US20080308141A1 - Photovoltaic power converter system with a controller configured to actively compensate load harmonics - Google Patents
Photovoltaic power converter system with a controller configured to actively compensate load harmonics Download PDFInfo
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- US20080308141A1 US20080308141A1 US10/734,293 US73429303A US2008308141A1 US 20080308141 A1 US20080308141 A1 US 20080308141A1 US 73429303 A US73429303 A US 73429303A US 2008308141 A1 US2008308141 A1 US 2008308141A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
- H02J3/01—Arrangements for reducing harmonics or ripples
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
- H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
- H02J3/381—Dispersed generators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
- H02J2300/20—The dispersed energy generation being of renewable origin
- H02J2300/22—The renewable source being solar energy
- H02J2300/24—The renewable source being solar energy of photovoltaic origin
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B10/00—Integration of renewable energy sources in buildings
- Y02B10/10—Photovoltaic [PV]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/56—Power conversion systems, e.g. maximum power point trackers
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E40/00—Technologies for an efficient electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
- Y02E40/40—Arrangements for reducing harmonics
Definitions
- the invention relates to a power conversion system, and, more particularly, to a photovoltaic power converter system with a controller configured to actively compensate harmonics that may be drawn by a load coupled to the photovoltaic system.
- Some power electronic systems may be designed not to draw harmonic currents and are referred to as low Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) unity power factor converters.
- THD Total Harmonic Distortion
- loads draw unity power factor with a low THD and it is for these loads that compensation is needed.
- the number of the loads that can generate harmonic currents may further aggravate the problem.
- Large active power compensators installed by power utilities are sometimes used on the mains grid supply to reduce the harmonic currents that are present on the system and various main nodes. These large and bulky systems unfortunately are limited in the number of the harmonics that can be compensated for, are expensive and generally do not reduce the harmonic currents at all points on the mains grid.
- a photovoltaic power converter system such as may comprise a photovoltaic array, and an inverter electrically coupled to the array to generate an output current for energizing a load connected to the inverter and to a mains grid supply voltage.
- the photovoltaic power converter system may further comprise a controller including a first circuit coupled to receive a load current to measure a harmonic current in the load current.
- the controller includes a second circuit to generate a fundamental reference drawn by the load.
- the controller further includes a third circuit for combining the measured harmonic current and the fundamental reference to generate a command output signal for generating the output current for energizing the load connected to the inverter.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a photovoltaic power converter system constructed in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a controller providing active compensation to the photovoltaic power converter system of FIG. 1 .
- the inventors of the present invention have innovatively recognized a power conversion system, such as a photovoltaic array in combination with an inverter, that not only supplies electrical energy to a load, such as a standard household, but also may be configured to compensate for local load harmonic currents that may be drawn.
- Local load systems may comprise every load on a local mains grid, such that a single breaker can disconnect the local grid from a mains supply grid, such as the main circuit breaker in a household.
- the photovoltaic system may be suitable for households, office, warehouse or commercial site and may operate in a grid tied mode.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of an active compensator photovoltaic converter system 10 .
- the converter system 10 may include an inverter 12 coupled to a load 14 and a photovoltaic array 16 operating as a power source.
- the details of the inverter are not particularly relevant for purposes of the present invention. For readers desirous of such details in connection with one exemplary inverter architecture reference is made to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/329,906, filed Dec. 26, 2002, assigned in common to the same assignee of the present invention and herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
- the operation of a standard photovoltaic converter system can be mathematically described by equations 1 through 3 below.
- the mains grid voltage may be a standard sinusoidal time varying voltage at a fundamental frequency, usually 50 Hz or 60 Hz with an amplitude of V volts.
- V net ( t ) V ⁇ sin( ⁇ t ) (1)
- V net (t) Mains grid supply voltage [V]
- V Amplitude of the mains grid supply voltage [V]
- the available photovoltaic array power may be used to determine the amplitude of the current that will be injected into the mains grid supply—load system.
- the amplitude of this current is given in equation 2 and the time varying form is given in equation 3.
- P array The available power from the photovoltaic array [W]
- the active compensator photovoltaic converter system is configured so that the harmonic current content of the load is measured and is subtractively injected together with the active power current into the mains grid supply—load system. The result is that if the photovoltaic array is able to supply sufficient power, the current in the mains grid will have just a fundamental component.
- Equations 4 and 5 may be used to illustrate the mathematical basis for the harmonic compensation.
- I h ( t ) I load-1 ( t ) ⁇ I load ( t ) (4)
- I load-1 (t) Fundamental current drawn by the load [A]
- I out ( t ) I a ⁇ sin( ⁇ t )+I h ( t ) (5)
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram of one exemplary controller 20 for the active compensator photovoltaic converter system of FIG. 1 .
