US20090326041A1 - Compounds and methods for modulating expression of sglt2 - Google Patents

Compounds and methods for modulating expression of sglt2 Download PDF

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US20090326041A1
US20090326041A1 US12/299,611 US29961107A US2009326041A1 US 20090326041 A1 US20090326041 A1 US 20090326041A1 US 29961107 A US29961107 A US 29961107A US 2009326041 A1 US2009326041 A1 US 2009326041A1
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Prior art keywords
short antisense
antisense compound
monomers
certain embodiments
certain
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US12/299,611
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Sanjay Bhanot
Richard S. Geary
Robert McKay
Brett P. Monia
Punit P. Seth
Andrew M. Siwkowski
Eric E. Swayze
Edward Wancewicz
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Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc
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Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc
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First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=40134111&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=US20090326041(A1) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Priority claimed from PCT/US2007/061183 external-priority patent/WO2007090071A2/en
Application filed by Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc filed Critical Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc
Priority to US12/299,611 priority Critical patent/US20090326041A1/en
Assigned to ISIS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. reassignment ISIS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BHANOT, SANJAY, GEARY, RICHARD S., MONIA, BRETT P., SIWKOWSKI, ANDREW M., WANCEWICZ, EDWARD, MCKAY, ROBERT, SETH, PUNIT P., SWAYZE, ERIC E.
Publication of US20090326041A1 publication Critical patent/US20090326041A1/en
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Definitions

  • RNAi RNA interference
  • Sequence-specificity makes antisense compounds extremely attractive as tools for target validation and gene functionalization, as well as research tools for identifying and characterizing nucleases and as therapeutics to selectively modulate the expression of genes involved in the pathogenesis of any one of a variety of diseases.
  • Antisense technology is an effective means for reducing the expression of one or more specific gene products and can therefore prove to be uniquely useful in a number of therapeutic, diagnostic, and research applications.
  • Chemically modified nucleosides are routinely used for incorporation into antisense compounds to enhance one or more properties, such as nuclease resistance, pharmacokinetics or affinity for a target RNA.
  • the present disclosure describes incorporation of chemically-modified high-affinity nucleotides into antisense compounds allows for short antisense compounds about 8-16 nucleobases in length useful in the reduction of target RNAs in animals with increased potency and improved therapeutic index.
  • short antisense compounds comprising high-affinity nucleotide modifications useful for reducing a target RNA in vivo.
  • Such short antisense compounds are effective at lower doses than previously described antisense compounds, allowing for a reduction in toxicity and cost of treatment.
  • short antisense compounds and methods of using said compounds to reduce target RNA expression in cells or tissues.
  • a method of reducing expression of a target in an animal comprising administering to the animal a short antisense compound targeted to a nucleic acid of such target.
  • shorts antisense compounds are oligonucleotide compounds.
  • short antisense oligonucleotides are about 8 to 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 nucleotides in length and comprises a gap region flanked on each side by a wing, wherein each wing independently consists of 1 to 3 nucleotides.
  • Preferred motifs include but are not limited to wing-deoxy gap-wing motifs selected from 3-10-3, 2-10-3, 2-10-2, 1-10-1, 2-8-2, 1-8-1, 3-6-3 or 1-6-1.
  • the short antisense oligonucleotide comprise at least one high-affinity modification.
  • the high-affinity modification includes chemically-modified high-affinity nucleotides.
  • each wing independently consists of 1 to 3 high-affinity modified nucleotides.
  • the high affinity modified nucleotides are sugar-modified nucleotides.
  • short antisense compounds exhibit greater uptake in the gut as compared to antisense compounds of greater length.
  • methods of reducing a target in an animal comprising orally administering the short antisense compounds of the present invention.
  • short antisense compounds are targeted to a nucleic acid encoding a protein selected from ApoB, SGLT2, PCSK9, SOD1, CRP, GCCR, GCGR, DGAT2, PTP1B and PTEN.
  • a metabolic disorder in an animal comprising administering to an animal in need of such therapy a short antisense compound targeted to a nucleic acid involved in regulating glucose metabolism or clearance, lipid metabolism, cholesterol metabolism, or insulin signaling.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to a nucleic acid encoding a target that is involved in regulating glucose metabolism or clearance, lipid metabolism, cholesterol metabolism, or insulin signaling wherein said short antisense compound is 8 to 16 nucleotides in length and comprises a gap region flanked on each side by a wing, wherein each wing independently consists of 1 to 3 high-affinity modified nucleotides.
  • Certain targets involved in regulating glucose metabolism or clearance, lipid metabolism, cholesterol metabolism, or insulin signaling include, but are not limited to, GCGR and ApoB-100.
  • short antisense compounds targeting nucleic acids encoding GCGR and ApoB-100 and methods of reducing expression of said targets and/or target nucleic acids in animal.
  • short antisense compounds targeting nucleic acids encoding GCGR, and ApoB-100 for the treatment of a metabolic or cardiovascular disease or condition.
  • short antisense compounds further comprise a conjugate group.
  • Conjugate groups include, but are not limited to, C 16 and cholesterol.
  • short antisense compounds comprise at least one modified nucleobase, internucleoside linkage or sugar moiety.
  • such modified internucleoside linkage is a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage.
  • each internucleoside linkage is a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage.
  • short antisense compounds comprise at least one high affinity modification.
  • the high-affinity modification is a chemically-modified high-affinity nucleotide.
  • chemically-modified high affinity nucleotides are sugar-modified nucleotides.
  • at least one of the sugar-modified nucleotides comprises a bridge between the 4′ and the 2′ position of the sugar.
  • Each of the sugar-modified nucleotides is, independently, in the ⁇ -D or ⁇ -L sugar conformation.
  • each of said high-affinity modified nucleotides confers a T m of at least 1 to 4 degrees per nucleotide.
  • each of said sugar-modified nucleotides comprises a 2′-substituent group that is other than H or OH.
  • Such sugar-modified nucleotides include those having a 4′ to 2′ bridged bicyclic sugar moiety.
  • each of the 2′-substituent groups is, independently, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, or halogen.
  • each of the 2′-substituent groups is OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 (2′-MOE).
  • short antisense compounds have one or more sugar-modified nucleotides comprising a bridge between the 4′ and 2′ position of the sugar, wherein each of said bridges independently comprises from 2 to 4 linked groups independently selected from —[C(R 1 )(R 2 )] n —, —C(R 1 ) ⁇ C(R 2 )—, —C(R 1 —) ⁇ N—, —C( ⁇ NR 1 )—, —C( ⁇ O)—, —C( ⁇ S)—, —O—, —Si(R 1 ) 2 —, —S( ⁇ O) n — and —N(R 1 )—;
  • each of said bridges is, independently, —[C(R 1 )(R 2 )] n —, —[C(R 1 )(R 2 )] n —O—, —C(R 1 R 2 )—N(R 1 )—O— or —C(R 1 R 2 )—O—N(R 1 )—.
  • each of said bridges is, independently, 4′-(CH 2 ) 3 -2′,4′-(CH 2 ) 2 -2′,4′-CH 2 —O-2′,4′-(CH 2 ) 2 —O-2′,4′-CH 2 —O—N(R 1 )-2′ and 4′-CH 2 —N(R 1 )—O-2′- wherein each R 1 is, independently, H, a protecting group or C 1 -C 12 alkyl.
  • provided herein are short antisense compounds useful in the reduction of targets and/or target RNAs associated with disease states in animals. In certain embodiments, provided are methods of using the short antisense compounds for reducing expression of a target RNA in an animal. In certain embodiments, provided herein is the use of a short antisense compound in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of a metabolic disorder in an animal. In certain embodiments, provided herein is the use of a short antisense compound in the preparation of a medicament for increasing insulin sensitivity, decreasing blood glucose or decreasing HbA 1c in an animal.
  • a short antisense compound in the preparation of a medicament for decreasing total serum cholesterol, serum LDL, serum VLDL, serum HDL, serum triglycerides, serum apolipoprotein(a) or free fatty acids in an animal.
  • short antisense compounds provided herein exhibit equal or increased potency with regard to target RNA knockdown as compared to longer parent antisense oligonucleotide at least 20 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds exhibit a faster onset of action (target RNA reduction) as compared to the parent antisense oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, increased potency is in the kidney. In certain embodiments, target RNA is predominately expressed in the kidney. In certain embodiments, increased potency is in the liver. In certain embodiments, target RNA is predominately expressed in the liver.
  • nucleoside means a glycosylamine comprising a nucleobase and a sugar. Nucleosides includes, but are not limited to, naturally occurring nucleosides, abasic nucleosides, modified nucleosides, and nucleosides having mimetic bases and/or sugar groups.
  • nucleotide refers to a glycosomine comprising a nucleobase and a sugar having a phosphate group covalently linked to the sugar. Nucleotides may be modified with any of a variety of substituents.
  • nucleobase refers to the base portion of a nucleoside or nucleotide.
  • a nucleobase may comprise any atom or group of atoms capable of hydrogen bonding to a base of another nucleic acid.
  • heterocyclic base moiety refers to a nucleobase comprising a heterocycle.
  • deoxyribonucleotide means a nucleotide having a hydrogen at the 2′ position of the sugar portion of the nucleotide. Deoxyribonucleotides may be modified with any of a variety of substituents.
  • ribonucleotide means a nucleotide having a hydroxy at the 2′ position of the sugar portion of the nucleotide. Ribonucleotides may be modified with any of a variety of substituents.
  • oligomeric compound refers to a polymeric structure comprising two or more sub-structures and capable of hybridizing to a region of a nucleic acid molecule.
  • oligomeric compounds are oligonucleosides.
  • oligomeric compounds are oligonucleotides.
  • oligomeric compounds are antisense compounds.
  • oligomeric compounds are antisense oligonucleotides.
  • oligomeric compounds are short antisense compounds.
  • oligomeric compounds are short antisense oligonucleotides.
  • oligomeric compounds are chimeric oligonucleotides.
  • monomer refers to a single unit of an oligomer. Monomers include, but are not limited to, nucleosides and nucleotides, whether naturally occurring or modified.
  • oligonucleoside refers to an oligonucleotide in which the internucleoside linkages do not contain a phosphorus atom.
  • oligonucleotide refers to an oligomeric compound comprising a plurality of linked nucleotides. In certain embodiment, one or more nucleotides of an oligonucleotide is modified. In certain embodiments, an oligonucleotide comprises ribonucleic acid (RNA) or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides are composed of naturally- and/or non-naturally-occurring nucleobases, sugars and covalent internucleotide linkages, and may further include non-nucleic acid conjugates.
  • nucleotide linkage refers to a covalent linkage between adjacent nucleotides.
  • monomeric linkage refers to a covalent linkage between two monmers.
  • Monomeric linkages include, but are not limited to internucleotide linkages and internucleoside linkages.
  • naturally occurring internucleotide linkage refers to a 3′ to 5′ phosphodiester linkage.
  • antisense compound refers to an oligomeric compound that is at least partially complementary to a target nucleic acid molecule to which it hybridizes. In certain embodiments, an antisense compound modulates (increases or decreases) expression of a target nucleic acid.
  • Antisense compounds include, but are not limited to, compounds that are oligonucleotides, oligonucleosides, oligonucleotide analogs, oligonucleotide mimetics, and chimeric combinations of these. Consequently, while all antisense compounds are oligomeric compounds, not all oligomeric compounds are antisense compounds.
  • antisense oligonucleotide refers to an antisense compound that is an oligonucleotide.
  • parent antisense oligonucleotide refers to an oligonucleotide 20 nucleotides in length having a deoxy gap region having ten 2′-deoxyribonucleotides, flanked by a first and a second wing region each having five 2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl) ribonucleotides (a 5-10-5 MOE gapmer) and comprising the sequence of the corresponding short antisense compound to which it is a parent.
  • short antisense compound refers to an antisense compound about 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 monomers in length.
  • a short antisense compound has at least one high-affinity modification.
  • short antisense oligonucleotide or refers to an antisense oligonucleotide about 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 nucleotides in length.
  • a short antisense oligonucleotide has at least one high-affinity modification.
  • short gapmer refers to a short antisense oligonucleotide having a first and a second wing region each independently 1 to 3 nucleotides in length and a gap region 2 to 14 nucleobase in length.
  • motif refers to the pattern of unmodified and modified nucleotides in a short antisense compound.
  • chimeric antisense oligomer refers to an antisense oligomeric compound, having at least one sugar, nucleobase or internucleoside linkage that is differentially modified as compared to at least on other sugar, nucleobase or internucleoside linkage within the same antisense oligomeric compound.
  • the remainder of the sugars, nucleobases and internucleoside linkages can be independently modified or unmodified, the same or different.
  • chimeric antisense oligonucleotide refers to an antisense oligonucleotide, having at least one sugar, nucleobase or internucleoside linkage that is differentially modified as compared to at least on other sugar, nucleobase or internucleoside linkage within the same antisense oligonucleotide.
  • the remainder of the sugars, nucleobases and internucleoside linkages can be independently modified or unmodified, the same or different.
  • mixed-backbone antisense oligonucleotide refers to an antisense oligonucleotide wherein at least one internucleoside linkage of the antisense oligonucleotide is different from at least one other internucleotide linkage of the antisense oligonucleotide.
  • target refers to a protein, the modulation of which is desired.
  • target gene refers to a gene encoding a target.
  • target nucleic acid and “nucleic acid molecule encoding a target” refer to any nucleic acid molecule the expression or activity of which is capable of being modulated by an antisense compound.
  • Target nucleic acids include, but are not limited to, RNA (including, but not limited to pre-mRNA and mRNA or portions thereof) transcribed from DNA encoding a target, and also cDNA derived from such RNA, and miRNA.
  • the target nucleic acid can be a cellular gene (or mRNA transcribed from the gene) whose expression is associated with a particular disorder or disease state, or a nucleic acid molecule from an infectious agent.
  • targeting refers to the association of an antisense compound to a particular target nucleic acid molecule or a particular region of nucleotides within a target nucleic acid molecule.
  • 5′ target site refers to the nucleotide of a target nucleic acid which is complementary to the 5′-most nucleotide of a particular antisense compound.
  • 3′ target site refers to the nucleotide of a target nucleic acid which is complementary to the 3′-most nucleotide of a particular antisense compound.
  • target region refers to a portion of a target nucleic acid to which one or more antisense compounds is complementary.
  • target segment refers to a smaller or sub-portions of a region within a target nucleic acid.
  • nucleobase complementarity refers to a nucleobase that is capable of base pairing with another nucleobase.
  • adenine (A) is complementary to thymine (T).
  • adenine (A) is complementary to uracil (U).
  • complementary nucleobase refers to a nucleobase of an antisense compound that is capable of base pairing with a nucleobase of its target nucleic acid.
  • nucleobase at a certain position of an antisense compound is capable of hydrogen bonding with a nucleobase at a certain position of a target nucleic acid
  • the position of hydrogen bonding between the oligonucleotide and the target nucleic acid is considered to be complementary at that nucleobase pair.
  • non-complementary nucleobase refers to a pair of nucleobases that do not form hydrogen bonds with one another or otherwise support hybridization.
  • the term “complementary” refers to the capacity of an oligomeric compound to hybridize to another oligomeric compound or nucleic acid through nucleobase complementarity.
  • an antisense compound and its target are complementary to each other when a sufficient number of corresponding positions in each molecule are occupied by nucleobases that can bond with each other to allow stable association between the antisense compound and the target.
  • nucleobases that can bond with each other to allow stable association between the antisense compound and the target.
  • antisense compounds may comprise up to about 20% nucleotides that are mismatched (i.e., are not nucleobase complementary to the corresponding nucleotides of the target).
  • the antisense compounds contain no more than about 15%, more preferably not more than about 10%, most preferably not more than 5% or no mismatches.
  • the remaining nucleotides are nucleobase complementary or otherwise do not disrupt hybridization (e.g., universal bases).
  • One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize the compounds provided herein are at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or 100% complementary to a target nucleic acid.
  • mismatch refers to a non-complementary nucleobase within a complementary oligomeric compound.
  • hybridization means the pairing of complementary oligomeric compounds (e.g., an antisense compound and its target nucleic acid). While not limited to a particular mechanism, the most common mechanism of pairing involves hydrogen bonding, which may be Watson-Crick, Hoogsteen or reversed Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding, between complementary nucleoside or nucleotide bases (nucleobases).
  • nucleobases complementary nucleoside or nucleotide bases
  • the natural base adenine is nucleobase complementary to the natural nucleobases thymidine and uracil which pair through the formation of hydrogen bonds.
  • the natural base guanine is nucleobase complementary to the natural bases cytosine and 5-methyl cytosine. Hybridization can occur under varying circumstances.
  • the term “specifically hybridizes” refers to the ability of an oligomeric compound to hybridize to one nucleic acid site with greater affinity than it hybridizes to another nucleic acid site.
  • an antisense oligonucleotide specifically hybridizes to more than one target site.
  • design or “designed to” refer to the process of designing an oligomeric compound that specifically hybridizes with a selected nucleic acid molecule.
  • modulation refers to a perturbation of function or activity when compared to the level of the function or activity prior to modulation.
  • modulation includes the change, either an increase (stimulation or induction) or a decrease (inhibition or reduction) in gene expression.
  • modulation of expression can include perturbing splice site selection of pre-mRNA processing.
  • expression refers to all the functions and steps by which a gene's coded information is converted into structures present and operating in a cell. Such structures include, but are not limited to the products of transcription and translation.
  • variant refers to an alternative RNA transcript that can be produced from the same genomic region of DNA. Variants include, but are not limited to “pre-mRNA variants” which are transcripts produced from the same genomic DNA that differ from other transcripts produced from the same genomic DNA in either their start or stop position and contain both intronic and exonic sequence. Variants also include, but are not limited to, those with alternate splice junctions, or alternate initiation and termination codons.
  • high-affinity modified monomer refers to a monomer having at least one modified nucleobase, internucleoside linkage or sugar moiety, when compared to naturally occurring monomers, such that the modification increases the affinity of an antisense compound comprising the high-affinity modified monomer to its target nucleic acid.
  • High-affinity modifications include, but are not limited to, monomers (e.g., nucleosides and nucleotides) comprising 2′-modified sugars.
  • 2′-modified or “2′-substituted” means a sugar comprising substituent at the 2′ position other than H or OH.
  • 2′-modified monomers include, but are not limited to, BNA's and monomers (e.g., nucleosides and nucleotides) with 2′-substituents, such as allyl, amino, azido, thio, O-allyl, O—C 1 -C 10 alkyl, —OCF 3 , O—(CH 2 ) 2 —O—CH 3 , 2′-O(CH 2 ) 2 SCH 3 , O—(CH 2 ) 2 —O—N(R m )(R n ), or O—CH 2 —C( ⁇ O)—N(R m )(R n ), where each R m and R n is, independently, H or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 10 alkyl.
  • short antisense compounds comprise a 2′modified monomer that does not have the formula 2′-O(CH 2 ) n H, wherein n is one to six. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds comprise a 2′modified monomer that does not have the formula 2′-OCH 3 . In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds comprise a 2′modified monomer that does not have the formula or, in the alternative, 2′-O(CH 2 ) 2 OCH 3 .
  • bicyclic nucleic acid or “BNA” or “bicyclic nucleoside” or “bicyclic nucleotide” refers to a nucleoside or nucleotide wherein the furanose portion of the nucleoside includes a bridge connecting two carbon atoms on the furanose ring, thereby forming a bicyclic ring system.
  • methyleneoxy BNA alone refers to ⁇ -D-methyleneoxy BNA.
  • MOE refers to a 2′-methoxyethyl substituent
  • the term “gapmer” refers to a chimeric oligomeric compound comprising a central region (a “gap”) and a region on either side of the central region (the “wings”), wherein the gap comprises at least one modification that is different from that of each wing.
  • modifications include nucleobase, monomeric linkage, and sugar modifications as well as the absence of modification (unmodified).
  • the nucleotide linkages in each of the wings are different than the nucleotide linkages in the gap.
  • each wing comprises nucleotides with high affinity modifications and the gap comprises nucleotides that do not comprise that modification.
  • nucleotides in the gap and the nucleotides in the wings all comprise high affinity modifications, but the high affinity modifications in the gap are different than the high affinity modifications in the wings.
  • the modifications in the wings are the same as one another. In certain embodiments, the modifications in the wings are different from each other.
  • nucleotides in the gap are unmodified and nucleotides in the wings are modified.
  • the modification(s) in each wing are the same.
  • the modification(s) in one wing are different from the modification(s) in the other wing.
  • short antisense compounds are gapmers having 2′-deoxynucleotides in the gap and nucleotides with high-affinity modifications in the wing.
  • prodrug refers to a therapeutic agent that is prepared in an inactive form that is converted to an active form (i.e., drug) within the body or cells thereof by the action of endogenous enzymes or other chemicals and/or conditions.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts refers to salts of active compounds that retain the desired biological activity of the active compound and do not impart undesired toxicological effects thereto.
  • cap structure or “terminal cap moiety” refers to chemical modifications, which have been incorporated at either terminus of an antisense compound.
  • prevention refers to delaying or forestalling the onset or development of a condition or disease for a period of time from hours to days, preferably weeks to months.
  • the term “amelioration” refers to a lessening of at least one indicator of the severity of a condition or disease.
  • the severity of indicators may be determined by subjective or objective measures which are known to those skilled in the art.
  • treatment refers to administering a composition of the invention to effect an alteration or improvement of the disease or condition.
  • Prevention, amelioration, and/or treatment may require administration of multiple doses at regular intervals, or prior to onset of the disease or condition to alter the course of the disease or condition.
  • a single agent may be used in a single individual for each prevention, amelioration, and treatment of a condition or disease sequentially, or concurrently.
  • the term “pharmaceutical agent” refers to a substance provides a therapeutic benefit when administered to a subject.
  • terapéuticaally effective amount refers to an amount of a pharmaceutical agent that provides a therapeutic benefit to an animal.
  • administering means providing a pharmaceutical agent to an animal, and includes, but is not limited to administering by a medical professional and self-administering.
  • co-administration refers to administration of two or more pharmaceutical agents to an animal.
  • the two or more pharmaceutical agents may be in a single pharmaceutical composition, or may be in separate pharmaceutical compositions.
  • Each of the two or more pharmaceutical agents may be administered through the same or different routes of administration.
  • Co-administration encompasses administration in parallel or sequentially.
  • a pharmaceutical composition refers to a mixture of substances suitable for administering to an individual.
  • a pharmaceutical composition may comprise an antisense oligonucleotide and a sterile aqueous solution.
  • the term “individual” refers to a human or non-human animal selected for treatment or therapy.
  • animal refers to a human or non-human animal, including, but not limited to, mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, cats, pigs, and non-human primates, including, but not limited to, monkeys and chimpanzees.
  • the term “subject” refers to an animal, including, but not limited to a human, to whom a pharmaceutical composition is administered.
  • the term “duration” refers to the period of time during which an activity or event continues.
  • the duration of treatment is the period of time during which doses of a pharmaceutical agent are administered.
  • parenteral administration refers to administration through injection or infusion.
  • Parenteral administration includes, but is not limited to, subcutaneous administration, intravenous administration, or intramuscular administration.
  • subcutaneous administration refers to administration just below the skin.
  • Intravenous administration means administration into a vein.
  • a dose refers to a specified quantity of a pharmaceutical agent provided in a single administration.
  • a dose may be administered in two or more boluses, tablets, or injections.
  • the desired dose requires a volume not easily accommodated by a single injection.
  • two or more injections may be used to achieve the desired dose.
  • a dose may be administered in two or more injections to minimize injection site reaction in an individual.
  • a dosage unit refers to a form in which a pharmaceutical agent is provided.
  • a dosage unit is a vial comprising lyophilized antisense oligonucleotide.
  • a dosage unit is a vial comprising reconstituted antisense oligonucleotide.
  • an antisense oligonucleotide is a pharmaceutical agent.
  • active pharmaceutical ingredient refers to the substance in a pharmaceutical composition that provides a desired effect.
  • a therapeutically effective amount refers to an amount of a pharmaceutical agent that provides a therapeutic benefit to an individual.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of an antisense compound is the amount that needs to be administered to result in an observable benefit.
  • hypocholesterolemia refers to a condition characterized by elevated serum cholesterol.
  • hypolipidemia refers to a condition characterized by elevated serum lipids.
  • hypotriglyceridemia refers to a condition characterized by elevated triglyceride levels.
  • non-familial hypercholesterolemia refers to a condition characterized by elevated cholesterol that is not the result of a single inherited gene mutation.
  • polygenic hypercholesterolemia refers to a condition characterized by elevated cholesterol that results from the influence of a variety of genetic factors. In certain embodiments, polygenic hypercholesterolemia may be exacerbated by dietary intake of lipids.
  • FH familial hypercholesterolemia
  • a diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia is made when a individual meets one or more of the following criteria: genetic testing confirming 2 mutated LDL-receptor genes; genetic testing confirming one mutated LDL-receptor gene; document history of untreated serum LDL-cholesterol greater than 500 mg/dL; tendinous and/or cutaneous xanthoma prior to age 10 years; or, both parents have documented elevated serum LDL-cholesterol prior to lipid-lowering therapy consistent with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.
  • homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia or “HoFH” refers to a condition characterized by a mutation in both maternal and paternal LDL-R genes.
  • HeFH heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia
  • mixed dyslipidemia refers to a condition characterized by elevated serum cholesterol and elevated serum triglycerides.
  • diabetes dyslipidemia or “Type II diabetes with dyslipidemia” refers to a condition characterized by Type II diabetes, reduced HDL-C, elevated serum triglycerides, and elevated small, dense LDL particles.
  • CHD risk equivalents refers to indicators of clinical atherosclerotic disease that confer a high risk for coronary heart disease.
  • CHD risk equivalents include, without limitation, clinical coronary heart disease, symptomatic carotid artery disease, peripheral arterial disease, and/or abdominal aortic aneurysm.
  • non-alcoholic fatty liver disease refers to a condition characterized by fatty inflammation of the liver that is not due to excessive alcohol use (for example, alcohol consumption of over 20 g/day).
  • NAFLD is related to insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome.
  • non-alcoholic steatohepatitis refers to a condition characterized by inflammation and the accumulation of fat and fibrous tissue in the liver, that is not due to excessive alcohol use. NASH is an extreme form of NAFLD.
  • major risk factors refers to factors that contribute to a high risk for a particular disease or condition.
  • major risk factors for coronary heart disease include, without limitation, cigarette smoking, hypertension, low HDL-C, family history of coronary heart disease, and age.
  • CHD risk factors refers to CHD risk equivalents and major risk factors.
  • coronary heart disease refers to a narrowing of the small blood vessels that supply blood and oxygen to the heart, which is often a result of atherosclerosis.
  • reduced coronary heart disease risk refers to a reduction in the likelihood that a individual will develop coronary heart disease.
  • a reduction in coronary heart disease risk is measured by an improvement in one or more CHD risk factors, for example, a decrease in LDL-C levels.
  • the term “atherosclerosis” refers to a hardening of the arteries affecting large and medium-sized arteries and is characterized by the presence of fatty deposits.
  • the fatty deposits are called “atheromas” or “plaques,” which consist mainly of cholesterol and other fats, calcium and scar tissue, and damage the lining of arteries.
  • history of coronary heart disease refers to the occurrence of clinically evident coronary heart disease in the medical history of a individual or a individual's family member.
  • Early onset coronary heart disease refers to a diagnosis of coronary heart disease prior to age 50.
  • statin intolerant individual refers to a individual who as a result of statin therapy experiences one or more of creatine kinase increases, liver function test abnormalities, muscle aches, or central nervous system side effects.
  • efficacy refers to the ability to produce a desired effect.
  • efficacy of a lipid-lowering therapy may be reduction in the concentration of one or more of LDL-C, VLDL-C, IDL-C, non-HDL-C, ApoB, lipoprotein(a), or triglycerides.
  • acceptable safety profile refers to a pattern of side effects that is within clinically acceptable limits.
  • side effects refers to physiological responses attributable to a treatment other than desired effects.
  • side effects include, without limitation, injection site reactions, liver function test abnormalities, renal function abnormalities, liver toxicity, renal toxicity, central nervous system abnormalities, and myopathies.
  • increased aminotransferase levels in serum may indicate liver toxicity or liver function abnormality.
  • increased bilirubin may indicate liver toxicity or liver function abnormality.
  • injection site reaction refers to inflammation or abnormal redness of skin at a site of injection in an individual.
  • individual compliance refers to adherence to a recommended or prescribed therapy by an individual.
  • lipid-lowering therapy refers to a therapeutic regimen provided to a individual to reduce one or more lipids in a individual.
  • a lipid-lowering therapy is provide to reduce one or more of ApoB, total cholesterol, LDL-C, VLDL-C, IDL-C, non-HDL-C, triglycerides, small dense LDL particles, and Lp(a) in an individual.
  • lipid-lowering agent refers to a pharmaceutical agent provided to a individual to achieve a lowering of lipids in the individual.
  • a lipid-lowering agent is provided to an individual to reduce one or more of ApoB, LDL-C, total cholesterol, and triglycerides.
  • LDL-C target refers to an LDL-C level that is desired following lipid-lowering therapy.
  • the term “comply” refers to the adherence with a recommended therapy by an individual.
  • the term “recommended therapy” refers to a therapeutic regimen recommended by a medical professional for the treatment, amelioration, or prevention of a disease.
  • low LDL-receptor activity refers to LDL-receptor activity that is not sufficiently high to maintain clinically acceptable levels of LDL-C in the bloodstream.
  • cardiovascular outcome refers to the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events.
  • the term “improved cardiovascular outcome” refers to a reduction in the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events, or the risk thereof.
  • major adverse cardiovascular events include, without limitation, death, reinfarction, stroke, cardiogenic shock, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrest, and atrial dysrhythmia.
  • surrogate markers of cardiovascular outcome refers to indirect indicators of cardiovascular events, or the risk thereof.
  • surrogate markers of cardiovascular outcome include carotid intimal media thickness (CIMT).
  • CIMT carotid intimal media thickness
  • IVUS intravascular ultrasound
  • the term “increased HDL-C” refers to an increase in serum HDL-C in an individual over time.
  • lipid-lowering refers to a reduction in one or more serum lipids in an individual over time.
  • Metabolic disorder refers to a condition characterized by an alteration or disturbance in metabolic function. “Metabolic” and “metabolism” are terms well know in the art and generally include the whole range of biochemical processes that occur within a living organism. Metabolic disorders include, but are not limited to, hyperglycemia, prediabetes, diabetes (type I and type II), obesity, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome.
  • metabolic syndrome refers to a clustering of lipid and non-lipid cardiovascular risk factors of metabolic origin. It has been closely linked to the generalized metabolic disorder known as insulin resistance.
  • NCEP National Cholesterol Education Program
  • ATPIII Adult Treatment Panel III established criteria for diagnosis of metabolic syndrome when three or more of five risk determinants are present.
  • the five risk determinants are abdominal obesity defined as waist circumference of greater than 102 cm for men or greater than 88 cm for women, triglyceride levels greater than or equal to 150 mg/dL, HDL cholesterol levels of less than 40 mg/dL for men and less than 50 mg/dL for women, blood pressure greater than or equal to 130/85 mm Hg and fasting glucose levels greater than or equal to 110 mg/dL. These determinants can be readily measured in clinical practice (JAMA, 2001, 285: 2486-2497).
  • alkyl refers to a saturated straight or branched hydrocarbon radical containing up to twenty four carbon atoms.
  • alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, isopropyl, n-hexyl, octyl, decyl, dodecyl and the like.
  • Alkyl groups typically include from 1 to about 24 carbon atoms, more typically from 1 to about 12 carbon atoms (C 1 -C 12 alkyl) with from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms being more preferred.
  • the term “lower alkyl” as used herein includes from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms.
  • Alkyl groups as used herein may optionally include one or more further substituent groups.
  • alkenyl refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain radical containing up to twenty four carbon atoms and having at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
  • alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, 1-methyl-2-buten-1-yl, dienes such as 1,3-butadiene and the like.
  • Alkenyl groups typically include from 2 to about 24 carbon atoms, more typically from 2 to about 12 carbon atoms with from 2 to about 6 carbon atoms being more preferred.
  • Alkenyl groups as used herein may optionally include one or more further substituent groups.
  • alkynyl refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon radical containing up to twenty four carbon atoms and having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.
  • alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 1-butynyl, and the like.
  • Alkynyl groups typically include from 2 to about 24 carbon atoms, more typically from 2 to about 12 carbon atoms with from 2 to about 6 carbon atoms being more preferred.
  • Alkynyl groups as used herein may optionally include one or more further substitutent groups.
  • aminoalkyl refers to an amino substituted alkyl radical. This term is meant to include C 1 -C 12 alkyl groups having an amino substituent at any position and wherein the alkyl group attaches the aminoalkyl group to the parent molecule. The alkyl and/or amino portions of the aminoalkyl group can be further substituted with substituent groups.
  • aliphatic refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon radical containing up to twenty four carbon atoms wherein the saturation between any two carbon atoms is a single, double or triple bond.
  • An aliphatic group preferably contains from 1 to about 24 carbon atoms, more typically from 1 to about 12 carbon atoms with from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms being more preferred.
  • the straight or branched chain of an aliphatic group may be interrupted with one or more heteroatoms that include nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and phosphorus.
  • Such aliphatic groups interrupted by heteroatoms include without limitation polyalkoxys, such as polyalkylene glycols, polyamines, and polyimines. Aliphatic groups as used herein may optionally include further substitutent groups.
  • alicyclic refers to a cyclic ring system wherein the ring is aliphatic.
  • the ring system can comprise one or more rings wherein at least one ring is aliphatic.
  • Preferred alicyclics include rings having from about 5 to about 9 carbon atoms in the ring.
  • Alicyclic as used herein may optionally include further substitutent groups.
  • alkoxy refers to a radical formed between an alkyl group and an oxygen atom wherein the oxygen atom is used to attach the alkoxy group to a parent molecule.
  • alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, n-pentoxy, neopentoxy, n-hexoxy and the like.
  • Alkoxy groups as used herein may optionally include further substitutent groups.
  • halo and “halogen,” as used herein, refer to an atom selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
  • aryl and aromatic refer to a mono- or polycyclic carbocyclic ring system radicals having one or more aromatic rings.
  • aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, indanyl, idenyl and the like.
  • Preferred aryl ring systems have from about 5 to about 20 carbon atoms in one or more rings.
  • Aryl groups as used herein may optionally include further substitutent groups.
  • aralkyl and arylalkyl refer to a radical formed between an alkyl group and an aryl group wherein the alkyl group is used to attach the aralkyl group to a parent molecule. Examples include, but are not limited to, benzyl, phenethyl and the like. Aralkyl groups as used herein may optionally include further substitutent groups attached to the alkyl, the aryl or both groups that form the radical group.
  • heterocyclic radical refers to a radical mono-, or poly-cyclic ring system that includes at least one heteroatom and is unsaturated, partially saturated or fully saturated, thereby including heteroaryl groups. Heterocyclic is also meant to include fused ring systems wherein one or more of the fused rings contain at least one heteroatom and the other rings can contain one or more heteroatoms or optionally contain no heteroatoms.
  • a heterocyclic group typically includes at least one atom selected from sulfur, nitrogen or oxygen.
  • heterocyclic groups include, [1,3]dioxolane, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, quinoxalinyl, pyridazinonyl, tetrahydrofuryl and the like.
  • Heterocyclic groups as used herein may optionally include further substitutent groups.
  • heteroaryl refers to a radical comprising a mono- or poly-cyclic aromatic ring, ring system or fused ring system wherein at least one of the rings is aromatic and includes one or more heteroatom. Heteroaryl is also meant to include fused ring systems including systems where one or more of the fused rings contain no heteroatoms. Heteroaryl groups typically include one ring atom selected from sulfur, nitrogen or oxygen.
  • heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isooxazolyl, thiadiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiophenyl, furanyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzooxazolyl, quinoxalinyl, and the like.
  • Heteroaryl radicals can be attached to a parent molecule directly or through a linking moiety such as an aliphatic group or hetero atom.
  • Heteroaryl groups as used herein may optionally include further substitutent groups.
  • heteroarylalkyl refers to a heteroaryl group as previously defined having an alky radical that can attach the heteroarylalkyl group to a parent molecule. Examples include, but are not limited to, pyridinylmethyl, pyrimidinylethyl, napthyridinylpropyl and the like. Heteroarylalkyl groups as used herein may optionally include further substitutent groups on one or both of the heteroaryl or alkyl portions.
  • mono or poly cyclic structure includes all ring systems that are single or polycyclic having rings that are fused or linked and is meant to be inclusive of single and mixed ring systems individually selected from aliphatic, alicyclic, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, heteroaromatic, heteroarylalkyl.
  • Such mono and poly cyclic structures can contain rings that are uniform or have varying degrees of saturation including fully saturated, partially saturated or fully unsaturated.
  • Each ring can comprise ring atoms selected from C, N, O and S to give rise to heterocyclic rings as well as rings comprising only C ring atoms which can be present in a mixed motif such as for example benzimidazole wherein one ring has only carbon ring atoms and the fused ring has two nitrogen atoms.
  • the mono or poly cyclic structures can be further substituted with substituent groups such as for example phthalimide which has two ⁇ O groups attached to one of the rings.
  • mono or poly cyclic structures can be attached to a parent molecule directly through a ring atom, through a substituent group or a bifunctional linking moiety.
  • acyl refers to a radical formed by removal of a hydroxyl group from an organic acid and has the general formula —C(O)—X where X is typically aliphatic, alicyclic or aromatic. Examples include aliphatic carbonyls, aromatic carbonyls, aliphatic sulfonyls, aromatic sulfinyls, aliphatic sulfinyls, aromatic phosphates, aliphatic phosphates and the like. Acyl groups as used herein may optionally include further substitutent groups.
  • hydrocarbyl includes groups comprising C, O and H. Included are straight, branched and cyclic groups having any degree of saturation. Such hydrocarbyl groups can include one or more heteroatoms selected from N, O and S and can be further mono or poly substituted with one or more substituent groups.
  • substituted and substituteduent group include groups that are typically added to other groups or parent compounds to enhance desired properties or give desired effects. Substituent groups can be protected or unprotected and can be added to one available site or to many available sites in a parent compound. Substituent groups may also be further substituted with other substituent groups and may be attached directly or via a linking group such as an alkyl or hydrocarbyl group to a parent compound.
  • Such groups include without limitation, halogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl (—C(O)R aa ), carboxyl (—C(O)O—R aa ), aliphatic groups, alicyclic groups, alkoxy, substituted oxo (—O—R aa ), aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, amino (—NR bb R cc ), imino( ⁇ NR bb ), amido (—C(O)NR bb R cc or —N(R bb )C(O)R aa ), azido (—N 3 ), nitro (—NO 2 ), cyano (—CN), carbamido (—OC(O)NR bb R cc or —N(R bb )C(O)OR aa ), ureido (—N(R b
  • each R aa , R bb and R cc is, independently, H, an optionally linked chemical functional group or a further substituent group with a preferred list including without limitation H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aliphatic, alkoxy, acyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, alicyclic, heterocyclic and heteroarylalkyl.
  • oligomeric compounds compared to naturally occurring oligomers, such as DNA or RNA.
  • Certain such modifications alter the activity of the oligomeric compound.
  • Certain such chemical modifications can alter activity by, for example: increasing affinity of an antisense compound for its target nucleic acid, increasing its resistance to one or more nucleases, and/or altering the pharmacokinetics or tissue distribution of the oligomeric compound.
  • the use of chemistries that increase the affinity of an oligomeric compound for its target can allow for the use of shorter oligomeric compounds.
  • oligomeric compounds comprise one or more modified monomer.
  • oligomeric compounds comprise one or more high affinity monomer.
  • such high-affinity monomer is selected from monomers (e.g., nucleosides and nucleotides) comprising 2′-modified sugars, including, but not limited to: BNA's and monomers (e.g., nucleosides and nucleotides) with 2′-substituents such as allyl, amino, azido, thio, O-allyl, O—C 1 -C 10 alkyl, —OCF 3 , O—(CH 2 ) 2 —O—CH 3 , 2′-O(CH 2 ) 2 SCH 3 , O—(CH 2 ) 2 —O—N(R m )(R n ), or O—CH 2 —C( ⁇ O)—N(R m )(R n ), where each R m and R n
  • the oligomeric compounds including, but no limited to short antisense compounds of the present invention, comprise one or more high affinity monomers provided that the oligomeric compound does not comprise a nucleotide comprising a 2′-O(CH 2 ) n H, wherein n is one to six.
  • the oligomeric compounds including, but no limited to short antisense compounds of the present invention, comprise one or more high affinity monomer provided that the oligomeric compound does not comprise a nucleotide comprising a 2′-OCH 3 or a 2′-O(CH 2 ) 2 OCH 3 .
  • the oligomeric compounds including, but no limited to short antisense compounds of the present invention, comprise one or more high affinity monomer provided that the oligomeric compound does not comprise a ⁇ -L-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH 2 —O-2′) BNA.
  • the oligomeric compounds including, but no limited to short antisense compounds of the present invention, comprise one or more high affinity monomer provided that the oligomeric compound does not comprise a ⁇ -D-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH 2 —O-2′) BNA.
  • the oligomeric compounds including, but no limited to short antisense compounds of the present invention, comprise one or more high affinity monomer provided that the oligomeric compound does not comprise a ⁇ -L-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH 2 —O-2′) BNA or a ⁇ -D-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH 2 —O-2′) BNA.
  • the naturally occurring base portion of a nucleoside is typically a heterocyclic base.
  • the two most common classes of such heterocyclic bases are the purines and the pyrimidines.
  • a phosphate group can be linked to the 2′, 3′ or 5′ hydroxyl moiety of the sugar.
  • those phosphate groups covalently link adjacent nucleosides to one another to form a linear polymeric compound.
  • the phosphate groups are commonly referred to as forming the internucleotide backbone of the oligonucleotide.
  • the naturally occurring linkage or backbone of RNA and of DNA is a 3′ to 5′ phosphodiester linkage.
  • a modified nucleobase is a nucleobase that is fairly similar in structure to the parent nucleobase, such as for example a 7-deaza purine, a 5-methyl cytosine, or a G-clamp.
  • nucleobase mimetic include more complicated structures, such as for example a tricyclic phenoxazine nucleobase mimetic. Methods for preparation of the above noted modified nucleobases are well known to those skilled in the art.
  • Oligomeric compounds provided herein may comprise one or more monomer, including a nucleoside or nucleotide, having a modified sugar moiety.
  • the furanosyl sugar ring of a nucleoside can be modified in a number of ways including, but not limited to, addition of a substituent group, bridging of two non-geminal ring atoms to form a bicyclic nucleic acid (BNA).
