flame measurement. In some cases, these are indications of a sign change which may, as discussed above, indicate an unstable flame. -
FIG. 5 is a flow diagram showing an illustrative method that may be carried out using combustion appliance 10 (FIG. 1 ). Atblock 34, an nth flame intensity signal is obtained. In some cases, “n” is an integer counter value. If desired, controller 16 (FIG. 1 ) may obtain the nth flame intensity signal from flame sensor 14 (FIG. 1 ). Atblock 26, an nth+1 flame intensity signal is obtained. In some cases, the nth+1 flame intensity signal is obtained temporally after obtaining the nth flame intensity signal. Any desired time interval may pass between obtaining the nth flame intensity signal and the nth+1 flame intensity signal. - Control passes to block 38, where controller 16 (
FIG. 1 ) calculates a difference between the nth flame intensity signal and the nth+1 flame intensity signal. Atblock 40, an accumulation amount is calculated. In some cases, the accumulation amount may be based at least partially upon the calculated difference between the nth flame intensity signal and the nth+1 flame intensity signal, and/or upon the sign of the calculated difference, i.e., is the difference positive or negative. Other factors that may influence the accumulation amount include one or more of an average flame intensity, a combustion fan speed and/or a firing rate history. - Control passes to
decision block 42, wherecontroller 16 determines if the calculated difference (from block 38) is equal to or greater than a predetermined threshold. The predetermined threshold may, for example, be based at least in part on the identity and/or operating characteristics of combustion appliance 10 (FIG. 1 ). - If the calculated difference meets or exceeds the predetermined threshold, control passes to block 44 where an accumulator value is increased by an amount equal to the accumulation amount. If not, control passes to block 46 where the accumulator value is decreased. The amount that the accumulator value is decreased may be based at least in part on the operating characteristics of combustion appliance 10 (
FIG. 1 ). In some cases, the decreased amount may be a constant. In some cases, if the accumulator value exceeds a threshold value, combustion instability is determined. If desired, control may pass from either block 44 or block 46 to anoptional block 48. Atblock 48, counter n is incremented by one, and control reverts to block 34. -
FIG. 6 is a flow diagram showing an illustrative method that may be carried out using combustion appliance 10 (FIG. 1 ). Atblock 50, a flame is monitored. In some instances, this may include monitoring signals from flame sensor 14 (FIG. 1 ). Atblock 52, a flame delta is determined. In some cases, the flame delta may be a difference between a previous flame sensor signal and a current flame sensor signal. Control passes todecision block 54, where controller 16 (FIG. 1 ) determines if the flame delta is above a threshold. The threshold may be determined at least in part on the operating characteristics of combustion appliance 10 (FIG. 1 ). - If the flame delta is not above the threshold, control passes to
decision block 56, where controller 16 (FIG. 1 ) determines if an accumulator value is at a minimum. In some cases, the minimum is set at zero, but this is not required. In some instances, setting a minimum for the accumulator value prevents the accumulator value from artificially hiding an unstable flame situation. For example, if the flame delta was low for a long period of time, the accumulator value could otherwise be lowered well below zero. Then, if the flame delta increases, the accumulator value could fail to reflect this in a timely manner. If the accumulator value is already at the minimum, control reverts to block 50. If not, control passes to block 58 and the accumulator value is decreased, followed by control reverting to block 50. - If at
decision block 54, controller 16 (FIG. 1 ) determines that the flame delta is above the threshold, control passes to block 60 where an adjusted flame delta is determined. In some cases, the flame delta is adjusted, or weighted, to take differing situations into account. For example, some flame signals may warrant a more quickly increased accumulator value, and thus the adjusted flame delta may be larger than the actual flame delta. In some cases, a more slowly increased accumulator value may be beneficial. - At
block 62, the accumulator value is increased by the adjusted flame delta. Control passes todecision block 64, wherecontroller 16 determines if the accumulator value is above an accumulator value limit. If the accumulator value is not above the accumulator value limit, control reverts to block 50. However, if the accumulator value is above the accumulator value limit, control passes to block 66 where one or more actions are taken. In some cases, it may be possible to correct the combustion instability by changing one or more functional parameters such as firing rate, combustion fan speed and the like. In some instances, combustion may be stopped, either before and/or after attempting to correct the combustion instability. -