- the diagram shows one example of how the above-identified mathematical relationships can be implemented. It will be appreciated that if the load current (I load (t)) measurement is omitted, then the system would revert to that of a standard photovoltaic converter controller.
- the controller 20 receives a maximum power point reference (e.g., available array power, P array ), such as may be obtained from a standard maximum power tracker.
- P array mains grid voltage amplitude
- Multiplier 22 allows multiplying P array with the inverse (e.g., 1 N) of the mains grid voltage amplitude (V) to determine the amplitude of the injectable current (I a ).
- This current reference is mixed at a mixer 24 with a sinusoidal waveform that is phase locked with the mains grid voltage by a phase lock loop 26 to generate the actual fundamental sinusoidal current reference (I 1 (t)).
- the load harmonic current (I h (t)) may be determined by measuring the load current (I load (t)) and filtering out with a notch filter 28 the fundamental component.
- the fundamental current reference I 1 (t) and the inverse (e.g., opposite polarity achieved by sign inversion) of the harmonic current reference I h (t) are then summed together at a summer 30 to produce a current reference (I out-ref (t)) for the system.
- This current reference is then processed using standard feedback techniques to control the actual output current of the system (I out (t)).
- an error signal (I err (t) that comprises the difference between (I out-ref (t)) and (I out (t)) as may be obtained in a summer 32 may be processed by a proportional plus integral (PI) controller 34 in turn coupled to a pulse width modulator (not shown) using standard pulse width modulation techniques to generate the switching signals for actuating the switching gates of the inverter.
- PI controller 34 proportional plus integral controller 34
- pulse width modulator not shown
- measurement of the mains grid current into the system is not a requirement. For example, processing just the local load current to extract the harmonic content would allow performing the desired compensation. That is, this harmonic compensation may be conveniently and effectively achieved through a relatively minor modification to a standard power converter system.
- a photovoltaic power converter system may include a photovoltaic array 16 ( FIG. 1 ).
- the converter system may further include an inverter 12 electrically coupled to the array 16 to generate an output current I out (t) for energizing a load 14 connected to the inverter 14 and to a mains grid supply voltage V net (t).
- a controller 20 FIG. 2
- the controller includes a second circuit to generate a fundamental reference I 1 (t) drawn by the load.
- the second circuit may comprise the mixer 24 that receives a sinusoid from the phase lock loop 26 and the signal indicative of the magnitude of injectable current (I a ) available from the photovoltaic array for generating the fundamental reference.
- the controller may further include a third circuit, such as a summer 30 , for combining the measured harmonic current and the fundamental reference to generate a command or reference output signal (I out-ref (t) for generating the output current I out (t) for energizing the load connected to the inverter.
- aspects of the invention can be embodied in the form of computer-implemented processes and apparatus for practicing those processes.
- aspects of the invention can also be embodied in the form of computer program code containing computer-readable instructions embodied in tangible media, such as floppy diskettes, CD-ROMs, hard drives, or any other computer-readable storage medium, wherein, when the computer program code is loaded into and executed by a computer, the computer becomes an apparatus for practicing the invention.
- aspects of the invention can also be embodied in the form of computer program code, for example, whether stored in a storage medium, loaded into and/or executed by a computer, or transmitted over some transmission medium, such as over electrical wiring or cabling, through fiber optics, or via electromagnetic radiation, wherein, when the computer program code is loaded into and executed by a computer, the computer becomes an apparatus for practicing the invention.
- the computer program code segments configure the computer to create specific logic circuits or processing modules.
- Other embodiments may be a micro-controller, such as a dedicated micro-controller, a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) device, or Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) device.
- FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array
- ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuit
Abstract
Description
- This invention was made with U.S. Government support through Government Contract Number Sandia 55792 awarded by the Department of Energy, and, in accordance with the terms set forth in said contract, the U.S. Government may have certain rights in the invention.
- The invention relates to a power conversion system, and, more particularly, to a photovoltaic power converter system with a controller configured to actively compensate harmonics that may be drawn by a load coupled to the photovoltaic system.
- Environmental concerns and the search for alternative sources to generate electrical energy suitable for supplying households or small commercial sites have driven the need for power converter systems, such as photovoltaic array converters that can process sunlight into a standard and usable electrical form, e.g., supplying energy to the mains grid during daylight hours.
- It is known that many of these photovoltaic array converters simply inject a unity power factor sinusoidal current onto the mains grid supply thereby reducing the total energy drawn by the local load from the mains grid supply. Loads on the local grid can draw currents, which may contain harmonics. These harmonic currents can potentially disturb the mains grid supply and other loads on the system. For example, these harmonic currents may lead to poor utilization of the grid supply and can cause voltage distortions and, in severe cases, cause other loads on the same supply to malfunction.