  • BNA bicyclic nucleic acid
  • oligomeric compounds comprise one or more monomers that is a BNA.
  • BNA s include, but are not limited to, (A) ⁇ -L-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH 2 —O-2′) BNA, (B) ⁇ -D-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH 2 —O-2′) BNA, (C) Ethyleneoxy (4′-(CH 2 ) 2 —O-2′) BNA, (D) Aminooxy (4′-CH 2 —O—N(R)-2′) BNA and (E) Oxyamino (4′-CH 2 —N(R)—O-2′) BNA, as depicted in FIG. 1.
  • BNA compounds include, but are not limited to, compounds having at least one bridge between the 4′ and the 2′ position of the sugar wherein each of the bridges independently comprises 1 or from 2 to 4 linked groups independently selected from —[C(R 1 )(R 2 )] n —, —C(R 1 ) ⁇ C(R 2 )—, —C(R 1 ) ⁇ N—, —C( ⁇ NR 1 )—, —C( ⁇ O)—, —C( ⁇ S)—, —O—, —Si(R 1 ) 2 —, —S( ⁇ O) n — and —N(R 1 )—;
  • x 0, 1, or 2;
  • n 1, 2, 3, or 4;
  • each R 1 and R 2 is, independently, H, a protecting group, hydroxyl, C 1 -C 12 alkyl, substituted C 1 -C 12 alkyl, C 2 -C 12 alkenyl, substituted C 2 -C 12 alkenyl, C 2 -C 12 alkynyl, substituted C 2 -C 12 alkynyl, C 5 -C 20 aryl, substituted C 5 -C 20 aryl, heterocycle radical, substituted heterocycle radical, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, C 5 -C 7 alicyclic radical, substituted C 5 -C 7 alicyclic radical, halogen, OJ 1 , NJ 1 J 2 , SJ 1 , N 3 , COOJ 1 , acyl (C( ⁇ O)—H), substituted acyl, CN, sulfonyl (S( ⁇ O) 2 -J 1 ), or sulfoxyl (S( ⁇ O)-J 1 ); and
  • each J 1 and J 2 is, independently, H, C 1 -C 12 alkyl, substituted C 1 -C 12 alkyl, C 2 -C 12 alkenyl, substituted C 2 -C 12 alkenyl, C 2 -C 12 alkynyl, substituted C 2 -C 12 alkynyl, C 5 -C 20 aryl, substituted C 5 -C 20 aryl, acyl (C( ⁇ O)—H), substituted acyl, a heterocycle radical, a substituted heterocycle radical, C 1 -C 12 aminoalkyl, substituted C 1 -C 12 aminoalkyl or a protecting group.
  • each of the bridges of the BNA compounds is, independently, —[C(R 1 )(R 2 )] n —, —[C(R 1 )(R 2 )] n —O—, —C(R 1 R 2 )—N(R 1 )—O— or —C(R 1 R 2 )—O—N(R 1 )—.
  • each of said bridges is, independently, 4′-CH 2 -2′,4′-(CH 2 ) 2-2′,4 ′-(CH 2 ) 3-2′,4 ′-CH 2 —O-2′,4′-(CH 2 ) 2 —O-2′,4′-CH 2 —O—N(R 1 )-2′ and 4′-CH 2 —N(R 1 )—O-2′- wherein each R 1 is, independently, H, a protecting group or C 1 -C 12 alkyl.
  • BNAs in which the 2′-hydroxyl group of the ribosyl sugar ring is linked to the 4′ carbon atom of the sugar ring thereby forming a methyleneoxy (4′-CH 2 —O-2′) linkage to form the bicyclic sugar moiety
  • 4′-CH 2 —O-2′ linkage to form the bicyclic sugar moiety
  • the linkage can be a methylene (—CH 2 —) group bridging the 2′ oxygen atom and the 4′ carbon atom, for which the term methyleneoxy (4′-CH 2 —O-2′) BNA is used for the bicyclic moiety; in the case of an ethylene group in this position, the term ethyleneoxy (4′-CH 2 CH 2 —O-2′) BNA is used (Singh et al., Chem. Commun., 1998, 4, 455-456: Morita et al., Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry, 2003, 11, 2211-2226).
  • Tm +3 to +10° C.
  • Potent and nontoxic antisense oligonucleotides comprising BNAs have been described (Wahlestedt et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 2000, 97, 5633-5638).
  • alpha-L-methyleneoxy (4′-CH 2 —O-2′) BNA which has been shown to have superior stability against a 3′-exonuclease.
  • the alpha-L-methyleneoxy (4′-CH 2 —O-2′) BNA's were incorporated into antisense gapmers and chimeras that showed potent antisense activity (Frieden et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 2003, 21, 6365-6372).
  • BNA methyleneoxy (4′-CH 2 —O-2′) BNA monomers adenine, cytosine, guanine, 5-methyl-cytosine, thymine and uracil, along with their oligomerization, and nucleic acid recognition properties have been described (Koshkin et al., Tetrahedron, 1998, 54, 3607-3630). BNAs and preparation thereof are also described in WO 98/39352 and WO 99/14226.
  • 2′-amino-BNA a novel conformationally restricted high-affinity oligonucleotide analog has been described in the art (Singh et al., J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 10035-10039).
  • 2′-Amino- and 2′-methylamino-BNA's have been prepared and the thermal stability of their duplexes with complementary RNA and DNA strands has been previously reported.
  • Modified sugar moieties are well known and can be used to alter, typically increase, the affinity of the antisense compound for its target and/or increase nuclease resistance.
  • a representative list of preferred modified sugars includes but is not limited to bicyclic modified sugars (BNA's), including methyleneoxy (4′-CH 2 —O-2′) BNA and ethyleneoxy (4′-(CH 2 ) 2 —O-2′ bridge) BNA; substituted sugars, especially 2′-substituted sugars having a 2′-F, 2′-OCH 3 or a 2′-O(CH 2 ) 2 —OCH 3 substituent group; and 4′-thio modified sugars.
  • Sugars can also be replaced with sugar mimetic groups among others.
  • BNA's include bicyclic nucleoside having the formula:
  • Bx is a heterocyclic base moiety
  • T 1 is H or a hydroxyl protecting group
  • T 2 is H, a hydroxyl protecting group or a reactive phosphorus group
  • Z is C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, substituted C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, acyl, substituted acyl, or substituted amide.
  • each of the substituted groups is, independently, mono or poly substituted with optionally protected substituent groups independently selected from halogen, oxo, hydroxyl, OJ 1 , NJ 1 J 2 , SJ 1 , N 3 , OC( ⁇ X)J 1 , OC( ⁇ X)NJ 3 J 2 , NJ 3 C( ⁇ X)NJ 1 J 2 and CN, wherein each J 1 , J 2 and J 3 is, independently, H or C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and X is O, S or NJ 1 .
  • each of the substituted groups is, independently, mono or poly substituted with substituent groups independently selected from halogen, oxo, hydroxyl, OJ 1 , NJ 1 J 2 , SJ 1 , N 3 , OC( ⁇ X)J 1 , and NJ 3 C( ⁇ X)NJ 1 J 2 , wherein each J 1 , J 2 and J 3 is, independently, H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl and X is O or NJ 1 .
  • the Z group is C 1 -C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more X x , wherein each X x is independently OJ 1 , NJ 1 J 2 , SJ 1 , N 3 , OC( ⁇ X)J 1 , OC( ⁇ X)NJ 1 J 2 , NJ 3 C( ⁇ X)NJ 1 J 2 or CN; wherein each J 1 , J 2 and J 3 is, independently, H or C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and X is O, S or NJ 1 .
  • the Z group is C 1 -C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more X x , wherein each X x is independently halo (e.g., fluoro), hydroxyl, alkoxy (e.g., CH 3 O—), substituted alkoxy or azido.
  • X x is independently halo (e.g., fluoro), hydroxyl, alkoxy (e.g., CH 3 O—), substituted alkoxy or azido.
  • the Z group is —CH 2 X x , wherein X x is OJ 1 , NJ 1 J 2 , SJ 1 , N 3 , OC( ⁇ X)J 1 , OC( ⁇ X)NJ 1 J 2 , NJ 3 C( ⁇ X)NJ 3 J 2 or CN; wherein each J 3 , J 2 and J 3 is, independently, H or C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and X is O, S or NJ 1 .
  • the Z group is CH 2 X x , wherein X x is halo (e.g., fluoro), hydroxyl, alkoxy (e.g., CH 3 O—) or azido.
  • the Z group is in the (R)-configuration:
  • the Z group is in the (S)-configuration:
  • each T 1 and T 2 is a hydroxyl protecting group.
  • a preferred list of hydroxyl protecting groups includes benzyl, benzoyl, 2,6-dichlorobenzyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl, t-butyldiphenylsilyl, mesylate, tosylate, dimethoxytrityl (DMT), 9-phenylxanthine-9-yl (Pixyl) and 9-(p-methoxyphenyl)xanthine-9-yl (MOX).
  • T 1 is a hydroxyl protecting group selected from acetyl, benzyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl, t-butyldiphenylsilyl and dimethoxytrityl wherein a more preferred hydroxyl protecting group is T 1 is 4,4′-dimethoxytrityl.
  • T 2 is a reactive phosphorus group wherein preferred reactive phosphorus groups include diisopropylcyanoethoxy phosphoramidite and H-phosphonate.
  • T 1 is 4,4′-dimethoxytrityl and T 2 is diisopropylcyanoethoxy phosphoramidite.
  • oligomeric compounds have at least one monomer of the formula:
  • Bx is a heterocyclic base moiety
  • T 3 is H, a hydroxyl protecting group, a linked conjugate group or an internucleoside linking group attached to a nucleoside, a nucleotide, an oligonucleotide, an oligonucleotide, a monomeric subunit or an oligomeric compound;
  • T 4 is H, a hydroxyl protecting group, a linked conjugate group or an internucleoside linking group attached to a nucleoside, a nucleotide, an oligonucleotide, an oligonucleotide, a monomeric subunit or an oligomeric compound;
  • T 3 and T 4 is an internucleoside linking group attached to a nucleoside, a nucleotide, an oligonucleotide, an oligonucleotide, a monomeric subunit or an oligomeric compound;
  • Z is C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, substituted C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, acyl, substituted acyl, or substituted amide.
  • each of the substituted groups is, independently, mono or poly substituted with optionally protected substituent groups independently selected from halogen, oxo, hydroxyl, OJ 1 , NJ 1 J 2 , SJ 1 , N 3 , OC( ⁇ X) 1-1 , OC( ⁇ X)NJ 1 J 2 , NJ 3 C( ⁇ X)NJ 1 J 2 and CN, wherein each J 1 , J 2 and J 3 is, independently, H or C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and X is O, S or NJ 1 .
  • each of the substituted groups is, independently, mono or poly substituted with substituent groups independently selected from halogen, oxo, hydroxyl, OJ 1 , NJ 1 J 2 , SJ 1 , N 3 , OC( ⁇ X)J 1 , and NJ 3 C( ⁇ X)NJ 1 J 2 , wherein each J 1 , J 2 and J 3 is, independently, H or C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and X is O or NJ 1 .
  • At least one Z is C 1 -C 6 alkyl or substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, each Z is, independently, C 1 -C 6 alkyl or substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one Z is C 1 -C 6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, each Z is, independently, C 1 -C 6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one Z is methyl. In certain embodiments, each Z is methyl. In certain embodiments, at least one Z is ethyl. In certain embodiments, each Z is ethyl. In certain embodiments, at least one Z is substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • each Z is, independently, substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one Z is substituted methyl. In certain embodiments, each Z is substituted methyl. In certain embodiments, at least one Z is substituted ethyl. In certain embodiments, each Z is substituted ethyl.
  • At least one substituent group is C 1 -C 6 alkoxy (e.g., at least one Z is C 1 -C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more C 1 -C 6 alkoxy).
  • each substituent group is, independently, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy (e.g., each Z is, independently, C 1 -C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more C 1 -C 6 alkoxy).
  • At least one C 1 -C 6 alkoxy substituent group is CH 3 O— (e.g., at least one Z is CH 3 OCH 2 —). In another embodiment, each C 1 -C 6 alkoxy substituent group is CH 3 O— (e.g., each Z is CH 3 OCH 2 —).
  • At least one substituent group is halogen (e.g., at least one Z is C 1 -C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more halogen).
  • each substituent group is, independently, halogen (e.g., each Z is, independently, C 1 -C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more halogen).
  • at least one halogen substituent group is fluoro (e.g., at least one Z is CH 2 FCH 2 —, CHF 2 CH 2 — or CF 3 CH 2 —).
  • each halo substituent group is fluoro (e.g., each Z is, independently, CH 2 FCH 2 —, CHF 2 CH 2 — or CF 3 CH 2 —).
  • At least one substituent group is hydroxyl (e.g., at least one Z is C 1 -C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more hydroxyl). In certain embodiments, each substituent group is, independently, hydroxyl (e.g., each Z is, independently, C 1 -C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more hydroxyl). In certain embodiments, at least one Z is HOCH 2 —. In another embodiment, each Z is HOCH 2 —.
  • At least one Z is CH 3 —, CH 3 CH 2 —, CH 2 OCH 3 —, CH 2 F— or HOCH 2 —.
  • each Z is, independently, CH 3 —, CH 3 CH 2 —, CH 2 OCH 3 —, CH 2 F— or HOCH 2 —.
  • At least one Z group is C 1 -C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more X x , wherein each X x is, independently, OJ 1 , NJ 1 J 2 , SJ 1 , N 3 , OC( ⁇ X)J 1 , OC( ⁇ X)NJ 1 J 2 , NJ 3 C( ⁇ X)NJ 1 J 2 or CN; wherein each J 1 , J 2 and J 3 is, independently, H or C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and X is O, S or NJ 1 .
  • At least one Z group is C 1 -C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more X x , wherein each X x is, independently, halo (e.g., fluoro), hydroxyl, alkoxy (e.g., CH 3 O—) or azido.
  • each Z group is, independently, C 1 -C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more X x , wherein each X x is independently OJ 1 , NJ 1 J 2 , SJ 1 , N 3 , OC( ⁇ X)J 1 , OC( ⁇ X)NJ 1 J 2 , NJ 3 C( ⁇ X)NJ 1 J 2 or CN; wherein each J 1 , J 2 and J 3 is, independently, H or C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and X is O, S or NJ 1 .
  • each Z group is, independently, C 1 -C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more X x , wherein each X x is independently halo (e.g., fluoro), hydroxyl, alkoxy (e.g., CH 3 O—) or azido.
  • X x is independently halo (e.g., fluoro), hydroxyl, alkoxy (e.g., CH 3 O—) or azido.
  • At least one Z group is —CH 2 X x , wherein X x is OJ 1 , NJ 1 J 2 , SJ 1 , N 3 , OC( ⁇ X)J 1 , OC( ⁇ X)NJ 1 J 2 , NJ 3 C( ⁇ X)NJ 1 J 2 or CN; wherein each J 1 , J 2 and J 3 is, independently, H or C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and X is O, S or NJ 1
  • at least one Z group is —CH 2 X x , wherein X x is halo (e.g., fluoro), hydroxyl, alkoxy (e.g., CH 3 O—) or azido.
  • each Z group is, independently, —CH 2 X x , wherein each X x is, independently, OJ 1 , NJ 1 J 2 , SJ 1 , N 3 , OC( ⁇ X)J 1 , OC( ⁇ X)NJ 1 J 2 , NJ 3 C( ⁇ X)NJ 1 J 2 or CN; wherein each J 1 , J 2 and J 3 is, independently, H or C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and X is O, S or NJ 1 .
  • each Z group is, independently, —CH 2 X x , wherein each X x is, independently, halo (e.g., fluoro), hydroxyl, alkoxy (e.g., CH 3 O—) or azido.
  • halo e.g., fluoro
  • hydroxyl e.g., hydroxyl
  • alkoxy e.g., CH 3 O—
  • At least one Z is CH 3 —. In another embodiment, each Z is, CH 3 —.
  • the Z group of at least one monomer is in the (R)-configuration represented by the formula:
  • the Z group of each monomer of the formula is in the (R)-configuration.
  • the Z group of at least one monomer is in the (S)-configuration represented by the formula:
  • the Z group of each monomer of the formula is in the (S)— configuration.
  • T 3 is H or a hydroxyl protecting group. In certain embodiments, T 4 is H or a hydroxyl protecting group. In a further embodiment T 3 is an internucleoside linking group attached to a nucleoside, a nucleotide or a monomeric subunit. In certain embodiments, T 4 is an internucleoside linking group attached to a nucleoside, a nucleotide or a monomeric subunit. In certain embodiments, T 3 is an internucleoside linking group attached to an oligonucleotide or an oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, T 4 is an internucleoside linking group attached to an oligonucleotide or an oligonucleotide.
  • T 3 is an internucleoside linking group attached to an oligomeric compound.
  • T 4 is an internucleoside linking group attached to an oligomeric compound.
  • at least one of T 3 and T 4 comprises an internucleoside linking group selected from phosphodiester or phosphorothioate.
  • oligomeric compounds have at least one region of at least two contiguous monomers of the formula:
  • the oligomeric compound comprises at least two regions of at least two contiguous monomers of the above formula. In certain embodiments, the oligomeric compound comprises a gapped oligomeric compound. In certain embodiments, the oligomeric compound comprises at least one region of from about 8 to about 14 contiguous ⁇ -D-2′-deoxyribofuranosyl nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the oligomeric compound comprises at least one region of from about 9 to about 12 contiguous ⁇ -D-2′-deoxyribofuranosyl nucleosides.
  • monmers include sugar mimetics.
  • a mimetic is used in place of the sugar or sugar-internucleoside linkage combination, and the nucleobase is maintained for hybridization to a selected target.
  • Representative examples of a sugar mimetics include, but are not limited to, cyclohexenyl or morpholino.
  • Representative examples of a mimetic for a sugar-internucleoside linkage combination include, but are not limited to, peptide nucleic acids (PNA) and morpholino groups linked by uncharged achiral linkages. In some instances a mimetic is used in place of the nucleobase.
  • nucleobase mimetics are well known in the art and include, but are not limited to, tricyclic phenoxazine analogs and universal bases (Berger et al., Nuc Acid Res. 2000, 28:2911-14, incorporated herein by reference). Methods of synthesis of sugar, nucleoside and nucleobase mimetics are well known to those skilled in the art.
  • linking groups that link monomers (including, but not limited to, modified and unmodified nucleosides and nucleotides) together, thereby forming an oligomeric compound.
  • the two main classes of linking groups are defined by the presence or absence of a phosphorus atom.
  • Representative phosphorus containing linkages include, but are not limited to, phosphodiesters (P ⁇ O), phosphotriesters, methylphosphonates, phosphoramidate, and phosphorothioates (P ⁇ S).
  • Non-phosphorus containing linking groups include, but are not limited to, methylenemethylimino (—CH 2 —N(CH 3 )—O—CH 2 —), thiodiester (—O—C(O)—S—), thionocarbamate (—O—C(O)(NH)—S—); siloxane (—O—Si(H) 2 —O—); and N,N′-dimethylhydrazine (—CH 2 —N(CH 3 )—N(CH 3 )—). Oligomeric compounds having non-phosphorus linking groups are referred to as oligonucleosides.
  • Modified linkages compared to natural phosphodiester linkages, can be used to alter, typically increase, nuclease resistance of the oligomeric compound.
  • linkages having a chiral atom can be prepared a racemic mixtures, as separate enantomers.
  • Representative chiral linkages include, but are not limited to, alkylphosphonates and phosphorothioates. Methods of preparation of phosphorous-containing and non-phosphorous-containing linkages are well known to those skilled in the art.
  • the oligomeric compounds described herein contain one or more asymmetric centers and thus give rise to enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric configurations that may be defined, in terms of absolute stereochemistry, as (R) or (S), ⁇ or ⁇ such as for sugar anomers, or as (D) or (L) such as for amino acids et al. Included in the antisense compounds provided herein are all such possible isomers, as well as their racemic and optically pure forms.
  • oligomeric compounds having reactive phosphorus groups useful for forming linkages including for example phosphodiester and phosphorothioate internucleoside linkages.
  • Methods of preparation and/or purification of precursors or oligomeric compounds are not a limitation of the compositions or methods provided herein.
  • Methods for synthesis and purification of oligomeric compounds including DNA, RNA, oligonucleotides, oligonucleosides, and antisense compounds are well known to those skilled in the art.
  • oligomeric compounds comprise a plurality of monomeric subunits linked together by linking groups.
  • Nonlimiting examples of oligomeric compounds include primers, probes, antisense compounds, antisense oligonucleotides, external guide sequence (EGS) oligonucleotides, alternate splicers, and siRNAs.
  • these compounds can be introduced in the form of single-stranded, double-stranded, circular, branched or hairpins and can contain structural elements such as internal or terminal bulges or loops.
  • Oligomeric double-stranded compounds can be two strands hybridized to form double-stranded compounds or a single strand with sufficient self complementarity to allow for hybridization and formation of a fully or partially double-stranded compound.
  • the present invention provides chimeric oligomeric compounds.
  • chimeric oligomeric compounds are chimeric oligonucleotides.
  • the chimeric oligonucleotides comprise differently modified nucleotides.
  • chimeric oligonucleotides are mixed-backbone antisense oligonucleotides.
  • a chimeric oligomeric compound will have modified nucleosides that can be in isolated positions or grouped together in regions that will define a particular motif. Any combination of modifications and/or mimetic groups can comprise a chimeric oligomeric compound as described herein.
  • chimeric oligomeric compounds typically comprise at least one region modified so as to confer increased resistance to nuclease degradation, increased cellular uptake, and/or increased binding affinity for the target nucleic acid.
  • an additional region of the oligomeric compound may serve as a substrate for enzymes capable of cleaving RNA:DNA or RNA:RNA hybrids.
  • RNase H is a cellular endonuclease that cleaves the RNA strand of an RNA:DNA duplex. Activation of RNase H, therefore, results in cleavage of the RNA target, thereby greatly enhancing the efficiency of inhibition of gene expression.
  • RNA target can be routinely detected by gel electrophoresis and, if necessary, associated nucleic acid hybridization techniques known in the art.
  • chimeric oligomeric compounds are gapmers. In certain embodiments, chimeric compounds are short antisense compounds. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are gapmers. In certain such embodiments, a mixed-backbone antisense oligomer has one type of internucleotide linkages in one or both wings and a different type of internucleotide linkages in the gap. In certain such embodiments, the mixed-backbone antisense oligonucleotide has phosphodiester linkages in the wings and phosphorothioate linkages in the gap.
  • the internucleotide linkage bridging that wing and the gap is the same as the internucleotide linkage in the wing. In certain embodiments in which the internucleotide linkages in a wing is different from the internucleotide linkages in the gap, the internucleotide linkage bridging that wing and the gap is the same as the internucleotide linkage in the gap.
  • short antisense compounds are 9 to 14 nucleotides in length.
  • short antisense compounds are 10 to 14 nucleotides in length.
  • such short antisense compounds are short antisense oligonucleotides.
  • short antisense compounds comprise one or more chemical modifications. In certain such embodiments, short antisense compounds comprise at least one modified nucleotide. In certain embodiments short antisense compounds comprise at least two or more modified nucleotides. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds comprise at least one modified internucleotide linkage. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are mixed-backbone oligonucleotides. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are chimeric oligonucleotides. In certain embodiments, short antisense oligonucleotides are uniformly modified. In certain embodiments, short antisense oligonucleotides comprise modifications independently selected at each nucleobase and at each linkage.
  • short antisense compounds are short gapmers.
  • short gapmers comprise at least one high affinity modification in one or more wings of the compound.
  • short antisense compounds comprise 1 to 3 high-affinity modifications in each wing.
  • high affinity modifications of the short antisense compounds allow for a target affinity similar to, or even greater than, the target affinity of longer antisense compounds.
  • the high-affinity modified nucleotides are sugar modified nucleotides. Such sugar modified nucleotides include those comprising a bridge between the 4′ and 2′ position of the sugar. Exemplary high affinity sugar modifications include, but are not limited to, BNA s and other 2′-modifications such as 2′-MOE.
  • the high affinity modified nucleotide is not a 2′-OCH 3 or a 2′-OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 nucleotide.
  • the high-affinity modified nucleotides confer a T m of at least 1, at least 1.5, at least 2, at least 2.5, at least 3.0, at least 3.5 or at least 4.0 degrees per nucleotide.
  • short antisense compounds having a limited number (generally 2 to 6) of high affinity modifications exhibit little to no increase in toxicity but retain or increase affinity for the target RNA, while also significantly reducing expression of the RNA target.
  • Short antisense compounds of the invention may optionally comprise a conjugate group, such as, for example, cholesterol or C 1-6 .
  • the short antisense compounds comprise a 5′ wing and/or a 3′ wing.
  • the features of the 3′ wing and the features of the 5′ wing are selected independently.
  • the number of monomers in the 5′ wing and the number of monomers (length) in the 3′ wing may be the same or may be different;
  • the modifications, if any, in the 5′ wing may be the same as the modifications, if any, in the 3′ wing or such modifications, if any, may be different;
  • the monomeric linkages in the 5′ wing and the monomeric linkages in the 3′ wing may be the same or they may be different.
  • a wing comprises one, two or three monomers (i.e. has a length of 1, 2, or 3).
  • the monomers of a wing are modified.
  • the monomers of the wing are modified to increase affinity of the antisense compound for its target nucleic acid.
  • the monomers of a wing are nucleosides or nucleotides.
  • the nucleosides or nucleotides of the wing comprise a 2′ modification.
  • the monomers (nucleosides or nucleotides) of the wing are BNA's.
  • the monomers of the wing are selected from ⁇ -L-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH 2 —O-2′) BNA, ⁇ -D-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH 2 —O-2′) BNA, Ethyleneoxy (4′-(CH 2 ) 2 —O-2′) BNA, Aminooxy (4′-CH 2 —O—N(R)-2′) BNA and Oxyamino (4′-CH 2 —N(R)—O-2′) BNA.
  • the monomers of a wing comprise a substituent at the 2′ position selected from allyl, amino, azido, thio, O-allyl, O—C 1 -C 10 alkyl, —OCF 3 , O—(CH 2 ) 2 —O—CH 3 , 2′-O(CH 2 ) 2 SCH 3 , O—(CH 2 ) 2 —O—N(R m )(R n ), and O—CH 2 —C( ⁇ O)—N(R m )(R n ), where each R m and R n is, independently, H or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 10 alkyl.
  • the monomers of a wing are 2′MOE nucleotides.
  • the monomeric linkages in a wing are naturally occurring internucleotide linkages. In certain embodiments, the monomeric linkages in a wing are non-naturally occurring internucleotide or internucleoside linkages. In certain such embodiments, the monomeric linkages in the wing are more resistant to one or more nucleases than naturally occurring internucleotide linkages. In certain such embodiments, the monomeric linkages in the wing are phosphorothioate linkages (P ⁇ S). In certain embodiments where a wing has more than one monomeric linkage, the monomeric linkages are the same as one another. In certain embodiments where a wing has more than one monomers linkage, the monomers linkages are different from each other.
  • P ⁇ S phosphorothioate linkages
  • a wing comprises two, three or four monomers
  • those two, three or four monomers all comprise the same modifications, if any.
  • one or more of those two, three or four nucleobases comprises one or more modifications that is different from one or more of the modifications of one or more of the remaining monomers.
  • the short antisense compounds comprise a gap between the 5′ wing and the 3′ wing.
  • the gap comprises five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, or fourteen monomers.
  • the monomers of the gap are unmodified deoxyribonucleotides.
  • the monomers of the gap are unmodified ribonucleotides.
  • gap modifications (if any) gap result in an antisense compound that, when bound to its target nucleic acid, supports cleavage by an RNase, including, but not limited to, RNase H.
  • the monomeric linkages in the gap are naturally occurring internucleotide linkages. In certain embodiments, the monomeric linkages in the gap are non-naturally occurring linkages. In certain such embodiments, the monomeric linkages in the gap are more resistant to one or more nuclease than naturally occurring internucleotide linkages. In certain such embodiments, the monomeric linkages in the gap are phosphorothioate linkages (P ⁇ S). In certain embodiments, the monomeric linkages in the gap are all the same as one another. In certain embodiments, the monomeric linkages within the gap are not all the same.
  • the wings and the gaps discussed above may be selected and then combined in a variety of combinations to generate gapped oligomeric compounds, including, but not limited to, gapped antisense oligomeric compounds, and gapped antisense oligonucleotides.
  • the features (length, modifications, linkages) of the 5′ wing and the 3′ wing may be selected independently of one another.
  • the features of the gap include at least one difference in modification compared to the features of the 5′ wing and at least one difference compared to the features of the 3′ wing (i.e., there must be at least one difference in modification between neighboring regions to distinguish those neighboring regions from one another).
  • the features of the gap may otherwise be selected independently.
  • the monomeric linkages within a wing and the monomeric linkages within the gap are the same. In certain embodiments, the monomeric linkages within a wing and the monomeric linkages within the gap are different. In certain such embodiments, the monomeric linkage bridging the wing and the gap are the same as the monomeric linkages in the wing. In certain embodiments, the monomeric linkage bridging the wing and the gap are the same as the monomeric linkages in the gap. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds have uniform linkages throughout the compound. In certain such embodiments, all of the linkages are phosphorothioate (P ⁇ S) linkages.
  • P ⁇ S phosphorothioate
  • 3′ wings, 5′ wings, gaps, and linkages discussed above may be used in any combination to prepare a gapmer.
  • the table below provides non-limiting examples showing how one might prepare a gapmer by selecting a certain 5′ wing, a gap, a 3′ wing and certain linkages bridging the gap and each wing.
  • the oligomeric compounds disclosed herein may comprise from about 8 to about 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 monomers (i.e. from about 8 to about 16 linked monomers).
  • oligomeric compounds are antisense compounds.
  • short antisense compounds are 8 nucleobases in length.
  • short antisense compounds are 9 nucleobases in length.
  • short antisense compounds are 10 nucleobases in length.
  • short antisense compounds are 11 nucleobases in length.
  • short antisense compounds are 12 nucleobases in length.
  • short antisense compounds are 13 nucleobases in length.
  • short antisense compounds are 14 nucleobases in length.
  • short antisense compounds are 15 nucleobases in length.
  • short antisense compounds are 16 nucleobases in length.
  • short antisense compounds are 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are 11 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are 13 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are 16 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds comprise 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds comprise 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds comprise 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds comprise 12 to 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.
  • short antisense compounds comprise a gap flanked by more than one wing on either or both sides.
  • a short antisense compound comprises two or more 5′ wings and two or more 3′ wings.
  • a short antisense compound comprises one 5′ wing and two or more 3′ wings.
  • a short antisense compound comprises one 3′ wing and two or more 5′ wings.
  • Certain such embodiments comprise, for example, the following regions: a first 5′ wing—a bridge—a second 5′ wing—a bridge—a gap—a bridge—a second 3′ wing—a bridge—a first 3′wing. In such embodiments, each region has at least one difference in modification when compared to its neighboring region.
  • the second 5′ wing and the second 3′ wing each independently comprises one or more differences in modification compared to the gap and compared to the first 5′ wing and the first 3′ wing.
  • the modifications of the first 3′ wing and first 5′ wing may either or both be the same or different from the modifications of the gap, if any.
  • oligomeric compounds are modified by covalent attachment of one or more conjugate groups.
  • conjugate groups modify one or more properties of the attached oligomeric compound including but not limited to pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, binding, absorption, cellular distribution, cellular uptake, charge and clearance.
  • Conjugate groups are routinely used in the chemical arts and are linked directly or via an optional linking moiety or linking group to a parent compound such as an oligomeric compound.
  • conjugate groups includes without limitation, intercalators, reporter molecules, polyamines, polyamides, polyethylene glycols, thioethers, polyethers, cholesterols, thiocholesterols, cholic acid moieties, folate, lipids, phospholipids, biotin, phenazine, phenanthridine, anthraquinone, adamantane, acridine, fluoresceins, rhodamines, coumarins and dyes.
  • Linking groups or bifunctional linking moieties such as those known in the art are amenable to the compounds provided herein. Linking groups are useful for attachment of chemical functional groups, conjugate groups, reporter groups and other groups to selective sites in a parent compound such as for example an oligomeric compound.
  • a bifunctional linking moiety comprises a hydrocarbyl moiety having two functional groups. One of the functional groups is selected to bind to a parent molecule or compound of interest and the other is selected to bind essentially any selected group such as chemical functional group or a conjugate group.
  • the linker comprises a chain structure or an oligomer of repeating units such as ethylene glycol or amino acid units.
  • bifunctional linking moieties include amino, hydroxyl, carboxylic acid, thiol, unsaturations (e.g., double or triple bonds), and the like.
  • bifunctional linking moieties include 8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid (ADO), succinimidyl 4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (SMCC) and 6-aminohexanoic acid (AHEX or AHA).
  • linking groups include, but are not limited to, substituted C 1 -C 10 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 10 alkenyl or substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 10 alkynyl, wherein a nonlimiting list of preferred substituent groups includes hydroxyl, amino, alkoxy, carboxy, benzyl, phenyl, nitro, thiol, thioalkoxy, halogen, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl and alkynyl.
  • Oligomerization of modified and unmodified nucleosides and nucleotides can be routinely performed according to literature procedures for DNA (Protocols for Oligonucleotides and Analogs, Ed. Agrawal (1993), Humana Press) and/or RNA (Scaringe, Methods (2001), 23, 206-217. Gait et al., Applications of Chemically synthesized RNA in RNA: Protein Interactions, Ed. Smith (1998), 1-36. Gallo et al., Tetrahedron (2001), 57, 5707-5713).
  • Oligomeric compounds provided herein can be conveniently and routinely made through the well-known technique of solid phase synthesis.
  • Equipment for such synthesis is sold by several vendors including, for example, Applied Biosystems (Foster City, Calif.). Any other means for such synthesis known in the art may additionally or alternatively be employed. It is well known to use similar techniques to prepare oligonucleotides such as the phosphorothioates and alkylated derivatives.
  • the invention is not limited by the method of antisense compound synthesis.
  • Analysis methods include capillary electrophoresis (CE) and electrospray-mass spectroscopy. Such synthesis and analysis methods can be performed in multi-well plates.
  • the method of the invention is not limited by the method of oligomer purification.
  • Antisense mechanisms are all those involving the hybridization of a compound with target nucleic acid, wherein the outcome or effect of the hybridization is either target degradation or target occupancy with concomitant stalling of the cellular machinery involving, for example, transcription or splicing.
  • RNase H is a cellular endonuclease which cleaves the RNA strand of an RNA:DNA duplex. It is known in the art that single-stranded antisense compounds which are “DNA-like” elicit RNAse H activity in mammalian cells. Activation of RNase H, therefore, results in cleavage of the RNA target, thereby greatly enhancing the efficiency of DNA-like oligonucleotide-mediated inhibition of gene expression.
  • chemically-modified antisense compounds have a higher affinity for target RNAs than does non-modified DNA. In certain such embodiments, that higher affinity in turn provides increased potency allowing for the administration of lower doses of such compounds, reduced potential for toxicity and improvement in therapeutic index and decreased overall cost of therapy.
  • the present disclosure demonstrates that the incorporation of chemically-modified high-affinity nucleotides and nucleosides into antisense compounds allows for the design of short antisense compounds 8-16 nucleobases in length useful for the reduction of target RNAs and/or target proteins in cells, tissues, and animals, including, but not limited to, humans with increased potency and improved therapeutic index.
  • short antisense compounds comprising high-affinity nucleotide modifications useful for reducing a target RNA in vivo.
  • Certain such short antisense compounds are effective at lower doses than previously described antisense compounds, allowing for a reduction in toxicity and cost of treatment.
  • certain short antisense compounds have greater potential for oral dosing.
  • short antisense compounds (8-16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 nucleotides in length) with increased activity in vivo relative to longer compounds.
  • Certain short antisense compounds are gapmer compounds comprising high-affinity chemically-modified nucleotides on the 3′ and 5′ ends (wings) of the compound.
  • the addition of high-affinity modified nucleotides allows antisense compounds to be active against, and specific for, their intended target RNA in vivo despite being shorter in length.
  • Contemplated herein are short antisense compounds wherein each of the wings independently comprises 1 to 3 high-affinity modified nucleotides.
  • the high-affinity modifications are sugar modifications.
  • High-affinity modified nucleotides include, but are not limited to, BNA s or other 2′-modified nucleotides, such as 2′-MOE nucleotides.
  • short antisense compounds having at least one modified internucleotide linkage, such as a phosphorothioate internucleotide linkage.
  • the short antisense compounds of the present invention can have all phosphorothioate internucleoside linkages.
  • the short antisense compounds optionally comprise a conjugate group. As shown herein, short antisense compounds have greater affinity for target RNA than they have for DNA and are significantly more potent in vivo as shown by reduction of target mRNA as well as by amelioration of a variety of disease indications.
  • an RNA which is involved in regulating glucose metabolism or clearance, lipid metabolism, cholesterol metabolism or insulin metabolism is any RNA involved in the biochemical pathways that regulate these processes.
  • RNAs are well known in the art.
  • target genes include, but are not limited to, ApoB-100 (also known as APOB; Ag(x) antigen; apoB-48; apolipoprotein B; apolipoprotein B-100; apolipoprotein B48) and GCGR (also known as glucagon receptor; GR), CRP, DGAT2, GCCR, PCSK9, PTEN, PTP1B, SGLT2, and SOD1.
  • a target is identified and antisense oligonucleotides are designed to modulate that target or its expression.
  • designing an oligomeric compound to a target nucleic acid molecule can be a multistep process. Typically the process begins with the identification of a target protein, the activity of which is to be modulated, and then identifying the nucleic acid the expression of which yields the target protein.
  • designing of an antisense compound results in an antisense compound that is hybridizable to the targeted nucleic acid molecule.
  • the antisense compound is an antisense oligonucleotide or antisense oligonucleoside.
  • an antisense compound and a target nucleic acid are complementary to one another. In certain such embodiments, an antisense compound is perfectly complementary to a target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, an antisense compound includes one mismatch. In certain embodiments, an antisense compound includes two mismatches. In certain embodiments, an antisense compound includes three or more mismatches.
  • RNA to be modulated include, but are not limited to, translocation functions, which include, but are not limited to, translocation of the RNA to a site of protein translation, translocation of the RNA to sites within the cell which are distant from the site of RNA synthesis, and translation of protein from the RNA.
  • RNA processing functions that can be modulated include, but are not limited to, splicing of the RNA to yield one or more RNA species, capping of the RNA, 3′ maturation of the RNA and catalytic activity or complex formation involving the RNA which may be engaged in or facilitated by the RNA.
  • Modulation of expression can result in the increased level of one or more nucleic acid species or the decreased level of one or more nucleic acid species, either temporally or by net steady state level.
  • modulation of expression can mean increase or decrease in target RNA or protein levels.
  • modulation of expression can mean an increase or decrease of one or more RNA splice products, or a change in the ratio of two or more splice products.
  • expression of a target gene is modulated using an oligomeric compound comprising from about 8 to about 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 monomers (i.e. from about 8 to about 16 linked monomers).
  • an oligomeric compound comprising from about 8 to about 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 monomers (i.e. from about 8 to about 16 linked monomers).
  • methods of modulating a target gene comprises use of a short antisense compound that is 8 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating a target gene comprises use of a short antisense compound that is 9 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating a target gene comprises use of a short antisense compound that is 8 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating a target gene comprises use of a short antisense compound that is 10 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating a target gene comprises use of a short antisense compound that is 10 nucleobases in length.
  • methods of modulating a target gene comprises use of a short antisense compound that is 11 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating a target gene comprises use of a short antisense compound that is 12 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating a target gene comprises use of a short antisense compound that is 13 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating a target gene comprises use of a short antisense compound that is 14 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating a target gene comprises use of a short antisense compound that is 15 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating a target gene comprises use of a short antisense compound that is 16 nucleobases in length.
  • methods of modulating expression of a target gene comprises use of a short antisense compound comprising 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of a target gene comprises use of a short antisense compound comprising 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of a target gene comprises use of a short antisense compound comprising 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of a target gene comprises use of a short antisense compound comprising 12 or 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.
  • antisense compounds specifically hybridize when there is a sufficient degree of complementarity to avoid non-specific binding of the antisense compound to non-target nucleic acid sequences under conditions in which specific binding is desired, i.e., under physiological conditions in the case of in vivo assays or therapeutic treatment, and under conditions in which assays are performed in the case of in vitro assays.
  • stringent hybridization conditions or “stringent conditions” refers to conditions under which an antisense compound will hybridize to its target sequence, but to a minimal number of other sequences. Stringent conditions are sequence-dependent and will be different in different circumstances, and “stringent conditions” under which antisense compounds hybridize to a target sequence are determined by the nature and composition of the antisense compounds and the assays in which they are being investigated.
  • T m melting temperature
  • Antisense compounds, or a portion thereof, may have a defined percent identity to a SEQ ID NO, or a compound having a specific Isis number.
  • a sequence is identical to the sequence disclosed herein if it has the same nucleobase pairing ability.
  • an RNA which contains uracil in place of thymidine in the disclosed sequences of the compounds described herein would be considered identical as they both pair with adenine.
  • This identity may be over the entire length of the oligomeric compound, or in a portion of the antisense compound (e.g., nucleobases 1-20 of a 27-mer may be compared to a 20-mer to determine percent identity of the oligomeric compound to the SEQ ID NO.
  • an antisense compound need not have an identical sequence to those described herein to function similarly to the antisense compound described herein.
  • Shortened versions of antisense compounds taught herein, or non-identical versions of the antisense compounds taught herein, are also provided herein.
  • Non-identical versions are those wherein each base does not have the same pairing activity as the antisense compounds disclosed herein. Bases do not have the same pairing activity by being shorter or having at least one abasic site.
  • a non-identical version can include at least one base replaced with a different base with different pairing activity (e.g., G can be replaced by C, A, or T).
  • Percent identity is calculated according to the number of bases that have identical base pairing corresponding to the SEQ ID NO or antisense compound to which it is being compared.
  • the non-identical bases may be adjacent to each other, dispersed through out the oligonucleotide, or both.
  • a 16-mer having the same sequence as nucleobases 2-17 of a 20-mer is 80% identical to the 20-mer.
  • a 20-mer containing four nucleobases not identical to the 20-mer is also 80% identical to the 20-mer.
  • a 14-mer having the same sequence as nucleobases 1-14 of an 18-mer is 78% identical to the 18-mer.
  • the percent identity is based on the percent of nucleobases in the original sequence present in a portion of the modified sequence. Therefore, a 30 nucleobase antisense compound comprising the full sequence of the complement of a 20 nucleobase active target segment would have a portion of 100% identity with the complement of the 20 nucleobase active target segment, while further comprising an additional 10 nucleobase portion.