FIG. 7 is a flow diagram showing an illustrative method that may be carried out using combustion appliance 10 (FIG. 1 ). In particular,FIG. 7 illustrates some of the considerations that may be involved in determining an adjusted flame delta as referenced atblock 60 ofFIG. 6 . Atblock 68, a flame is monitored. Atblock 70, controller 16 (FIG. 1 ) determines if the flame delta has changed sign (e.g. increasing-to-decreasing, or decreasing-to-increasing). If the sign has not changed, i.e., the flame intensity is still increasing or is still decreasing, control reverts to block 68. However, if the flame delta has changed sign, i.e., the flame intensity has changed directions, control passes to block 72 and an adjusted flame delta is calculated. - At
decision block 74, controller 16 (FIG. 1 ) determines if flame variability is to be expected. In some cases, flame variability may be expected if, for example, the combustion fan speed is low and/or the firing rate has recently changed (such as within the last 60 seconds). If flame variability is not expected, control passes to block 76 and the accumulator value is increased by the adjusted flame delta. However, if flame variability is expected, control passes to block 78 and the adjusted flame delta is divided by two before control passes to block 76. -
FIG. 8 is a flow diagram showing an illustrative method that may be carried out using combustion appliance 10 (FIG. 1 ). Atblock 80, controller 16 (FIG. 1 ) executes a calibration cycle. During the calibration cycle,controller 16 may determine acceptable ranges for flame intensity at one or more fire rates. These values include an average flame intensities at a minimum firing rate, as well as average flame intensities at other firing rates and may be used subsequently, as will be discussed. Control passes to block 82, wherecontroller 16 obtains a flame measurement. - At
decision block 84, controller 16 (FIG. 1 ) compares the flame measurement to one or more previous flame measurements to determine if an absolute value of the change in flame measurement is above a predetermined threshold DE (Delta in Flame intensity). If the change in flame measurement is above the threshold DF, control passes todecision block 86 wherecontroller 16 determines if the flame measurements have changed directions, i.e., the flame measurement had been decreasing but is now increasing, or the flame measurement had been increasing but is now decreasing. If the flame measurement has changed direction, control passes to block 88 and an adjusted flame delta (ΔC) is calculated. If the flame measurement has not changed direction, control passes to block 90 and the accumulator value is decreased. In some cases, the accumulator value will not be decreased if already at a particular minimum value. Control then reverts to block 82. - After an adjusted flame delta (ΔC) is calculated at
block 88, control passes todecision block 92, where controller 16 (FIG. 1 ) determines if the ΔC is excessive. In some cases,decision block 92 may be useful in addressing extreme situations. If ΔC is deemed excessive, it is limited to half the accumulator limit value atblock 94, and control passes todecision block 96. If ΔC is not deemed excessive, control passes directly todecision block 96. - At
decision block 96, controller 16 (FIG. 1 ) determines if flame variability is to be expected. Flame variability may be expected if, for example, the combustion blower is at low speed or if there has recently been a change in firing rate. If no variability is expected for these or other reasons, control passes to block 98 where ΔC is added to the accumulator value. However, if variability is expected, control passes to block 100 where ΔC is cut in half before being added to the accumulator value atblock 98. - Control passes to decision block 102, where controller 16 (
FIG. 1 ) determines if the accumulator value has exceeded an accumulator value limit. If not, control reverts to block 82 where the flame is again measured. However, if the accumulator value has exceeded the accumulator value limit, control passes to block 104 where the gas valve is closed. In some cases, control may revert to block 80 where a calibration cycle is again run. - The invention should not be considered limited to the particular examples described above, but rather should be understood to cover all aspects of the invention as set out in the attached claims. Various modifications, equivalent processes, as well as numerous structures to which the invention can be applicable will be readily apparent to those of skill in the art upon review of the instant specification.
Claims (22)
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