- Some power electronic systems may be designed not to draw harmonic currents and are referred to as low Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) unity power factor converters. However, not all loads draw unity power factor with a low THD and it is for these loads that compensation is needed. The number of the loads that can generate harmonic currents may further aggravate the problem. Large active power compensators installed by power utilities are sometimes used on the mains grid supply to reduce the harmonic currents that are present on the system and various main nodes. These large and bulky systems unfortunately are limited in the number of the harmonics that can be compensated for, are expensive and generally do not reduce the harmonic currents at all points on the mains grid.
- One aspect of the invention provides a photovoltaic power converter system, such as may comprise a photovoltaic array, and an inverter electrically coupled to the array to generate an output current for energizing a load connected to the inverter and to a mains grid supply voltage. The photovoltaic power converter system may further comprise a controller including a first circuit coupled to receive a load current to measure a harmonic current in the load current. The controller includes a second circuit to generate a fundamental reference drawn by the load. The controller further includes a third circuit for combining the measured harmonic current and the fundamental reference to generate a command output signal for generating the output current for energizing the load connected to the inverter.
- The features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when read with the accompanying drawings.
-
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a photovoltaic power converter system constructed in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention. -
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a controller providing active compensation to the photovoltaic power converter system ofFIG. 1 . - The inventors of the present invention have innovatively recognized a power conversion system, such as a photovoltaic array in combination with an inverter, that not only supplies electrical energy to a load, such as a standard household, but also may be configured to compensate for local load harmonic currents that may be drawn. Local load systems may comprise every load on a local mains grid, such that a single breaker can disconnect the local grid from a mains supply grid, such as the main circuit breaker in a household. The photovoltaic system may be suitable for households, office, warehouse or commercial site and may operate in a grid tied mode.
-
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of an active compensatorphotovoltaic converter system 10. Theconverter system 10 may include aninverter 12 coupled to aload 14 and aphotovoltaic array 16 operating as a power source. The details of the inverter are not particularly relevant for purposes of the present invention. For readers desirous of such details in connection with one exemplary inverter architecture reference is made to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/329,906, filed Dec. 26, 2002, assigned in common to the same assignee of the present invention and herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. - The operation of a standard photovoltaic converter system can be mathematically described by
equations 1 through 3 below. The mains grid voltage may be a standard sinusoidal time varying voltage at a fundamental frequency, usually 50 Hz or 60 Hz with an amplitude of V volts. -
V net(t)=V·sin(ω·t) (1) - where:
- Vnet(t)=Mains grid supply voltage [V]
- V=Amplitude of the mains grid supply voltage [V]
- ω=Mains grid supply frequency [s−1]
- t=Time [s]
- The available photovoltaic array power may be used to determine the amplitude of the current that will be injected into the mains grid supply—load system. The amplitude of this current is given in equation 2 and the time varying form is given in equation 3.
-
- where:
- Parray=The available power from the photovoltaic array [W]
- Ia=Amplitude of the injected current [A]
-
I out(t)=I a·sin(ω·t) (3) - where:
- Iout(t)=Injected current [A]
- In one exemplary embodiment, the active compensator photovoltaic converter system is configured so that the harmonic current content of the load is measured and is subtractively injected together with the active power current into the mains grid supply—load system. The result is that if the photovoltaic array is able to supply sufficient power, the current in the mains grid will have just a fundamental component.
- Equations 4 and 5 may be used to illustrate the mathematical basis for the harmonic compensation.