  • the complement of an active target segment may constitute a single portion.
  • the oligonucleotides provided herein are at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or 100% identical to at least a portion of the complement of the active target segments presented herein.
  • short antisense compounds may be designed to target any target nucleic acid.
  • the target nucleic acid encodes a target that is clinically relevant. In such embodiments, modulation of the target nucleic acid results in clinical benefit.
  • Certain target nucleic acids include, but are not limited to, the target nucleic acids illustrated in Table 1.
  • a target nucleic acid is a nucleic acid molecule encoding ApoB.
  • Nucleic acid molecules that encode ApoB include, without limitation, SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • a target nucleic acid is a nucleic acid molecule encoding SGLT2.
  • Nucleic acid molecules that encode SGLT2 include, without limitation, SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • a target nucleic acid is a nucleic acid molecule encoding PCSK9.
  • Nucleic acid molecules that encode PCSK9 include, without limitation, SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • a target nucleic acid is a nucleic acid molecule encoding SOD1.
  • Nucleic acid molecules that encode SOD1 include, without limitation, SEQ ID NO: 5.
  • a target nucleic acid is a nucleic acid molecule encoding CRP.
  • Nucleic acid molecules that encode CRP include, without limitation, SEQ ID NO: 6.
  • a target nucleic acid is a nucleic acid molecule encoding GCCR.
  • Nucleic acid molecules that encode GCCR include, without limitation, SEQ ID NO: 7 and SEQ ID NO: 8.
  • a target nucleic acid is a nucleic acid molecule encoding GCGR.
  • Nucleic acid molecules that encode GCGR include, without limitation, SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • a target nucleic acid is a nucleic acid molecule encoding DGAT2.
  • Nucleic acid molecules that encode DGAT2 include, without limitation, SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • a target nucleic acid is a nucleic acid molecule encoding PTP1B.
  • Nucleic acid molecules that encode PTP1B include, without limitation, SEQ ID NO: 11 and SEQ ID NO: 12.
  • a target nucleic acid is a nucleic acid molecule encoding PTEN.
  • Nucleic acid molecules that encode PTEN include, without limitation, SEQ ID NO: 14 or SEQ ID NO: 15.
  • the targeting process usually includes determination of at least one target region, segment, or site within the target nucleic acid for the antisense interaction to occur such that the desired effect will result.
  • the 5′-most nucleotide of a target region is the 5′ target site of a short antisense compound and the 3′-most nucleotide of a target region is the 3′ target site of the same short antisense compound. In certain embodiments, the 5′-most nucleotide of a target region is the 5′ target site of a short antisense compound and the 3′-most nucleotide of a target region is the 3′ target site of a different short antisense compound. In certain embodiments, a target region comprises a nucleotide sequence within 10, 15, or 20 nucleotides of a 5′ target site or a 3′ target site.
  • a target region is a structurally defined region of the nucleic acid.
  • a target region may encompass a 3′ UTR, a 5′ UTR, an exon, an intron, a coding region, a translation initiation region, translation termination region, or other defined nucleic acid region.
  • the target nucleic acid having one or more active short antisense compounds targeted thereto is a target RNA.
  • the compounds are preferably separated by no more than about 10 nucleotides on the target sequence, more preferably no more than about 5 nucleotides on the target sequence, even more preferably the short antisense compounds are contiguous, most preferably the short antisense compounds are overlapping. There may be substantial variation in activity (e.g., as defined by percent inhibition) of the short antisense compounds within an active target segment.
  • Active short antisense compounds are those that modulate the expression of their target nucleic acid, including but not limited to a target RNA. Active short antisense compounds inhibit expression of their target RNA at least 10%, preferably 20%. In a preferred embodiment, at least about 50%, preferably about 70% of the short antisense compounds targeted to the active target segment modulate expression of their target RNA at least 40%. In a more preferred embodiment, the level of inhibition required to define an active short antisense compound is defined based on the results from the screen used to define the active target segments.
  • a suitable target segment is at least about an 8-nucleobase portion of a target region to which an active short antisense compound is targeted.
  • Target segments can include DNA or RNA sequences that comprise at least the 8 consecutive nucleobases from the 5′-terminus of one of the illustrative target segments (the remaining nucleobases being a consecutive stretch of the same DNA or RNA beginning immediately upstream of the 5′-terminus of the target segment and continuing until the DNA or RNA comprises about 8 to about 16 nucleobases).
  • Target segments are also represented by DNA or RNA sequences that comprise at least the 8 consecutive nucleobases from the 3′-terminus of one of the illustrative target segments (the remaining nucleobases being a consecutive stretch of the same DNA or RNA beginning immediately downstream of the 3′-terminus of the target segment and continuing until the DNA or RNA comprises about 8 to about 16 nucleobases).
  • antisense target segments may be represented by DNA or RNA sequences that comprise at least 8 consecutive nucleobases from an internal portion of the sequence of an illustrative target segment, and may extend in either or both directions until the short antisense compound comprises about 8 to about 16 nucleobases.
  • short antisense compounds are chosen which are sufficiently complementary to the target, i.e., hybridize sufficiently well and with sufficient specificity, to give the desired effect.
  • the short antisense compounds may also be targeted to regions of the target nucleobase sequence comprising any consecutive nucleobases 8 to 16 nucleobases in length along the target nucleic acid molecule.
  • Target segments 8-16 nucleobases in length comprising a stretch of at least eight (8) consecutive nucleobases selected from within the illustrative target segments are considered to be suitable for targeting as well.
  • the short antisense compounds may also encompass 8-16 nucleobases within those segments identified herein as beginning at a particular 5′ target site. Any segment of 8, 9, 10, 11, or more preferably 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 contiguous nucleobases in a 50, preferably 25, more preferably 16 nucleobase perimeter around these regions are also considered to be suitable for targeting.
  • the “suitable target segments” identified herein may be employed in a screen for additional short antisense compounds that modulate the expression of a target nucleic acid.
  • “Modulators” are those compounds that decrease or increase the expression of a target nucleic acid and which comprise at least an 8-nucleobase portion which is complementary to a target segment.
  • the screening method comprises the steps of contacting a target segment of a nucleic acid with one or more candidate modulators, and selecting for one or more candidate modulators which decrease or increase the expression of a target nucleic acid.
  • the candidate modulator or modulators are capable of modulating (e.g. either decreasing or increasing) the expression of a target nucleic acid, the modulator may then be employed in further investigative studies of the function of the target, or for use as a research, diagnostic, or therapeutic agent in accordance with the present invention.
  • sequence, monomer, monomeric modification, and monomeric linkage may each be selected independently.
  • short antisense compounds are described by a motif.
  • any motif may be used with any sequence, whether or not the sequence and/or the motif is specifically disclosed herein.
  • short antisense compounds comprise modifications that are not amenable to description by motif (for example, short antisense compounds comprising several different modifications and/or linkages at various positions throughout the compound). Such combinations may be incorporated for any sequence, whether or not it is disclosed herein.
  • sequence listing accompanying this filing provides certain nucleic acid sequences independent of chemical modification. Though that listing identifies each sequence as either “RNA” or “DNA” as required, in reality, those sequences may be modified with any combination of chemical modifications and/or motifs.
  • short antisense compounds comprise at least one high-affinity modified monomer.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to nucleic acid molecules encoding targets including, but not limited to, ApoB-100 (also known as APOB; Ag(x) antigen; apoB48; apolipoprotein B; apolipoprotein B-100; apolipoprotein B48), GCGR (also known as glucagon receptor; GR), CRP, DGAT2, GCCR, PCSK9, PTEN, PTP1B, SGLT2, and SOD1.
  • ApoB-100 also known as APOB
  • Ag(x) antigen also known as APOB
  • apoB48 apolipoprotein B
  • apolipoprotein B-100 apolipoprotein B48
  • GCGR also known as glucagon receptor
  • CRP CRP
  • DGAT2 DGAT2
  • GCCR PCSK9
  • PTEN PTP1B
  • SGLT2 SGLT
  • short antisense compounds may be designed to modulate any target.
  • the target is clinically relevant. In such embodiments, modulation of the target results in clinical benefit.
  • Certain targets are preferentially expressed in the kidney.
  • Certain targets are preferentially expressed in the liver.
  • Certain targets are associated with a metabolic disorder.
  • Certain targets are associated to a cardiovascular disorder.
  • a target is selected from: ApoB, SGLT2, PCSK9, SOD1, CRP, GCCR, GCGR, DGAT2, PTP1B, and PTEN.
  • a target is selected from: ApoB, SGLT2, PCSK9, SOD1, CRP, GCCR, GCGR, DGAT2, and PTP1B.
  • a target is any protein other than SGLT2.
  • short antisense compounds exhibit liver and kidney-specific target RNA reduction in vivo. Such property renders those short antisense compounds particularly useful for inhibition of many target RNAs involved in metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.
  • methods of treating cardiovascular or metabolic disorders by contacting said kidney or liver tissues with short antisense compounds targeted to RNAs associated with said disorders.
  • methods for ameliorating any of a variety of metabolic or cardiovascular disease indications with the short antisense compounds of the present invention are also provided.
  • ApoB also known as apolipoprotein B-100; ApoB-100, apolipoprotein B-48; ApoB-48 and Ag(x) antigen
  • ApoB performs a variety of activities, from the absorption and processing of dietary lipids to the regulation of circulating lipoprotein levels (Davidson and Shelness, Annu. Rev. Nutr., 2000, 20, 169-193).
  • ApoB-100 is the major protein component of LDL-C and contains the domain required for interaction of this lipoprotein species with the LDL receptor. Elevated levels of LDL-C are a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, including atherosclerosis.
  • ApoB is the gene product or protein of which expression is to be modulated by administration of a short antisense compound.
  • ApoB nucleic acid means any nucleic acid encoding ApoB.
  • a ApoB nucleic acid includes, without limitation, a DNA sequence encoding ApoB, an RNA sequence transcribed from DNA encoding ApoB, and an mRNA sequence encoding ApoB.
  • ApoB mRNA means an mRNA encoding ApoB.
  • the invention provides methods of modulating the expression of ApoB in an individual comprising administering a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods of treating an individual comprising administering one or more pharmaceutical compositions comprising a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid.
  • the individual has hypercholesterolemia, non-familial hypercholesterolemia, familial hypercholesterolemia, heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, mixed dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, a risk of developing atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, a history of coronary heart disease, early onset coronary heart disease, one or more risk factors for coronary heart disease, type II diabetes, type II diabetes with dyslipidemia, dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperfattyacidemia, hepatic steatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
  • LDL-C levels 130-159 mg/dL, 160-189 mg/dL, and greater than or equal to 190 mg/dL are considered borderline high, high, and very high, respectively.
  • Total cholesterol levels of 200-239 and greater than or equal to 240 mg/dL are considered borderline high and high, respectively.
  • HDL-C levels of less than 40 mg/dL are considered low.
  • the individual has been identified as in need of lipid-lowering therapy. In certain such embodiments, the individual has been identified as in need of lipid-lowering therapy according to the guidelines established in 2001 by Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP), and updated in 2004 (Grundy et al., Circulation, 2004, 110, 227-239).
  • the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy has LDL-C above 190 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments, the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy has LDL-C above 160 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments, the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy has LDL-C above 130 mg/dL.
  • the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy has LDL-C above 100 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy should maintain LDL-C below 160 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy should maintain LDL-C below 130 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy should maintain LDL-C below 100 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments the individual should maintain LDL-C below 70 mg/dL.
  • the invention provides methods for reducing ApoB in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing ApoB-containing lipoprotein in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing LDL-C in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing VLDL-C in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing IDL-C in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing non-HDL-C in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing Lp(a) in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing serum triglyceride in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing liver triglyceride in an individual.
  • the invention provides methods for reducing Ox-LDL-C in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing small LDL particles in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing small VLDL particles in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing phospholipids in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing oxidized phospholipids in an individual.
  • the invention provides methods for reducing Ox-LDL-C concentration in a subject.
  • the reduction in ApoB, LDL-C, VLDL-C, IDL-C, total cholesterol, non-HDL-C, Lp(a), triglyerides, or Ox-LDL-C is, independently, selected from at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, and at least 100%.
  • the reduction in ApoB, LDL-C, VLDL-C, IDL-C, total cholesterol, non-HDL-C, Lp(a), triglyerides, or Ox-LDL-C is, independently, selected from at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, and at least 70%. In certain such embodiments, the reduction in ApoB, LDL-C, VLDL-C, IDL-C, total cholesterol, non-HDL-C, Lp(a), triglyerides, or Ox-LDL-C is, independently, selected from at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, and at least 70%.
  • the invention provides method for raising HDL-C concentration in a subject.
  • the methods provided by the present invention do not lower HDL-C. In certain embodiments, the methods provided by the present invention do not result in accumulation of lipids in the liver. In certain embodiments, the methods provided by the present invention do not cause hepatic steatosis.
  • the invention provides methods for lowering ApoB concentration in a subject while reducing side effects associated with treatment.
  • a side effect is liver toxicity.
  • a side effect is abnormal liver function.
  • a side effect is elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT).
  • a side effect is elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST).
  • the invention provides methods for lowering ApoB concentration in a subject who is not reaching target LDL-C levels as a result of lipid-lowering therapy.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid is the only lipid-lowering agent administered to the subject.
  • the subject has not complied with recommended lipid-lowering therapy.
  • a pharmaceutical composition of the invention is co-administered with an additional different lipid-lowering therapy.
  • an additional lipid-lowering therapy is LDL-apheresis.
  • an additional lipid-lowering therapy is a statin.
  • an additional lipid-lowering therapy is ezetimibe.
  • the invention provides methods for lowering ApoB concentration in a statin-intolerant subject.
  • the subject has creatine kinase concentration increases as a result of statin administration.
  • the subject has liver function abnormalities as a result of statin administration.
  • the subject has muscle aches as a result of statin administration.
  • the subject has central nervous system side effects as a result of statin administration.
  • the subject has not complied with recommended statin administration.
  • the invention provides methods for lowering liver triglycerides in a subject.
  • the subject has elevated liver triglycerides. In certain such embodiments, the subject has steatohepatitis. In certain such embodiments, the subject has steatosis. In certain such embodiments, liver triglyceride levels are measured by magnetic resonance imaging.
  • the invention provides methods for reducing coronary heart disease risk in a subject. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for slowing the progression of atherosclerosis in a subject. In certain such embodiments the invention provides methods for stopping the progression of atherosclerosis in a subject. In certain such embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing the size and/or prevalence of atherosclerotic plaques in a subject. In certain embodiments the methods provided reduce a subject's risk of developing atherosclerosis.
  • the methods provided improve the cardiovascular outcome in a subject.
  • improved cardiovascular outcome is the reduction of the risk of developing coronary heart disease.
  • improved cardiovascular outcome is a reduction in the occurrence of one or more major cardiovascular events, which include, but are not limited to, death, myocardial infarction, reinfarction, stroke, cardiogenic shock, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrest, and atrial dysrhythmia.
  • the improved cardiovascular outcome is evidenced by improved carotid intimal media thickness.
  • improved carotid intimal media thickness is a decrease in thickness.
  • improved carotid intimal media thickness is a prevention an increase of intimal media thickness.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid is for use in therapy.
  • the therapy is the reduction of LDL-C, ApoB, VLDL-C, IDL-C, non-HDL-C, Lp(a), serum triglyceride, liver triglyceride, Ox-LDL-C, small LDL particles, small VLDL, phospholipids, or oxidized phospholipids in an individual.
  • the therapy is the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, non-familial hypercholesterolemia, familial hypercholesterolemia, heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, mixed dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, a risk of developing atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, a history of coronary heart disease, early onset coronary heart disease, one or more risk factors for coronary heart disease, type II diabetes, type II diabetes with dyslipidemia, dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperfattyacidemia, hepatic steatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
  • the therapy is the reduction of CHD risk.
  • the therapy is prevention of atherosclerosis.
  • the therapy is the prevention of coronary heart disease.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid is used for the preparation of a medicament for reducing LDL-C, ApoB, VLDL-C, IDL-C, non-HDL-C, Lp(a), serum triglyceride, liver triglyceride, Ox-LDL-C, small LDL particles, small VLDL, phospholipids, or oxidized phospholipids in an individual.
  • pharmaceutical composition comprising a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid is used for the preparation of a medicament for reducing coronary heart disease risk.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid is used for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, non-familial hypercholesterolemia, familial hypercholesterolemia, heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, mixed dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, a risk of developing atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, a history of coronary heart disease, early onset coronary heart disease, one or more risk factors for coronary heart disease, type II diabetes, type II diabetes with dyslipidemia, dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperfattyacidemia, hepatic steatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
  • one or more pharmaceutical compositions comprising a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid are co-administered with one or more other pharmaceutical agents.
  • such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat the same disease or condition as the one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention.
  • the one or more pharmaceutical agents are lipid-lowering agents.
  • such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat a different disease or condition as the one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention.
  • such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat an undesired effect of one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention.
  • one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention are co-administered with another pharmaceutical agent to treat an undesired effect of that other pharmaceutical agent.
  • one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are administered at the same time.
  • one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are administered at different times.
  • one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are prepared together in a single formulation.
  • one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are prepared separately.
  • pharmaceutical agents that may be co-administered with a pharmaceutical composition comprising a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid include lipid-lowering agents.
  • pharmaceutical agents that may be co-administered with a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention include, but are not limited to atorvastatin, simvastatin, rosuvastatin, and ezetimibe.
  • the lipid-lowering agent is administered prior to administration of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention.
  • the lipid-lowering agent is administered following administration of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention.
  • the lipid-lowering agent is administered at the same time as a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention.
  • the dose of a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is the same as the dose that would be administered if the lipid-lowering agent was administered alone. In certain such embodiments the dose of a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is lower than the dose that would be administered if the lipid-lowering agent was administered alone. In certain such embodiments the dose of a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is greater than the dose that would be administered if the lipid-lowering agent was administered alone.
  • a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor.
  • the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor is a statin.
  • the statin is selected from atorvastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, fluvastatin, and rosuvastatin.
  • a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is a cholesterol absorption inhibitor.
  • cholesterol absorption inhibitor is ezetimibe.
  • a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is a co-formulated HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor and cholesterol absorption inhibitor.
  • the co-formulated lipid-lowering agent is ezetimibe/simvastatin.
  • a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is a microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitor (MTP inhibitor).
  • MTP inhibitor microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitor
  • a co-administered pharmaceutical agent is a bile acid sequestrant.
  • the bile acid sequestrant is selected from cholestyramine, colestipol, and colesevelam.
  • a co-administered pharmaceutical agent is a nicotinic acid.
  • the nicotinic acid is selected from immediate release nicotinic acid, extended release nicotinic acid, and sustained release nicotinic acid.
  • a co-administered pharmaceutical agent is a fibric acid.
  • a fibric acid is selected from gemfibrozil, fenofibrate, clofibrate, bezafibrate, and ciprofibrate.
  • compositions comprising a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid include, but are not limited to, corticosteroids, including but not limited to prednisone; immunoglobulins, including, but not limited to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg); analgesics (e.g., acetaminophen); anti-inflammatory agents, including, but not limited to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., ibuprofen, COX-1 inhibitors, and COX-2, inhibitors); salicylates; antibiotics; antivirals; antifungal agents; antidiabetic agents (e.g., biguanides, glucosidase inhibitors, insulins, sulfonylureas, and thiazolidenediones); adrenergic modifiers; diuretics; hormones (e.g., anabolic steroids, androgen, estrogen, calc
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid may be administered in conjunction with a lipid-lowering therapy.
  • a lipid-lowering therapy is therapeutic lifestyle change.
  • a lipid-lowering therapy is LDL apheresis.
  • the antisense compounds provided herein can be used to lower the level of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins in a human subject.
  • apolipoprotein B-containing lipoprotein refers to any lipoprotein that has apolipoprotein B as its protein component, and is understood to include LDL, VLDL, IDL, and lipoprotein(a).
  • LDL, VLDL, IDL and lipoprotein(a) each contain one molecule of apolipoprotein B, thus a serum apolipoprotein B measurement reflects the total number of these lipoproteins.
  • each of the aforementioned lipoproteins is atherogenic.
  • lowering one or more apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins in serum may provide a therapeutic benefit to a human subject.
  • Small LDL particles are considered to be particularly atherogenic relative to large LDL particles, thus lowering small LDL particles can provide a therapeutic benefit to a human subject.
  • Additional lipid parameters can also be determined in a subject. Reduction of total cholesterol:HDL ratio or LDL:HDL ratio is a clinically desirable improvement in cholesterol ratio. Similarly, it is clinically desirable to reduce serum triglycerides in humans who exhibit elevated lipid levels.
  • serum LDL particle size refers to the classification of serum LDL particle size, which may be very small, small, medium, or large, and is typically expressed in g/ ⁇ mol.
  • serum LDL cholesteryl ester concentration means the amount of cholesteryl ester present in LDL particles, and is typically measured as mg/dL.
  • serum LDL cholesteryl ester composition is a measurement of the percentage of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated cholesteryl ester fatty acids present in serum LDL particles.
  • Polyunsaturation of serum LDL cholesteryl esters means the percentage of polyunsaturated cholesteryl ester fatty acids in serum LDL particles.
  • serum or plasma samples for analysis Methods of obtaining serum or plasma samples for analysis and methods of preparation of the serum samples to allow for analysis are well known to those skilled in the art.
  • lipoproteins cholesterol, triglyceride and cholesteryl esters
  • plasma the terms “serum” and “plasma” are herein used interchangeably.
  • the antisense compounds provided herein can be used to treat metabolic disorders.
  • a variety of biomarkers can be used for evaluating metabolic disease. For example, blood glucose levels can be determined by a physician or even by the patient using a commonly available test kit or glucometer (for example, the Ascensia ELITETM kit, Ascensia (Bayer), Tarrytown N.Y., or Accucheck, Roche Diagnostics).
  • Glycated hemoglobin (HbA 1c ) can also be measured.
  • HbA 1c is a stable minor hemoglobin variant formed in vivo via posttranslational modification by glucose, and it contains predominantly glycated —NH 2 -terminal ⁇ -chains.
  • HbA 1c is often viewed as the “gold standard” for measuring sustained blood glucose control (Bunn, H. F. et al., 1978, Science. 200, 21-7). HbA 1c can be measured by ion-exchange HPLC or immunoassay; home blood collection and mailing kits for HbA 1c measurement are now widely available. Serum fructosamine is another measure of stable glucose control and can be measured by a colorimetric method (Cobas Integra, Roche Diagnostics).
  • short antisense compounds are targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid having the sequence of GENBANK® Accession No. NM — 000384.1, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 1 is at least 90% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 1 is at least 95% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 1 is 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the nucleotide sequences set forth in Table 2 and Table 3.
  • nucleotide sequence set forth in each SEQ ID NO in Tables 2 and 3 is independent of any modification to a sugar moiety, a monomeric linkage, or a nucleobase.
  • short antisense compounds defined by a SEQ ID NO may comprise, independently, one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase.
  • Antisense compounds described by Isis Number indicate a combination of nucleobase sequence and one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase.
  • Tables 2 and 3 illustrate examples of short antisense compounds targeted to SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • Table 2 illustrates short antisense compounds that are 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • Table 3 illustrates short antisense compounds that have one or two mismatches with respect to SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • the column labeled ‘gapmer motif’ indicates the wing-gap-wing motif of each short antisense compounds.
  • the gap segment comprises 2′-deoxynucleotides and each nucleotide of each wing segment comprises a 2′-modified sugar.
  • the particular 2′-modified sugar is also indicated in the ‘gapmer motif’ column.
  • ‘2-10-2 MOE’ means a 2-10-2 gapmer motif, where a gap segment of ten 2′-deoxynucleotides is flanked by wing segments of two nucleotides, where the nucleotides of the wing segments are 2′-MOE nucleotides. Internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate.
  • the short antisense compounds comprise 5-methylcytidine in place of unmodified cytosine, unless “unmodified cytosine” is listed in the gapmer motif column, in which case the indicated cytosines are unmodified cytosines. For example, “5-mC in gap only” indicates that the gap segment has 5-methylcytosines, while the wing segments have unmodified cytosines.
  • a target region is nucleotides 263-278 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to nucleotides 263-278 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprise a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 16 or 17.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 263-278 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from Isis NO. 372816 or 372894.
  • a target region is nucleotides 428-483 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 428-483 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, or 27.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 428-483 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from Isis NO. 372817, 372895, 372818, 372896, 372819, 372897, 372820, 372898, 372821, or 372899.
  • a target region is nucleotides 428-458 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 428-458 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 428-458 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from Isis NO. 372817, 372895, 372818, 372896, 372819, 372897, 372820, or 372898.
  • a target region is nucleotides 468-483 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 468-483 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 26 or 27.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 468-483 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from Isis NO. 372821 or 372899.
  • a target region is nucleotides 587-607 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 587-607 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 28, 29, 30, or 31.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 587-607 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372822, 372900, 372823, or 372901.
  • a target region is nucleotides 715-736 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 715-736 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, or 40.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 715-736 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from Isis NO. 346583, 346584, 346585, 346586, 346587, 346588, 346589, 346590, or 346591.
  • a target region is nucleotides 929-944 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 929-944 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 41 or 42.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 929-944 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from Isis NO. 372824 or 372902.
  • a target region is nucleotides 1256-1319 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1256-1319 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 43, 44, 45, or 46.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1256-1319 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from Isis NO. 372825, 372903, 372826, or 372904.
  • a target region is nucleotides 1256-1271 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1256-1271 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 43 or 44.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1256-1271 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from Isis NO. 372825 or 372903.
  • a target region is nucleotides 1304-1319 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1304-1319 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 45 or 46.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1304-1319 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from Isis NO. 372826 or 372904.
  • a target region is nucleotides 2135-2150 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 2135-2150 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 47 or 48.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 2135-2150 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372829 or 372907.
  • a target region is nucleotides 2774-2794 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 2774-2794 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 49, 50, 51, or 52.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 2774-2794 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372832, 372910, 372833, or 372911.
  • a target region is nucleotides 2961-2976 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 2961-2976 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 53 or 54.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 2961-2976 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372835 or 372913.
  • a target region is nucleotides 3248-3269 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 3248-3269 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, or 63.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 3248-3269 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 346592, 346593, 346594, 346595, 346596, 346597, 346598, 346599, or 346600.
  • a target region is nucleotides 3350-3375 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 3350-3375 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, or 69.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 3350-3375 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372836, 372914, 372837, 372915, 372838, or 372916.
  • a target region is nucleotides 3409-3424 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 3409-3424 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 70 or 73.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 3409-3424 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372839, 387461, 380147, or 372917.
  • a target region is nucleotides 3573-3588 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 3573-3588 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 74 or 75.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 3573-3588 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372840 or 372918.
  • a target region is nucleotides 3701-3716 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 3701-3716 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 76 or 77.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 3701-3716 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372841 or 372919.
  • a target region is nucleotides 4219-4234 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 4219-4234 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 78 or 79.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 4219-4234 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372843 or 372921.
  • a target region is nucleotides 4301-4323 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 4301-4323 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 80, 81, 82, or 83.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 4301-4323 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372844, 372922, 372845, or 372923.
  • a target region is nucleotides 5588-5609 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 5588-5609 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, or 92.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 5588-5609 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 346601, 346602, 346603, 346604, 346605, 346606, 346607, 346608, or 346609.
  • a target region is nucleotides 5924-5939 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 5924-5939 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 93 or 94.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 5924-5939 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372851 or 372929.
  • a target region is nucleotides 6664-6679 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 6664-6679 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 95 or 96.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 6664-6679 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372854 or 372932.
  • a target region is nucleotides 6908-6923 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 6908-6923 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 97 or 98.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 6908-6923 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372855 or 372933.
  • a target region is nucleotides 7190-7205 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 7190-7205 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 99 or 100.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 7190-7205 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372856 or 372934.
  • a target region is nucleotides 7817-7839 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 7817-7839 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 101, 102, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, or 111.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 7817-7839 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372858, 372936, 346610, 346611, 346612, 346613, 346614, 346615, 346616, 346617, or 346618.
  • a target region is nucleotides 7995-8010 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 7995-8010 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 112 or 113.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 7995-8010 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372859 or 372937.
  • a target region is nucleotides 8336-8356 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 8336-8356 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 114, 115, 116, or 117.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 8336-8356 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372861, 372939, 372862, or 372940.
  • a target region is nucleotides 8539-8554 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 8539-8554 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 118 or 119.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 8539-8554 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372863 or 372941.
  • a target region is nucleotides 9344-9359 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 9344-9359 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 120 or 121.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 9344-9359 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372871 or 372949.
  • a target region is nucleotides 9515-9530 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 9515-9530 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 122 or 123.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 9515-9530 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372872 or 372950.
  • a target region is nucleotides 9794-9809 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 9794-9809 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 124 or 125.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 9794-9809 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372875 or 372953.
  • a target region is nucleotides 10157-10187 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 10157-10187 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, or 133.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 10157-10187 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372877, 372955, 372878, 372956, 372879, 372957, 372880, or 372958.
  • a target region is nucleotides 10838-10859 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 10838-10859 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, or 142.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 10838-10859 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 346619, 346620, 346621, 346622, 346623, 346624, 346625, 346626, or 346627.
  • a target region is nucleotides 13689-13714 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 13689-13714 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, or 148.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 13689-13714 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372890, 372968, 372891, 372969, 372892, or 372970.
  • a target region is nucleotides 13907-13928 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 13907-13928 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, or 157.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 13907-13928 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 346628, 346629, 346630, 346631, 346632, 346633, 346634, 346635, or 346636.
  • a target region is nucleotides 13963-13984 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 13963-13984 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, or 166.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 13963-13984 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 346637, 346638, 346639, 346640, 346641, 346642, 346643, 346644, or 346645.
  • a target region is nucleotides 14051-14072 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 14051-14072 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, or 175.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 14051-14072 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 346646, 346647, 346648, 346649, 346650, 346651, 346652, 346653, or 346654.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid are 8 to 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid are 9 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid are 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, such short antisense compounds are short antisense oligonucleotides.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid are short gapmers.
  • short gapmers targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid comprise at least one high affinity modification in one or more wings of the compound.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid comprise 1 to 3 high-affinity modifications in each wing.
  • the nucleosides or nucleotides of the wing comprise a 2′ modification.
  • the monomers of the wing are BNA's.
  • the monomers of the wing are selected from ⁇ -L-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH 2 —O-2′) BNA, ⁇ -D-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH 2 —O-2′) BNA, Ethyleneoxy (4′-(CH 2 ) 2 —O-2′) BNA, Aminooxy (4′-CH 2 —O—N(R)-2′) BNA and Oxyamino (4′-CH 2 —N(R)—O-2′) BNA.
  • the monomers of a wing comprise a substituent at the 2′ position selected from allyl, amino, azido, thio, O-allyl, O—C 1 -C 10 alkyl, —OCF 3 , O—(CH 2 ) 2 —O—CH 3 , 2′-O(CH 2 ) 2 SCH 3 , O—(CH 2 ) 2 —O—N(R m )(R n ), and O—CH 2 —C( ⁇ O)—N(R m )(R n ), where each R m and R n is, independently, H or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 10 alkyl.
  • the monomers of a wing are 2′MOE nucleotides.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid comprise a gap between the 5′ wing and the 3′ wing.
  • the gap comprises five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, or fourteen monomers.
  • the monomers of the gap are unmodified deoxyribonucleotides.
  • the monomers of the gap are unmodified ribonucleotides.
  • gap modifications (if any) gap result in an antisense compound that, when bound to its target nucleic acid, supports cleavage by an RNase, including, but not limited to, RNase H.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid have uniform monomeric linkages. In certain such embodiments, those linkages are all phosphorothioate linkages. In certain embodiments, the linkages are all phosphodiester linkages. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid have mixed backbones.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid are 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid are 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid are 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid are 11 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid are monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid are 13 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid are 14 monomers in length.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid are 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid are 16 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid comprise 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid comprise 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.
  • the invention provides methods of modulating expression of ApoB.
  • such methods comprise use of one or more short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid, wherein the short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid is from about 8 to about 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 monomers (i.e. from about 8 to about 16 linked monomers).
  • the short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid is from about 8 to about 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 monomers (i.e. from about 8 to about 16 linked monomers).
  • methods of modulating ApoB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid that is 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating ApoB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid that is 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating ApoB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid that is 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating ApoB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid that is 11 monomers in length.
  • methods of modulating ApoB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid that is 12 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating ApoB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid that is 13 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating ApoB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid that is 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating ApoB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid that is 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating ApoB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid that is 16 monomers in length.
  • methods of modulating expression of ApoB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid comprising 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of ApoB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid comprising 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of ApoB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid comprising 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of ApoB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid comprising 12 or 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.
  • short antisense compounds targeting a ApoB nucleic acid may have any one or more properties or characteristics of the short antisense compounds generally described herein.
  • short antisense compounds targeting a ApoB nucleic acid have a motif (wing-deoxy gap-wing) selected from 1-12-1, 1-1-10-2, 2-10-1-1, 3-10-3, 2-10-3, 2-10-2, 1-10-1, 1-10-2, 3-8-3, 2-8-2, 1-8-1, 3-6-3 or 1-6-1, more preferably 1-10-1, 2-10-2, 3-10-3, and 1-9-2.
  • SGLT-2 Sodium dependent glucose transporter 2
  • SGLT-2 is expressed in the kidney proximal tubule epithelial cells, and functions to reabsorb glucose preventing glucose loss in the urine.
  • SGLT-2 is a member of an 11-membered family of sodium substrate co-transporters. Many of these family members share sequence homology, for example SGLT-1 shares about 59% sequence identity with SGLT-2 and about 70% sequence identity with SGLT-3.
  • SGLT-1 is a glucose transporter found in the heart and the CNS.
  • SGLT-3 is a glucose sensing sodium channel in the small intestine.
  • the separate localization patterns for these SGLTs is one point of distinction between the homologous family members. (Handlon, A. L., Expert Opin. Ther.
  • Diabetes is a disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to deficient insulin action.
  • Chronic hyperglycemia is a major risk factor for diabetes-associated complications, including heart disease, retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy.
  • Diabetic nephropathy is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease that develops in many patients with diabetes.
  • Glucotoxicity which results from long-term hyperglycemia, induces tissue-dependent insulin resistance in diabetic patients (Nawano et al., Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 2000, 278, E535-543).
  • Sodium dependent glucose transporter 2 is the gene product or protein of which expression is to be modulated by administration of a short antisense compound.
  • Sodium dependent glucose transporter 2 is generally referred to as SGLT2 but may also be referred to as SLC5A2; sodium-glucose transporter 2; sodium-glucose cotransporter, kidney low affinity; sodium-glucose cotransporter, renal; solute carrier family 5 (sodium/glucose cotransporter), member 2; SL52.
  • SGLT2 nucleic acid means any nucleic acid encoding SGLT2.
  • a SGLT2 nucleic acid includes, without limitation, a DNA sequence encoding SGLT2, an RNA sequence transcribed from DNA encoding SGLT2, and an mRNA sequence encoding SGLT2.
  • SGLT2 mRNA means an mRNA encoding a SGLT2 protein.
  • short antisense compounds are used to modulate expression of SGLT-2 and related proteins.
  • such modulation is accomplished by providing short antisense compounds that hybridize with one or more target nucleic acid molecules encoding SGLT-2, including, but is not limited to, SGLT2, SL52, SLC5A2, Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter, Kidney Low Affinity Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter, Renal Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 and Solute Carrier Family 5 Sodium/Glucose Co-Transporter Member 2. Also provided are methods of treating metabolic and/or cardiovascular disease and disorders as described herein.
  • short antisense compounds that inhibit the expression of SGLT2 are used in methods of lowering blood glucose levels in an animal and methods of delaying or preventing the onset of type 2 diabetes. Such methods comprise administering a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of one or more of the compounds of the invention to the animal, which may be in need of treatment.
  • the one or more compounds can be a short antisense compound targeting a nucleic acid encoding SGLT2.
  • short antisense compounds are chimeric oligomeric compounds having mixed phosphorothioate and phosphodiester backbones.
  • Certain mixed backbone short antisense compounds have a central gap comprising at least 5 contiguous 2′-deoxy nucleosides flanked by two wings each of which comprises at least one 2′-O-methoxyethyl nucleoside.
  • the internucleoside linkages of the mixed backbone compounds are phosphorothioate linkages in the gap and phosphodiester linkages in the two wings.
  • mixed backbone compounds have phosphorothioate linkages in the wings, except for one phosphodiester linkage at one or both of the extreme 5′ and 3′ ends of the oligonucleotide.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to SGLT2 have a motif (wing-deoxy gap-wing) selected from 3-10-3, 2-10-3, 2-10-2, 1-10-1, 1-10-2, 2-8-2, 1-9-2, 1-8-1, 3-6-3 or 1-6-1.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to SGLT2 have a motif (wing-deoxy gap-wing) selected from 1-10-1, 1-10-2, 2-8-2, 1-9-2, 1-8-1, 3-6-3 or 1-6-1.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid and having a mixed backbone are efficiently delivered to the kidney.
  • administration of short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid and having a mixed backbone results in modulation of target gene expression in the kidney.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid and having a mixed backbone are more potent for reducing SGLT-2 mRNA and have a faster onset compared with a short antisense compound that does not have a mixed back-bone, but is otherwise identical.
  • such increase potency and/or reduced toxicity is in mouse and/or rat.
  • such increase potency and/or reduced toxicity is in a human.
  • ISIS 145733 which comprises uniform phosphorothioate linkages and ISIS 257016 which comprises phosphodiester linkage in the wings and phosphorothioate linkages in the gap, are otherwise identical. Both comprise the sequence GAAGTAGCCACCAACTGTGC (SEQ ID NO. 1572). Both of the oligonucleotides further comprise a gap consisting of ten 2′-deoxynucleotides, flanked on each side by five-nucleotide “2′-methoxyethyl (2′-MOE) nucleotides. All cytidine residues are 5-methylcytidines.
  • the mixed back-bone compound, ISIS 257016 was about 50 times more potent for reducing SGLT-2 mRNA compared to the non-mixed parent compound, ISIS 145733 (see EXAMPLE 9).
  • ISIS 257016 Pharmacokinetic studies of certain mixed backbone compound ISIS 257016 indicate that in certain embodiments, the compound acts as a prodrug that is metabolized to a 12 nucleobase pharmacophore.
  • ISIS 370717 is a 12 nucleobase antisense oligonucleotide targeted to SGLT-2 comprising the sequence TAGCCACCAACT (SEQ ID NO.
  • ISIS 257016 further comprising a gap consisting of ten 2′-deoxynucleotides, flanked on both sides by one-nucleotide wings.
  • the wings are composed of 2′-methoxyethyl (2′-MOE) nucleotides. All cytidine residues are 5-methylcytidines.
  • the internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate (P ⁇ S) throughout the oligonucleotide.
  • P ⁇ S phosphorothioate
  • short antisense compounds comprising 2′ MOE monomers in the wings are efficiently delivered to the kidney and treatment with such compounds results in efficient modulation of target gene expression in the kidney without liver or kidney toxicity. It is further shown herein that in certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are more potent for reducing SGLT-2 mRNA and have a faster onset compared with parent oligonucleotides targeted to SGLT-2 mRNA in mouse and rat. 2′ MOE gap shortmers are shown herein to improve potency and bioavailability over parent compounds.
  • ISIS 370717 1-10-1 gapmer was used as a template to make sequence related oligos with varying motifs. Studies evaluating wing, gap and total length variations around the ISIS 370717 12 mer oligonucleotide can be seen in EXAMPLE 12. Certain motifs evaluated included 1-10-1, 2-8-2, 1-8-1, 3-6-3, and 1-6-1 (see Table 60 in EXAMPLE 12).
  • the compounds were analyzed for their effect on SGLT2 mRNA levels. All the motifs inhibited the expression of SGLT2 in vivo in a dose-dependent manner. The 1-10-1, 2-8-2 and 1-8-1 gapmers were found to be particularly potent. SGLT-2 mRNA was reduced by more than 80% over the controls using these motifs.
  • the invention provides short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid and having a motif selected from: 1-10-1 and 1-10-2 MOE gapmer. (see Table 62 in EXAMPLE 13). Certain such compounds were analyzed for their effect on rat SGLT2 mRNA. Results in Table 63 illustrate that both the 1-10-1 and 1-10-2 MOE gapmers inhibit the expression of SGLT2 in vivo in a dose-dependent manner and over 80% reduction of SGLT-2 mRNA could be achieved.
  • ISIS 388625 the effect of ISIS 388625 on dog SGLT2 mRNA levels was also analyzed. Dog studies illustrate that greater than 80% inhibition of the expression of SGLT2 can be achieved at a 1 mg/kg/wk dose. Even greater inhibition can be achieved at slightly higher doses. Administration of ISIS 388625 in dog was also shown to improved glucose tolerance. Peak plasma glucose levels were decreased by over 50% on average and the subsequent drop in glucose was lessened compared to saline controls in a standard glucose tolerance test (See EXAMPLE 17). Also, in a rat model of diabetes, short antisense compounds were shown to significantly decrease plasma glucose levels and HbA1C over time compared to PBS and control treated animals (See Example 16).
  • short antisense compounds are targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid having the sequence of GENBANK®V Accession No. NM — 003041.1, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 3 is at least 90% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 3 is at least 95% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 3 is 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 3 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the nucleotide sequences set forth in Table 4 and 5.
  • nucleotide sequence set forth in each SEQ ID NO set forth in Tables 4 and 5 is independent of any modification to a sugar moiety, a monomeric linkage, or a nucleobase.
  • short antisense compounds defined by a SEQ ID NO may comprise, independently, one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase.
  • Antisense compounds described by Isis Number indicate a combination of nucleobase sequence and one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase.
  • Tables 4 and 5 illustrate examples of short antisense compounds targeted to SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • Table 4 illustrates short antisense compounds that are 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • Table 5 illustrates short antisense compounds that have one or two mismatches with respect to SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • the column labeled ‘gapmer motif’ indicates the wing-gap-wing motif of each short antisense compounds.
  • the gap segment comprises 2′-deoxynucleotides and each nucleotide of each wing segment comprises a 2′-modified sugar.
  • the particular 2′-modified sugar is also indicated in the ‘gapmer motif’ column.
  • ‘2-10-2 MOE’ means a 2-10-2 gapmer motif, where a gap segment of ten 2′-deoxynucleotides is flanked by wing segments of two nucleotides, where the nucleotides of the wing segments are 2′-MOE nucleotides. Internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate.
  • the short antisense compounds comprise 5-methylcytidine in place of unmodified cytosine, unless “unmodified cytosine” is listed in the gapmer motif column, in which case the indicated cytosines are unmodified cytosines. For example, “5-mC in gap only” indicates that the gap segment has 5-methylcytosines, while the wing segments have unmodified cytosines.
  • a target region is nucleotides 85-184 of SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 85-184 of SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 85-184 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, or 227.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 85-184 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis No 379684, 405193, 405194, 405195, 405196, 405197, 379685, 405198, 405199, 405200, 405201, 379686, 379711 or 388628.
  • a target region is nucleotides 113-132 of SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 113-132 of SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 113-132 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 221, 222, 223, or 224.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 113-132 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis No 405193, 405194, 405195, 405196, 405197, 379685, 405198, 405199, 405200, or 405201.
  • a target region is nucleotides 207-329 of SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 207-329 of SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 207-329 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 228, 229, 230, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, or 241.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 207-329 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis No 405202, 405203, 405204, 379687, 405205, 405206, 405207, 405208, 405209, 405210, 405211, 405212, 379688, or 379689.
  • a target region is nucleotides 207-273 of SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 207-273 of SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 207-273 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 228, 229, 230, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, or 239.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 207-273 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis No 405202, 405203, 405204, 379687, 405205, 405206, 405207, 405208, 405209, 405210, 405211, or 405212.
  • a target region is nucleotides 207-219 of SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 207-219 of SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 207-219 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 228 or 229.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 207-219 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis NO. 405202 or 405203.
  • a target region is nucleotides 236-252 of SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 236-252 of SEQ iD NO: 3.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 236-252 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 230, 232, 233, 234, 235, or 236.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 236-252 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis NO. 405204, 379687, 405205, 405206, 405207, 405208, or 405209.
  • a target region is nucleotides 260-273 of SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 260-273 of SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 260-273 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 237, 238, or 239.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 260-273 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis NO. 405210, 405211, or 405212.
  • a target region is nucleotides 435-640 of SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 435-640 of SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 435-640 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 242, 243, 245, 246, 251, 252, 253, 254, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, or 264.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 435-640 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis NO.
  • a target region is nucleotides 527-540 of SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 527-540 of SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 527-540 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 245, 246, or 251.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 527-540 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis NO. 389780, 379692, 382676, 388626, 392170, 392173, or 405213.
  • a target region is nucleotides 564-603 of SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 564-603 of SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 564-603 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 252, 253, 254, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, or 263.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 564-603 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis NO. 405214, 405215, 405216, 379693, 405217, 405218, 405219, 405220, 405221, 405222, 405223, or 405224.
  • a target region is nucleotides 564-579 of SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 564-579 of SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 564-579 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 252, 253, 254, 256, or 257.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 564-579 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis NO. 405214, 405215, 405216, 379693, 405217, or 405218.
  • a target region is nucleotides 587-603 of SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 587-603 of SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 587-603 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, or 263.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 587-603 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis NO. 405219, 405220, 405221, 405222, 405223, or 405224.
  • a target region is nucleotides 974-1014 of SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 974-1014 of SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 974-1014 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, or 274.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 974-1014 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis NO. 379696, 405226, 405227, 405228, 405229, 405230, 379697, or 405231.
  • a target region is nucleotides 998-1014 of SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 998-1014 of SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 998-1014 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, or 274.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 998-1014 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis NO. 405226, 405227, 405228, 405229, 405230, 379697, or 405231.
  • a target region is nucleotides 1091-1170 of SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1091-1170 of SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1091-1170 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 283, 284, 285, 286, or 287.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1091-1170 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis NO. 379698, 405232, 405233, 405234, 405235, 388626, 379699, 382677, 405236, 405237, 405238, 379700, or 405239.
  • a target region is nucleotides 1091-1104 of SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1091-1104 of SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1091-1104 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 275, 276, or 277.
  • an short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1091-1104 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis NO. 379698, 405232, or 405233.
  • a target region is nucleotides 1130-1144 of SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1130-1144 of SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1130-1144 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 278, 279, 280, 281, or 283.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1130-1144 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis NO. 405234, 405235, 388626, 379699, 382677, or 405236.
  • a target region is nucleotides 1157-1170 of SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1157-1170 of SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1157-1170 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 284, 285, or 287.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1157-1170 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis NO. 405237, 405238, 379700, or 405239.
  • a target region is nucleotides 1542-1556 of SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1542-1556 of SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1542-1556 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 289, 290, 291, 292, or 293.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1542-1556 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis NO. 405240, 405241, 405242, 388629, 379702, or 382678.
  • a target region is nucleotides 1976-1991 of SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1976-1991 of SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1976-1991 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 296, 297, 298, 299, or 300.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1976-1991 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis NO. 405243, 405244, 405245, 405246, or 405247.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid are 8 to 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid are 9 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid are 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, such short antisense compounds are short antisense oligonucleotides.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid are short gapmers.
  • short gapmers targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid comprise at least one high affinity modification in one or more wings of the compound.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid comprise 1 to 3 high-affinity modifications in each wing.
  • the nucleosides or nucleotides of the wing comprise a 2′ modification.
  • the monomers of the wing are BNA's.
  • the monomers of the wing are selected from ⁇ -L-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH 2 —O-2′) BNA, ⁇ -D-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH 2 —O-2′) BNA, Ethyleneoxy (4′-(CH 2 ) 2 —O-2′) BNA, Aminooxy (4′-CH 2 —O—N(R)-2′) BNA and Oxyamino (4′-CH 2 —N(R)—O-2′) BNA.
  • the monomers of a wing comprise a substituent at the 2′ position selected from allyl, amino, azido, thio, O-allyl, O—C 1 -C 10 alkyl, —OCF 3 , O—(CH 2 ) 2 —O—CH 3 , 2′-O(CH 2 ) 2 SCH 3 , O—(CH 2 ) 2 —O—N(R m )(R n ), and O—CH 2 —C( ⁇ O)—N(R n )(R n ), where each R m and R n is, independently, H or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 10 alkyl.
  • the monomers of a wing are 2′MOE nucleotides.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid comprise a gap between the 5′ wing and the 3′ wing.
  • the gap comprises five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, or fourteen monomers.
  • the monomers of the gap are unmodified deoxyribonucleotides.
  • the monomers of the gap are unmodified ribonucleotides.
  • gap modifications (if any) gap result in an antisense compound that, when bound to its target nucleic acid, supports cleavage by an RNase, including, but not limited to, RNase H.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid have uniform monomeric linkages. In certain such embodiments, those linkages are all phosphorothioate linkages. In certain embodiments, the linkages are all phosphodiester linkages. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid have mixed backbones.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid are 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid are 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid are 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid are 11 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid are monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid are 13 monomers in length.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid are 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid are 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid are 16 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid comprise 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid comprise 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.
  • the invention provides methods of modulating expression of SGLT2.
  • such methods comprise use of one or more short antisense compound targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid, wherein the short antisense compound targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid is from about 8 to about 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 monomers (i.e. from about 8 to about 16 linked monomers).
  • the short antisense compound targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid is from about 8 to about 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 monomers (i.e. from about 8 to about 16 linked monomers).
  • methods of modulating SGLT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid that is 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating SGLT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid that is 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating SGLT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid that is 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating SGLT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid that is 11 monomers in length.
  • methods of modulating SGLT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid that is 12 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating SGLT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid that is 13 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating SGLT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid that is 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating SGLT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid that is 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating SGLT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid that is 16 monomers in length.
  • methods of modulating expression of SGLT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid comprising 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of SGLT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid comprising 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of SGLT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid comprising 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of SGLT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid comprising 12 or 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.
  • LDL-R LDL-receptor
  • apoB apolipoprotein B
  • PCSK9 proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9
  • ApoB participates in the intracellular assembly and secretion of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and is a ligand for the LDL-R.
  • PCSK9 is proposed to reduce LDL-R expression levels in the liver. Reduced LDL-R expression results in reduced hepatic uptake of circulating ApoB-containing lipoproteins, which in turn leads to elevated cholesterol.
  • PCSK9 is the gene product or protein of which expression is to be modulated by administration of a short antisense compound.
  • PCSK9 nucleic acid means any nucleic acid encoding PCSK9.
  • a PCSK9 nucleic acid includes, without limitation, a DNA sequence encoding PCSK9, an RNA sequence transcribed from DNA encoding PCSK9, and an mRNA sequence encoding PCSK9.
  • PCSK9 mRNA means an mRNA encoding PCSK9.
  • the invention provides methods of modulating the expression of PCSK9 in an individual comprising administering a short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods of treating an individual comprising administering one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention.
  • the individual has hypercholesterolemia, mixed dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, a risk of developing atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, a history of coronary heart disease, early onset coronary heart disease, one or more risk factors for coronary heart disease, type II diabetes, type II diabetes with dyslipidemia, dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperfattyacidemia, hepatic steatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
  • LDL-C levels 130-159 mg/dL, 160-189 mg/dL, and greater than or equal to 190 mg/dL are considered borderline high, high, and very high, respectively.
  • Total cholesterol levels of 200-239 and greater than or equal to 240 mg/dL are considered borderline high and high, respectively.
  • HDL-C levels of less than 40 mg/dL are considered low.
  • the individual has been identified as in need of lipid-lowering therapy. In certain such embodiments, the individual has been identified as in need of lipid-lowering therapy according to the guidelines established in 2001 by Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP), and updated in 2004 (Grundy et al., Circulation, 2004, 110, 227-239).
  • the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy has LDL-C above 190 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments, the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy has LDL-C above 160 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments, the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy has LDL-C above 130 mg/dL.
  • the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy has LDL-C above 100 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy should maintain LDL-C below 160 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy should maintain LDL-C below 130 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy should maintain LDL-C below 100 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments the individual should maintain LDL-C below 70 mg/dL.
  • the invention provides methods for reducing ApoB in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing ApoB-containing lipoprotein in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing LDL-C in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing VLDL-C in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing IDL-C in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing non-HDL-C in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing Lp(a) in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing serum triglyceride in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing liver triglyceride in an individual.
  • the invention provides methods for reducing Ox-LDL-C in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing small LDL particles in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing small VLDL particles in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing phospholipids in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing oxidized phospholipids in an individual.
  • the methods provided by the present invention do not lower HDL-C. In certain embodiments, the methods provided by the present invention do not result in accumulation of lipids in the liver.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid is for use in therapy.
  • the therapy is the reduction of LDL-C, ApoB, VLDL-C, IDL-C, non-HDL-C, Lp(a), serum triglyceride, liver triglyceride, Ox-LDL-C, small LDL particles, small VLDL, phospholipids, or oxidized phospholipids in an individual.
  • the therapy is the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, mixed dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, a risk of developing atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, a history of coronary heart disease, early onset coronary heart disease, one or more risk factors for coronary heart disease, type II diabetes, type II diabetes with dyslipidemia, dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperfattyacidemia, hepatic steatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
  • the therapy is the reduction of CHD risk.
  • the therapy is prevention of atherosclerosis.
  • the therapy is the prevention of coronary heart disease.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid is used for the preparation of a medicament for reducing LDL-C, ApoB, VLDL-C, IDL-C, non-HDL-C, Lp(a), serum triglyceride, liver triglyceride, Ox-LDL-C, small LDL particles, small VLDL, phospholipids, or oxidized phospholipids in an individual.
  • pharmaceutical composition comprising a short antisense compound targeted to PCKS9 is used for the preparation of a medicament for reducing coronary heart disease risk.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid is used for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, mixed dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, a risk of developing atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, a history of coronary heart disease, early onset coronary heart disease, one or more risk factors for coronary heart disease, type II diabetes, type II diabetes with dyslipidemia, dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperfattyacidemia, hepatic steatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
  • one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention are co-administered with one or more other pharmaceutical agents.
  • such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat the same disease or condition as the one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention.
  • such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat a different disease or condition as the one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention.
  • such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat an undesired effect of one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention.
  • one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention are co-administered with another pharmaceutical agent to treat an undesired effect of that other pharmaceutical agent.
  • one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are administered at the same time. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are administered at different times. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are prepared together in a single formulation. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are prepared separately.
  • pharmaceutical agents that may be co-administered with a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention include lipid-lowering agents.
  • pharmaceutical agents that may be co-administered with a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention include, but are not limited to atorvastatin, simvastatin, rosuvastatin, and ezetimibe.
  • the lipid-lowering agent is administered prior to administration of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention.
  • the lipid-lowering agent is administered following administration of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention.
  • the lipid-lowering agent is administered at the same time as a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention.
  • the dose of a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is the same as the dose that would be administered if the lipid-lowering agent was administered alone. In certain such embodiments the dose of a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is lower than the dose that would be administered if the lipid-lowering agent was administered alone. In certain such embodiments the dose of a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is greater than the dose that would be administered if the lipid-lowering agent was administered alone.
  • a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor.
  • the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor is a statin.
  • the statin is selected from atorvastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, fluvastatin, and rosuvastatin.
  • a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is a cholesterol absorption inhibitor.
  • cholesterol absorption inhibitor is ezetimibe.
  • a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is a co-formulated HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor and cholesterol absorption inhibitor.
  • the co-formulated lipid-lowering agent is ezetimibe/simvastatin.
  • a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is a microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitor (MTP inhibitor).
  • MTP inhibitor microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitor
  • a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is an oligonucleotide targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid.
  • a co-administered pharmaceutical agent is a bile acid sequestrant.
  • the bile acid sequestrant is selected from cholestyramine, colestipol, and colesevelam.
  • a co-administered pharmaceutical agent is a nicotinic acid.
  • the nicotinic acid is selected from immediate release nicotinic acid, extended release nicotinic acid, and sustained release nicotinic acid.
  • a co-administered pharmaceutical agent is a fibric acid.
  • a fibric acid is selected from gemfibrozil, fenofibrate, clofibrate, bezafibrate, and ciprofibrate.
  • compositions of the present invention include, but are not limited to, corticosteroids, including but not limited to prednisone; immunoglobulins, including, but not limited to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg); analgesics (e.g., acetaminophen); anti-inflammatory agents, including, but not limited to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., ibuprofen, COX-1 inhibitors, and COX-2, inhibitors); salicylates; antibiotics; antivirals; antifungal agents; antidiabetic agents (e.g., biguanides, glucosidase inhibitors, insulins, sulfonylureas, and thiazolidenediones); adrenergic modifiers; diuretics; hormones (e.g., anabolic steroids, androgen, estrogen, calcitonin, progestin, somatostan, and
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be administered in conjuction with a lipid-lowering therapy.
  • a lipid-lowering therapy is therapeutic lifestyle change.
  • a lipid-lowering therapy is LDL apheresis.
  • short antisense compounds are targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid having the sequence of GENBANK® Accession No. NM — 174936.2, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 4 is at least 90% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 4 is at least 95% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 4 is 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the nucleotide sequences set forth in Table 6 or Table 7.
  • nucleotide sequence set forth in each SEQ ID NO in Tables 6 and 7 is independent of any modification to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase.
  • short antisense compounds defined by a SEQ ID NO may comprise, independently, one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase.
  • Short antisense compounds described by Isis Number indicate a combination of nucleobase sequence and one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase.
  • Tables 6 and 7 illustrate examples of short antisense compounds targeted to SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • Table 6 illustrates short antisense compounds that are 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • Table 7 illustrates short antisense compounds that have one or two mismatches with respect to SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • the column labeled ‘gapmer motif’ indicates the wing-gap-wing motif of each short antisense compounds.
  • the gap segment comprises 2′-deoxynucleotides and each nucleotide of each wing segment comprises a 2′-modified sugar.
  • the particular 2′-modified sugar is also indicated in the ‘gapmer motif’ column.
  • ‘2-10-2 MOE’ means a 2-10-2 gapmer motif, where a gap segment of ten 2′-deoxynucleotides is flanked by wing segments of two nucleotides, where the nucleotides of the wing segments are 2′-MOE nucleotides. Internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate.
  • the short antisense compounds comprise 5-methylcytidine in place of unmodified cytosine, unless “unmodified cytosine” is listed in the gapmer motif column, in which case the indicated cytosines are unmodified cytosines. For example, “5-mC in gap only” indicates that the gap segment has 5-methylcytosines, while the wing segments have unmodified cytosines.
  • a target region is nucleotides 695-710 of SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to nucleotides 695-710 of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprise a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 329, 330, or 331.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 695-710 of SEQ ID NO: 4 is selected from Isis NO. 400297, 400298, or 400299.
  • a target region is nucleotides 742-770 of SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 742-770 of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 332 or 333.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 742-770 of SEQ ID NO: 4 is selected from Isis NO. 400300 or 400301.
  • a target region is nucleotides 828-843 of SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 828-843 of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 334, 335, or 336.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 828-843 of SEQ ID NO: 4 is selected from ISIS No. 400302, 400303, or 400304.
  • a target region is nucleotides 937-1007 of SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 937-1007 of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 337, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, or 345.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 937-1007 of SEQ ID NO: 4 is selected from Isis NO. 400305, 400306, 400307, 400308, 400309, 400310, 400311, 400312, 400313, or 403739.
  • a target region is nucleotides 937-965 of SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 937-965 of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 337 or 338.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 937-965 of SEQ ID NO: 4 is selected from Isis NO. 400305 or 400306.
  • a target region is nucleotides 988-1007 of SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 988-1007 of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, or 345.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 937-1007 of SEQ ID NO: 4 is selected from Isis NO. 400307, 400308, 400309, 400310, 400311, 400312, 4003313, or 403739.
  • a target region is nucleotides 1057-1160 of SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1057-1160 of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, or 355.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1057-1160 of SEQ ID NO: 4 is selected from ISIS NO. 400314, 400315, 400316, 400317, 400318, 400319, 400320, 400321, 400322, or 400323.
  • a target region is nucleotides 1057-1109 of SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1057-1109 of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, or 354.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1057-1109 of SEQ ID NO: 4 is selected from ISIS NO. 400314, 400315, 400316, 400317, 400318, 400319, 400320, 400321, or 400322.
  • a target region is nucleotides 1057-1091 of SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1057-1091 of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 346, 347, 348, 349, or 350.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1057-1091 of SEQ ID NO: 4 is selected from ISIS NO. 400314, 400315, 400316, 400317, or 400318.
  • a target region is nucleotides 1093-1109 of SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1093-1109 of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 351, 352, 353, or 354.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1057-1109 of SEQ ID NO: 4 is selected from ISIS NO. 400319, 400320, 400321, or 400322.
  • a target region is nucleotides 1334-1349 of SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1334-1349 of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 357, 358, or 359.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1334-1349 of SEQ ID NO: 4 is selected from ISIS NO 400325, 400326, or 400327.
  • a target region is nucleotides 1569-1591 of SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1569-1591 of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 364, 365, 366, 367, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, or 373.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1569-1591 of SEQ ID NO: 4 is selected from ISIS NO 400332, 400333, 400334, 400335, 400336, 400337, 400338, 400339, 400340, or 400341.
  • a target region is nucleotides 1621-1637 of SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1621-1637 of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 374, 375, 376, or 377.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1621-1637 of SEQ ID NO: 4 is selected from ISIS NO 400342, 400343, 400344, or 400345.
  • a target region is nucleotides 1738-1754 of SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1738-1754 of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 378, 379, 380, or 381.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1738-1754 of SEQ ID NO: 4 is selected from ISIS NO 400346, 400347, 400348, or 400349.
  • a target region is nucleotides 1834-1853 of SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1834-1853 of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 382, 383, 384, 385, 386, 387, or 388.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1834-1853 of SEQ ID NO: 4 is selected from ISIS NO 400350, 400351, 400352, 400353, 400354, 400355, or 400356.
  • a target region is nucleotides 2083-2099 of SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 2083-2099 of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 389, 390, 391, or 392.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 2083-2099 of SEQ ID NO: 4 is selected from ISIS NO 400357, 400358, 400359, or 400360.
  • a target region is nucleotides 2316-2338 of SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 2316-2338 of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, or 402.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 2316-2338 of SEQ ID NO: 4 is selected from ISIS NO 400361, 400362, 400363, 400364, 400365, 400366, 400367, 400368, 400369, or 400370.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid are 8 to 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid are 9 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid are 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, such short antisense compounds are short antisense oligonucleotides.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid are short gapmers.
  • short gapmers targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid comprise at least one high affinity modification in one or more wings of the compound.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid comprise 1 to 3 high-affinity modifications in each wing.
  • the nucleosides or nucleotides of the wing comprise a 2′ modification.
  • the monomers of the wing are BNA's.
  • the monomers of the wing are selected from ⁇ -L-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH 2 —O-2′) BNA, ⁇ -D-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH 2 —O-2′) BNA, Ethyleneoxy (4′-(CH 2 ) 2 —O-2′) BNA, Aminooxy (4′-CH 2 —O—N(R)-2′) BNA and Oxyamino (4′-CH 2 —N(R)-0-2′) BNA.
  • the monomers of a wing comprise a substituent at the 2′ position selected from allyl, amino, azido, thio, O-allyl, O—C 1 -C 10 alkyl, —OCF 3 , O—(CH 2 ) 2 —O—CH 3 , 2′-O(CH 2 ) 2 SCH 3 , O—(CH 2 ) 2 —O—N(R m )(R n ), and O—CH 2 —C( ⁇ O)—N(R m )(R n ), where each R m and R n is, independently, H or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 10 alkyl.
  • the monomers of a wing are 2′MOE nucleotides.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid comprise a gap between the 5′ wing and the 3′ wing.
  • the gap comprises five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, or fourteen monomers.
  • the monomers of the gap are unmodified deoxyribonucleotides.
  • the monomers of the gap are unmodified ribonucleotides.
  • gap modifications (if any) gap result in an antisense compound that, when bound to its target nucleic acid, supports cleavage by an RNase, including, but not limited to, RNase H.
  • short antisense compounds targeting a PCSK9 nucleic acid may have any one or more properties or characteristics of the short antisense compounds generally described herein.
  • short antisense compounds targeting a PCSK9 nucleic acid have a motif (wing-deoxy gap-wing) selected from 1-12-1, 1-1-10-2, 2-10-1-1, 3-10-3, 2-10-3, 2-10-2, 1-10-1, 1-10-2, 3-8-3, 2-8-2, 1-8-1, 3-6-3 or 1-6-1, more preferably 1-10-1, 2-10-2, 3-10-3, and 1-9-2.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid have uniform monomeric linkages. In certain such embodiments, those linkages are all phosphorothioate linkages. In certain embodiments, the linkages are all phosphodiester linkages. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid have mixed backbones.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid are 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid are 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid are 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid are 11 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid are monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid are 13 monomers in length.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid are 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid are 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid are 16 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid comprise 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid comprise 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.
  • the invention provides methods of modulating expression of PCSK9.
  • such methods comprise use of one or more short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid, wherein the short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid is from about 8 to about 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 monomers (i.e. from about 8 to about 16 linked monomers).
  • the short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid is from about 8 to about 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 monomers (i.e. from about 8 to about 16 linked monomers).
  • methods of modulating PCSK9 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid that is 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating PCSK9 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid that is 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating PCSK9 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid that is 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating PCSK9 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid that is 11 monomers in length.
  • methods of modulating PCSK9 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid that is 12 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating PCSK9 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid that is 13 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating PCSK9 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid that is 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating PCSK9 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid that is 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating PCSK9 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid that is 16 monomers in length.
  • methods of modulating expression of PCSK9 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid comprising 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of PCSK9 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid comprising 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of PCSK9 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid comprising 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of PCSK9 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid comprising 12 or 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.
  • SOD1 means the gene product or protein of which expression is to be modulated by administration of a short antisense compound.
  • SOD1 nucleic acid means any nucleic acid encoding SOD1.
  • a SOD1 nucleic acid includes, without limitations, a DNA sequence encoding SOD1, an RNA sequence transcribed from DNA encoding SOD1, and an mRNA sequence encoding SOD1.
  • SOD1 mRNA means an mRNA encoding SOD1.
  • the invention provides methods for the slowing of disease progression in an individual suffering from familial ALS by administering to such an individual a short antisense compound targeted to an SOD1 nucleic acid.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to SOD1 are delivered directly to the cerebrospinal fluid of the individual.
  • methods further comprise increasing survival time of an individual suffering from familial ALS. Slowing of disease progression is indicated by an improvement in one or more indicators of ALS disease progression, including, without limitation, the revised ALS functional rating scale, pulmonary function tests, and muscle strength measurements.
  • one or more pharmaceutical compositions comprising a short antisense compound targeted to an SOD1 nucleic acid is co-administered with one or more other pharmaceutical agents.
  • such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat the same disease or condition as the one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention.
  • such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat a different disease or condition as the one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention.
  • such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat an undesired effect of one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention.
  • one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention are co-administered with another pharmaceutical agent to treat an undesired effect of that other pharmaceutical agent.
  • one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are administered at the same time. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are administered at different times. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are prepared together in a single formulation. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are prepared separately.
  • a co-administered pharmaceutical agent is a nicotinic acid.
  • the nicotinic acid is selected from immediate release nicotinic acid, extended release nicotinic acid, and sustained release nicotinic acid.
  • a co-administered pharmaceutical agent is a fibric acid.
  • a fibric acid is selected from gemfibrozil, fenofibrate, clofibrate, bezafibrate, and ciprofibrate.
  • compositions comprising a short antisense compound targeted to SOD1 include, but are not limited to, corticosteroids, including but not limited to prednisone; immunoglobulins, including, but not limited to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg); analgesics (e.g., acetaminophen); anti-inflammatory agents, including, but not limited to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., ibuprofen, COX-1 inhibitors, and COX-2, inhibitors); salicylates; antibiotics; antivirals; antifungal agents; antidiabetic agents (e.g., biguanides, glucosidase inhibitors, insulins, sulfonylureas, and thiazolidenediones); adrenergic modifiers; diuretics; hormones (e.g., anabolic steroids, androgen, estrogen, calcitonin, pro
  • short antisense compounds are targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid having the sequence of GENBANK® Accession No. NM_X02317.1, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 5.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 5 is at least 90% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 5.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 5 is at least 95% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 5.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 5 is 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 5.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 5 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the nucleotide sequences set forth in Table 8 or Table 9.
  • nucleotide sequence set forth in each SEQ ID NO in Tables 8 and 9 is independent of any modification to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase.
  • short antisense compounds defined by a SEQ ID NO may comprise, independently, one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase.
  • Short antisense compounds described by Isis Number indicate a combination of nucleobase sequence and one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase.
  • Table 8 illustrates examples of short antisense compounds targeted to SEQ ID NO: 5.
  • Table 8 illustrates short antisense compounds that are 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 5.
  • the column labeled ‘gapmer motif’ indicates the wing-gap-wing motif of each short antisense compounds.
  • the gap segment comprises 2′-deoxynucleotides and each nucleotide of each wing segment comprises a 2′-modified sugar.
  • the particular 2′-modified sugar is also indicated in the ‘gapmer motif’ column.
  • ‘2-10-2 MOE’ means a 2-10-2 gapmer motif, where a gap segment of ten 2′-deoxynucleotides is flanked by wing segments of two nucleotides, where the nucleotides of the wing segments are 2′-MOE nucleotides. Internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate.
  • the short antisense compounds comprise 5-methylcytidine in place of unmodified cytosine, unless “unmodified cytosine” is listed in the gapmer motif column, in which case the indicated cytosines are unmodified cytosines. For example, “5-mC in gap only” indicates that the gap segment has 5-methylcytosines, while the wing segments have unmodified cytosines.
  • short antisense compounds targeting a SOD1 nucleic acid may have any one or more properties or characteristics of the short antisense compounds generally described herein.
  • short antisense compounds targeting a SOD1 nucleic acid have a motif (wing-deoxy gap-wing) selected from 1-12-1, 1-1-10-2, 2-10-1-1, 3-10-3, 2-10-3, 2-10-2, 1-10-1, 1-10-2, 3-8-3, 2-8-2, 1-8-1, 3-6-3 or 1-6-1, more preferably 1-10-1, 2-10-2, 3-10-3, and 1-9-2.
  • a target region is nucleotides 85-100 of SEQ ID NO: 5.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to nucleotides 85-100 of SEQ ID NO: 5 comprise a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 406, 407, or 408.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 85-100 of SEQ ID NO: 5 is selected from Isis No. 387541, 387540, or 387539.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid are 8 to 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid are 9 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid are 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, such short antisense compounds are short antisense oligonucleotides.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid are short gapmers.
  • short gapmers targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid comprise at least one high affinity modification in one or more wings of the compound.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid comprise 1 to 3 high-affinity modifications in each wing.
  • the nucleosides or nucleotides of the wing comprise a 2′ modification.
  • the monomers of the wing are BNA's.
  • the monomers of the wing are selected from ⁇ -L-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH 2 —O-2′) BNA, ⁇ -D-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH 2 —O-2′) BNA, Ethyleneoxy (4′-(CH 2 ) 2 —O-2′) BNA, Aminooxy (4′-CH 2 —O—N(R)-2′) BNA and Oxyamino (4′-CH 2 —N(R)-0-2′) BNA.
  • the monomers of a wing comprise a substituent at the 2′ position selected from allyl, amino, azido, thio, O-allyl, O—C 1 -C 10 alkyl, —OCF 3 , O—(CH 2 ) 2 —O—CH 3 , 2′-O(CH 2 ) 2 SCH 3 , O—(CH 2 ) 2 —O—N(R m )(R n ), and O—CH 2 C( ⁇ O)—N(R m )(R n ), where each R m and R n is, independently, H or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 10 alkyl.
  • the monomers of a wing are 2′MOE nucleotides.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid comprise a gap between the 5′ wing and the 3′ wing.
  • the gap comprises five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, or fourteen monomers.
  • the monomers of the gap are unmodified deoxyribonucleotides.
  • the monomers of the gap are unmodified ribonucleotides.
  • gap modifications (if any) gap result in an antisense compound that, when bound to its target nucleic acid, supports cleavage by an RNase, including, but not limited to, RNase H.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid have uniform monomeric linkages. In certain such embodiments, those linkages are all phosphorothioate linkages. In certain embodiments, the linkages are all phosphodiester linkages. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid have mixed backbones.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid are 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid are 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid are 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid are 11 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid are monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid are 13 monomers in length.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid are 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid are 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid are 16 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid comprise 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid comprise 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.
  • the invention provides methods of modulating expression of SOD1.
  • such methods comprise use of one or more short antisense compound targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid, wherein the short antisense compound targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid is from about 8 to about 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 monomers (i.e. from about 8 to about 16 linked monomers).
  • the short antisense compound targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid is from about 8 to about 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 monomers (i.e. from about 8 to about 16 linked monomers).
  • methods of modulating SOD1 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid that is 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating SOD1 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid that is 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating SOD1 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid that is 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating SOD1 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid that is 11 monomers in length.
  • methods of modulating SOD1 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid that is 12 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating SOD1 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid that is 13 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating SOD1 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid that is 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating SOD1 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid that is 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating SOD1 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid that is 16 monomers in length.
  • methods of modulating expression of SOD1 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid comprising 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of SOD1 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid comprising 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of SOD1 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid comprising 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of SOD1 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid comprising 12 or 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.
  • CRP also known as C-reactive protein and PTX1
  • CRP C-reactive protein
  • PTX1 is an essential human acute-phase reactant produced in the liver in response to a variety of inflammatory cytokines.
  • the protein first identified in 1930, is highly conserved and considered to be an early indicator of infectious or inflammatory conditions.
  • Plasma CRP levels increase 1,000-fold in response to infection, ischemia, trauma, burns, and inflammatory conditions.
  • statin therapy it has been demonstrated that patients having reductions in both LDL-C and CRP have a reduced risk of future coronary events relative to patients experiencing only reductions in LDL-C.
  • CRP means the gene product or protein of which expression is to be modulated by a short antisense compound.
  • CRP nucleic acid means any nucleic acid encoding CRP.
  • a CRP nucleic acid includes, without limitations, a DNA sequence encoding CRP, an RNA sequence transcribed from DNA encoding CRP, and an mRNA sequence encoding CRP.
  • CRP mRNA means an mRNA encoding CRP.
  • the invention provides methods of modulating CRP expression in an individual comprising administering to the individual a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods of treating an individual comprising administering one or more pharmaceutical compositions comprising a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid.
  • the individual has hypercholesterolemia, non-familial hypercholesterolemia, familial hypercholesterolemia, heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, mixed dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, a risk of developing atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, a history of coronary heart disease, early onset coronary heart disease, one or more risk factors for coronary heart disease.
  • the individual has acute coronary syndrome, vascular injury, arterial occlusion, unstable angina, post peripheral vascular disease, post myocardial infarction (MI), thrombosis, deep vein thrombus, end-stage renal disease (ESRD), chronic renal failure, complement activation, congestive heart failure, or systemic vasculitis.
  • the individual has had a stroke.
  • the individual has undergone a procedure selected from elective stent placement, angioplasty, post percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTCA), cardiac transplantation, renal dialysis or cardiopulmonary bypass.
  • a procedure selected from elective stent placement, angioplasty, post percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTCA), cardiac transplantation, renal dialysis or cardiopulmonary bypass.
  • the individual has an inflammatory disease.
  • the inflammatory disease is selected from inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, or osteoarthritis.
  • LDL-C levels 130-159 mg/dL, 160-189 mg/dL, and greater than or equal to 190 mg/dL are considered borderline high, high, and very high, respectively.
  • Total cholesterol levels of 200-239 and greater than or equal to 240 mg/dL are considered borderline high and high, respectively.
  • HDL-C levels of less than 40 mg/dL are considered low.
  • the individual has been identified as in need of lipid-lowering therapy. In certain such embodiments, the individual has been identified as in need of lipid-lowering therapy according to the guidelines established in 2001 by Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP), and updated in 2004 (Grundy et al., Circulation, 2004, 110, 227-239).
  • the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy has LDL-C above 190 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments, the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy has LDL-C above 160 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments, the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy has LDL-C above 130 mg/dL.
  • the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy has LDL-C above 100 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy should maintain LDL-C below 160 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy should maintain LDL-C below 130 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy should maintain LDL-C below 100 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments the individual should maintain LDL-C below 70 mg/dL.
  • the invention provides methods for reducing CRP in an individual.
  • the reduction in CRP is at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, and at least 100%.
  • the methods provided by the present invention do not lower HDL-C. In certain embodiments, the methods provided by the present invention do not result in accumulation of lipids in the liver. In certain embodiments, the methods provided by the present invention do not cause hepatic steatosis.
  • the invention provides methods for lowering CRP concentration in a subject while reducing side effects associated with treatment.
  • a side effect is liver toxicity.
  • a side effect is abnormal liver function.
  • a side effect is elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT).
  • a side effect is elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST).
  • the invention provides methods for lowering CRP concentration in a subject who is not reaching target LDL-C levels as a result of lipid-lowering therapy.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid is the only pharmaceutical agent administered to the subject.
  • the subject has not complied with recommended lipid-lowering therapy.
  • a pharmaceutical composition of the invention is co-administered with an additional different lipid-lowering therapy.
  • an additional lipid-lowering therapy is LDL-apheresis.
  • an additional lipid-lowering therapy is a statin.
  • an additional lipid-lowering therapy is ezetimibe.
  • the invention provides methods for lowering CRP concentration in a statin-intolerant subject.
  • the subject has creatine kinase concentration increases as a result of statin administration.
  • the subject has liver function abnormalities as a result of statin administration.
  • the subject has muscle aches as a result of statin administration.
  • the subject has central nervous system side effects as a result of statin administration.
  • the subject has not complied with recommended statin administration.
  • the invention provides methods for reducing coronary heart disease risk in a subject. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for slowing the progression of atherosclerosis in a subject. In certain such embodiments the invention provides methods for stopping the progression of atherosclerosis in a subject. In certain such embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing the size and/or prevalence of atherosclerotic plaques in a subject. In certain embodiments the methods provided reduce a subject's risk of developing atherosclerosis.
  • the methods provided improve the cardiovascular outcome in a subject.
  • improved cardiovascular outcome is the reduction of the risk of developing coronary heart disease.
  • improved cardiovascular outcome is a reduction in the occurance of one or more major cardiovascular events, which include, but are not limited to, death, myocardial infarction, reinfarction, stroke, cardiogenic shock, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrest, and atrial dysrhythmia.
  • the improved cardiovascular outcome is evidenced by improved carotid intimal media thickness.
  • improved carotid intimal media thickness is a decrease in thickness.
  • improved carotid intimal media thickness is a prevention an increase of intimal media thickness.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid is for use in therapy.
  • the therapy is the reduction of CRP in an individual.
  • the therapy is the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, non-familial hypercholesterolemia, familial hypercholesterolemia, heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, mixed dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, a risk of developing atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, a history of coronary heart disease, or early onset coronary heart disease.
  • the therapy is the reduction of CHD risk.
  • the therapy is prevention of atherosclerosis.
  • the therapy is the prevention of coronary heart disease.
  • the therapy is the treatment of acute coronary syndrome, chronic renal failure, vascular injury, arterial occlusion, atherothrombosis, unstable angina, post peripheral vascular disease, post myocardial infarction (MI), thrombosis, deep vein thrombus, end-stage renal disease (ESRD), complement activation, congestive heart failure, or systemic vasculitis.
  • the therapy is the treatment of an individual who has undergone a procedure selected from elective stent placement, angioplasty, post percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTCA), cardiac transplantation, renal dialysis or cardiopulmonary bypass.
  • the therapy is the treatment of an inflammatory disorder.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid is used for the preparation of a medicament for reducing CRP in an individual.
  • pharmaceutical composition comprising a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid is used for the preparation of a medicament for reducing coronary heart disease risk.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid is used for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, non-familial hypercholesterolemia, familial hypercholesterolemia, heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, mixed dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, a risk of developing atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, a history of coronary heart disease, early onset coronary heart disease, or one or more risk factors for coronary heart disease.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid is used for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of acute coronary syndrome, chronic renal failure, vascular injury, arterial occlusion, atherothrombosis, unstable angina, post peripheral vascular disease, post myocardial infarction (MI), thrombosis, deep vein thrombus, end-stage renal disease (ESRD), complement activation, congestive heart failure, or systemic vasculitis.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid is used for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of an individual who has had a stroke.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid is used for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment in an individual who has undergone a procedure selected from elective stent placement, angioplasty, post percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTCA), cardiac transplantation, renal dialysis or cardiopulmonary bypass.
  • PTCA post percutaneous transluminal angioplasty
  • a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid is used for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of an inflammatory disease. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid is used for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, or osteoarthritis.
  • one or more pharmaceutical compositions comprising a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid are co-administered with one or more other pharmaceutical agents.
  • the one or more other pharmaceutical agents is a lipid-lowering agent.
  • such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat the same disease or condition as the one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention.
  • such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat a different disease or condition as the one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention.
  • such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat an undesired effect of one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention.
  • one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention are co-administered with another pharmaceutical agent to treat an undesired effect of that other pharmaceutical agent.
  • one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are administered at the same time.
  • one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are administered at different times.
  • one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are prepared together in a single formulation.
  • one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are prepared separately.
  • pharmaceutical agents that may be co-administered with a pharmaceutical composition comprising a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid include lipid-lowering agents.
  • pharmaceutical agents that may be co-administered with a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention include, but are not limited to atorvastatin, simvastatin, rosuvastatin, and ezetimibe.
  • the lipid-lowering agent is administered prior to administration of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention.
  • the lipid-lowering agent is administered following administration of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention.
  • the lipid-lowering agent is administered at the same time as a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention.
  • the dose of a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is the same as the dose that would be administered if the lipid-lowering agent was administered alone. In certain such embodiments the dose of a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is lower than the dose that would be administered if the lipid-lowering agent was administered alone. In certain such embodiments the dose of a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is greater than the dose that would be administered if the lipid-lowering agent was administered alone.
  • a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor.
  • the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor is a statin.
  • the statin is selected from atorvastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, fluvastatin, and rosuvastatin.
  • a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is ISIS 301012.
  • a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is a cholesterol absorption inhibitor.
  • cholesterol absorption inhibitor is ezetimibe.
  • a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is a co-formulated HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor and cholesterol absorption inhibitor.
  • the co-formulated lipid-lowering agent is ezetimibe/simvastatin.
  • a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is a microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitor (MTP inhibitor).
  • MTP inhibitor microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitor
  • a co-administered pharmaceutical agent is a bile acid sequestrant.
  • the bile acid sequestrant is selected from cholestyramine, colestipol, and colesevelam.
  • a co-administered pharmaceutical agent is a nicotinic acid.
  • the nicotinic acid is selected from immediate release nicotinic acid, extended release nicotinic acid, and sustained release nicotinic acid.
  • a co-administered pharmaceutical agent is a fibric acid.
  • a fibric acid is selected from gemfibrozil, fenofibrate, clofibrate, bezafibrate, and ciprofibrate.
  • compositions comprising a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid include, but are not limited to, corticosteroids, including but not limited to prednisone; immunoglobulins, including, but not limited to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg); analgesics (e.g., acetaminophen); anti-inflammatory agents, including, but not limited to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., ibuprofen, COX-1 inhibitors, and COX-2, inhibitors); salicylates; antibiotics; antivirals; antifungal agents; antidiabetic agents (e.g., biguanides, glucosidase inhibitors, insulins, sulfonylureas, and thiazolidenediones); adrenergic modifiers; diuretics; hormones (e.g., anabolic steroids, androgen, estrogen, calc
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid may be administered in conjuction with a lipid-lowering therapy.
  • a lipid-lowering therapy is therapeutic lifestyle change.
  • a lipid-lowering therapy is LDL apheresis.
  • short antisense compounds are targeted to a CRP nucleic acid having the sequence of GENBANK® Accession No. NM — 000567.1, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 6.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 6 is at least 90% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 6.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 6 is at least 95% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 6.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 6 is 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 6.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 6 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the nucleotide sequences set forth in Table 9.
  • nucleotide sequence set forth in each SEQ ID NO in Table 9 is independent of any modification to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase.
  • short antisense compounds defined by a SEQ ID NO may comprise, independently, one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase.
  • Short antisense compounds described by Isis Number indicate a combination of nucleobase sequence and one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase.
  • Table 9 illustrates examples of short antisense compounds targeted to SEQ ID NO: 6.
  • Table 9 illustrates short antisense compounds that are 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 6.
  • the column labeled ‘gapmer motif’ indicates the wing-gap-wing motif of each short antisense compounds.
  • the gap segment comprises 2′-deoxynucleotides and each nucleotide of each wing segment comprises a 2′-modified sugar.
  • the particular 2′-modified sugar is also indicated in the ‘gapmer motif’ column.