-
I h(t)=I load-1(t)−I load(t) (4) - where:
- Ih(t)=Harmonic current of the load [A]
- Iload-1(t)=Fundamental current drawn by the load [A]
- Iload(t)=Load current [A]
-
I out(t)=I a·sin(ω·t)+Ih(t) (5) -
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of oneexemplary controller 20 for the active compensator photovoltaic converter system ofFIG. 1 . The diagram shows one example of how the above-identified mathematical relationships can be implemented. It will be appreciated that if the load current (Iload(t)) measurement is omitted, then the system would revert to that of a standard photovoltaic converter controller. - At a
multiplier 22, thecontroller 20 receives a maximum power point reference (e.g., available array power, Parray), such as may be obtained from a standard maximum power tracker.Multiplier 22 allows multiplying Parray with the inverse (e.g., 1N) of the mains grid voltage amplitude (V) to determine the amplitude of the injectable current (Ia). This current reference is mixed at amixer 24 with a sinusoidal waveform that is phase locked with the mains grid voltage by aphase lock loop 26 to generate the actual fundamental sinusoidal current reference (I1(t)). The load harmonic current (Ih(t)) may be determined by measuring the load current (Iload(t)) and filtering out with anotch filter 28 the fundamental component. The fundamental current reference I1(t) and the inverse (e.g., opposite polarity achieved by sign inversion) of the harmonic current reference Ih(t) are then summed together at asummer 30 to produce a current reference (Iout-ref(t)) for the system. This current reference is then processed using standard feedback techniques to control the actual output current of the system (Iout(t)). For example, an error signal (Ierr(t) that comprises the difference between (Iout-ref(t)) and (Iout(t)) as may be obtained in asummer 32 may be processed by a proportional plus integral (PI)controller 34 in turn coupled to a pulse width modulator (not shown) using standard pulse width modulation techniques to generate the switching signals for actuating the switching gates of the inverter. It will be appreciated from the mathematical relationships and the controller diagram that measurement of the mains grid current into the system is not a requirement. For example, processing just the local load current to extract the harmonic content would allow performing the desired compensation. That is, this harmonic compensation may be conveniently and effectively achieved through a relatively minor modification to a standard power converter system. - In operation, a photovoltaic power converter system may include a photovoltaic array 16 (
FIG. 1 ). The converter system may further include aninverter 12 electrically coupled to thearray 16 to generate an output current Iout(t) for energizing aload 14 connected to theinverter 14 and to a mains grid supply voltage Vnet(t). In one exemplary embodiment, a controller 20 (FIG. 2 ) includes a first circuit, such as anotch filter 28, coupled to receive a load current Iload(t) to measure a harmonic current Ih(t) in the load current. The controller includes a second circuit to generate a fundamental reference I1(t) drawn by the load. The second circuit may comprise themixer 24 that receives a sinusoid from thephase lock loop 26 and the signal indicative of the magnitude of injectable current (Ia) available from the photovoltaic array for generating the fundamental reference. The controller may further include a third circuit, such as asummer 30, for combining the measured harmonic current and the fundamental reference to generate a command or reference output signal (Iout-ref(t) for generating the output current Iout(t) for energizing the load connected to the inverter. - Aspects of the invention can be embodied in the form of computer-implemented processes and apparatus for practicing those processes. Aspects of the invention can also be embodied in the form of computer program code containing computer-readable instructions embodied in tangible media, such as floppy diskettes, CD-ROMs, hard drives, or any other computer-readable storage medium, wherein, when the computer program code is loaded into and executed by a computer, the computer becomes an apparatus for practicing the invention. Aspects of the invention can also be embodied in the form of computer program code, for example, whether stored in a storage medium, loaded into and/or executed by a computer, or transmitted over some transmission medium, such as over electrical wiring or cabling, through fiber optics, or via electromagnetic radiation, wherein, when the computer program code is loaded into and executed by a computer, the computer becomes an apparatus for practicing the invention. When implemented on a general-purpose computer, the computer program code segments configure the computer to create specific logic circuits or processing modules. Other embodiments may be a micro-controller, such as a dedicated micro-controller, a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) device, or Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) device.
- While the preferred embodiments of the invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes and substitutions will occur to those of skill in the art without departing from the invention herein. Accordingly, it is intended that the invention be limited only by the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
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US10/734,293 US7465872B1 (en) | 2003-12-15 | 2003-12-15 | Photovoltaic power converter system with a controller configured to actively compensate load harmonics |
PCT/US2004/039849 WO2005062440A1 (en) | 2003-12-15 | 2004-11-26 | Photovoltaic power converter configured for compensating load harmonics |
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WO2012009367A1 (en) * | 2010-07-12 | 2012-01-19 | Advanced Energy Industries, Inc. | Power inverter systems with high-accuracy reference signal generation and associated methods of control |
US20150244249A1 (en) * | 2014-02-26 | 2015-08-27 | Fsp Technology Inc. | Inverter device and power converting method thereof |
US9590484B2 (en) * | 2014-02-26 | 2017-03-07 | Fsp Technology Inc. | Inverter device and power converting method thereof |
CN106856326A (en) * | 2015-12-09 | 2017-06-16 | 利思电气(上海)有限公司 | A kind of embedded electric energy quality optimizing device |
CN105680482A (en) * | 2016-04-13 | 2016-06-15 | 安徽工业大学 | Photovoltaic grid-connected power generation system current forming and control method with asymmetric reactive load compensation function |
CN110311406A (en) * | 2019-06-06 | 2019-10-08 | 合肥工业大学 | A kind of control method expanding cascaded H-bridges photovoltaic DC-to-AC converter range of operation |
WO2021016740A1 (en) * | 2019-07-26 | 2021-02-04 | 深圳欣锐科技股份有限公司 | Single-phase adaptive phase-locked apparatus and method |
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WO2005062440A1 (en) | 2005-07-07 |
US7465872B1 (en) | 2008-12-16 |
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