  • ‘2-10-2 MOE’ means a 2-10-2 gapmer motif, where a gap segment of ten 2′-deoxynucleotides is flanked by wing segments of two nucleotides, where the nucleotides of the wing segments are 2′-MOE nucleotides. Internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate.
  • the short antisense compounds comprise 5-methylcytidine in place of unmodified cytosine, unless “unmodified cytosine” is listed in the gapmer motif column, in which case the indicated cytosines are unmodified cytosines. For example, “5-mC in gap only” indicates that the gap segment has 5-methylcytosines, while the wing segments have unmodified cytosines.
  • short antisense compounds targeting a CRP nucleic acid may have any one or more properties or characteristics of the short antisense compounds generally described herein.
  • short antisense compounds targeting a CRP nucleic acid have a motif (wing-deoxy gap-wing) selected from 1-12-1, 1-1-10-2, 2-10-1-1, 3-10-3, 2-10-3, 2-10-2, 1-10-1, 1-10-2, 3-8-3, 2-8-2, 1-8-1, 3-6-3 or 1-6-1, more preferably 1-10-1, 2-10-2, 3-10-3, and 1-9-2.
  • a target region is nucleotides 1305-1320 of NM — 000567.1.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to nucleotides 1305-1320 of NM — 000567.1 comprise a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 1305 or 1306.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 263-278 of NM — 000567.1 is selected from Isis NO. 353484 or 353485.
  • a target region is nucleotides 1257-1272 of NM — 000567.1.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1257-1272 of NM — 000567.1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 1257 or 1258.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 428-483 of NM — 000567.1 is selected from Isis NO. 353506 or 353507.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid are 8 to 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid are 9 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid are 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, such short antisense compounds are short antisense oligonucleotides.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid are short gapmers.
  • short gapmers targeted to a CRP nucleic acid comprise at least one high affinity modification in one or more wings of the compound.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid comprise 1 to 3 high-affinity modifications in each wing.
  • the nucleosides or nucleotides of the wing comprise a 2′ modification.
  • the monomers of the wing are BNA's.
  • the monomers of the wing are selected from ⁇ -L-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH 2 —O-2′) BNA, ⁇ -D-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH 2 —O-2′) BNA, Ethyleneoxy (4′-(CH 2 ) 2 —O-2′) BNA, Aminooxy (4′-CH 2 —O—N(R)-2′) BNA and Oxyamino (4′-CH 2 —N(R)—O-2′) BNA.
  • the monomers of a wing comprise a substituent at the 2′ position selected from allyl, amino, azido, thio, O-allyl, O—C 1 -C 10 alkyl, —OCF 3 , O—(CH 2 ) 2 —O—CH 3 , 2′-O(CH 2 ) 2 SCH 3 , O—(CH 2 ) 2 —O—N(R m )(R n ), and O—CH 2 —C( ⁇ O)—N(R m )(R n ), where each R m and R n is, independently, H or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 10 alkyl.
  • the monomers of a wing are 2′MOE nucleotides.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid comprise a gap between the 5′ wing and the 3′ wing.
  • the gap comprises five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, or fourteen monomers.
  • the monomers of the gap are unmodified deoxyribonucleotides.
  • the monomers of the gap are unmodified ribonucleotides.
  • gap modifications (if any) gap result in an antisense compound that, when bound to its target nucleic acid, supports cleavage by an RNase, including, but not limited to, RNase H.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid have uniform monomeric linkages. In certain such embodiments, those linkages are all phosphorothioate linkages. In certain embodiments, the linkages are all phosphodiester linkages. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid have mixed backbones.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid are 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid are 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid are 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid are 11 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid are monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid are 13 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid are 14 monomers in length.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid are 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid are 16 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid comprise 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid comprise 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.
  • the invention provides methods of modulating expression of CRP.
  • such methods comprise use of one or more short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid, wherein the short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid is from about 8 to about 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 monomers (i.e. from about 8 to about 16 linked monomers).
  • the short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid is from about 8 to about 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 monomers (i.e. from about 8 to about 16 linked monomers).
  • methods of modulating CRP comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid that is 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating CRP comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid that is 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating CRP comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid that is 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating CRP comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid that is 11 monomers in length.
  • methods of modulating CRP comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid that is 12 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating CRP comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid that is 13 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating CRP comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid that is 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating CRP comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid that is 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating CRP comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid that is 16 monomers in length.
  • methods of modulating expression of CRP comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid comprising 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of CRP comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid comprising 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of CRP comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid comprising 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of CRP comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid comprising 12 or 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.
  • GCCR Glucocorticoid Receptor
  • Glucocorticoids were among the first steroid hormones to be identified and are responsible for a multitude of physiological functions, including the stimulation of gluconeogenesis, decreased glucose uptake and utilization in peripheral tissues, increased glycogen deposition, suppression of immune and inflammatory responses, inhibition of cytokine synthesis and acceleration of various developmental events. Glucocorticoids are also especially important for combating stress. Stress-induced elevation of glucocorticoid synthesis and release leads to, among other responses, increased ventricular workload, inhibition of inflammatory mediators, inhibition of cytokine synthesis and increased glucose production (Karin, Cell, 1998, 93, 487-490).
  • glucocorticoid receptor a ubiquitously expressed cytoplasmic member of the nuclear hormone superfamily of receptors.
  • Human glucocorticoid receptor is also known as nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1; NR3C1; GCCR; GCR; GRL; Glucocorticoid receptor, lymphocyte.
  • the gene is located on human chromosome 5q11-q13 and consists of 9 exons (Encio and Detera-Wadleigh, J Biol Chem, 1991, 266, 7182-7188; Gehring et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1985, 82, 3751-3755).
  • human glucocorticoid receptor mRNA a 5.5 kb human glucocorticoid receptor a cDNA containing exons 1-8 and exon 9 ⁇ ; a 4.3 kb human glucocorticoid receptor 0 cDNA containing exons 1-8 and exon 90; and a 7.0 kb human glucocorticoid receptor a cDNA containing exons 1-8 and the entire exon 9, which includes exon 9 ⁇ , exon 9 ⁇ and the ‘J region’, which is flanked by exons 9 ⁇ and 9 ⁇ (Hollenberg et al., Nature, 1985, 318, 635-641; Oakley et al., J Biol Chem, 1996, 271, 9550-9559).
  • Human glucocorticoid receptor a is the predominant isoform of the receptor and the one that exhibits steroid binding activity (Hollenberg et al., Nature, 1985, 318, 635-641). Additionally, through usage of three different promoters three different exon 1 variants can be transcribed, and alternative splicing of one exon 1 variant can result in three different versions of this exon. Thus, human glucocorticoid receptor mRNA may contain 5 different versions of exon 1 (Breslin et al., Mol Endocrinol, 2001, 15, 1381-1395).
  • the ⁇ isoform is undetectable, suggesting that under physiological conditions, the default splicing pathway is the one that produces the ⁇ isoform (Pujols et al., Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 2002, 283, C1324-1331).
  • the ⁇ isoform of glucocorticoid receptor binds neither a glucocorticoid agonist nor an antagonist.
  • the ⁇ isoform is localized primarily in the nucleus in transfected cells, independent of hormone stimulation.
  • the glucocorticoid receptor ⁇ inhibits the hormone-induced, glucocorticoid receptor ⁇ -mediated stimulation of gene expression, suggesting that the ⁇ isoform functions as an inhibitor of glucocorticoid receptor ⁇ activity (Oakley et al., J Biol Chem, 1996, 271, 9550-9559).
  • the human glucocorticoid receptor described herein is defined as the ubiquitous product(s) of the gene located on chromosome 5q11-q13.
  • glucocorticoid receptor antagonists have been measured in animal models designed to assess anxiety, learning and memory. Reduced expression of glucocorticoid receptor in rats long-term intracerebroventricularly infused with antisense oligodeoxynucleotides targeting glucocorticoid receptor mRNA did not interfere with spatial navigation in the Morris water maze test (Engelmann et al., Eur J Pharmacol, 1998, 361, 17-26).
  • Glucocorticoids are frequently used for their immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory effects in the treatment of diseases such as allergies, athsma, rheumatoid arthritis, AIDS, systemic lupus erythematosus and degenerative osteoarthritis.
  • Negative regulation of gene expression such as that caused by the interaction of glucocorticoid receptor with NF-kB, is proposed to be at least partly responsible for the anti-inflammatory action of glucocorticoids in vivo.
  • Interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor ⁇ and interleukin-1 are the three cytokines that account for most of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis stimulation during the stress of inflammation.
  • HPA hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
  • HPA axis and the systemic sympathetic and adrenomedullary system are the peripheral components of the stress system, responsible for maintaining basal and stress-related homeostasis.
  • Glucocorticoids the end products of the HPA axis, inhibit the production of all three inflammatory cytokines and also inhibit their effects on target tissues, with the exception of interleukin-6, which acts synergistically with glucocorticoids to stimulate the production of acute-phase reactants.
  • Glucocorticoid treatment decreases the activity of the HPA axis (Chrousos, N Engl J Med, 1995, 332, 1351-1362).
  • glucocorticoid receptor gene A total of 15 missense, three nonsense, three frameshift, one splice site, and two alternative spliced mutations, as well as 16 polymorphisms, have been reported in the NR3C1 gene in association with glucocorticoid resistance (Bray and Cotton, Hum Mutat, 2003, 21, 557-568). Additional studies in humans have suggested a positive association between metabolic syndrome incidence and progression, with alleles at the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene (Rosmond, Obes Res, 2002, 10, 1078-1086).
  • GR glucocorticoid receptor
  • glucocorticoid receptor ⁇ Increased expression of glucocorticoid receptor ⁇ is also observed in a significantly high number of glucocorticoid-insensitive asthmatics. Additionally, cytokine-induced abnormalities in the DNA binding capacity of the glucocorticoid receptor were found in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from glucocorticoid-insensitive patients transfection, and HepG2 cells with the glucocorticoid receptor, gene resulted in a significant reduction of glucocorticoid receptor a DNA-binding capacity (Leung et al., J Exp Med, 1997, 186, 1567-1574).
  • glucocorticoid receptor P does not alter the affinity of glucocorticoid receptor a for hormonal ligands, but rather its ability to bind to the GRE (Bamberger et al., J Clin Invest, 1995, 95, 2435-2441).
  • glucocorticoid receptor ⁇ through competition with glucocorticoid receptor a for GRE target sites, may function as a physiologically and pathophysiologically relevant endogenous inhibitor of glucocorticoid action.
  • glucocorticoid agonists increase hepatic glucose production by activating the glucocorticoid receptor, which subsequently leads to increased expression of the gluconeogenic enzymes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase.
  • PPCK phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
  • glucose-6-phosphatase Through gluconeogenesis, glucose is formed through non-hexose precursors, such as lactate, pyruvate and alanine (Link, Curr Opin Investig Drugs, 2003, 4, 421-429).
  • Steroidal glucocorticoid receptor antagonists such as RU 486 have been tested in rodent models of diabetes.
  • mice deficient in the leptin receptor gene are genetically obese, diabetic and hyperinsulinemic.
  • Treatment of hyperglycemic db/db mice with RU 486 decreased blood glucose levels by approximately 49%, without affecting plasma insulin levels. Additionally, RU 486 treatment reduced the expression of glucocorticoid receptor responsive genes PEPCK, glucose-6-phosphatase, glucose transporter type 2 and tyrosine aminotransferase in db/db mice as compared to untreated animals (Friedman et al., J Biol Chem, 1997, 272, 31475-31481).
  • RU 486 also ameliorates diabetes in the ob/ob mouse model of diabetes, obesity and hyperinsulinemia, through a reduction in serum insulin and blood glucose levels (Gettys et al., Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 1997, 21, 865-873).
  • glucocorticoid receptor antagonists include activation of the HPA axis (Link, Curr Opin Investig Drugs, 2003, 4, 421-429). Increased HPA axis activity is associated with suppression of immune-related inflammatory action, which can increase susceptibility to infectious agents and neoplasms.
  • Conditions associated with suppression of immune-mediated inflammation through defects in the HPA axis, or its target tissues include Cushing's syndrome, chronic stress, chronic alcoholism and melancholic depression (Chrousos, N Engl J Med, 1995, 332, 1351-1362).
  • Steroidal glucocorticoid receptor antagonists have been conjugated to bile acids for the purpose of targeting them to the liver (Apelqvist et al., 2000).
  • Currently, there are no known therapeutic agents that target the glucocorticoid receptor without undesired peripheral effects (Link, Curr Opin Investig Drugs, 2003, 4, 421-429). Consequently, there remains a long felt need for agents capable of effectively inhibiting hepatic glucocorticoid receptor.
  • Glucocorticoid receptor is the gene product or protein of which expression is to be modulated by administration of a short antisense compound. Glucocorticoid receptor is generally referred to as GCCR.
  • GCCR nucleic acid means any nucleic acid encoding GCCR.
  • a GCCR nucleic acid includes, without limitation, a DNA sequence encoding GCCR, an RNA sequence transcribed from DNA encoding GCCR, and an mRNA sequence encoding GCCR.
  • GCCR mRNA means an mRNA encoding GCCR.
  • Antisense technology is an effective means of reducing the expression of specific gene products and therefore is useful in a number of therapeutic, diagnostic and research applications for the modulation of glucocorticoid receptor expression.
  • liver is one of the tissues in which the highest concentrations of antisense oligonucleotides are found following administration (Geary et al., Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs, 2001, 2, 562-573). Therefore, in such embodiments, antisense technology represents an attractive method for the liver-specific inhibition of glucocorticoid receptor.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to a nucleic acid encoding glucocorticoid receptor are preferentially distributed to the liver.
  • short antisense compounds have increased potency in the liver when compared to a longer parent compound.
  • target RNA is predominantly expressed in the liver.
  • a subject, suspected of having a disease or disorder which can be treated by modulating the expression of GCCR is treated by administering one or more short antisense compound.
  • the methods comprise the step of administering to an animal a therapeutically effective amount of a short antisense compound.
  • Certain short antisense compounds inhibit the activity of GCCR and/or inhibit expression of GCCR.
  • the activity or expression of GCCR in a subject is inhibited by at least 10%, by at least 20%, by at least 25%, by at least 30%, by at least 40%, by at least 50%, by at least 60%, by at least 70%, by at least 75%, by at least 80%, by at least 85%, by at least 90%, by at least 95%, by at least 98%, by at least 99%, or by 100%.
  • the activity or expression of GCCR in a subject is inhibited by at least 30%.
  • the activity or expression of GCCR in a subject is inhibited by at least 50% or more.
  • GCCR reduced expression of GCCR
  • cells contained within such fluids, tissues or organs being analyzed comprise nucleic acids encoding GCCR and/or they contain the GCCR protein itself.
  • short antisense compounds are also provided.
  • short antisense compounds are be utilized in pharmaceutical compositions by adding to them an effective amount of a compound to a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier.
  • short antisense compounds targeting a GCCR nucleic acid have any one or more properties or characteristics of the short antisense compounds generally described herein.
  • short antisense compounds targeting a GCCR nucleic acid have a motif (wing-deoxy gap-wing) selected from 1-12-1, 1-1-10-2, 2-10-1-1, 3-10-3, 2-10-3, 2-10-2, 1-10-1, 1-10-2, 3-8-3, 2-8-2, 1-8-1, 3-6-3 or 1-6-1.
  • short antisense compounds targeting a GCCR nucleic acid have a motif (wing-deoxy gap-wing) selected from 1-10-1, 2-10-2, 3-10-3, and 1-9-2.
  • short antisense compounds targeting a GCCR nucleic acid have a motif (wing-deoxy gap-wing) selected from 3-10-3, 2-10-3, 2-10-2, 1-10-1, 1-10-2, 2-8-2, 1-8-1, 3-6-3 or 1-6-1, more preferably 2-10-2 and 2-8-2.
  • motif wing-deoxy gap-wing
  • provided herein are methods of treating an individual by administering one or more short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid or a pharmaceutical composition comprising such compound. Further provided are methods of treating a subject having a disease or conditions associated with GCCR activity by administering a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid.
  • diseases and conditions associated with GCCR include but are not limited to, obesity, Metabolic syndrome X, Cushing's Syndrome, Addison's disease, inflammatory diseases such as asthma, rhinitis and arthritis, allergy, autoimmune disease, immunodeficiency, anorexia, cachexia, bone loss or bone frailty, and wound healing.
  • Metabolic syndrome, metabolic syndrome X or simply Syndrome X refers to a cluster of risk factors that include obesity, dyslipidemia, particularly high blood triglycerides, glucose intolerance, high blood sugar and high blood pressure.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to GCCR are used for amelioration of hyperglycemia induced by systemic steroid therapy.
  • antisense technology provides a means of inhibiting the expression of the glucocorticoid receptor ⁇ isoform, demonstrated to be overexpressed in patients refractory to glucocorticoid treatment.
  • the invention provides short antisense compounds targeted to a nucleic acid encoding GCGR, and which modulate the expression of glucocorticoid receptor.
  • Pharmaceutical and other compositions comprising the compounds of the invention are also provided. Further provided are methods of screening for modulators of glucocorticoid receptor and methods of modulating the expression of glucocorticoid receptor in cells, tissues or animals comprising contacting said cells, tissues or animals with one or more of the compounds or compositions of the invention. Methods of treating an animal, particularly a human, suspected of having or being prone to a disease or condition associated with expression of glucocorticoid receptor are also set forth herein. Such methods comprise administering a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of one or more of the compounds or compositions of the invention to the person in need of treatment.
  • short antisense compounds are targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid having the sequence of nucleotides 1 to 106000 of GENBANK®V Accession No. AC012634, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 8.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 8 is at least 90% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 8.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 8 is at least 95% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 8.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 8 is 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 8.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 8 includes a nucleotide sequence selected from the nucleotide sequences set forth in Tables 10 and 11.
  • nucleotide sequence set forth in each SEQ ID NO in Tables 10 and 11 is independent of any modification to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase.
  • short antisense compounds defined by a SEQ ID NO may comprise, independently, one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase.
  • Short antisense compounds described by Isis Number indicate a combination of nucleobase sequence and one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprise a gapmer motif. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprises a 2-10-2 gapmer motif.
  • Tables 10 and 11 illustrate examples of short antisense compounds targeted to SEQ ID NO: 8.
  • Table 10 illustrates short antisense compounds that are 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 8.
  • Table 11 illustrates short antisense compounds that have one or two mismatches with respect to SEQ ID NO: 8.
  • the column labeled ‘gapmer motif’ indicates the wing-gap-wing motif of each short antisense compounds.
  • the gap segment comprises 2′-deoxynucleotides and each nucleotide of each wing segment comprises a 2′-modified sugar.
  • the particular 2′-modified sugar is also indicated in the ‘gapmer motif’ column.
  • ‘2-10-2 MOE’ means a 2-10-2 gapmer motif, where a gap segment of ten 2′-deoxynucleotides is flanked by wing segments of two nucleotides, where the nucleotides of the wing segments are 2′-MOE nucleotides. Internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate.
  • the short antisense compounds comprise 5-methylcytidine in place of unmodified cytosine, unless “unmodified cytosine” is listed in the gapmer motif column, in which case the indicated cytosines are unmodified cytosines. For example, “5-mC in gap only” indicates that the gap segment has 5-methylcytosines, while the wing segments have unmodified cytosines.
  • a target region is nucleotides 88142-88269 of SEQ ID NO: 8.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 88142-88269 of SEQ ID NO: 8.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 88142-88269 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, or 418.
  • an antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 88142-88269 of SEQ ID NO: 8 is selected from Isis NO. 371644, 371645, 371649, 371651, 371652, or 371653.
  • a target region is nucleotides 88142-88169 of SEQ ID NO: 8.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 88142-88169 of SEQ ID NO: 8.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 88142-88169 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 413 or 414.
  • an antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 88142-88169 of SEQ ID NO: 8 is selected from Isis NO. 371644 or 371645.
  • a target region is nucleotides 88242-88269 of SEQ ID NO: 8.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 88242-88269 of SEQ ID NO: 8.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 88242-88269 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 416, 417, or 418.
  • an antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 88242-88269 of SEQ ID NO: 8 is selected from Isis NO. 371651, 371652, or 371653.
  • a target region is nucleotides 92037-92155 of SEQ ID NO: 8.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 92037-92155 of SEQ ID NO: 8.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 92037-92155 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 419, 420, 421, or 422.
  • an antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 92037-92155 of SEQ ID NO: 8 is selected from Isis NO. 371665, 371669, 371671, or 171673.
  • a target region is nucleotides 92114-92155 of SEQ ID NO: 8.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 92114-92155 of SEQ ID NO: 8.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 92114-92155 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 421 or 422.
  • an antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 92114-92155 of SEQ ID NO: 8 is selected from Isis NO. 371671 or 171673.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid are 8 to 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid are 9 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid are 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, such short antisense compounds are short antisense oligonucleotides.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid are short gapmers.
  • short gapmers targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprise at least one high affinity modification in one or more wings of the compound.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprise 1 to 3 high-affinity modifications in each wing.
  • the nucleosides or nucleotides of the wing comprise a 2′ modification.
  • the monomers of the wing are BNA's.
  • the monomers of the wing are selected from ⁇ -L-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH 2 —O-2′) BNA, ⁇ -D-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH 2 —O-2′) BNA, Ethyleneoxy (4′-(CH 2 ) 2 —O-2′) BNA, Aminooxy (4′-CH 2 —O—N(R)-2′) BNA and Oxyamino (4′-CH 2 —N(R)-0-2′) BNA.
  • the monomers of a wing comprise a substituent at the 2′ position selected from allyl, amino, azido, thio, O-allyl, O—C 1 -C 10 alkyl, —OCF 3 , O—(CH 2 ) 2 —O—CH 3 , 2′-O(CH 2 ) 2 SCH 3 , O—(CH 2 ) 2 —O—N(R m )(R n ), and O—CH 2 —C( ⁇ O)—N(R m )(R n ), where each R m and R n is, independently, H or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 10 alkyl.
  • the monomers of a wing are 2′MOE nucleotides.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprise a gap between the 5′ wing and the 3′ wing.
  • the gap comprises five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, or fourteen monomers.
  • the monomers of the gap are unmodified deoxyribonucleotides.
  • the monomers of the gap are unmodified ribonucleotides.
  • gap modifications (if any) gap result in an antisense compound that, when bound to its target nucleic acid, supports cleavage by an RNase, including, but not limited to, RNase H.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid have uniform monomeric linkages. In certain such embodiments, those linkages are all phosphorothioate linkages. In certain embodiments, the linkages are all phosphodiester linkages. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid have mixed backbones.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid are 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid are 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid are 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid are 11 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid are monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid are 13 monomers in length.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid are 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid are 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid are 16 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprise 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprise 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.
  • the invention provides methods of modulating expression of GCCR.
  • such methods comprise use of one or more short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid, wherein the short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid is from about 8 to about 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 monomers (i.e. from about 8 to about 16 linked monomers).
  • the short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid is from about 8 to about 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 monomers (i.e. from about 8 to about 16 linked monomers).
  • methods of modulating GCCR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid that is 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating GCCR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid that is 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating GCCR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid that is 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating GCCR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid that is 11 monomers in length.
  • methods of modulating GCCR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid that is 12 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating GCCR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid that is 13 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating GCCR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid that is 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating GCCR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid that is 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating GCCR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid that is 16 monomers in length.
  • methods of modulating expression of GCCR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprising 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of GCCR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprising 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of GCCR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprising 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of GCCR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprising 12 or 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.
  • GCGR Glucagon Receptor
  • Glucagon the 29-amino acid peptide responsible for maintaining blood glucose levels in the postabsorbative state, increases glucose release from the liver by activating hepatic glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, stimulating lipolysis in adipose tissue, and stimulating insulin secretion.
  • insulin reverses the glucagon-mediated enhancement of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.
  • insulin is either not available or not fully effective. While treatment for diabetes has traditionally focused on increasing insulin levels, antagonism of glucagon function has been considered as an alternative therapy.
  • glucagon exerts its physiological effects by signaling through the glucagon receptor
  • the glucagon receptor has been proposed as a potential therapeutic target for diabetes (Madsen et al., Curr. Pharm. Des., 1999, 5, 683-691).
  • Glucagon receptor is belongs to the superfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors having seven transmembrane domains. It is also a member of the smaller sub-family of homologous receptors which bind peptides that are structurally similar to glucagon.
  • the gene encoding human glucagon receptor was cloned in 1994 and analysis of the genomic sequence revealed multiple introns and an 82% identity to the rat glucagon receptor gene (Lok et al., Gene, 1994, 140, 203-209; MacNeil et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1994, 198, 328-334).
  • rat glucagon receptor gene Cloning of the rat glucagon receptor gene also led to the description of multiple alternative splice variants (Maget et al., FEBS Lett., 1994, 351, 271-275).
  • the human glucagon receptor gene is localized to chromosome 17q25 (Menzel et al., Genomics, 1994, 20, 327-328).
  • a missense mutation of Gly to Ser at codon 40 in the glucagon receptor gene leads to a 3-fold lower affinity for glucagon (Fujisawa et al., Diabetologia, 1995, 38, 983-985) and this mutation has been linked to several disease states, including non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (Fujisawa et al., Diabetologia, 1995, 38, 983-985), hypertension (Chambers and Morris, Nat. Genet., 1996, 12, 122), and central adiposity (Siani et al., Obes. Res., 2001, 9, 722-726).
  • Glucagon receptor is the gene product or protein of which expression is to be modulated by administration of a short antisense compound. Glucagon receptor is generally referred to as GCGR but may also be referred to as GR, GGR, MGC138246, MGC93090.
  • GCGR nucleic acid means any nucleic acid encoding GCGR.
  • a GCGR nucleic acid includes, without limitation, a GCGR sequence encoding GCGR, an RNA sequence transcribed from DNA encoding GCGR, and an mRNA sequence encoding GCGR.
  • GCGR mRNA means an mRNA encoding a GCGR protein.
  • Antisense technology is an effective means for reducing glucagon receptor (GCGR) expression and has proven to be uniquely useful in a number of therapeutic, diagnostic, and research applications.
  • the present invention provides short antisense compounds targeted to a nucleic acid encoding glucagon receptor, and which modulate the expression of glucagon receptor.
  • short antisense compounds capable of inhibiting GCGR expression.
  • methods of treating an individual comprising administering one or more pharmaceutical compositions comprising a short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid inhibit GCGR expression
  • methods of treating a subject having a disease or condition associated with GCGR activity by administering one or more pharmaceutical compositions comprising a short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid.
  • methods of treating a subject having high blood glucose, hyperglycemia, prediabetes, diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, obesity and/or insulin resistance are provided herein.
  • compositions comprising one or more short antisense compounds targeted to GCGR and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, enhancer or excipient.
  • Certain compounds of the invention can also be used in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of diseases and disorders related to glucagon effects mediated by GCGR.
  • Certain embodiments of the present invention include methods of reducing the expression of GCGR in tissues or cells comprising contacting said cells or tissues with a short antisense compound targeted to a nucleic acid encoding GCGRor pharmaceutical composition comprising such a short antisense compound.
  • the invention provides methods of decreasing blood glucose levels, blood triglyceride levels, or blood cholesterol levels in a subject comprising administering to the subject a short antisense compound or a pharmaceutical composition. Blood levels may be plasma levels or serum levels.
  • methods of improving insulin sensitivity methods of increasing GLP-1 levels and methods of inhibiting hepatic glucose output in an animal comprising administering to said animal an antisense oligonucleotide or a pharmaceutical composition of the invention.
  • An improvement in insulin sensitivity may be indicated by a reduction in circulating insulin levels.
  • the invention provides methods of treating a subject having a disease or condition associated with glucagon activity via GCGR comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of a short antisense compound or a pharmaceutical composition.
  • disease or condition may be a metabolic disease or condition.
  • the metabolic disease or condition is diabetes, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, metabolic syndrome X, obesity, primary hyperglucagonemia, insulin deficiency, or insulin resistance.
  • the diabetes is Type 2 diabetes.
  • the obesity is diet-induced.
  • hyperlipidemia is associated with elevated blood lipid levels. Lipids include cholesterol and triglycerides.
  • the condition is liver steatosis.
  • the steatosis is steatohepatitis or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.
  • the invention provides methods of preventing or delaying the onset of elevated blood glucose levels in an animal as well as methods of preserving beta-cell function in an animal using the oligomeric compounds delineated herein.
  • Certain short antisense compounds targeted to GCGR can be used to modulate the expression of GCGR in a subject in need thereof, such as an animal, including, but not limited to, a human
  • such methods comprise the step of administering to said animal an effective amount of a short antisense compound that reduces expression of GCGR RNA.
  • short antisense compounds effectively reduce the levels or function of GCGR RNA. Because reduction in GCGR mRNA levels can lead to alteration in GCGR protein products of expression as well, such resultant alterations can also be measured.
  • Certain antisense compounds that effectively reduce the levels or function of GCGR RNA or protein products of expression is considered an active antisense compound.
  • short antisense compounds reduce the expression of GCGR causing a reduction of RNA by at least 10%, by at least 20%, by at least 25%, by at least 30%, by at least 40%, by at least 50%, by at least 60%, by at least 70%, by at least 75%, by at least 80%, by at least 85%, by at least 90%, by at least 95%, by at least 98%, by at least 99%, or by 100%.
  • methods of screening for modulators of glucagon receptor and methods of modulating the expression of glucagon receptor in cells, tissues or animals comprising contacting said cells, tissues or animals with one or more short antisense compounds targeted to GCGRor with compositions comprising such compounds.
  • Methods of treating an animal, particularly a human, suspected of having or being prone to a disease or condition associated with expression of glucagon receptor are also set forth herein. Certain such methods comprise administering a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of one or more of the compounds or compositions of the invention to the person in need of treatment.
  • the reduction of the expression of glucagon receptor may be measured, for example, in blood, plasma, serum, adipose tissue, liver or any other body fluid, tissue or organ of the animal.
  • the cells contained within said fluids, tissues or organs being analyzed contain a nucleic acid molecule encoding glucagon receptor protein and/or the glucagon receptor protein itself.
  • compositions comprising short antisense compounds are also provided.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to a nucleic acid encoding GCGR are utilized in pharmaceutical compositions by adding an effective amount of a compound to a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier.
  • the short antisense compounds targeting a GCGR nucleic acid may have any one or more properties or characteristics of the short antisense compounds generally described herein.
  • short antisense compounds targeting a GCGR nucleic acid have a motif (wing-deoxy gap-wing) selected from 1-12-1, 1-1-10-2, 2-10-1-1, 3-10-3, 2-10-3, 2-10-2, 1-10-1, 1-10-2, 3-8-3, 2-8-2, 1-8-1, 3-6-3 or 1-6-1.
  • short antisense compounds targeting a GCGR nucleic acid have a motif (wing-deoxy gap-wing) selected from 1-12-1, 2-10-2, 3-10-3, 3-8-3, 1-1-10-2.
  • short antisense compounds are targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid having the sequence GENBANK® Accession No. NM — 000160.1, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 9 is at least 90% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 9 is at least 95% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 9 is 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 9 includes a nucleotide sequence selected from the nucleotide sequences set forth in Tables 12 and 13.
  • nucleotide sequences set forth in each SEQ ID NO in Tables 12 and 13 are independent of any modification to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase.
  • short antisense compounds defined by a SEQ ID NO may comprise, independently, one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase.
  • Short antisense compounds described by Isis Number indicate a combination of nucleobase sequence and one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprise a gapmer motif. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprises a 3-10-3 gapmer motif. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprise a gapmer motif. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprises a 3-8-3 gapmer motif. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprise a gapmer motif. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprises a 2-10-2 gapmer motif.
  • Tables 12 and 13 illustrate examples of short antisense compounds targeted to SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • Table 12 illustrates short antisense compounds that are 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • Table 13 illustrates short antisense compounds that have one or two mismatches with respect to SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • the column labeled ‘gapmer motif’ indicates the wing-gap-wing motif of each short antisense compounds.
  • the gap segment comprises 2′-deoxynucleotides and each nucleotide of each wing segment comprises a 2′-modified sugar.
  • the particular 2′-modified sugar is also indicated in the ‘gapmer motif’ column.
  • ‘2-10-2 MOE’ means a 2-10-2 gapmer motif, where a gap segment of ten 2′-deoxynucleotides is flanked by wing segments of two nucleotides, where the nucleotides of the wing segments are 2′-MOE nucleotides. Internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate.
  • the short antisense compounds comprise 5-methylcytidine in place of unmodified cytosine, unless “unmodified cytosine” is listed in the gapmer motif column, in which case the indicated cytosines are unmodified cytosines. For example, “5-mC in gap only” indicates that the gap segment has 5-methylcytosines, while the wing segments have unmodified cytosines.
  • a target region is nucleotides 378-391 of SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 378-391 of SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 378-391 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 486 or 487.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 378-391 of SEQ ID NO: 9 is selected from Isis No 338463 or 338534.
  • a target region is nucleotides 499-521 of SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 499-521 of SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 499-521 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 488, 489, 490, 491, 492, 493, 494, 495, 496, or 497.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 499-521 of SEQ ID NO: 9 is selected from Isis No 327130, 327131, 327132, 327133, 327134, 327135, 327136, 327137, 327138, or 327139.
  • a target region is nucleotides 531-553 of SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 531-553 of SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 531-553 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 498, 499, 500, 501, 502, 503, 504, 505, 506, or 507.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 531-553 of SEQ ID NO: 9 is selected from Isis No 327140, 327141, 327142, 327143, 327144, 327145, 327146, 327147, 327148, or 327149.
  • a target region is nucleotides 545-567 of SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 545-567 of SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 545-567 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 508, 509, 510, 511, 512, 513, 514, 515, 516, or 517.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 545-567 of SEQ ID NO: 9 is selected from Isis No 327150, 327151, 327152, 327153, 327154, 327155, 327156, 327157, 327158, or 327159.
  • a target region is nucleotides 531-567 of SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 531-567 of SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 531-567 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 498, 499, 500, 501, 502, 503, 504, 505, 506, 507, 508, 509, 510, 511, 512, 513, 514, 515, 516, or 517.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 531-567 of SEQ ID NO: 9 is selected from Isis No 327140, 327141, 327142, 327143, 327144, 327145, 327146, 327147, 327148, 327149, 327150, 327151, 327152, 327153, 327154, 327155, 327156, 327157, 327158, or 327159.
  • a target region is nucleotides 684-714 of SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 684-714 of SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 684-714 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 518, 520, 521, 522, 523, 524, 525, 526, 527, 528, 529, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534, 535, or 536.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 684-714 of SEQ ID NO: 9 is selected from Isis No 345897, 327160, 327161, 327162, 327163, 327164, 327165, 327166, 327167, 327168, 327169, 327170, 327171, 327172, 327173, 327174, 327175, 327176, or 327177.
  • a target region is nucleotides 869-891 of SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 869-891 of SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 869-891 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 537, 538, 539, 540, 541, 542, 543, 544, 545, or 546.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 869-891 of SEQ ID NO: 9 is selected from Isis No 327178, 327179, 327180, 327181, 327182, 327183, 327184, 327185, 327186, or 327187.
  • a target region is nucleotides 955-977 of SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 955-977 of SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 955-977 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 547, 548, 549, 550, 551, 552, 553, 554, 555, or 556.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 955-977 of SEQ ID NO: 9 is selected from Isis No 327188, 327189, 327190, 327191, 327192, 327193, 327194, 327195, 327196, or 327197.
  • a target region is nucleotides 1019-1041 of SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1019-1041 of SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1019-1041 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 557, 558, 559, 560, 561, 562, 563, 564, 565, or 566.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1019-1041 of SEQ ID NO: 9 is selected from Isis No 327198, 327199, 327200, 327201, 327202, 327203, 327204, 327205, 327206, or 327207.
  • a target region is nucleotides 1160-1175 of SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1160-1175 of SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1160-1175 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 567 or 568.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1160-1175 of SEQ ID NO: 9 is selected from Isis No 338491 or 338562.
  • a target region is nucleotides 1307-1377 of SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1307-1377 of SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1307-1377 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 569, 570, 571, 572, or 573.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1307-1377 of SEQ ID NO: 9 is selected from Isis No 338498, 338569, 338499, 338570, or 385067.
  • a target region is nucleotides 1307-1414 of SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1307-1414 of SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1307-1414 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 569, 570, 571, 572, 573, or 574.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1307-1414 of SEQ ID NO: 9 is selected from Isis No 338498, 338569, 338499, 338570, 385067, or 338573.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid are 8 to 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid are 9 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid are 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, such short antisense compounds are short antisense oligonucleotides.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid are short gapmers.
  • short gapmers targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid comprise at least one high affinity modification in one or more wings of the compound.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid comprise 1 to 3 high-affinity modifications in each wing.
  • the nucleosides or nucleotides of the wing comprise a 2′ modification.
  • the monomers of the wing are BNA's.
  • the monomers of the wing are selected from ⁇ -L-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH 2 —O-2′) BNA, ⁇ -D-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH 2 —O-2′) BNA, Ethyleneoxy (4′-(CH 2 ) 2 —O-2′) BNA, Aminooxy (4′-CH 2 —O—N(R)-2′) BNA and Oxyamino (4′-CH 2 —N(R)—O-2′) BNA.
  • the monomers of a wing comprise a substituent at the 2′ position selected from allyl, amino, azido, thio, O-allyl, O—C 1 -C 10 alkyl, —OCF 3 , O—(CH 2 ) 2 —O—CH 3 , 2′-O(CH 2 ) 2 SCH 3 , O —(CH 2 ) 2 —O—N(R m )(R n ), and O—CH 2 —C( ⁇ O)—N(R m )(R n ), where each R m and R n is, independently, H or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 10 alkyl.
  • the monomers of a wing are 2′MOE nucleotides.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid comprise a gap between the 5′ wing and the 3′ wing.
  • the gap comprises five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, or fourteen monomers.
  • the monomers of the gap are unmodified deoxyribonucleotides.
  • the monomers of the gap are unmodified ribonucleotides.
  • gap modifications (if any) gap result in an antisense compound that, when bound to its target nucleic acid, supports cleavage by an RNase, including, but not limited to, RNase H.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid have uniform monomeric linkages. In certain such embodiments, those linkages are all phosphorothioate linkages. In certain embodiments, the linkages are all phosphodiester linkages. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid have mixed backbones.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid are 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid are 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid are 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid are 11 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid are monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid are 13 monomers in length.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid are 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid are 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid are 16 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid comprise 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid comprise 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.
  • the invention provides methods of modulating expression of GCGR.
  • such methods comprise use of one or more short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid, wherein the short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid is from about 8 to about 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 monomers (i.e. from about 8 to about 16 linked monomers).
  • the short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid is from about 8 to about 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 monomers (i.e. from about 8 to about 16 linked monomers).
  • methods of modulating GCGR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid that is 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating GCGR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid that is 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating GCGR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid that is 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating GCGR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid that is 11 monomers in length.
  • methods of modulating GCGR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid that is 12 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating GCGR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid that is 13 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating GCGR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid that is 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating GCGR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid that is 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating GCGR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid that is 16 monomers in length.
  • methods of modulating expression of GCGR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid comprising 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of GCGR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid comprising 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of GCGR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid comprising 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of GCGR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid comprising 12 or 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.
  • Diacylglycerol transferase 2 (also known as DGAT2, diacylglycerol O-transferase 2, acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2), Diacylglycerol transferase 2 has been shown to be implicated in the absorption process of triglycerides (also called triacylglycerols) from food.
  • the absorption of triglycerides from food is a very efficient process which occurs by a series of steps wherein the dietary triacylglycerols are hydrolyzed in the intestinal lumen and then resynthesized within enterocytes.
  • the resynthesis of triacylglycerols can occur via the monoacylglycerol pathway which commences with monoacylglycerol acyltransferase (MGAT) catalyzing the synthesis of diacylglycerol from monoacylglycerol and fatty acyl-CoA.
  • MGAT monoacylglycerol acyltransferase
  • diacylglycerols are provided by the glycerol-phosphate pathway which describes the coupling of two molecules of fatty acyl-CoA to glycerol-3-phosphate.
  • diacylglycerol is then acylated with another molecule of fatty acyl-CoA in a reaction catalyzed by one of two diacylglycerol acyltransferase enzymes to form the triglyceride (Farese et al., Curr. Opin. Lipidol., 2000, 11, 229-234).
  • diacylglycerol acyltransferase The reaction catalyzed by diacylglycerol acyltransferase is the final and only committed step in triglyceride synthesis. As such, diacylglycerol acyltransferase is involved in intestinal fat absorption, lipoprotein assembly, regulating plasma triglyceride concentrations, and fat storage in adipocytes.
  • the first diacylglycerol acyltransferase, diacylglycerol transferase 1 was identified in 1960 and the human and mouse genes encoding this protein were isolated in 1998 (Cases et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
  • diacylglycerol transferase 2 also known as DGAT2, diacylglycerol O-transferase 2, acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2
  • DGAT2 diacylglycerol O-transferase 2
  • acyl-CoA diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2
  • Enzymatic assays indicate that this recently identified protein does possess diacylglycerol transferase activity that utilizes a broad range of long chain fatty acyl-CoA substrates (Cases et al., J. Biol. Chem., 2001, 276, 38870-38876).
  • Diacylglycerol transferase 2 is a member of a family of genes whose sequences are unrelated to diacylglycerol transferase 1. In addition to differing in sequence compared to diacylglycerol transferase 1, in vitro assays illustrate that diacylglycerol transferase 2 has higher activity at lower concentrations of magnesium chloride and oleoyl-CoA (Cases et al., J. Biol. Chem., 2001, 276, 38870-38876).
  • the predicted protein sequence of diacylglycerol transferase 2 contains at least one putative transmembrane domain, three potential N-linked glycosylation sites, six potential protein kinase C phosphorylation consensus sites, as well as sequences in common with a putative glycerol phosphorylation site found in acyltransferase enzymes (Cases et al., J. Biol. Chem., 2001, 276, 38870-38876).
  • the International Radiation Hybrid Mapping Consortium has mapped human diacylglycerol transferase 2 to chromosome 11q13.3.
  • diacylglycerol transferase 2 In human tissues, the highest levels of diacylglycerol transferase 2 are detected in liver and white adipose tissues, with lower levels found in mammary gland, testis and peripheral blood leukocytes (Cases et al., J. Biol. Chem., 2001, 276, 38870-38876). Two mRNA species of 2.4 and 1.8 kilobases are detected in human tissues, whereas the major diacylglycerol transferase 2 mRNA species in mouse tissues is 2.4 kilobases.
  • diacylglycerol transferase 2 is expressed in all segments of the small intestine in mice, with higher expression in the proximal intestine and lower expression in the distal intestine (Cases et al., J. Biol. Chem., 2001, 276, 38870-38876).
  • Diacylglycerol transferase activity exhibits distinct patterns during postnatal development of the rat liver. As there is no correlation between the mRNA expression and activity patterns, post-translational modifications may participate in the regulation of diacylglycerol transferase 2 activity during rat development (Waterman et al., J. Lipid. Res., 2002, 43, 1555-1562).
  • Diacylglycerol transferase 2 mRNA is preferentially upregulated by insulin treatment, as shown by in vitro assays measuring the diacylglycerol activity from the membrane fraction of cultured mouse adipocytes (Meegalla et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2002, 298, 317-323). In fasting mice, diacylglycerol transferase 2 expression is greatly reduced, and dramatically increases upon refeeding. The expression patterns of two enzymes that participate in fatty acid synthesis, acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase, respond to fasting and refeeding in a similar fashion.
  • mice harboring a disruption in the diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 gene provide evidence that diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 contributes to triglyceride synthesis.
  • Levels of diacylglycerol transferase 2 mRNA expression are similar in intestinal segments from both wild type and diacylglycerol transferase 1-deficient mice (Buhman et al., J. Biol. Chem., 2002, 277, 25474-25479). Using magnesium chloride to distinguish between diacylglycerol transferase 1 and 2 activity, Buhman, et al.
  • diacylglycerol transferase activity is reduced to 50% in the proximal intestine and to 10-15% in the distal intestine (Buhman et al., J. Biol. Chem., 2002, 277, 25474-25479).
  • diacylglycerol transferase 2 mRNA levels are not up-regulated the liver or adipose tissues of diacylglycerol transferase 1-deficient mice, even after weeks of high-fat diet (Cases et al., J. Biol. Chem., 2001, 276, 38870-38876; Chen et al., J. Clin. Invest., 2002, 109, 1049-1055).
  • diacylglycerol transferase 2 is more highly expressed than in wild type mice, suggesting that diacylglycerol transferase 2 may be partly responsible for the highly accumulated fat mass seen in these mice. Furthermore, the combined mutations of leptin and diacylglycerol transferase 1 leads to a three-fold elevation in diacylglycerol transferase 2 expression in white adipose tissue, compared to the levels in the same tissue from diacylglycerol transferase 1-deficient mice (Chen et al., J. Clin. Invest., 2002, 109, 1049-1055).
  • Diacylglycerol transferase 2 mRNA is also upregulated in the skin of these mice (Chen et al., J. Clin. Invest., 2002, 109, 175-181). These data suggest leptin normally downregulates diacylglycerol transferase 2 expression, and that the upregulation of diacylglycerol transferase 2 in white adipose tissue in these mice may provide an alternate pathway for the triglyceride synthesis that still occurs in leptin deficient/diacylglycerol transferase 1-deficient mice (Chen et al., J. Clin. Invest., 2002, 109, 1049-1055).
  • Diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 knockout mice exhibit interesting phenotypes in that they are lean, resistant to diet-induce obesity, have decreased levels of tissue triglycerides and increased sensitivity to insulin and leptin (Chen et al., J. Clin. Invest., 2002, 109, 1049-1055; Smith et al., Nat. Genet., 2000, 25, 87-90).
  • diacylglycerol transferase 2 also participates in triglyceride synthesis, interfering with diacylglycerol transferase 2 may similarly lead to reduced body fat content.
  • DGAT2 means the gene product or protein of which expression is to be modulated by administration of a short antisense compound.
  • DGAT2 nucleic acid means any nucleic acid encoding DGAT2.
  • a DGAT2 nucleic acid includes, without limitation, a DNA sequence encoding DGAT2, an RNA sequence transcribed from DNA encoding DGAT2, and an mRNA sequence encoding DGAT2.
  • DGAT2 mRNA means an mRNA encoding DGAT2.
  • Antisense technology is an effective means for reducing DGAT2 expression and has proven to be uniquely useful in a number of therapeutic, diagnostic, and research applications.
  • the present invention provides compounds targeted to nucleic acid encoding DGAT2, which modulate the expression of DGAT2.
  • Further provided herein are short antisense compounds capable of effectively inhibiting DGAT2 expression.
  • a subject, suspected of having a disease or associated with DGAT2 is treated by administering one or more short antisense compounds targeted to a nucleic acid encoding DGAT2.
  • such methods comprise the step of administering to an animal a therapeutically effective amount of a short antisense compound.
  • short antisense compounds effectively inhibit the activity of DGAT2 or inhibit the expression of DGAT2.
  • the activity or expression of DGAT2 in a subject is inhibited by at least 10%, by at least 20%, by at least 25%, by at least 30%, by at least 40%, by at least 50%, by at least 60%, by at least 70%, by at least 75%, by at least 80%, by at least 85%, by at least 90%, by at least 95%, by at least 98%, by at least 99%, or by 100%.
  • the activity or expression of DGAT2 in a subject is inhibited by about 30%. More preferably, the activity or expression of DGAT2 in a subject is inhibited by 50% or more.
  • the reduction of the expression of DGAT2 may be measured, for example, in blood, plasma, serum, adipose tissue, liver or any other body fluid, tissue or organ of the animal.
  • the cells contained within said fluids, tissues or organs being analyzed contain a nucleic acid molecule encoding DGAT2 and/or the DGAT2 protein itself.
  • compositions comprising the compounds of the invention are also provided.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid can be utilized in pharmaceutical compositions by adding an effective amount of a compound to a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier.
  • short antisense compounds targeting DGAT2 may have any one or more properties or characteristics of the short antisense compounds generally described herein.
  • short antisense compounds targeting a DGAT2 nucleic acid have a motif (wing-deoxy gap-wing) selected from 1-12-1, 1-1-10-2, 2-10-1-1, 3-10-3, 2-10-3, 2-10-2, 1-10-1, 1-10-2, 3-8-3, 2-8-2, 1-8-1, 3-6-3 or 1-6-1.
  • short antisense compounds targeting a DGAT2 nucleic acid have a motif (wing-deoxy gap-wing) selected from 1-10-1, 2-10-2 and 3-10-3.
  • DGAT2 nucleic acid Provided herein are methods of treating an individual by administering one or more short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid or a pharmaceutical composition comprising such compound. Further provided are methods of treating a subject having a disease or conditions associated with DGAT2 activity by administering a short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid.
  • Diseases and conditions associated with DGAT2 include, but are not limited to, cardiovascular disorders, obesity, diabetes, cholesterolemia, and liver steatosis.
  • short antisense compounds are targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid having the sequence of GENBANK® Accession No. NM — 032564.2, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 10 is at least 90% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 10 is at least 95% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 10 is 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 10 includes a nucleotide sequence selected from the nucleotide sequences set forth in Tables 14 and 15.
  • Each nucleotide sequence set forth in each Tables 14 and 15 is independent of any modification to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase.
  • short antisense compounds comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in Tables 14 and 15 may comprise, independently, one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase.
  • Antisense compounds described by Isis Number (Isis NO.) indicate a combination of nucleobase sequence and one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase.
  • Tables 14 and 15 illustrate examples of short antisense compounds targeted to SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • Table 14 illustrates short antisense compounds that are 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • Table 15 illustrates short antisense compounds that have one or two mismatches with respect to SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • the column labeled ‘gapmer motif’ indicates the wing-gap-wing motif of each short antisense compounds.
  • the gap segment comprises 2′-deoxynucleotides and each nucleotide of each wing segment comprises a 2′-modified sugar.
  • the particular 2′-modified sugar is also indicated in the ‘gapmer motif’ column.
  • ‘2-10-2 MOE’ means a 2-10-2 gapmer motif, where a gap segment of ten 2′-deoxynucleotides is flanked by wing segments of two nucleotides, where the nucleotides of the wing segments are 2′-MOE nucleotides. Internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate.
  • the short antisense compounds comprise 5-methylcytidine in place of unmodified cytosine, unless “unmodified cytosine” is listed in the gapmer motif column, in which case the indicated cytosines are unmodified cytosines. For example, “5-mC in gap only” indicates that the gap segment has 5-methylcytosines, while the wing segments have unmodified cytosines.
  • a target region is nucleotides 231-267 of SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 231-267 of SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 231-267 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 681, 682, 683, 684, 685, 686, or 687.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 231-267 of SEQ ID NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 372556, 372557, 382601, 372480, 372481, 372558, or 372559.
  • a target region is nucleotides 249-267 of SEQ ID) NO: 10.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 249-267 of SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 249-267 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 683, 684, 685, 686, or 687.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 249-267 of SEQ ID NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 382601, 372480, 372481, 372558, or 372559.
  • a target region is nucleotides 331-493 of SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 331-493 of SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 331-493 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 688, 689, 690, 691, 692, 693, or 694.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 331-493 of SEQ ID NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 382603, 382604, 372485, 372563, 382605, 372565, or 382606.
  • a target region is nucleotides 331-427 of SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 331-427 of SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 331-427 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 688, 689, 690, 691, 692, or 693.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 331-427 of SEQ ID NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 382603, 382604, 372485, 372563, 382605, or 372565.
  • a target region is nucleotides 392-408 of SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 392-408 of SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 392-408 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 690, 691, or 692.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 392-408 of SEQ ID NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 372485, 372563, or 382605.
  • a target region is nucleotides 651-707 of SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 651-707 of SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 651-707 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 695, 696, 697, 698, 699, 700, 701, 702, 703, 704, 705, 706, 707, 708, 709, 710, 711, 712, 713, 714, 715, 716, 717, 718, 719, 720, 721, 722, 723, 724, 725, 726, 727, or 728.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 651-707 of SEQ ID NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 372497, 372498, 372575, 372576, 382607, 372499, 372577, 372500, 372578, 372501, 372579, 372502, 372580, 372503, 372581, 372504, 372582, 372505, 372506, 372583, 372584, 372507, 372585, 382608, 372508, 372586, 372509, 372587, 372510, 372588, 372511, 372512, 372589, or 372590.
  • a target region is nucleotides 724-745 of SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 724-745 of SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 724-745 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 729, 730, 731, 732, or 733.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 724-745 of SEQ ID NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 382609, 372514, 372592, 372515, or 372593.
  • a target region is nucleotides 651-745 of SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 651-745 of SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 651-745 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 695, 696, 697, 698, 699, 700, 701, 702, 703, 704, 705, 706, 707, 708, 709, 710, 711, 712, 713, 714, 715, 716, 717, 718, 719, 720, 721, 722, 723, 724, 725, 726, 727, 728, 729, 730, 731, 732, or 733.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 651-745 of SEQ ID NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 372497, 372498, 372575, 372576, 382607, 372499, 372577, 372500, 372578, 372501, 372579, 372502, 372580, 372503, 372581, 372504, 372582, 372505, 372506, 372583, 372584, 372507, 372585, 382608, 372508, 372586, 372509, 372587, 372510, 372588, 372511, 372512, 372589, 372590, 382609, 372514, 372592, 372515, or 372593.
  • a target region is nucleotides 851-922 of SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 851-922 of SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 851-922 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 734, 735, 736, or 737.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 851-922 of SEQ ID NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 382610, 382611, 382602, or 382612.
  • a target region is nucleotides 851-879 of SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 851-879 of SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 851-879 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 734, 735, or 736.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 851-879 of SEQ ID NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 382610, 382611, or 382602.
  • a target region is nucleotides 965-1007 of SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 965-1007 of SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 965-1007 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 738, 739, 740, 741, 742, 743, 744, or 745.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 965-1007 of SEQ ID NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 372524, 372602, 382613, 382614, 372525, 372603, 372526, or 372604.
  • a target region is nucleotides 965-979 of SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 965-979 of SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 965-979 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 738, 739, or 740.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 965-979 of SEQ ID NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 372524, 372602, or 382613.
  • a target region is nucleotides 987-1007 of SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 987-1007 of SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 987-1007 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 741, 742, 743, 744, or 745.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 987-1007 of SEQ ID NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 382614, 372525, 372603, 372526, or 372604.
  • a target region is nucleotides 1106-1132 of SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1106-1132 of SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1106-1132 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 746, 747, 748, 749, 750, 751, 752, 753, or 754.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1106-1132 of SEQ ID NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 372530, 372608, 372531, 372609, 372532, 372610, 372533, 382615, or 372611.
  • a target region is nucleotides 1199-1233 of SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1199-1233 of SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1199-1233 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 755, 756, 757, 758, 759, 760, 761, 762, or 763.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1199-1233 of SEQ ID NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 372536, 372614, 372537, 372615, 372538, 372616, 382616, 372539, or 372617.
  • a target region is nucleotides 1293-1394 of SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1293-1394 of SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1293-1394 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 764, 765, 766, 767, 768, 769, 770, 771, 772, 773, 774, 775, 776, or 777.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1293-1394 of SEQ ID NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 372540, 372618, 382617, 372541, 372619, 372542, 372620, 372543, 372621, 372544, 372622, 382618, 382619, or 382620.
  • a target region is nucleotides 1293-1336 of SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1293-1336 of SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1293-1336 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 764, 765, 766, 767, 768, 769, 770, 771, 772, 773, 774, 775, or 776.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1293-1336 of SEQ ID NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 372540, 372618, 382617, 372541, 372619, 372542, 372620, 372543, 372621, 372544, 372622, 382618, or 382619.
  • a target region is nucleotides 1293-1324 of SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1293-1324 of SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1293-1324 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 764, 765, 766, 767, 768, 769, 770, 771, 772, 773, 774, or 775.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1293-1324 of SEQ ID NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 372540, 372618, 382617, 372541, 372619, 372542, 372620, 372543, 372621, 372544, 372622, or 382618.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid are 8 to 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid are 9 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid are 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, such short antisense compounds are short antisense oligonucleotides.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid are short gapmers.
  • short gapmers targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid comprise at least one high affinity modification in one or more wings of the compound.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid comprise 1 to 3 high-affinity modifications in each wing.
  • the nucleosides or nucleotides of the wing comprise a 2′ modification.
  • the monomers of the wing are BNA's.
  • the monomers of the wing are selected from ⁇ -L-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH 2 —O-2′) BNA, ⁇ -D-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH 2 —O-2′) BNA, Ethyleneoxy (4′-(CH 2 ) 2 —O-2′) BNA, Aminooxy (4′-CH 2 —O—N(R)-2′) BNA and Oxyamino (4′-CH 2 —N(R)—O-2′) BNA.
  • the monomers of a wing comprise a substituent at the 2′ position selected from allyl, amino, azido, thio, O-allyl, O—C 1 -C 10 alkyl, —OCF 3 , O—(CH 2 ) 2 —O—CH 3 , 2′-O(CH 2 ) 2 SCH 3 , O—(CH 2 ) 2 —O—N(R m )(R n ), and O—CH 2 —C( ⁇ O)—N(R m )(R n ), where each R m and R n is, independently, H or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 10 alkyl.
  • the monomers of a wing are 2′MOE nucleotides.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid comprise a gap between the 5′ wing and the 3′ wing.
  • the gap comprises five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, or fourteen monomers.
  • the monomers of the gap are unmodified deoxyribonucleotides.
  • the monomers of the gap are unmodified ribonucleotides.
  • gap modifications (if any) gap result in a short antisense compound that, when bound to its target nucleic acid, supports cleavage by an RNase, including, but not limited to, RNase H.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid have uniform monomeric linkages. In certain such embodiments, those linkages are all phosphorothioate linkages. In certain embodiments, the linkages are all phosphodiester linkages. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid have mixed backbones.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid are 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid are 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid are 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid are 11 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid are monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid are 13 monomers in length.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid are 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid are 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid are 16 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid comprise 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid comprise 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.
  • the invention provides methods of modulating expression of DGAT2.
  • such methods comprise use of one or more short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid, wherein the short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid is from about 8 to about 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 monomers (i.e. from about 8 to about 16 linked monomers).
  • the short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid is from about 8 to about 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 monomers (i.e. from about 8 to about 16 linked monomers).
  • methods of modulating DGAT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid that is 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating DGAT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid that is 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating DGAT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid that is 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating DGAT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid that is 11 monomers in length.
  • methods of modulating DGAT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid that is 12 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating DGAT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid that is 13 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating DGAT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid that is 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating DGAT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid that is 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating DGAT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid that is 16 monomers in length.
  • methods of modulating expression of DGAT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid comprising 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of DGAT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid comprising 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of DGAT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid comprising 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of DGAT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid comprising 12 or 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.
  • PTP1B (also known as protein phosphatase 1B and PTPN1) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated enzyme originally isolated as the major protein tyrosine phosphatase of the human placenta (Tonks et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1988, 263, 6731-6737; Tonks et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1988, 263, 6722-6730).
  • ER endoplasmic reticulum
  • PTP1B An essential regulatory role in signaling mediated by the insulin receptor has been established for PTP1B.
  • PTP1B interacts with and dephosphorylates the activated insulin receptor both in vitro and in intact cells resulting in the downregulation of the signaling pathway (Goldstein et al., Mol. Cell. Biochem., 1998, 182, 91-99; Seely et al., Diabetes, 1996, 45, 1379-1385).
  • PTP1B modulates the mitogenic actions of insulin (Goldstein et al., Mol. Cell. Biochem., 1998, 182, 91-99).
  • mice lacking the PTP1B gene also point toward the negative regulation of insulin signaling by PTP1B. Mice harboring a disrupted PTP1B gene showed increased insulin sensitivity and increased phosphorylation of the insulin receptor. When placed on a high-fat diet, PTP1B ⁇ / ⁇ mice were resistant to weight gain and remained insulin sensitive (Elchebly et al., Science, 1999, 283, 1544-1548). These studies clearly establish PTP1B as a therapeutic target in the treatment of diabetes and obesity.
  • Diabetes and obesity are interrelated. Most human obesity is associated with insulin resistance and leptin resistance. In fact obesity may have an even greater impact on insulin action than does diabetes itself (Sindelka et al., Physiol Res., 2002, 51, 85-91). Syndrome X or metabolic syndrome is a new term for a cluster of conditions, that, when occurring together, may indicate a predisposition to diabetes and cardiovascular disease. These symptoms, including high blood pressure, high triglycerides, decreased HDL and obesity, tend to appear together in some individuals. Because of its role in both diabetes and obesity, PTP1B is believed to be a therapeutic target for a range of metabolic conditions, including diabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome. By improving blood glucose control, inhibitors of PTP1B may also be useful in slowing, preventing, delaying or ameliorating the sequelae of diabetes, which include retinopathy, neuropathy, cardiovascular complications and nephropathy.
  • PTP1B which is differentially regulated during the cell cycle (Schievella et al., Cell. Growth Differ., 1993, 4, 239-246), is expressed in insulin sensitive tissues as two different isoforms that arise from alternate splicing of the pre-mRNA (Shifrin and Neel, J. Biol. Chem., 1993, 268, 25376-25384).
  • the ratio of the alternatively spliced products is affected by growth factors, such as insulin, and differs in various tissues examined (Sell and Reese, Mol. Genet. Metab., 1999, 66, 189-192).
  • the levels of the variants correlated with the plasma insulin concentration and percentage body fat. These variants may therefore be used as a biomarker for patients with chronic hyperinsulinemia or type 2 diabetes.
  • Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B is the gene product or protein of which expression is to be modulated by administration of a short antisense compound. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B is generally referred to as PTP1B but may also be referred to as protein tyrosine phosphatase; PTPN1; RKPTP; protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 1.
  • PTP1B nucleic acid means any nucleic acid encoding PTP1B.
  • a PTP1B nucleic acid includes, without limitation, a DNA sequence encoding PTP1B, an RNA sequence transcribed from DNA encoding PTP1B, and an mRNA sequence encoding PTP1B.
  • PTP1B mRNA means an mRNA encoding a PTP1B protein.
  • Antisense technology is an effective means for reducing PTP1B expression and has proven to be uniquely useful in a number of therapeutic, diagnostic, and research applications.
  • the present invention provides compounds targeted to a nucleic acid encoding PTP1B, which modulate the expression of PTP1B. Further provided herein are short antisense compounds capable of effectively inhibiting PTP1B expression.
  • a subject, suspected of having a disease or disorder which can be treated by modulating the expression of PTP1B is treated by administering one or more short antisense compounds targeted to a nucleic acid encoding PTP1B.
  • the methods comprise the step of administering to an animal a therapeutically effective amount of a short antisense compound.
  • the short antisense compounds of the present invention effectively inhibit the activity of PTP1B or inhibit the expression of PTP1B.
  • the activity or expression of PTP1B in a subject is inhibited by at least 10%, by at least 20%, by at least 25%, by at least 30%, by at least 40%, by at least 50%, by at least 60%, by at least 70%, by at least 75%, by at least 80%, by at least 85%, by at least 90%, by at least 95%, by at least 98%, by at least 99%, or by 100%.
  • activity or expression of PTP1B in a subject is inhibited by about 30%.
  • the activity or expression of PTP1B in a subject is inhibited by 50% or more.
  • the reduction of the expression of PTP1B may be measured, for example, in blood, plasma, serum, adipose tissue, liver or any other body fluid, tissue or organ of the animal.
  • the cells contained within said fluids, tissues or organs being analyzed contain a nucleic acid molecule encoding PTP1B and/or the PTP1B protein itself.
  • compositions comprising the compounds of the invention are also provided.
  • short antisense compounds targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid are utilized in pharmaceutical compositions by adding an effective amount of a compound to a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier.
  • the short antisense compounds targeting PTP1B may have any one or more properties or characteristics of the short antisense compounds generally described herein.
  • short antisense compounds targeting a PTP1B nucleic acid have a motif (wing-deoxy gap-wing) selected from 1-12-1, 1-1-10-2, 2-10-1-1, 3-10-3, 2-10-3, 2-10-2, 1-10-1, 1-10-2, 3-8-3, 2-8-2, 1-8-1, 3-6-3 or 1-6-1, more preferably 1-10-1, 2-10-2, 3-10-3, and 1-9-2.
  • methods of treating an individual by administering one or more short antisense compound targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid or a pharmaceutical composition comprising such compound are provided herein. Further provided are methods of treating a subject having a disease or conditions associated with PTP1B activity by administering a short antisense compound targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid.
  • Diseases and conditions associated with PTP1B include but are not limited to high blood glucose or hyperglycemia, prediabetes, diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, obesity and insulin resistance. Therefore, provided herein are methods of treating to high blood glucose or hyperglycemia, prediabetes, diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, obesity and insulin resistance by administering a short antisense compound targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid.
  • the present invention provides compositions and methods for decreasing blood glucose levels in a subject or for preventing or delaying the onset of a rise in blood glucose levels in a subject, by administering to the subject a short antisense inhibitor of PTP1B expression.
  • the present invention provides compositions and methods for improving insulin sensitivity in a subject or for preventing or delaying the onset of insulin resistance in a subject, by administering to the subject a short antisense inhibitor of PTP1B expression.
  • the present invention provides compositions and methods for treating a metabolic condition in a subject or for preventing or delaying the onset of a metabolic condition in a subject, by administering to the subject a short antisense compound targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid.
  • Such metabolic condition may be any metabolic condition associated with PTP1B expression, including but not limited to diabetes and obesity.
  • methods of reducing adiposity Also provided is a method of treating obesity wherein metabolic rate is increased.
  • the subject has Type 2 diabetes.
  • the subject exhibits elevated HbA1c levels
  • HbA1c levels are at least about 6%, at least about 7%, at least about 8%, at least about 9%, at least about 10% or at least about 11%.
  • HbA 1c levels are reduced to about 7% or below about 7%.
  • the subject exhibits an elevated body mass index In certain embodiments, the elevated body mass index is greater than 25 kg/m2.
  • the subject exhibits hyperglycemia or elevated blood glucose levels.
  • the blood glucose levels are fasting blood glucose levels.
  • the elevated fasting blood glucose levels are at least 130 mg/dL.
  • the subject exhibits hyperglycemia prior to the start of treatment or exhibits fasting blood glucose levels above about 130 mg/dL, baseline HbA1c levels of at least about 7%, or body mass index of greater than 25 kg/m 2 or any combination thereof.
  • a method of reducing one or more such levels by administering a short antisense compound targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid is provided.
  • Fasting glucose may be fasting blood glucose, fasting serum glucose, or fasting plasma glucose.
  • fasting plasma glucose levels are reduced by at least about 25 mg/dL or by at least about 10 mg/dL.
  • said subject does not achieve normal glucose levels on a therapeutic regimen of a glucose-lowering agent such as insulin, sulfonylurea, or metformin.
  • the invention provides methods of altering lipid levels. Certain such methods reduce cholesterol, LDL and/or VLDL levels or any combination thereof in a subject by administering to the subject a short antisense compound targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid. In certain embodiments HDL levels in a subject are increased by administering to the subject a short antisense compound targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, LDL:HDL ratio and/or total cholesterol:HDL ratio in a subject is reduced by administering to the subject a short antisense compound targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid.
  • lipid profile in a subject is improved by increasing HDL, lowering LDL, lowering VLDL, lowering triglycerides, lowering apolipoprotein B levels, or lowering total cholesterol levels, or a combination thereof, by administering to the subject a short antisense compound targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid.
  • the subject is an animal, including a human.
  • one or more pharmaceutical compositions comprising a short antisense compound targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid are co-administered with one or more other pharmaceutical agents.
  • such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat the same disease or condition as the one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention.
  • such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat a different disease or condition as the one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention.
  • such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat an undesired effect of one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention.
  • one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention are co-administered with another pharmaceutical agent to treat an undesired effect of that other pharmaceutical agent.
  • one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are administered at the same time. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are administered at different times. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are prepared together in a single formulation. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are prepared separately.
  • the glucose-lowering agent is a PPAR agonist (gamma, dual, or pan), a dipeptidyl peptidase (IV) inhibitor, a GLP-1 analog, insulin or an insulin analog, an insulin secretagogue, a SGLT2 inhibitor, a human amylin analog, a biguanide, an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, a meglitinide, a thiazolidinedione, or a sulfonylurea.
  • the glucose-lowering therapeutic is a GLP-1 analog.
  • the GLP-1 analog is exendin-4 or liraglutide.
  • the glucose-lowering therapeutic is a sulfonylurea.
  • the sulfonylurea is acetohexamide, chlorpropamide, tolbutamide, tolazamide, glimepiride, a glipizide, a glyburide, or a gliclazide.
  • the glucose lowering drug is a biguanide.
  • the biguanide is metformin, and in some embodiments, blood glucose levels are decreased without increased lactic acidosis as compared to the lactic acidosis observed after treatment with metformin alone.
  • the glucose lowering drug is a meglitinide.
  • the meglitinide is nateglinide or repaglinide.
  • the glucose-lowering drug is a thiazolidinedione.
  • the thiazolidinedione is pioglitazone, rosiglitazone, or troglitazone.
  • blood glucose levels are decreased without greater weight gain than observed with rosiglitazone treatment alone.
  • the glucose-lowering drug is an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor.
  • the alpha-glucosidase inhibitor is acarbose or miglitol.
  • a co-administered glucose-lowering agent is ISIS 113715.
  • glucose-lowering therapy is therapeutic lifestyle change.
  • the glucose-lowering agent is administered prior to administration of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. In certain such embodiments, the glucose-lowering agent is administered following administration of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. In certain such embodiments the glucose-lowering agent is administered at the same time as a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. In certain such embodiments the dose of a co-administered glucose-lowering agent is the same as the dose that would be administered if the glucose-lowering agent was administered alone. In certain such embodiments the dose of a co-administered glucose-lowering agent is lower than the dose that would be administered if the glucose-lowering agent was administered alone. In certain such embodiments the dose of a co-administered glucose-lowering agent is greater than the dose that would be administered if the glucose-lowering agent was administered alone.
  • anti-obesity agents therapeutics may be administered as described above for glucose lowering agents.
  • a short antisense compound which is targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid for the preparation of a medicament for reducing blood glucose levels including fasting glucose levels, and HbA 1c levels, body mass index levels or any combination thereof.
  • the medicament can be administered during a loading period and a maintenance period.
  • the medicament is administered subcutaneously or intravenously.
  • the administration of said medicament occurs at least once daily, at least once weekly, or at least once monthly.
  • the short antisense compound present in the medicament is administered in a dose lower than a short antisense compound with a longer sequence and particularly a sequence 20 or more nucleobases.
  • the medicament may be administered to a subject that exhibits high blood glucose or hyperglycemia, prediabetes, diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, obesity and insulin resistance.
  • short antisense compounds are targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid having the sequence of GENBANK® Accession No. NM — 002827.2, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 11 or the nucleotides 14178000 to 1425600 of the sequence of GENBANK® Accession No. NT — 011362.9, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 12.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 11 is at least 90% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 11.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 11 is at least 95% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 11.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 12 is 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 12. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 12 is at least 90% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 12. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 12 is at least 95% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 12. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 12 is 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 12.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 11 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the nucleotide sequences set forth in Tables 16 and 17.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 12 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the nucleotide sequences set forth in Tables 18 and 19.
  • Each nucleotide sequence set forth in each Tables 16, 17, 18, and 19 is independent of any modification to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase.
  • short antisense compounds comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in Tables 16, 17, 18, and 19 may comprise, independently, one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase.
  • Antisense compounds described by Isis Number (Isis NO.) indicate a combination of nucleobase sequence and one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase.
  • Tables 16 and 17 illustrate examples of short antisense compounds targeted to SEQ ID NO: 11.
  • Table 16 illustrates short antisense compounds that are 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 11.
  • Table 17 illustrates short antisense compounds that have one or two mismatches with respect to SEQ ID NO: 11.
  • Table 18 illustrates short antisense compounds that are 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 12.
  • Table 19 illustrates short antisense compounds that have 1 or 2 mismatches with respect to SEQ ID NO: 12.
  • the column labeled ‘gapmer motif’ indicates the wing-gap-wing motif of each short antisense compounds.
  • the gap segment comprises 2′-deoxynucleotides and each nucleotide of each wing segment comprises a 2′-modified sugar.
  • the particular 2′-modified sugar is also indicated in the ‘gapmer motif’ column.
  • ‘2-10-2 MOE’ means a 2-10-2 gapmer motif, where a gap segment of ten 2′-deoxynucleotides is flanked by wing segments of two nucleotides, where the nucleotides of the wing segments are 2′-MOE nucleotides. Internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate.
  • the short antisense compounds comprise 5-methylcytidine in place of unmodified cytosine, unless “unmodified cytosine” is listed in the gapmer motif column, in which case the indicated cytosines are unmodified cytosines.
  • “5-mC in gap only” indicates that the gap segment has 5-methylcytosines, while the wing segments have unmodified cytosines.
  • a target region is nucleotides 177-190 of SEQ ID NO: 11.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 177-190 of SEQ ID NO: 11.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 177-190 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 886, 859, or 853.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 177-190 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147022, 147023, or 147024.
  • a target region is nucleotides 195-228 of SEQ ID NO: 11.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 195-228 of SEQ ID NO: 11.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 195-228 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 877, 868, 882, 886, 859, 853, 865, 835, 843, 846, 842, 848, 874, 849, 863, 855, 850, 864, or 834.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 195-228 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147019, 147020, 147021, 147022, 147023, 147024, 147025, 147026, 147027, 147028, 147073, 147029, 147030, 147036, 147037, 147038, 147039, 147040, or 147041.
  • a target region is nucleotides 323-353 of SEQ ID NO: 11.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 323-353 of SEQ ID NO: 11.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 323-353 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 866, 881, 869, 883, 858, 833, 875, 837, 829, 871, 884, 887, 839, 830, 840, 861, or 879.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 323-353 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147042, 147043, 147044, 147045, 147046, 147047, 147051, 147052, 147053, 147054, 147055, 147056, 147057, 147058, 147059, 147060, or 147061.
  • a target region is nucleotides 322-353 of SEQ ID NO: 11.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 322-353 of SEQ ID NO: 11.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 322-353 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 842, 866, 881, 869, 883, 858, 833, 875, 837, 829, 871, 884, 887, 839, 830, 840, 861, or 879.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 322-353 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147073, 147042, 147043, 147044, 147045, 147046, 147047, 147051, 147052, 147053, 147054, 147055, 147056, 147057, 147058, 147059, 147060, or 147061.
  • a target region is nucleotides 679-799 of SEQ ID NO: 11.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 679-799 of SEQ ID NO: 11.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 679-799 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 883, 858, 883, or 858.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 679-799 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147045, 147046, 147045, or 147046.
  • a target region is nucleotides 679-827 of SEQ ID NO: 11.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 679-827 of SEQ ID NO: 11.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 679-827 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 883, 858, 883, 858, or 851.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 679-827 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147045, 147046, 147045, 147046, or 147066.
  • a target region is nucleotides 1024-1046 of SEQ ID NO: 11.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1024-1046 of SEQ ID NO: 11.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1024-1046 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 841, 862, 880, 857, 851, 876, 838, 860, 878, 856, 832, or 842.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1024-1046 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147062, 147063, 147064, 147065, 147066, 147067, 147068, 147069, 147070, 147071, 147072, or 147073.
  • a target region is nucleotides 992-1046 of SEQ ID NO: 11.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 992-1046 of SEQ ID NO: 11.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 992-1046 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 831, 841, 862, 880, 857, 851, 876, 838, 860, 878, 856, 832, or 842.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 992-1046 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 404131, 147062, 147063, 147064, 147065, 147066, 147067, 147068, 147069, 147070, 147071, 147072, or 147073.
  • a target region is nucleotides 1868-1881 of SEQ ID NO: 11.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1868-1881 of SEQ ID NO: 11.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1868-1881 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 886, 859, or 853.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1868-1881 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147022, 147023, or 147024.
  • a target region is nucleotides 1886-1919 of SEQ ID NO: 11.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1886-1919 of SEQ ID NO: 11.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1886-1919 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 877, 868, 882, 886, 859, 865, 843, 846, 874, 863, 855, 864, or 834.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1886-1919 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147019, 147020, 147021, 147022, 147023, 147025, 147027, 147028, 147030, 147037, 147038, 147040, or 147041.
  • a target region is nucleotides 1869-1919 of SEQ ID NO: 11.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1869-1919 of SEQ ID NO: 11.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1869-1919 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 859, 853, 877, 868, 882, 886, 859, 865, 843, 846, 874, 863, 855, 864, or 834.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1869-1919 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147023, 147024, 147019, 147020, 147021, 147022, 147023, 147025, 147027, 147028, 147030, 147037, 147038, 147040, or 147041.
  • a target region is nucleotides 1976-1989 of SEQ ID NO: 11.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1976-1989 of SEQ ID NO: 11.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1976-1989 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 886, 859, or 853.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1976-1989 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147022, 147023, or 147024.
  • a target region is nucleotides 1995-2027 of SEQ ID NO: 11.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1995-2027 of SEQ ID NO: 11.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1995-2027 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 868, 882, 886, 859, 853, 865, 835, 843, 846, 848, 874, 849, 863, 855, 850, 864, or 834.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1995-2027 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147020, 147021, 147022, 147023, 147024, 147025, 147026, 147027, 147028, 147029, 147030, 147036, 147037, 147038, 147039, 147040, or 147041.
  • a target region is nucleotides 2366-2382 of SEQ ID NO: 11.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 2366-2382 of SEQ ID NO: 11.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 2366-2382 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 867 or 873.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 2366-2382 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 404199 or 404134.
  • a target region is nucleotides 6220-6233 of SEQ ID NO: 11.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 6220-6233 of SEQ ID NO: 11.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 6220-6233 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 870, 836, or 844.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 6220-6233 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147032, 147033, or 147034.
  • a target region is nucleotides 6288-6300 of SEQ ID NO: 11.
  • a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 6288-6300 of SEQ ID NO: 11.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 6288-6300 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 869 or 883.
  • a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 6288-6300 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147044 or 147045.

Abstract

The present disclosure describes short antisense compounds, including such compounds comprising chemically-modified high-affinity monomers 8-16 monomers in length. Certain such short antisense compound are useful for the reduction of target nucleic acids and/or proteins in cells, tissues, and animals with increased potency and improved therapeutic index. Thus, provided herein are short antisense compounds comprising high-affinity nucleotide modifications useful for reducing a target RNA in vivo. Such short antisense compounds are effective at lower doses than previously described antisense compounds, allowing for a reduction in toxicity and cost of treatment. In addition, the described short antisense compounds have greater potential for oral dosing.

Description

    SEQUENCE LISTING
  • The present application is being filed along with a Sequence Listing in electronic format. The Sequence Listing is provided as a file entitled CORE0061WO9SEQ.TXT, created on May 7, 2007 which is 700 Kb in size. The information in the electronic format of the sequence listing is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • BACKGROUND
  • Targeting disease-causing gene sequences was first suggested nearly 40 years ago (Belikova et al., Tet. Lett., 1967, 37, 3557-3562), and antisense activity was demonstrated in cell culture a decade later (Zamecnik et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 1978, 75, 280-284). One advantage of antisense technology in the treatment of a disease or condition that stems from a disease-causing gene is that it is a direct genetic approach that has the ability to modulate expression of specific disease-causing genes.
  • Generally, the principle behind antisense technology is that an antisense compound hybridizes to a target nucleic acid and effects modulation of gene expression activity or function, such as transcription, translation or splicing. The modulation of gene expression can be achieved by, for example, target degradation or occupancy-based inhibition. An example of modulation of RNA target function by degradation is RNase H-based degradation of the target RNA upon hybridization with a DNA-like antisense compound. Another example of modulation of gene expression by target degradation is RNA interference (RNAi). RNAi is a form of antisense-mediated gene silencing involving the introduction of dsRNA leading to the sequence-specific reduction of targeted endogenous mRNA levels. Sequence-specificity makes antisense compounds extremely attractive as tools for target validation and gene functionalization, as well as research tools for identifying and characterizing nucleases and as therapeutics to selectively modulate the expression of genes involved in the pathogenesis of any one of a variety of diseases.
  • Antisense technology is an effective means for reducing the expression of one or more specific gene products and can therefore prove to be uniquely useful in a number of therapeutic, diagnostic, and research applications. Chemically modified nucleosides are routinely used for incorporation into antisense compounds to enhance one or more properties, such as nuclease resistance, pharmacokinetics or affinity for a target RNA.
  • Despite the expansion of knowledge since the discovery of antisense technology, there remains an unmet need for antisense compounds with greater efficacy, reduced toxicity and lower cost. Until the present disclosure, high-affinity modifications have not been employed in the design of short antisense compounds for reducing target RNA in vivo. This is because of concerns regarding the degree of target specificity that a sequence 15 nucleotides or shorter would have when employed to reduce target in a living system. Previous studies have described that greater specificity, and therefore greater potential for potency, is achieved by antisense compounds between 16 and 20 nucleobases in length.
  • The present disclosure describes incorporation of chemically-modified high-affinity nucleotides into antisense compounds allows for short antisense compounds about 8-16 nucleobases in length useful in the reduction of target RNAs in animals with increased potency and improved therapeutic index. Thus, provided herein are short antisense compounds comprising high-affinity nucleotide modifications useful for reducing a target RNA in vivo. Such short antisense compounds are effective at lower doses than previously described antisense compounds, allowing for a reduction in toxicity and cost of treatment.
  • SUMMARY
  • Disclosed herein are short antisense compounds and methods of using said compounds to reduce target RNA expression in cells or tissues. In certain embodiments, provided herein is a method of reducing expression of a target in an animal, comprising administering to the animal a short antisense compound targeted to a nucleic acid of such target. In certain embodiments, shorts antisense compounds are oligonucleotide compounds. In certain embodiments short antisense oligonucleotides are about 8 to 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 nucleotides in length and comprises a gap region flanked on each side by a wing, wherein each wing independently consists of 1 to 3 nucleotides. Preferred motifs include but are not limited to wing-deoxy gap-wing motifs selected from 3-10-3, 2-10-3, 2-10-2, 1-10-1, 2-8-2, 1-8-1, 3-6-3 or 1-6-1. In a preferred embodiment, the short antisense oligonucleotide comprise at least one high-affinity modification. In a further embodiment, the high-affinity modification includes chemically-modified high-affinity nucleotides. In a preferred embodiment, each wing independently consists of 1 to 3 high-affinity modified nucleotides. In one embodiment the high affinity modified nucleotides are sugar-modified nucleotides.
  • In certain embodiments short antisense compounds exhibit greater uptake in the gut as compared to antisense compounds of greater length. Thus, also provided herein are methods of reducing a target in an animal, comprising orally administering the short antisense compounds of the present invention.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are targeted to a nucleic acid encoding a protein selected from ApoB, SGLT2, PCSK9, SOD1, CRP, GCCR, GCGR, DGAT2, PTP1B and PTEN.
  • Further provided are methods of treating a metabolic disorder in an animal, comprising administering to an animal in need of such therapy a short antisense compound targeted to a nucleic acid involved in regulating glucose metabolism or clearance, lipid metabolism, cholesterol metabolism, or insulin signaling.
  • Also provided are methods of increasing insulin sensitivity, decreasing blood glucose or decreasing HbA1c in an animal, comprising administering to said animal a short antisense compound targeted to a nucleic acid encoding a target involved in regulating glucose metabolism or clearance, lipid metabolism, cholesterol metabolism, or insulin signaling.
  • Further provided are methods of decreasing total serum cholesterol, serum LDL, serum VLDL, serum HDL, serum triglycerides, serum apolipoprotein(a) or free fatty acids in an animal, comprising administering to said animal a short antisense compound targeted to a nucleic acid encoding a target that is involved in regulating glucose metabolism or clearance, lipid metabolism, cholesterol metabolism, or insulin signaling, wherein said short antisense compound is 8 to 16 nucleotides in length and comprises a gap region flanked on each side by a wing, wherein each wing independently consists of 1 to 3 high-affinity modified nucleotides.
  • Certain targets involved in regulating glucose metabolism or clearance, lipid metabolism, cholesterol metabolism, or insulin signaling include, but are not limited to, GCGR and ApoB-100. Thus, provided are short antisense compounds targeting nucleic acids encoding GCGR and ApoB-100 and methods of reducing expression of said targets and/or target nucleic acids in animal. In addition, provided is the use of short antisense compounds targeting nucleic acids encoding GCGR, and ApoB-100 for the treatment of a metabolic or cardiovascular disease or condition.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds further comprise a conjugate group. Conjugate groups include, but are not limited to, C16 and cholesterol.
  • In certain embodiments short antisense compounds comprise at least one modified nucleobase, internucleoside linkage or sugar moiety. In certain embodiments, such modified internucleoside linkage is a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage. In certain embodiments, each internucleoside linkage is a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds comprise at least one high affinity modification. In certain such embodiments, the high-affinity modification is a chemically-modified high-affinity nucleotide. In certain embodiments, chemically-modified high affinity nucleotides are sugar-modified nucleotides. In certain embodiments, at least one of the sugar-modified nucleotides comprises a bridge between the 4′ and the 2′ position of the sugar. Each of the sugar-modified nucleotides is, independently, in the β-D or α-L sugar conformation. In certain embodiments, each of said high-affinity modified nucleotides confers a Tm of at least 1 to 4 degrees per nucleotide. In certain embodiments, each of said sugar-modified nucleotides comprises a 2′-substituent group that is other than H or OH. Such sugar-modified nucleotides include those having a 4′ to 2′ bridged bicyclic sugar moiety. In certain embodiments, each of the 2′-substituent groups is, independently, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, or halogen. In certain embodiments, each of the 2′-substituent groups is OCH2CH2OCH3 (2′-MOE).
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds have one or more sugar-modified nucleotides comprising a bridge between the 4′ and 2′ position of the sugar, wherein each of said bridges independently comprises from 2 to 4 linked groups independently selected from —[C(R1)(R2)]n—, —C(R1)═C(R2)—, —C(R1—)═N—, —C(═NR1)—, —C(═O)—, —C(═S)—, —O—, —Si(R1)2—, —S(═O)n— and —N(R1)—;
  • wherein
      • x is 0, 1, or 2;
      • n is 1, 2, 3, or 4;
        • each R1 and R2 is, independently, H, a protecting group, hydroxyl, C1-C12 alkyl, substituted C1-C12 alkyl, C2-C12 alkenyl, substituted C2-C12 alkenyl, C2 The-C12 alkynyl, substituted C2-C12 alkynyl, C5-C20 aryl, substituted C5-C20 aryl, heterocycle radical, substituted heterocycle radical, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, C5-C7 alicyclic radical, substituted C5-C7 alicyclic radical, halogen, OJ1, NJ1J2, SJ1, N3, COOJ1, acyl (C(═O)—H), substituted acyl, CN, sulfonyl (S(═O)2-J1), or sulfoxyl (S(═O)-J1); and
        • each J3 and J2 is, independently, H, C1-C12 alkyl, substituted C1-C12 alkyl, C2-C12 alkenyl, substituted C2-C12 alkenyl, C2-C12 alkynyl, substituted C2-C12 alkynyl, C5-C20 aryl, substituted C5-C20 aryl, acyl (C(═O)—H), substituted acyl, a heterocycle radical, a substituted heterocycle radical, C1-C12 aminoalkyl, substituted C1-C12 aminoalkyl or a protecting group.
  • In one aspect, each of said bridges is, independently, —[C(R1)(R2)]n—, —[C(R1)(R2)]n—O—, —C(R1R2)—N(R1)—O— or —C(R1R2)—O—N(R1)—. In another aspect, each of said bridges is, independently, 4′-(CH2)3-2′,4′-(CH2)2-2′,4′-CH2—O-2′,4′-(CH2)2—O-2′,4′-CH2—O—N(R1)-2′ and 4′-CH2—N(R1)—O-2′- wherein each R1 is, independently, H, a protecting group or C1-C12 alkyl.
  • In certain embodiments, provided herein are short antisense compounds useful in the reduction of targets and/or target RNAs associated with disease states in animals. In certain embodiments, provided are methods of using the short antisense compounds for reducing expression of a target RNA in an animal. In certain embodiments, provided herein is the use of a short antisense compound in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of a metabolic disorder in an animal. In certain embodiments, provided herein is the use of a short antisense compound in the preparation of a medicament for increasing insulin sensitivity, decreasing blood glucose or decreasing HbA1c in an animal. Also provided is the use of a short antisense compound in the preparation of a medicament for decreasing total serum cholesterol, serum LDL, serum VLDL, serum HDL, serum triglycerides, serum apolipoprotein(a) or free fatty acids in an animal.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds provided herein exhibit equal or increased potency with regard to target RNA knockdown as compared to longer parent antisense oligonucleotide at least 20 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds exhibit a faster onset of action (target RNA reduction) as compared to the parent antisense oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, increased potency is in the kidney. In certain embodiments, target RNA is predominately expressed in the kidney. In certain embodiments, increased potency is in the liver. In certain embodiments, target RNA is predominately expressed in the liver.
  • DETAILED DESCRIPTION
  • It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed. Herein, the use of the singular includes the plural unless specifically stated otherwise. As used herein, the use of “or” means “and/or” unless stated otherwise. Furthermore, the use of the term “including” as well as other forms, such as “includes” and “included”, is not limiting. Also, terms such as “element” or “component” encompass both elements and components comprising one unit and elements and components that comprise more than one subunit, unless specifically stated otherwise.
  • The section headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting the subject matter described. All documents, or portions of documents, cited in this application, including, but not limited to, patents, patent applications, articles, books, and treatises, are hereby expressly incorporated by reference in their entirety for any purpose. U.S. patent application Ser. Nos 10/712,795 and 10/200,710 are hereby expressly incorporated by reference in their entirety for any purpose.
  • A. DEFINITIONS
  • Unless specific definitions are provided, the nomenclature utilized in connection with, and the procedures and techniques of, analytical chemistry, synthetic organic chemistry, and medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry described herein are those well known and commonly used in the art. Standard techniques may be used for chemical synthesis, chemical analysis, pharmaceutical preparation, formulation and delivery, and treatment of subjects. Certain such techniques and procedures may be found for example in “Carbohydrate Modifications in Antisense Research” Edited by Sangvi and Cook, American Chemical Society, Washington D.C., 1994; and “Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,” Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 18th edition, 1990; and which is hereby incorporated by reference for any purpose. Where permitted, all patents, applications, published applications and other publications and sequences from GenBank and other data bases referred to throughout in the disclosure herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.
  • Unless otherwise indicated, the following terms have the following meanings:
  • As used herein, the term “nucleoside” means a glycosylamine comprising a nucleobase and a sugar. Nucleosides includes, but are not limited to, naturally occurring nucleosides, abasic nucleosides, modified nucleosides, and nucleosides having mimetic bases and/or sugar groups.
  • As used herein, the term “nucleotide” refers to a glycosomine comprising a nucleobase and a sugar having a phosphate group covalently linked to the sugar. Nucleotides may be modified with any of a variety of substituents.
  • As used herein, the term “nucleobase” refers to the base portion of a nucleoside or nucleotide. A nucleobase may comprise any atom or group of atoms capable of hydrogen bonding to a base of another nucleic acid.
  • As used herein, the term “heterocyclic base moiety” refers to a nucleobase comprising a heterocycle.
  • As used herein, the term “deoxyribonucleotide” means a nucleotide having a hydrogen at the 2′ position of the sugar portion of the nucleotide. Deoxyribonucleotides may be modified with any of a variety of substituents.
  • As used herein, the term “ribonucleotide” means a nucleotide having a hydroxy at the 2′ position of the sugar portion of the nucleotide. Ribonucleotides may be modified with any of a variety of substituents.
  • As used herein, the term “oligomeric compound” refers to a polymeric structure comprising two or more sub-structures and capable of hybridizing to a region of a nucleic acid molecule. In certain embodiments, oligomeric compounds are oligonucleosides. In certain embodiments, oligomeric compounds are oligonucleotides. In certain embodiments, oligomeric compounds are antisense compounds. In certain embodiments, oligomeric compounds are antisense oligonucleotides. In certain embodiments, oligomeric compounds are short antisense compounds. In certain embodiments, oligomeric compounds are short antisense oligonucleotides. In certain embodiments, oligomeric compounds are chimeric oligonucleotides.
  • As used herein, the term “monomer” refers to a single unit of an oligomer. Monomers include, but are not limited to, nucleosides and nucleotides, whether naturally occurring or modified.
  • As used herein “oligonucleoside” refers to an oligonucleotide in which the internucleoside linkages do not contain a phosphorus atom.
  • As used herein, the term “oligonucleotide” refers to an oligomeric compound comprising a plurality of linked nucleotides. In certain embodiment, one or more nucleotides of an oligonucleotide is modified. In certain embodiments, an oligonucleotide comprises ribonucleic acid (RNA) or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides are composed of naturally- and/or non-naturally-occurring nucleobases, sugars and covalent internucleotide linkages, and may further include non-nucleic acid conjugates.
  • As used herein “internucleotide linkage” refers to a covalent linkage between adjacent nucleotides.
  • As used herein, the term “monomeric linkage” refers to a covalent linkage between two monmers. Monomeric linkages include, but are not limited to internucleotide linkages and internucleoside linkages.
  • As used herein “naturally occurring internucleotide linkage” refers to a 3′ to 5′ phosphodiester linkage.
  • As used herein, the term “antisense compound” refers to an oligomeric compound that is at least partially complementary to a target nucleic acid molecule to which it hybridizes. In certain embodiments, an antisense compound modulates (increases or decreases) expression of a target nucleic acid. Antisense compounds include, but are not limited to, compounds that are oligonucleotides, oligonucleosides, oligonucleotide analogs, oligonucleotide mimetics, and chimeric combinations of these. Consequently, while all antisense compounds are oligomeric compounds, not all oligomeric compounds are antisense compounds.
  • As used herein, the term “antisense oligonucleotide” refers to an antisense compound that is an oligonucleotide.
  • As used herein, the term “parent antisense oligonucleotide” refers to an oligonucleotide 20 nucleotides in length having a deoxy gap region having ten 2′-deoxyribonucleotides, flanked by a first and a second wing region each having five 2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl) ribonucleotides (a 5-10-5 MOE gapmer) and comprising the sequence of the corresponding short antisense compound to which it is a parent.
  • As used herein, the term “short antisense compound” refers to an antisense compound about 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound has at least one high-affinity modification.
  • As used herein, the term “short antisense oligonucleotide” or refers to an antisense oligonucleotide about 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, a short antisense oligonucleotide has at least one high-affinity modification.
  • As used herein, the term “short gapmer” refers to a short antisense oligonucleotide having a first and a second wing region each independently 1 to 3 nucleotides in length and a gap region 2 to 14 nucleobase in length.
  • As used herein, the term “motif” refers to the pattern of unmodified and modified nucleotides in a short antisense compound.
  • As used herein, the term “chimeric antisense oligomer” refers to an antisense oligomeric compound, having at least one sugar, nucleobase or internucleoside linkage that is differentially modified as compared to at least on other sugar, nucleobase or internucleoside linkage within the same antisense oligomeric compound. The remainder of the sugars, nucleobases and internucleoside linkages can be independently modified or unmodified, the same or different.
  • As used herein, the term “chimeric antisense oligonucleotide” refers to an antisense oligonucleotide, having at least one sugar, nucleobase or internucleoside linkage that is differentially modified as compared to at least on other sugar, nucleobase or internucleoside linkage within the same antisense oligonucleotide. The remainder of the sugars, nucleobases and internucleoside linkages can be independently modified or unmodified, the same or different.
  • As used herein, the term “mixed-backbone antisense oligonucleotide” refers to an antisense oligonucleotide wherein at least one internucleoside linkage of the antisense oligonucleotide is different from at least one other internucleotide linkage of the antisense oligonucleotide.
  • As used herein, the term “target” refers to a protein, the modulation of which is desired.
  • As used herein, the term “target gene” refers to a gene encoding a target.
  • As used herein, the terms “target nucleic acid” and “nucleic acid molecule encoding a target” refer to any nucleic acid molecule the expression or activity of which is capable of being modulated by an antisense compound. Target nucleic acids include, but are not limited to, RNA (including, but not limited to pre-mRNA and mRNA or portions thereof) transcribed from DNA encoding a target, and also cDNA derived from such RNA, and miRNA. For example, the target nucleic acid can be a cellular gene (or mRNA transcribed from the gene) whose expression is associated with a particular disorder or disease state, or a nucleic acid molecule from an infectious agent.
  • As used herein, the term “targeting” or “targeted to” refers to the association of an antisense compound to a particular target nucleic acid molecule or a particular region of nucleotides within a target nucleic acid molecule.
  • As used herein, the term “5′ target site” refers to the nucleotide of a target nucleic acid which is complementary to the 5′-most nucleotide of a particular antisense compound.
  • As used herein, the term “3′ target site” refers to the nucleotide of a target nucleic acid which is complementary to the 3′-most nucleotide of a particular antisense compound.
  • As used herein, the term “target region,” refers to a portion of a target nucleic acid to which one or more antisense compounds is complementary.
  • As used herein, the term “target segment” refers to a smaller or sub-portions of a region within a target nucleic acid.
  • As used herein, the term “nucleobase complementarity” refers to a nucleobase that is capable of base pairing with another nucleobase. For example, in DNA, adenine (A) is complementary to thymine (T). For example, in RNA, adenine (A) is complementary to uracil (U). In certain embodiments, complementary nucleobase refers to a nucleobase of an antisense compound that is capable of base pairing with a nucleobase of its target nucleic acid. For example, if a nucleobase at a certain position of an antisense compound is capable of hydrogen bonding with a nucleobase at a certain position of a target nucleic acid, then the position of hydrogen bonding between the oligonucleotide and the target nucleic acid is considered to be complementary at that nucleobase pair.
  • As used herein, the term “non-complementary nucleobase” refers to a pair of nucleobases that do not form hydrogen bonds with one another or otherwise support hybridization.
  • As used herein, the term “complementary” refers to the capacity of an oligomeric compound to hybridize to another oligomeric compound or nucleic acid through nucleobase complementarity. In certain embodiments, an antisense compound and its target are complementary to each other when a sufficient number of corresponding positions in each molecule are occupied by nucleobases that can bond with each other to allow stable association between the antisense compound and the target. One skilled in the art recognizes that the inclusion of mismatches is possible without eliminating the ability of the oligomeric compounds to remain in association. Therefore, described herein are antisense compounds that may comprise up to about 20% nucleotides that are mismatched (i.e., are not nucleobase complementary to the corresponding nucleotides of the target). Preferably the antisense compounds contain no more than about 15%, more preferably not more than about 10%, most preferably not more than 5% or no mismatches. The remaining nucleotides are nucleobase complementary or otherwise do not disrupt hybridization (e.g., universal bases). One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize the compounds provided herein are at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or 100% complementary to a target nucleic acid.
  • As used herein, the term “mismatch” refers to a non-complementary nucleobase within a complementary oligomeric compound.
  • As used herein, “hybridization” means the pairing of complementary oligomeric compounds (e.g., an antisense compound and its target nucleic acid). While not limited to a particular mechanism, the most common mechanism of pairing involves hydrogen bonding, which may be Watson-Crick, Hoogsteen or reversed Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding, between complementary nucleoside or nucleotide bases (nucleobases). For example, the natural base adenine is nucleobase complementary to the natural nucleobases thymidine and uracil which pair through the formation of hydrogen bonds. The natural base guanine is nucleobase complementary to the natural bases cytosine and 5-methyl cytosine. Hybridization can occur under varying circumstances.
  • As used herein, the term “specifically hybridizes” refers to the ability of an oligomeric compound to hybridize to one nucleic acid site with greater affinity than it hybridizes to another nucleic acid site. In certain embodiments, an antisense oligonucleotide specifically hybridizes to more than one target site.
  • As used herein, “designing” or “designed to” refer to the process of designing an oligomeric compound that specifically hybridizes with a selected nucleic acid molecule.
  • As used herein, the term “modulation” refers to a perturbation of function or activity when compared to the level of the function or activity prior to modulation. For example, modulation includes the change, either an increase (stimulation or induction) or a decrease (inhibition or reduction) in gene expression. As further example, modulation of expression can include perturbing splice site selection of pre-mRNA processing.
  • As used herein, the term “expression” refers to all the functions and steps by which a gene's coded information is converted into structures present and operating in a cell. Such structures include, but are not limited to the products of transcription and translation.
  • As used herein, “variant” refers to an alternative RNA transcript that can be produced from the same genomic region of DNA. Variants include, but are not limited to “pre-mRNA variants” which are transcripts produced from the same genomic DNA that differ from other transcripts produced from the same genomic DNA in either their start or stop position and contain both intronic and exonic sequence. Variants also include, but are not limited to, those with alternate splice junctions, or alternate initiation and termination codons.
  • As used herein, “high-affinity modified monomer” refers to a monomer having at least one modified nucleobase, internucleoside linkage or sugar moiety, when compared to naturally occurring monomers, such that the modification increases the affinity of an antisense compound comprising the high-affinity modified monomer to its target nucleic acid. High-affinity modifications include, but are not limited to, monomers (e.g., nucleosides and nucleotides) comprising 2′-modified sugars.
  • As used herein, the term “2′-modified” or “2′-substituted” means a sugar comprising substituent at the 2′ position other than H or OH. 2′-modified monomers, include, but are not limited to, BNA's and monomers (e.g., nucleosides and nucleotides) with 2′-substituents, such as allyl, amino, azido, thio, O-allyl, O—C1-C10 alkyl, —OCF3, O—(CH2)2—O—CH3, 2′-O(CH2)2SCH3, O—(CH2)2—O—N(Rm)(Rn), or O—CH2—C(═O)—N(Rm)(Rn), where each Rm and Rn is, independently, H or substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds comprise a 2′modified monomer that does not have the formula 2′-O(CH2)nH, wherein n is one to six. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds comprise a 2′modified monomer that does not have the formula 2′-OCH3. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds comprise a 2′modified monomer that does not have the formula or, in the alternative, 2′-O(CH2)2OCH3.
  • As used herein, the term “bicyclic nucleic acid” or “BNA” or “bicyclic nucleoside” or “bicyclic nucleotide” refers to a nucleoside or nucleotide wherein the furanose portion of the nucleoside includes a bridge connecting two carbon atoms on the furanose ring, thereby forming a bicyclic ring system.
  • As used herein, unless otherwise indicated, the term “methyleneoxy BNA” alone refers to β-D-methyleneoxy BNA.
  • As used herein, the term “MOE” refers to a 2′-methoxyethyl substituent.
  • As used herein, the term “gapmer” refers to a chimeric oligomeric compound comprising a central region (a “gap”) and a region on either side of the central region (the “wings”), wherein the gap comprises at least one modification that is different from that of each wing. Such modifications include nucleobase, monomeric linkage, and sugar modifications as well as the absence of modification (unmodified). Thus, in certain embodiments, the nucleotide linkages in each of the wings are different than the nucleotide linkages in the gap. In certain embodiments, each wing comprises nucleotides with high affinity modifications and the gap comprises nucleotides that do not comprise that modification. In certain embodiments the nucleotides in the gap and the nucleotides in the wings all comprise high affinity modifications, but the high affinity modifications in the gap are different than the high affinity modifications in the wings. In certain embodiments, the modifications in the wings are the same as one another. In certain embodiments, the modifications in the wings are different from each other. In certain embodiments, nucleotides in the gap are unmodified and nucleotides in the wings are modified. In certain embodiments, the modification(s) in each wing are the same. In certain embodiments, the modification(s) in one wing are different from the modification(s) in the other wing. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are gapmers having 2′-deoxynucleotides in the gap and nucleotides with high-affinity modifications in the wing.
  • As used herein, the term “prodrug” refers to a therapeutic agent that is prepared in an inactive form that is converted to an active form (i.e., drug) within the body or cells thereof by the action of endogenous enzymes or other chemicals and/or conditions.
  • As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to salts of active compounds that retain the desired biological activity of the active compound and do not impart undesired toxicological effects thereto.
  • As used herein, the term “cap structure” or “terminal cap moiety” refers to chemical modifications, which have been incorporated at either terminus of an antisense compound.
  • As used herein, the term “prevention” refers to delaying or forestalling the onset or development of a condition or disease for a period of time from hours to days, preferably weeks to months.
  • As used herein, the term “amelioration” refers to a lessening of at least one indicator of the severity of a condition or disease. The severity of indicators may be determined by subjective or objective measures which are known to those skilled in the art.
  • As used herein, the term “treatment” refers to administering a composition of the invention to effect an alteration or improvement of the disease or condition. Prevention, amelioration, and/or treatment may require administration of multiple doses at regular intervals, or prior to onset of the disease or condition to alter the course of the disease or condition. Moreover, a single agent may be used in a single individual for each prevention, amelioration, and treatment of a condition or disease sequentially, or concurrently.
  • As used herein, the term “pharmaceutical agent” refers to a substance provides a therapeutic benefit when administered to a subject.
  • As used herein, the term “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount of a pharmaceutical agent that provides a therapeutic benefit to an animal.
  • As used herein, “administering” means providing a pharmaceutical agent to an animal, and includes, but is not limited to administering by a medical professional and self-administering.
  • As used herein, the term “co-administration” refers to administration of two or more pharmaceutical agents to an animal. The two or more pharmaceutical agents may be in a single pharmaceutical composition, or may be in separate pharmaceutical compositions. Each of the two or more pharmaceutical agents may be administered through the same or different routes of administration. Co-administration encompasses administration in parallel or sequentially.
  • As used herein, the term “pharmaceutical composition” refers to a mixture of substances suitable for administering to an individual. For example, a pharmaceutical composition may comprise an antisense oligonucleotide and a sterile aqueous solution.
  • As used herein, the term “individual” refers to a human or non-human animal selected for treatment or therapy.
  • As used herein, the term “animal” refers to a human or non-human animal, including, but not limited to, mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, cats, pigs, and non-human primates, including, but not limited to, monkeys and chimpanzees.
  • As used herein, the term “subject” refers to an animal, including, but not limited to a human, to whom a pharmaceutical composition is administered.
  • As used herein, the term “duration” refers to the period of time during which an activity or event continues. In certain embodiments, the duration of treatment is the period of time during which doses of a pharmaceutical agent are administered.
  • As used herein, the term “parenteral administration,” refers to administration through injection or infusion. Parenteral administration includes, but is not limited to, subcutaneous administration, intravenous administration, or intramuscular administration.
  • As used herein, the term “subcutaneous administration” refers to administration just below the skin. “Intravenous administration” means administration into a vein.
  • As used herein, the term “dose” refers to a specified quantity of a pharmaceutical agent provided in a single administration. In certain embodiments, a dose may be administered in two or more boluses, tablets, or injections. For example, in certain embodiments, where subcutaneous administration is desired, the desired dose requires a volume not easily accommodated by a single injection. In such embodiments, two or more injections may be used to achieve the desired dose. In certain embodiments, a dose may be administered in two or more injections to minimize injection site reaction in an individual.
  • As used herein, the term “dosage unit” refers to a form in which a pharmaceutical agent is provided. In certain embodiments, a dosage unit is a vial comprising lyophilized antisense oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, a dosage unit is a vial comprising reconstituted antisense oligonucleotide.
  • As used herein, the term “pharmaceutical agent” refers to a substance provides a therapeutic benefit when administered to an individual. For example, in certain embodiments, an antisense oligonucleotide is a pharmaceutical agent.
  • As used herein, the term “active pharmaceutical ingredient” refers to the substance in a pharmaceutical composition that provides a desired effect.
  • As used herein, the term “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount of a pharmaceutical agent that provides a therapeutic benefit to an individual. In certain embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount of an antisense compound is the amount that needs to be administered to result in an observable benefit.
  • As used herein, the term “hypercholesterolemia” refers to a condition characterized by elevated serum cholesterol.
  • As used herein, the term “hyperlipidemia” refers to a condition characterized by elevated serum lipids.
  • As used herein, the term “hypertriglyceridemia” refers to a condition characterized by elevated triglyceride levels.
  • As used herein, the term “non-familial hypercholesterolemia” refers to a condition characterized by elevated cholesterol that is not the result of a single inherited gene mutation.
  • As used herein, the term “polygenic hypercholesterolemia” refers to a condition characterized by elevated cholesterol that results from the influence of a variety of genetic factors. In certain embodiments, polygenic hypercholesterolemia may be exacerbated by dietary intake of lipids.
  • As used herein, the term “familial hypercholesterolemia (FH)” refers to an autosomal dominant metabolic disorder characterized by a mutation in the LDL-receptor (LDL-R) gene, markedly elevated LDL-C and premature onset of atherosclerosis. A diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia is made when a individual meets one or more of the following criteria: genetic testing confirming 2 mutated LDL-receptor genes; genetic testing confirming one mutated LDL-receptor gene; document history of untreated serum LDL-cholesterol greater than 500 mg/dL; tendinous and/or cutaneous xanthoma prior to age 10 years; or, both parents have documented elevated serum LDL-cholesterol prior to lipid-lowering therapy consistent with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.
  • As used herein, the term “homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia” or “HoFH” refers to a condition characterized by a mutation in both maternal and paternal LDL-R genes.
  • As used herein, the term “heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia” or “HeFH” refers to a condition characterized by a mutation in either the maternal or paternal LDL-R gene.
  • As used herein, the term “mixed dyslipidemia” refers to a condition characterized by elevated serum cholesterol and elevated serum triglycerides.
  • As used herein, the term “diabetic dyslipidemia” or “Type II diabetes with dyslipidemia” refers to a condition characterized by Type II diabetes, reduced HDL-C, elevated serum triglycerides, and elevated small, dense LDL particles.
  • As used herein, the term “CHD risk equivalents,” refers to indicators of clinical atherosclerotic disease that confer a high risk for coronary heart disease. For example, in certain embodiments, CHD risk equivalents include, without limitation, clinical coronary heart disease, symptomatic carotid artery disease, peripheral arterial disease, and/or abdominal aortic aneurysm.
  • As used herein, the term “non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)” refers to a condition characterized by fatty inflammation of the liver that is not due to excessive alcohol use (for example, alcohol consumption of over 20 g/day). In certain embodiments, NAFLD is related to insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome.
  • As used herein, the term “non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)” refers to a condition characterized by inflammation and the accumulation of fat and fibrous tissue in the liver, that is not due to excessive alcohol use. NASH is an extreme form of NAFLD.
  • As used herein, the term “major risk factors” refers to factors that contribute to a high risk for a particular disease or condition. In certain embodiments, major risk factors for coronary heart disease include, without limitation, cigarette smoking, hypertension, low HDL-C, family history of coronary heart disease, and age.
  • As used herein, the term “CHD risk factors” refers to CHD risk equivalents and major risk factors.
  • As used herein, the term “coronary heart disease (CHD)” refers to a narrowing of the small blood vessels that supply blood and oxygen to the heart, which is often a result of atherosclerosis.
  • As used herein, the term “reduced coronary heart disease risk” refers to a reduction in the likelihood that a individual will develop coronary heart disease. In certain embodiments, a reduction in coronary heart disease risk is measured by an improvement in one or more CHD risk factors, for example, a decrease in LDL-C levels.
  • As used herein, the term “atherosclerosis” refers to a hardening of the arteries affecting large and medium-sized arteries and is characterized by the presence of fatty deposits. The fatty deposits are called “atheromas” or “plaques,” which consist mainly of cholesterol and other fats, calcium and scar tissue, and damage the lining of arteries.
  • As used herein, the term “history of coronary heart disease” refers to the occurrence of clinically evident coronary heart disease in the medical history of a individual or a individual's family member.
  • As used herein, the term “Early onset coronary heart disease” refers to a diagnosis of coronary heart disease prior to age 50.
  • As used herein, the term “statin intolerant individual” refers to a individual who as a result of statin therapy experiences one or more of creatine kinase increases, liver function test abnormalities, muscle aches, or central nervous system side effects.
  • As used herein, the term “efficacy” refers to the ability to produce a desired effect. For example, efficacy of a lipid-lowering therapy may be reduction in the concentration of one or more of LDL-C, VLDL-C, IDL-C, non-HDL-C, ApoB, lipoprotein(a), or triglycerides.
  • As used herein, the term “acceptable safety profile” refers to a pattern of side effects that is within clinically acceptable limits.
  • As used herein, the term “side effects” refers to physiological responses attributable to a treatment other than desired effects. In certain embodiments, side effects include, without limitation, injection site reactions, liver function test abnormalities, renal function abnormalities, liver toxicity, renal toxicity, central nervous system abnormalities, and myopathies. For example, increased aminotransferase levels in serum may indicate liver toxicity or liver function abnormality. For example, increased bilirubin may indicate liver toxicity or liver function abnormality.
  • As used herein, the term “injection site reaction” refers to inflammation or abnormal redness of skin at a site of injection in an individual.
  • As used herein, the term “individual compliance” refers to adherence to a recommended or prescribed therapy by an individual.
  • As used herein, the term “lipid-lowering therapy” refers to a therapeutic regimen provided to a individual to reduce one or more lipids in a individual. In certain embodiments, a lipid-lowering therapy is provide to reduce one or more of ApoB, total cholesterol, LDL-C, VLDL-C, IDL-C, non-HDL-C, triglycerides, small dense LDL particles, and Lp(a) in an individual.
  • As used herein, the term “lipid-lowering agent” refers to a pharmaceutical agent provided to a individual to achieve a lowering of lipids in the individual. For example, in certain embodiments, a lipid-lowering agent is provided to an individual to reduce one or more of ApoB, LDL-C, total cholesterol, and triglycerides.
  • As used herein, the term “LDL-C target” refers to an LDL-C level that is desired following lipid-lowering therapy.
  • As used herein, the term “comply” refers to the adherence with a recommended therapy by an individual.
  • As used herein, the term “recommended therapy” refers to a therapeutic regimen recommended by a medical professional for the treatment, amelioration, or prevention of a disease.
  • As used herein, the term “low LDL-receptor activity” refers to LDL-receptor activity that is not sufficiently high to maintain clinically acceptable levels of LDL-C in the bloodstream.
  • As used herein, the term “cardiovascular outcome” refers to the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events.
  • As used herein, the term “improved cardiovascular outcome” refers to a reduction in the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events, or the risk thereof. Examples of major adverse cardiovascular events include, without limitation, death, reinfarction, stroke, cardiogenic shock, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrest, and atrial dysrhythmia.
  • As used herein, the term “surrogate markers of cardiovascular outcome” refers to indirect indicators of cardiovascular events, or the risk thereof. For example, surrogate markers of cardiovascular outcome include carotid intimal media thickness (CIMT). Another example of a surrogate marker of cardiovascular outcome includes atheroma size. Atheroma size may be determined by intravascular ultrasound (IVUS).
  • As used herein, the term “increased HDL-C” refers to an increase in serum HDL-C in an individual over time.
  • As used herein, the term “lipid-lowering” refers to a reduction in one or more serum lipids in an individual over time.
  • As used herein, the term “metabolic disorder” refers to a condition characterized by an alteration or disturbance in metabolic function. “Metabolic” and “metabolism” are terms well know in the art and generally include the whole range of biochemical processes that occur within a living organism. Metabolic disorders include, but are not limited to, hyperglycemia, prediabetes, diabetes (type I and type II), obesity, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome.
  • As used herein, the term “metabolic syndrome” refers to a clustering of lipid and non-lipid cardiovascular risk factors of metabolic origin. It has been closely linked to the generalized metabolic disorder known as insulin resistance. The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel III (ATPIII) established criteria for diagnosis of metabolic syndrome when three or more of five risk determinants are present. The five risk determinants are abdominal obesity defined as waist circumference of greater than 102 cm for men or greater than 88 cm for women, triglyceride levels greater than or equal to 150 mg/dL, HDL cholesterol levels of less than 40 mg/dL for men and less than 50 mg/dL for women, blood pressure greater than or equal to 130/85 mm Hg and fasting glucose levels greater than or equal to 110 mg/dL. These determinants can be readily measured in clinical practice (JAMA, 2001, 285: 2486-2497).
  • The term “alkyl,” as used herein, refers to a saturated straight or branched hydrocarbon radical containing up to twenty four carbon atoms. Examples of alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, isopropyl, n-hexyl, octyl, decyl, dodecyl and the like. Alkyl groups typically include from 1 to about 24 carbon atoms, more typically from 1 to about 12 carbon atoms (C1-C12 alkyl) with from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms being more preferred. The term “lower alkyl” as used herein includes from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms. Alkyl groups as used herein may optionally include one or more further substituent groups.
  • The term “alkenyl,” as used herein, refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain radical containing up to twenty four carbon atoms and having at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Examples of alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, 1-methyl-2-buten-1-yl, dienes such as 1,3-butadiene and the like. Alkenyl groups typically include from 2 to about 24 carbon atoms, more typically from 2 to about 12 carbon atoms with from 2 to about 6 carbon atoms being more preferred. Alkenyl groups as used herein may optionally include one or more further substituent groups.
  • The term “alkynyl,” as used herein, refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon radical containing up to twenty four carbon atoms and having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. Examples of alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 1-butynyl, and the like. Alkynyl groups typically include from 2 to about 24 carbon atoms, more typically from 2 to about 12 carbon atoms with from 2 to about 6 carbon atoms being more preferred. Alkynyl groups as used herein may optionally include one or more further substitutent groups.
  • The term “aminoalkyl” as used herein, refers to an amino substituted alkyl radical. This term is meant to include C1-C12 alkyl groups having an amino substituent at any position and wherein the alkyl group attaches the aminoalkyl group to the parent molecule. The alkyl and/or amino portions of the aminoalkyl group can be further substituted with substituent groups.
  • The term “aliphatic,” as used herein, refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon radical containing up to twenty four carbon atoms wherein the saturation between any two carbon atoms is a single, double or triple bond. An aliphatic group preferably contains from 1 to about 24 carbon atoms, more typically from 1 to about 12 carbon atoms with from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms being more preferred. The straight or branched chain of an aliphatic group may be interrupted with one or more heteroatoms that include nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and phosphorus. Such aliphatic groups interrupted by heteroatoms include without limitation polyalkoxys, such as polyalkylene glycols, polyamines, and polyimines. Aliphatic groups as used herein may optionally include further substitutent groups.
  • The term “alicyclic” or “alicyclyl” refers to a cyclic ring system wherein the ring is aliphatic. The ring system can comprise one or more rings wherein at least one ring is aliphatic. Preferred alicyclics include rings having from about 5 to about 9 carbon atoms in the ring. Alicyclic as used herein may optionally include further substitutent groups.
  • The term “alkoxy,” as used herein, refers to a radical formed between an alkyl group and an oxygen atom wherein the oxygen atom is used to attach the alkoxy group to a parent molecule. Examples of alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, n-pentoxy, neopentoxy, n-hexoxy and the like. Alkoxy groups as used herein may optionally include further substitutent groups.
  • The terms “halo” and “halogen,” as used herein, refer to an atom selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
  • The terms “aryl” and “aromatic,” as used herein, refer to a mono- or polycyclic carbocyclic ring system radicals having one or more aromatic rings. Examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, indanyl, idenyl and the like. Preferred aryl ring systems have from about 5 to about 20 carbon atoms in one or more rings. Aryl groups as used herein may optionally include further substitutent groups.
  • The terms “aralkyl” and “arylalkyl,” as used herein, refer to a radical formed between an alkyl group and an aryl group wherein the alkyl group is used to attach the aralkyl group to a parent molecule. Examples include, but are not limited to, benzyl, phenethyl and the like. Aralkyl groups as used herein may optionally include further substitutent groups attached to the alkyl, the aryl or both groups that form the radical group.
  • The term “heterocyclic radical” as used herein, refers to a radical mono-, or poly-cyclic ring system that includes at least one heteroatom and is unsaturated, partially saturated or fully saturated, thereby including heteroaryl groups. Heterocyclic is also meant to include fused ring systems wherein one or more of the fused rings contain at least one heteroatom and the other rings can contain one or more heteroatoms or optionally contain no heteroatoms. A heterocyclic group typically includes at least one atom selected from sulfur, nitrogen or oxygen. Examples of heterocyclic groups include, [1,3]dioxolane, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, quinoxalinyl, pyridazinonyl, tetrahydrofuryl and the like. Heterocyclic groups as used herein may optionally include further substitutent groups.
  • The terms “heteroaryl,” and “heteroaromatic,” as used herein, refer to a radical comprising a mono- or poly-cyclic aromatic ring, ring system or fused ring system wherein at least one of the rings is aromatic and includes one or more heteroatom. Heteroaryl is also meant to include fused ring systems including systems where one or more of the fused rings contain no heteroatoms. Heteroaryl groups typically include one ring atom selected from sulfur, nitrogen or oxygen. Examples of heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isooxazolyl, thiadiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiophenyl, furanyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzooxazolyl, quinoxalinyl, and the like. Heteroaryl radicals can be attached to a parent molecule directly or through a linking moiety such as an aliphatic group or hetero atom. Heteroaryl groups as used herein may optionally include further substitutent groups.
  • The term “heteroarylalkyl,” as used herein, refers to a heteroaryl group as previously defined having an alky radical that can attach the heteroarylalkyl group to a parent molecule. Examples include, but are not limited to, pyridinylmethyl, pyrimidinylethyl, napthyridinylpropyl and the like. Heteroarylalkyl groups as used herein may optionally include further substitutent groups on one or both of the heteroaryl or alkyl portions.
  • The term “mono or poly cyclic structure” as used in the present invention includes all ring systems that are single or polycyclic having rings that are fused or linked and is meant to be inclusive of single and mixed ring systems individually selected from aliphatic, alicyclic, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, heteroaromatic, heteroarylalkyl. Such mono and poly cyclic structures can contain rings that are uniform or have varying degrees of saturation including fully saturated, partially saturated or fully unsaturated. Each ring can comprise ring atoms selected from C, N, O and S to give rise to heterocyclic rings as well as rings comprising only C ring atoms which can be present in a mixed motif such as for example benzimidazole wherein one ring has only carbon ring atoms and the fused ring has two nitrogen atoms. The mono or poly cyclic structures can be further substituted with substituent groups such as for example phthalimide which has two ═O groups attached to one of the rings. In another aspect, mono or poly cyclic structures can be attached to a parent molecule directly through a ring atom, through a substituent group or a bifunctional linking moiety.
  • The term “acyl,” as used herein, refers to a radical formed by removal of a hydroxyl group from an organic acid and has the general formula —C(O)—X where X is typically aliphatic, alicyclic or aromatic. Examples include aliphatic carbonyls, aromatic carbonyls, aliphatic sulfonyls, aromatic sulfinyls, aliphatic sulfinyls, aromatic phosphates, aliphatic phosphates and the like. Acyl groups as used herein may optionally include further substitutent groups.
  • The term “hydrocarbyl” includes groups comprising C, O and H. Included are straight, branched and cyclic groups having any degree of saturation. Such hydrocarbyl groups can include one or more heteroatoms selected from N, O and S and can be further mono or poly substituted with one or more substituent groups.
  • The terms “substituent” and “substituent group,” as used herein, include groups that are typically added to other groups or parent compounds to enhance desired properties or give desired effects. Substituent groups can be protected or unprotected and can be added to one available site or to many available sites in a parent compound. Substituent groups may also be further substituted with other substituent groups and may be attached directly or via a linking group such as an alkyl or hydrocarbyl group to a parent compound. Such groups include without limitation, halogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl (—C(O)Raa), carboxyl (—C(O)O—Raa), aliphatic groups, alicyclic groups, alkoxy, substituted oxo (—O—Raa), aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, amino (—NRbbRcc), imino(═NRbb), amido (—C(O)NRbbRcc or —N(Rbb)C(O)Raa), azido (—N3), nitro (—NO2), cyano (—CN), carbamido (—OC(O)NRbbRcc or —N(Rbb)C(O)ORaa), ureido (—N(Rbb)C(O)NRbbRcc), thioureido (—N(Rbb)C(S)NRbbRcc), guanidinyl (—N(Rbb)C(═NRbb)NRbbRcc), amidinyl (—C(═NRbb)NRbbRcc or —N(Rbb)C(NRbb)Raa), thiol (—SRbb), sulfinyl (—S(O)Rbb), sulfonyl (—S(O)2Rbb), sulfonamidyl (—S(O)2NRbbRcc or —N(Rbb)S(O)2Rbb) and conjugate groups. Wherein each Raa, Rbb and Rcc is, independently, H, an optionally linked chemical functional group or a further substituent group with a preferred list including without limitation H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aliphatic, alkoxy, acyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, alicyclic, heterocyclic and heteroarylalkyl.
  • B. Certain Oligomeric Compounds
  • In certain embodiments, it is desirable to chemically modify oligomeric compounds, compared to naturally occurring oligomers, such as DNA or RNA. Certain such modifications alter the activity of the oligomeric compound. Certain such chemical modifications can alter activity by, for example: increasing affinity of an antisense compound for its target nucleic acid, increasing its resistance to one or more nucleases, and/or altering the pharmacokinetics or tissue distribution of the oligomeric compound. In certain instances, the use of chemistries that increase the affinity of an oligomeric compound for its target can allow for the use of shorter oligomeric compounds.
  • 1. Certain Monomers
  • In certain embodiment, oligomeric compounds comprise one or more modified monomer. In certain such embodiments, oligomeric compounds comprise one or more high affinity monomer. In certain embodiments, such high-affinity monomer is selected from monomers (e.g., nucleosides and nucleotides) comprising 2′-modified sugars, including, but not limited to: BNA's and monomers (e.g., nucleosides and nucleotides) with 2′-substituents such as allyl, amino, azido, thio, O-allyl, O—C1-C10 alkyl, —OCF3, O—(CH2)2—O—CH3, 2′-O(CH2)2SCH3, O—(CH2)2—O—N(Rm)(Rn), or O—CH2—C(═O)—N(Rm)(Rn), where each Rm and Rn is, independently, H or substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl.
  • In certain embodiments, the oligomeric compounds including, but no limited to short antisense compounds of the present invention, comprise one or more high affinity monomers provided that the oligomeric compound does not comprise a nucleotide comprising a 2′-O(CH2)nH, wherein n is one to six.
  • In certain embodiments, the oligomeric compounds including, but no limited to short antisense compounds of the present invention, comprise one or more high affinity monomer provided that the oligomeric compound does not comprise a nucleotide comprising a 2′-OCH3 or a 2′-O(CH2)2OCH3.
  • In certain embodiments, the oligomeric compounds including, but no limited to short antisense compounds of the present invention, comprise one or more high affinity monomer provided that the oligomeric compound does not comprise a α-L-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA.
  • In certain embodiments, the oligomeric compounds including, but no limited to short antisense compounds of the present invention, comprise one or more high affinity monomer provided that the oligomeric compound does not comprise a β-D-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA.
  • In certain embodiments, the oligomeric compounds including, but no limited to short antisense compounds of the present invention, comprise one or more high affinity monomer provided that the oligomeric compound does not comprise a α-L-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA or a β-D-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA.
  • a. Certain Nucleobases
  • The naturally occurring base portion of a nucleoside is typically a heterocyclic base. The two most common classes of such heterocyclic bases are the purines and the pyrimidines. For those nucleosides that include a pentofuranosyl sugar, a phosphate group can be linked to the 2′, 3′ or 5′ hydroxyl moiety of the sugar. In forming oligonucleotides, those phosphate groups covalently link adjacent nucleosides to one another to form a linear polymeric compound. Within oligonucleotides, the phosphate groups are commonly referred to as forming the internucleotide backbone of the oligonucleotide. The naturally occurring linkage or backbone of RNA and of DNA is a 3′ to 5′ phosphodiester linkage.
  • In addition to “unmodified” or “natural” nucleobases such as the purine nucleobases adenine (A) and guanine (G), and the pyrimidine nucleobases thymine (T), cytosine (C) and uracil (U), many modified nucleobases or nucleobase mimetics known to those skilled in the art are amenable with the compounds described herein. In certain embodiments, a modified nucleobase is a nucleobase that is fairly similar in structure to the parent nucleobase, such as for example a 7-deaza purine, a 5-methyl cytosine, or a G-clamp. In certain embodiments, nucleobase mimetic include more complicated structures, such as for example a tricyclic phenoxazine nucleobase mimetic. Methods for preparation of the above noted modified nucleobases are well known to those skilled in the art.
  • b. Certain Sugars
  • Oligomeric compounds provided herein may comprise one or more monomer, including a nucleoside or nucleotide, having a modified sugar moiety. For example, the furanosyl sugar ring of a nucleoside can be modified in a number of ways including, but not limited to, addition of a substituent group, bridging of two non-geminal ring atoms to form a bicyclic nucleic acid (BNA).
  • In certain embodiments, oligomeric compounds comprise one or more monomers that is a BNA. In certain such embodiments, BNA s include, but are not limited to, (A) α-L-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA, (B) β-D-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA, (C) Ethyleneoxy (4′-(CH2)2—O-2′) BNA, (D) Aminooxy (4′-CH2—O—N(R)-2′) BNA and (E) Oxyamino (4′-CH2—N(R)—O-2′) BNA, as depicted in FIG. 1.
  • Figure US20090326041A1-20091231-C00001
  • In certain embodiments, BNA compounds include, but are not limited to, compounds having at least one bridge between the 4′ and the 2′ position of the sugar wherein each of the bridges independently comprises 1 or from 2 to 4 linked groups independently selected from —[C(R1)(R2)]n—, —C(R1)═C(R2)—, —C(R1)═N—, —C(═NR1)—, —C(═O)—, —C(═S)—, —O—, —Si(R1)2—, —S(═O)n— and —N(R1)—;
  • wherein:
  • x is 0, 1, or 2;
  • n is 1, 2, 3, or 4;
  • each R1 and R2 is, independently, H, a protecting group, hydroxyl, C1-C12 alkyl, substituted C1-C12 alkyl, C2-C12 alkenyl, substituted C2-C12 alkenyl, C2-C12 alkynyl, substituted C2-C12 alkynyl, C5-C20 aryl, substituted C5-C20 aryl, heterocycle radical, substituted heterocycle radical, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, C5-C7 alicyclic radical, substituted C5-C7 alicyclic radical, halogen, OJ1, NJ1J2, SJ1, N3, COOJ1, acyl (C(═O)—H), substituted acyl, CN, sulfonyl (S(═O)2-J1), or sulfoxyl (S(═O)-J1); and
  • each J1 and J2 is, independently, H, C1-C12 alkyl, substituted C1-C12 alkyl, C2-C12 alkenyl, substituted C2-C12 alkenyl, C2-C12 alkynyl, substituted C2-C12 alkynyl, C5-C20 aryl, substituted C5-C20 aryl, acyl (C(═O)—H), substituted acyl, a heterocycle radical, a substituted heterocycle radical, C1-C12 aminoalkyl, substituted C1-C12 aminoalkyl or a protecting group.
  • In one embodiment, each of the bridges of the BNA compounds is, independently, —[C(R1)(R2)]n—, —[C(R1)(R2)]n—O—, —C(R1R2)—N(R1)—O— or —C(R1R2)—O—N(R1)—. In another embodiment, each of said bridges is, independently, 4′-CH2-2′,4′-(CH2)2-2′,4′-(CH2)3-2′,4′-CH2—O-2′,4′-(CH2)2—O-2′,4′-CH2—O—N(R1)-2′ and 4′-CH2—N(R1)—O-2′- wherein each R1 is, independently, H, a protecting group or C1-C12 alkyl.
  • Certain BNA's have been prepared and disclosed in the patent literature as well as in scientific literature (Singh et al., Chem. Commun., 1998, 4, 455-456; Koshkin et al., Tetrahedron, 1998, 54, 3607-3630; Wahlestedt et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 2000, 97, 5633-5638; Kumar et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 1998, 8, 2219-2222; WO 94/14226; WO 2005/021570; Singh et al., J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 10035-10039; Examples of issued US patents and published applications that disclose BNA s include, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,053,207; 6,268,490; 6,770,748; 6,794,499; 7,034,133; and 6,525,191; and U.S. Pre-Grant Publication Nos. 2004-0171570; 2004-0219565; 2004-0014959; 2003-0207841; 2004-0143114; and 20030082807.
  • Also provided herein are BNAs in which the 2′-hydroxyl group of the ribosyl sugar ring is linked to the 4′ carbon atom of the sugar ring thereby forming a methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) linkage to form the bicyclic sugar moiety (reviewed in Elayadi et al., Curr. Opinion Invens. Drugs, 2001, 2, 558-561; Braasch et al., Chem. Biol., 2001, 8 1-7; and Orum et al., Curr. Opinion Mol. Ther., 2001, 3, 239-243; see also U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,268,490 and 6,670,461). The linkage can be a methylene (—CH2—) group bridging the 2′ oxygen atom and the 4′ carbon atom, for which the term methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA is used for the bicyclic moiety; in the case of an ethylene group in this position, the term ethyleneoxy (4′-CH2CH2—O-2′) BNA is used (Singh et al., Chem. Commun., 1998, 4, 455-456: Morita et al., Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry, 2003, 11, 2211-2226). Methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA and other bicyclic sugar analogs display very high duplex thermal stabilities with complementary DNA and RNA (Tm=+3 to +10° C.), stability towards 3′-exonucleolytic degradation and good solubility properties. Potent and nontoxic antisense oligonucleotides comprising BNAs have been described (Wahlestedt et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 2000, 97, 5633-5638).
  • An isomer of methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA that has also been discussed is alpha-L-methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA which has been shown to have superior stability against a 3′-exonuclease. The alpha-L-methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA's were incorporated into antisense gapmers and chimeras that showed potent antisense activity (Frieden et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 2003, 21, 6365-6372).
  • The synthesis and preparation of the methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA monomers adenine, cytosine, guanine, 5-methyl-cytosine, thymine and uracil, along with their oligomerization, and nucleic acid recognition properties have been described (Koshkin et al., Tetrahedron, 1998, 54, 3607-3630). BNAs and preparation thereof are also described in WO 98/39352 and WO 99/14226.
  • Analogs of methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA, phosphorothioate-methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA and 2′-thio-BNAs, have also been prepared (Kumar et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 1998, 8, 2219-2222). Preparation of locked nucleoside analogs comprising oligodeoxyribonucleotide duplexes as substrates for nucleic acid polymerases has also been described (Wengel et al., WO 99/14226). Furthermore, synthesis of 2′-amino-BNA, a novel conformationally restricted high-affinity oligonucleotide analog has been described in the art (Singh et al., J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 10035-10039). In addition, 2′-Amino- and 2′-methylamino-BNA's have been prepared and the thermal stability of their duplexes with complementary RNA and DNA strands has been previously reported.
  • Modified sugar moieties are well known and can be used to alter, typically increase, the affinity of the antisense compound for its target and/or increase nuclease resistance. A representative list of preferred modified sugars includes but is not limited to bicyclic modified sugars (BNA's), including methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA and ethyleneoxy (4′-(CH2)2—O-2′ bridge) BNA; substituted sugars, especially 2′-substituted sugars having a 2′-F, 2′-OCH3 or a 2′-O(CH2)2—OCH3 substituent group; and 4′-thio modified sugars. Sugars can also be replaced with sugar mimetic groups among others. Methods for the preparations of modified sugars are well known to those skilled in the art. Some representative patents and publications that teach the preparation of such modified sugars include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,981,957; 5,118,800; 5,319,080; 5,359,044; 5,393,878; 5,446,137; 5,466,786; 5,514,785; 5,519,134; 5,567,811; 5,576,427; 5,591,722; 5,597,909; 5,610,300; 5,627,053; 5,639,873; 5,646,265; 5,658,873; 5,670,633; 5,792,747; 5,700,920; 6,531,584; and 6,600,032; and WO 2005/121371.
  • In certain embodiments, BNA's include bicyclic nucleoside having the formula:
  • Figure US20090326041A1-20091231-C00002
  • wherein:
  • Bx is a heterocyclic base moiety;
  • T1 is H or a hydroxyl protecting group;
  • T2 is H, a hydroxyl protecting group or a reactive phosphorus group;
  • Z is C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, substituted C1-C6 alkyl, substituted C2-C6 alkenyl, substituted C2-C6 alkynyl, acyl, substituted acyl, or substituted amide.
  • In one embodiment, each of the substituted groups, is, independently, mono or poly substituted with optionally protected substituent groups independently selected from halogen, oxo, hydroxyl, OJ1, NJ1J2, SJ1, N3, OC(═X)J1, OC(═X)NJ3J2, NJ3C(═X)NJ1J2 and CN, wherein each J1, J2 and J3 is, independently, H or C1-C6 alkyl, and X is O, S or NJ1.
  • In certain such embodiments, each of the substituted groups, is, independently, mono or poly substituted with substituent groups independently selected from halogen, oxo, hydroxyl, OJ1, NJ1J2, SJ1, N3, OC(═X)J1, and NJ3C(═X)NJ1J2, wherein each J1, J2 and J3 is, independently, H, C1-C6 alkyl, or substituted C1-C6 alkyl and X is O or NJ1.
  • In certain embodiments, the Z group is C1-C6 alkyl substituted with one or more Xx, wherein each Xx is independently OJ1, NJ1J2, SJ1, N3, OC(═X)J1, OC(═X)NJ1J2, NJ3C(═X)NJ1J2 or CN; wherein each J1, J2 and J3 is, independently, H or C1-C6 alkyl, and X is O, S or NJ1. In another embodiment, the Z group is C1-C6 alkyl substituted with one or more Xx, wherein each Xx is independently halo (e.g., fluoro), hydroxyl, alkoxy (e.g., CH3O—), substituted alkoxy or azido.
  • In certain embodiments, the Z group is —CH2Xx, wherein Xx is OJ1, NJ1J2, SJ1, N3, OC(═X)J1, OC(═X)NJ1J2, NJ3C(═X)NJ3J2 or CN; wherein each J3, J2 and J3 is, independently, H or C1-C6 alkyl, and X is O, S or NJ1. In another embodiment, the Z group is CH2Xx, wherein Xx is halo (e.g., fluoro), hydroxyl, alkoxy (e.g., CH3O—) or azido.
  • In certain such embodiments, the Z group is in the (R)-configuration:
  • Figure US20090326041A1-20091231-C00003
  • In certain such embodiments, the Z group is in the (S)-configuration:
  • Figure US20090326041A1-20091231-C00004
  • In certain embodiments, each T1 and T2 is a hydroxyl protecting group. A preferred list of hydroxyl protecting groups includes benzyl, benzoyl, 2,6-dichlorobenzyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl, t-butyldiphenylsilyl, mesylate, tosylate, dimethoxytrityl (DMT), 9-phenylxanthine-9-yl (Pixyl) and 9-(p-methoxyphenyl)xanthine-9-yl (MOX). In certain embodiments, T1 is a hydroxyl protecting group selected from acetyl, benzyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl, t-butyldiphenylsilyl and dimethoxytrityl wherein a more preferred hydroxyl protecting group is T1 is 4,4′-dimethoxytrityl.
  • In certain embodiments, T2 is a reactive phosphorus group wherein preferred reactive phosphorus groups include diisopropylcyanoethoxy phosphoramidite and H-phosphonate. In certain embodiments T1 is 4,4′-dimethoxytrityl and T2 is diisopropylcyanoethoxy phosphoramidite.
  • In certain embodiments, oligomeric compounds have at least one monomer of the formula:
  • Figure US20090326041A1-20091231-C00005
  • or of the formula:
  • Figure US20090326041A1-20091231-C00006
  • or of the formula:
  • Figure US20090326041A1-20091231-C00007
  • wherein
  • Bx is a heterocyclic base moiety;
  • T3 is H, a hydroxyl protecting group, a linked conjugate group or an internucleoside linking group attached to a nucleoside, a nucleotide, an oligonucleotide, an oligonucleotide, a monomeric subunit or an oligomeric compound;
  • T4 is H, a hydroxyl protecting group, a linked conjugate group or an internucleoside linking group attached to a nucleoside, a nucleotide, an oligonucleotide, an oligonucleotide, a monomeric subunit or an oligomeric compound;
  • wherein at least one of T3 and T4 is an internucleoside linking group attached to a nucleoside, a nucleotide, an oligonucleotide, an oligonucleotide, a monomeric subunit or an oligomeric compound; and
  • Z is C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, substituted C1-C6 alkyl, substituted C2-C6 alkenyl, substituted C2-C6 alkynyl, acyl, substituted acyl, or substituted amide.
  • In one embodiment, each of the substituted groups, is, independently, mono or poly substituted with optionally protected substituent groups independently selected from halogen, oxo, hydroxyl, OJ1, NJ1J2, SJ1, N3, OC(═X)1-1, OC(═X)NJ1J2, NJ3C(═X)NJ1J2 and CN, wherein each J1, J2 and J3 is, independently, H or C1-C6 alkyl, and X is O, S or NJ1.
  • In one embodiment, each of the substituted groups, is, independently, mono or poly substituted with substituent groups independently selected from halogen, oxo, hydroxyl, OJ1, NJ1J2, SJ1, N3, OC(═X)J1, and NJ3C(═X)NJ1J2, wherein each J1, J2 and J3 is, independently, H or C1-C6 alkyl, and X is O or NJ1.
  • In certain such embodiments, at least one Z is C1-C6 alkyl or substituted C1-C6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, each Z is, independently, C1-C6 alkyl or substituted C1-C6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one Z is C1-C6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, each Z is, independently, C1-C6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one Z is methyl. In certain embodiments, each Z is methyl. In certain embodiments, at least one Z is ethyl. In certain embodiments, each Z is ethyl. In certain embodiments, at least one Z is substituted C1-C6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, each Z is, independently, substituted C1-C6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one Z is substituted methyl. In certain embodiments, each Z is substituted methyl. In certain embodiments, at least one Z is substituted ethyl. In certain embodiments, each Z is substituted ethyl.
  • In certain embodiments, at least one substituent group is C1-C6 alkoxy (e.g., at least one Z is C1-C6 alkyl substituted with one or more C1-C6 alkoxy). In another embodiment, each substituent group is, independently, C1-C6 alkoxy (e.g., each Z is, independently, C1-C6 alkyl substituted with one or more C1-C6 alkoxy).
  • In certain embodiments, at least one C1-C6 alkoxy substituent group is CH3O— (e.g., at least one Z is CH3OCH2—). In another embodiment, each C1-C6 alkoxy substituent group is CH3O— (e.g., each Z is CH3OCH2—).
  • In certain embodiments, at least one substituent group is halogen (e.g., at least one Z is C1-C6 alkyl substituted with one or more halogen). In certain embodiments, each substituent group is, independently, halogen (e.g., each Z is, independently, C1-C6 alkyl substituted with one or more halogen). In certain embodiments, at least one halogen substituent group is fluoro (e.g., at least one Z is CH2FCH2—, CHF2CH2— or CF3CH2—). In certain embodiments, each halo substituent group is fluoro (e.g., each Z is, independently, CH2FCH2—, CHF2CH2— or CF3CH2—).
  • In certain embodiments, at least one substituent group is hydroxyl (e.g., at least one Z is C1-C6 alkyl substituted with one or more hydroxyl). In certain embodiments, each substituent group is, independently, hydroxyl (e.g., each Z is, independently, C1-C6 alkyl substituted with one or more hydroxyl). In certain embodiments, at least one Z is HOCH2—. In another embodiment, each Z is HOCH2—.
  • In certain embodiments, at least one Z is CH3—, CH3CH2—, CH2OCH3—, CH2F— or HOCH2—. In certain embodiments, each Z is, independently, CH3—, CH3CH2—, CH2OCH3—, CH2F— or HOCH2—.
  • In certain embodiments, at least one Z group is C1-C6 alkyl substituted with one or more Xx, wherein each Xx is, independently, OJ1, NJ1J2, SJ1, N3, OC(═X)J1, OC(═X)NJ1J2, NJ3C(═X)NJ1J2 or CN; wherein each J1, J2 and J3 is, independently, H or C1-C6 alkyl, and X is O, S or NJ1. In another embodiment, at least one Z group is C1-C6 alkyl substituted with one or more Xx, wherein each Xx is, independently, halo (e.g., fluoro), hydroxyl, alkoxy (e.g., CH3O—) or azido.
  • In certain embodiments, each Z group is, independently, C1-C6 alkyl substituted with one or more Xx, wherein each Xx is independently OJ1, NJ1J2, SJ1, N3, OC(═X)J1, OC(═X)NJ1J2, NJ3C(═X)NJ1J2 or CN; wherein each J1, J2 and J3 is, independently, H or C1-C6 alkyl, and X is O, S or NJ1. In another embodiment, each Z group is, independently, C1-C6 alkyl substituted with one or more Xx, wherein each Xx is independently halo (e.g., fluoro), hydroxyl, alkoxy (e.g., CH3O—) or azido.
  • In certain embodiments, at least one Z group is —CH2Xx, wherein Xx is OJ1, NJ1J2, SJ1, N3, OC(═X)J1, OC(═X)NJ1J2, NJ3C(═X)NJ1J2 or CN; wherein each J1, J2 and J3 is, independently, H or C1-C6 alkyl, and X is O, S or NJ1 In certain embodiments, at least one Z group is —CH2Xx, wherein Xx is halo (e.g., fluoro), hydroxyl, alkoxy (e.g., CH3O—) or azido.
  • In certain embodiments, each Z group is, independently, —CH2Xx, wherein each Xx is, independently, OJ1, NJ1J2, SJ1, N3, OC(═X)J1, OC(═X)NJ1J2, NJ3C(═X)NJ1J2 or CN; wherein each J1, J2 and J3 is, independently, H or C1-C6 alkyl, and X is O, S or NJ1. In another embodiment, each Z group is, independently, —CH2Xx, wherein each Xx is, independently, halo (e.g., fluoro), hydroxyl, alkoxy (e.g., CH3O—) or azido.
  • In certain embodiments, at least one Z is CH3—. In another embodiment, each Z is, CH3—.
  • In certain embodiments, the Z group of at least one monomer is in the (R)-configuration represented by the formula:
  • Figure US20090326041A1-20091231-C00008
  • or the formula:
  • Figure US20090326041A1-20091231-C00009
  • or the formula:
  • Figure US20090326041A1-20091231-C00010
  • In certain embodiments, the Z group of each monomer of the formula is in the (R)-configuration.
  • In certain embodiments, the Z group of at least one monomer is in the (S)-configuration represented by the formula:
  • Figure US20090326041A1-20091231-C00011
  • or the formula:
  • Figure US20090326041A1-20091231-C00012
  • or the formula:
  • Figure US20090326041A1-20091231-C00013
  • In certain embodiments, the Z group of each monomer of the formula is in the (S)— configuration.
  • In certain embodiments, T3 is H or a hydroxyl protecting group. In certain embodiments, T4 is H or a hydroxyl protecting group. In a further embodiment T3 is an internucleoside linking group attached to a nucleoside, a nucleotide or a monomeric subunit. In certain embodiments, T4 is an internucleoside linking group attached to a nucleoside, a nucleotide or a monomeric subunit. In certain embodiments, T3 is an internucleoside linking group attached to an oligonucleotide or an oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, T4 is an internucleoside linking group attached to an oligonucleotide or an oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, T3 is an internucleoside linking group attached to an oligomeric compound. In certain embodiments, T4 is an internucleoside linking group attached to an oligomeric compound. In certain embodiments, at least one of T3 and T4 comprises an internucleoside linking group selected from phosphodiester or phosphorothioate.
  • In certain embodiments, oligomeric compounds have at least one region of at least two contiguous monomers of the formula:
  • Figure US20090326041A1-20091231-C00014
  • or of the formula:
  • Figure US20090326041A1-20091231-C00015
  • or of the formula: to
  • Figure US20090326041A1-20091231-C00016
  • In certain embodiments, the oligomeric compound comprises at least two regions of at least two contiguous monomers of the above formula. In certain embodiments, the oligomeric compound comprises a gapped oligomeric compound. In certain embodiments, the oligomeric compound comprises at least one region of from about 8 to about 14 contiguous β-D-2′-deoxyribofuranosyl nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the oligomeric compound comprises at least one region of from about 9 to about 12 contiguous β-D-2′-deoxyribofuranosyl nucleosides.
  • In certain embodiments, monmers include sugar mimetics. In certain such embodiments, a mimetic is used in place of the sugar or sugar-internucleoside linkage combination, and the nucleobase is maintained for hybridization to a selected target. Representative examples of a sugar mimetics include, but are not limited to, cyclohexenyl or morpholino. Representative examples of a mimetic for a sugar-internucleoside linkage combination include, but are not limited to, peptide nucleic acids (PNA) and morpholino groups linked by uncharged achiral linkages. In some instances a mimetic is used in place of the nucleobase. Representative nucleobase mimetics are well known in the art and include, but are not limited to, tricyclic phenoxazine analogs and universal bases (Berger et al., Nuc Acid Res. 2000, 28:2911-14, incorporated herein by reference). Methods of synthesis of sugar, nucleoside and nucleobase mimetics are well known to those skilled in the art.
  • 3. Monomeric Linkages
  • Described herein are linking groups that link monomers (including, but not limited to, modified and unmodified nucleosides and nucleotides) together, thereby forming an oligomeric compound. The two main classes of linking groups are defined by the presence or absence of a phosphorus atom. Representative phosphorus containing linkages include, but are not limited to, phosphodiesters (P═O), phosphotriesters, methylphosphonates, phosphoramidate, and phosphorothioates (P═S). Representative non-phosphorus containing linking groups include, but are not limited to, methylenemethylimino (—CH2—N(CH3)—O—CH2—), thiodiester (—O—C(O)—S—), thionocarbamate (—O—C(O)(NH)—S—); siloxane (—O—Si(H)2—O—); and N,N′-dimethylhydrazine (—CH2—N(CH3)—N(CH3)—). Oligomeric compounds having non-phosphorus linking groups are referred to as oligonucleosides. Modified linkages, compared to natural phosphodiester linkages, can be used to alter, typically increase, nuclease resistance of the oligomeric compound. In certain embodiments, linkages having a chiral atom can be prepared a racemic mixtures, as separate enantomers. Representative chiral linkages include, but are not limited to, alkylphosphonates and phosphorothioates. Methods of preparation of phosphorous-containing and non-phosphorous-containing linkages are well known to those skilled in the art.
  • The oligomeric compounds described herein contain one or more asymmetric centers and thus give rise to enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric configurations that may be defined, in terms of absolute stereochemistry, as (R) or (S), α or β such as for sugar anomers, or as (D) or (L) such as for amino acids et al. Included in the antisense compounds provided herein are all such possible isomers, as well as their racemic and optically pure forms.
  • 4. Oligomeric Compounds
  • In certain embodiments, provided herein are oligomeric compounds having reactive phosphorus groups useful for forming linkages including for example phosphodiester and phosphorothioate internucleoside linkages. Methods of preparation and/or purification of precursors or oligomeric compounds are not a limitation of the compositions or methods provided herein. Methods for synthesis and purification of oligomeric compounds including DNA, RNA, oligonucleotides, oligonucleosides, and antisense compounds are well known to those skilled in the art.
  • Generally, oligomeric compounds comprise a plurality of monomeric subunits linked together by linking groups. Nonlimiting examples of oligomeric compounds include primers, probes, antisense compounds, antisense oligonucleotides, external guide sequence (EGS) oligonucleotides, alternate splicers, and siRNAs. As such, these compounds can be introduced in the form of single-stranded, double-stranded, circular, branched or hairpins and can contain structural elements such as internal or terminal bulges or loops. Oligomeric double-stranded compounds can be two strands hybridized to form double-stranded compounds or a single strand with sufficient self complementarity to allow for hybridization and formation of a fully or partially double-stranded compound.
  • In certain embodiments, the present invention provides chimeric oligomeric compounds. In certain such embodiments, chimeric oligomeric compounds are chimeric oligonucleotides. In certain such embodiments, the chimeric oligonucleotides comprise differently modified nucleotides. In certain embodiments, chimeric oligonucleotides are mixed-backbone antisense oligonucleotides.
  • In general a chimeric oligomeric compound will have modified nucleosides that can be in isolated positions or grouped together in regions that will define a particular motif. Any combination of modifications and/or mimetic groups can comprise a chimeric oligomeric compound as described herein.
  • In certain embodiments, chimeric oligomeric compounds typically comprise at least one region modified so as to confer increased resistance to nuclease degradation, increased cellular uptake, and/or increased binding affinity for the target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, an additional region of the oligomeric compound may serve as a substrate for enzymes capable of cleaving RNA:DNA or RNA:RNA hybrids. By way of example, RNase H is a cellular endonuclease that cleaves the RNA strand of an RNA:DNA duplex. Activation of RNase H, therefore, results in cleavage of the RNA target, thereby greatly enhancing the efficiency of inhibition of gene expression. Consequently, comparable results can often be obtained with shorter oligomeric compounds when chimeras are used, compared to for example phosphorothioate deoxyoligonucleotides hybridizing to the same target region. Cleavage of the RNA target can be routinely detected by gel electrophoresis and, if necessary, associated nucleic acid hybridization techniques known in the art.
  • In certain embodiments, chimeric oligomeric compounds are gapmers. In certain embodiments, chimeric compounds are short antisense compounds. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are gapmers. In certain such embodiments, a mixed-backbone antisense oligomer has one type of internucleotide linkages in one or both wings and a different type of internucleotide linkages in the gap. In certain such embodiments, the mixed-backbone antisense oligonucleotide has phosphodiester linkages in the wings and phosphorothioate linkages in the gap. In certain embodiments in which the internucleotide linkages in a wing is different from the internucleotide linkages in the gap, the internucleotide linkage bridging that wing and the gap is the same as the internucleotide linkage in the wing. In certain embodiments in which the internucleotide linkages in a wing is different from the internucleotide linkages in the gap, the internucleotide linkage bridging that wing and the gap is the same as the internucleotide linkage in the gap.
  • C. Certain Short Antisense Compounds
  • Disclosed herein are short antisense compounds 8 to 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are 9 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, such short antisense compounds are short antisense oligonucleotides.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds comprise one or more chemical modifications. In certain such embodiments, short antisense compounds comprise at least one modified nucleotide. In certain embodiments short antisense compounds comprise at least two or more modified nucleotides. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds comprise at least one modified internucleotide linkage. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are mixed-backbone oligonucleotides. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are chimeric oligonucleotides. In certain embodiments, short antisense oligonucleotides are uniformly modified. In certain embodiments, short antisense oligonucleotides comprise modifications independently selected at each nucleobase and at each linkage.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are short gapmers. In certain such embodiments, short gapmers comprise at least one high affinity modification in one or more wings of the compound. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds comprise 1 to 3 high-affinity modifications in each wing. In certain embodiments, high affinity modifications of the short antisense compounds allow for a target affinity similar to, or even greater than, the target affinity of longer antisense compounds. In certain embodiments, the high-affinity modified nucleotides are sugar modified nucleotides. Such sugar modified nucleotides include those comprising a bridge between the 4′ and 2′ position of the sugar. Exemplary high affinity sugar modifications include, but are not limited to, BNA s and other 2′-modifications such as 2′-MOE. In an alternate embodiment of the invention, the high affinity modification is not a 2′-O—(CH2)nH (n=1-6) sugar-modified nucleotide. In an additional alternate embodiment, the high affinity modified nucleotide is not a 2′-OCH3 or a 2′-OCH2CH2OCH3 nucleotide. In certain embodiments, the high-affinity modified nucleotides confer a Tm of at least 1, at least 1.5, at least 2, at least 2.5, at least 3.0, at least 3.5 or at least 4.0 degrees per nucleotide. Some high-affinity nucleotide modifications are known in the art to increase toxicity. As shown herein, short antisense compounds having a limited number (generally 2 to 6) of high affinity modifications exhibit little to no increase in toxicity but retain or increase affinity for the target RNA, while also significantly reducing expression of the RNA target. Short antisense compounds of the invention may optionally comprise a conjugate group, such as, for example, cholesterol or C1-6.
  • 1. Certain Wings
  • In certain embodiments, the short antisense compounds comprise a 5′ wing and/or a 3′ wing. In such embodiments, the features of the 3′ wing and the features of the 5′ wing are selected independently. Thus, in such embodiments, the number of monomers in the 5′ wing and the number of monomers (length) in the 3′ wing may be the same or may be different; the modifications, if any, in the 5′ wing may be the same as the modifications, if any, in the 3′ wing or such modifications, if any, may be different; and the monomeric linkages in the 5′ wing and the monomeric linkages in the 3′ wing may be the same or they may be different.
  • In certain embodiments a wing comprises one, two or three monomers (i.e. has a length of 1, 2, or 3). In certain embodiments, the monomers of a wing are modified. In certain such embodiments, the monomers of the wing are modified to increase affinity of the antisense compound for its target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, the monomers of a wing are nucleosides or nucleotides. In certain such embodiments, the nucleosides or nucleotides of the wing comprise a 2′ modification. In certain such embodiments, the monomers (nucleosides or nucleotides) of the wing are BNA's. In certain such embodiments, the monomers of the wing are selected from α-L-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA, β-D-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA, Ethyleneoxy (4′-(CH2)2—O-2′) BNA, Aminooxy (4′-CH2—O—N(R)-2′) BNA and Oxyamino (4′-CH2—N(R)—O-2′) BNA. In certain embodiments, the monomers of a wing comprise a substituent at the 2′ position selected from allyl, amino, azido, thio, O-allyl, O—C1-C10 alkyl, —OCF3, O—(CH2)2—O—CH3, 2′-O(CH2)2SCH3, O—(CH2)2—O—N(Rm)(Rn), and O—CH2—C(═O)—N(Rm)(Rn), where each Rm and Rn is, independently, H or substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl. In certain embodiments, the monomers of a wing are 2′MOE nucleotides.
  • In certain embodiments, the monomeric linkages in a wing are naturally occurring internucleotide linkages. In certain embodiments, the monomeric linkages in a wing are non-naturally occurring internucleotide or internucleoside linkages. In certain such embodiments, the monomeric linkages in the wing are more resistant to one or more nucleases than naturally occurring internucleotide linkages. In certain such embodiments, the monomeric linkages in the wing are phosphorothioate linkages (P═S). In certain embodiments where a wing has more than one monomeric linkage, the monomeric linkages are the same as one another. In certain embodiments where a wing has more than one monomers linkage, the monomers linkages are different from each other.
  • One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the features and modifications discussed above may be used in any combination to prepare a wing. The table below provides non-limiting examples showing how one might prepare a wing by selecting a certain number of monomers, monomeric modifications (if any), and monomeric linkages both within the wing.
  • Monomer type/ monomeric linkages within
    Length modifications wing
    1 2′ MOE None
    1 BNA None
    1 Methyleneoxy None
    BNA
    1 ENA None
    2 2′ MOE P═S
    2 BNA P═S
    2 Methyleneoxy P═S
    BNA
    2 ENA P═S
    2 2′ MOE P═O
    2 BNA P═O
    2 Methyleneoxy P═O
    BNA
    2 ENA P═O
    3 2′ MOE P═S
    3 BNA P═S
    3 Methyleneoxy P═S
    BNA
    3 ENA P═S
    3 2′ MOE P═O
    3 BNA P═O
    3 Methyleneoxy P═O
    BNA
    3 ENA P═O
  • In certain embodiments in which a wing comprises two, three or four monomers, those two, three or four monomers all comprise the same modifications, if any. In certain embodiments in which a wing comprises two, three or four monomers, one or more of those two, three or four nucleobases comprises one or more modifications that is different from one or more of the modifications of one or more of the remaining monomers.
  • 2. Certain Gaps
  • In certain embodiments, the short antisense compounds comprise a gap between the 5′ wing and the 3′ wing. In certain embodiments the gap comprises five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, or fourteen monomers. In certain embodiments, the monomers of the gap are unmodified deoxyribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, the monomers of the gap are unmodified ribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, gap modifications (if any) gap result in an antisense compound that, when bound to its target nucleic acid, supports cleavage by an RNase, including, but not limited to, RNase H.
  • In certain embodiments, the monomeric linkages in the gap are naturally occurring internucleotide linkages. In certain embodiments, the monomeric linkages in the gap are non-naturally occurring linkages. In certain such embodiments, the monomeric linkages in the gap are more resistant to one or more nuclease than naturally occurring internucleotide linkages. In certain such embodiments, the monomeric linkages in the gap are phosphorothioate linkages (P═S). In certain embodiments, the monomeric linkages in the gap are all the same as one another. In certain embodiments, the monomeric linkages within the gap are not all the same.
  • One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the features and modifications discussed above may be used in any combination to prepare a gap. The table below provides non-limiting examples showing how one might prepare a gap by selecting a certain number of monomers, monomeric modifications (if any), and monomeric linkages within the gap region.
  • Monomer type/ Monomeric linkages within
    Length modifications gap
    5 DNA P═S
    6 DNA P═S
    7 DNA P═S
    8 DNA P═S
    9 DNA P═S
    10 DNA P═S
    11 DNA P═S
    12 DNA P═S
    13 DNA P═S
    14 DNA P═S
    6 DNA P═O
    7 DNA P═O
    8 DNA P═O
    9 DNA P═O
    10 DNA P═O
    11 DNA P═O
    12 DNA P═O
    8 RNA P═S
    9 RNA P═S
    10 RNA P═S
    11 RNA P═S
    12 RNA P═S
  • 3. Certain Gapped Antisense Oligomeric Compounds
  • One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the wings and the gaps discussed above may be selected and then combined in a variety of combinations to generate gapped oligomeric compounds, including, but not limited to, gapped antisense oligomeric compounds, and gapped antisense oligonucleotides. The features (length, modifications, linkages) of the 5′ wing and the 3′ wing may be selected independently of one another. The features of the gap include at least one difference in modification compared to the features of the 5′ wing and at least one difference compared to the features of the 3′ wing (i.e., there must be at least one difference in modification between neighboring regions to distinguish those neighboring regions from one another). The features of the gap may otherwise be selected independently.
  • In certain embodiments, the monomeric linkages within a wing and the monomeric linkages within the gap are the same. In certain embodiments, the monomeric linkages within a wing and the monomeric linkages within the gap are different. In certain such embodiments, the monomeric linkage bridging the wing and the gap are the same as the monomeric linkages in the wing. In certain embodiments, the monomeric linkage bridging the wing and the gap are the same as the monomeric linkages in the gap. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds have uniform linkages throughout the compound. In certain such embodiments, all of the linkages are phosphorothioate (P═S) linkages.
  • One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the 3′ wings, 5′ wings, gaps, and linkages discussed above may be used in any combination to prepare a gapmer. The table below provides non-limiting examples showing how one might prepare a gapmer by selecting a certain 5′ wing, a gap, a 3′ wing and certain linkages bridging the gap and each wing.
  • 5′ 3′
    5′ Wing Bridge Gap Bridge 3′ Wing
    Length Monomer Link Link Length Monomer Link Link Length Monomer Link
    2 MOE P═S P═S 6 DNA P═S P═S 2 MOE P═S
    2 BNA P═S P═O 8 DNA P═O P═S 3 BNA P═S
    1 MOE None P═S 10 DNA P═S P═S 1 MOE P═S
    2 MOE P═S P═S 8 RNA P═S P═S 2 MOE P═S
    3 Methyleneoxy P═S P═S 8 RNA P═S P═S 3 MOE P═S
    BNA
    3 DNA P═O P═O 10 RNA P═S P═O 3 2′OH P═O
    2 2-F P═S P═S 5 RNA P═S P═S 2 2′-F P═S
    1 MOE P═O P═S 5 DNA P═O P═S 4 MOE P═S
  • In certain embodiments, the oligomeric compounds disclosed herein may comprise from about 8 to about 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 monomers (i.e. from about 8 to about 16 linked monomers). One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this comprehends antisense compounds of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 nucleobases. In certain embodiments, oligomeric compounds are antisense compounds.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are 8 nucleobases in length.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are 9 nucleobases in length.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are 10 nucleobases in length.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are 11 nucleobases in length.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are 12 nucleobases in length.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are 13 nucleobases in length.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are 14 nucleobases in length.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are 15 nucleobases in length.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are 16 nucleobases in length.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are 11 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are 13 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are 16 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds comprise 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds comprise 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds comprise 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds comprise 12 to 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.
  • One having skill in the art and informed by the short antisense compounds illustrated herein will be able, without undue experimentation, to identify further short antisense compounds.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds comprise a gap flanked by more than one wing on either or both sides. Thus, in certain embodiments, a short antisense compound comprises two or more 5′ wings and two or more 3′ wings. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound comprises one 5′ wing and two or more 3′ wings. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound comprises one 3′ wing and two or more 5′ wings. Certain such embodiments comprise, for example, the following regions: a first 5′ wing—a bridge—a second 5′ wing—a bridge—a gap—a bridge—a second 3′ wing—a bridge—a first 3′wing. In such embodiments, each region has at least one difference in modification when compared to its neighboring region. Thus, in such embodiments, the second 5′ wing and the second 3′ wing each independently comprises one or more differences in modification compared to the gap and compared to the first 5′ wing and the first 3′ wing. In such embodiments, the modifications of the first 3′ wing and first 5′ wing may either or both be the same or different from the modifications of the gap, if any.
  • 4. Certain Conjugate Groups
  • In one aspect, oligomeric compounds are modified by covalent attachment of one or more conjugate groups. In general, conjugate groups modify one or more properties of the attached oligomeric compound including but not limited to pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, binding, absorption, cellular distribution, cellular uptake, charge and clearance. Conjugate groups are routinely used in the chemical arts and are linked directly or via an optional linking moiety or linking group to a parent compound such as an oligomeric compound. A preferred list of conjugate groups includes without limitation, intercalators, reporter molecules, polyamines, polyamides, polyethylene glycols, thioethers, polyethers, cholesterols, thiocholesterols, cholic acid moieties, folate, lipids, phospholipids, biotin, phenazine, phenanthridine, anthraquinone, adamantane, acridine, fluoresceins, rhodamines, coumarins and dyes.
  • Preferred conjugate groups amenable to the present invention include lipid moieties such as a cholesterol moiety (Letsinger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1989, 86, 6553); cholic acid (Manoharan et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 1994, 4, 1053); a thioether, e.g., hexyl-5-tritylthiol (Manoharan et al., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1992, 660, 306; Manoharan et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let., 1993, 3, 2765); a thiocholesterol (Oberhauser et al., Nucl. Acids Res, 1992, 20, 533); an aliphatic chain, e.g., dodecandiol or undecyl residues (Saison-Behmoaras et al., EMBO J., 1991, 10, 111; Kabanov et al., FEBS Lett., 1990, 259, 327; Svinarchuk et al., Biochimie, 1993, 75, 49); a phospholipid, e.g., di-hexadecyl-rac-glycerol or triethyl-ammonium-1,2-di-O-hexadecyl-rac-glycero-3-H-phosphonate (Manoharan et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 3651; Shea et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 1990, 18, 3777); a polyamine or a polyethylene glycol chain (Manoharan et al., Nucleosides & Nucleotides, 1995, 14, 969); adamantane acetic acid (Manoharan et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 3651); a palmityl moiety (Mishra et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1995, 1264, 229); or an octadecylamine or hexylamino-carbonyl-oxycholesterol moiety (Crooke et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 1996, 277, 923).
  • Linking groups or bifunctional linking moieties such as those known in the art are amenable to the compounds provided herein. Linking groups are useful for attachment of chemical functional groups, conjugate groups, reporter groups and other groups to selective sites in a parent compound such as for example an oligomeric compound. In general a bifunctional linking moiety comprises a hydrocarbyl moiety having two functional groups. One of the functional groups is selected to bind to a parent molecule or compound of interest and the other is selected to bind essentially any selected group such as chemical functional group or a conjugate group. In some embodiments, the linker comprises a chain structure or an oligomer of repeating units such as ethylene glycol or amino acid units. Examples of functional groups that are routinely used in a bifunctional linking moiety include, but are not limited to, electrophiles for reacting with nucleophilic groups and nucleophiles for reacting with electrophilic groups. In some embodiments, bifunctional linking moieties include amino, hydroxyl, carboxylic acid, thiol, unsaturations (e.g., double or triple bonds), and the like. Some nonlimiting examples of bifunctional linking moieties include 8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid (ADO), succinimidyl 4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (SMCC) and 6-aminohexanoic acid (AHEX or AHA). Other linking groups include, but are not limited to, substituted C1-C10 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C10 alkenyl or substituted or unsubstituted C2-C10 alkynyl, wherein a nonlimiting list of preferred substituent groups includes hydroxyl, amino, alkoxy, carboxy, benzyl, phenyl, nitro, thiol, thioalkoxy, halogen, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl and alkynyl.
  • 5. Synthesis Purification and Analysis
  • Oligomerization of modified and unmodified nucleosides and nucleotides can be routinely performed according to literature procedures for DNA (Protocols for Oligonucleotides and Analogs, Ed. Agrawal (1993), Humana Press) and/or RNA (Scaringe, Methods (2001), 23, 206-217. Gait et al., Applications of Chemically synthesized RNA in RNA: Protein Interactions, Ed. Smith (1998), 1-36. Gallo et al., Tetrahedron (2001), 57, 5707-5713).
  • Oligomeric compounds provided herein can be conveniently and routinely made through the well-known technique of solid phase synthesis. Equipment for such synthesis is sold by several vendors including, for example, Applied Biosystems (Foster City, Calif.). Any other means for such synthesis known in the art may additionally or alternatively be employed. It is well known to use similar techniques to prepare oligonucleotides such as the phosphorothioates and alkylated derivatives. The invention is not limited by the method of antisense compound synthesis.
  • Methods of purification and analysis of oligomeric compounds are known to those skilled in the art. Analysis methods include capillary electrophoresis (CE) and electrospray-mass spectroscopy. Such synthesis and analysis methods can be performed in multi-well plates. The method of the invention is not limited by the method of oligomer purification.
  • D. Antisense
  • Antisense mechanisms are all those involving the hybridization of a compound with target nucleic acid, wherein the outcome or effect of the hybridization is either target degradation or target occupancy with concomitant stalling of the cellular machinery involving, for example, transcription or splicing.
  • One type of antisense mechanism involving target degradation includes an RNase H. RNase H is a cellular endonuclease which cleaves the RNA strand of an RNA:DNA duplex. It is known in the art that single-stranded antisense compounds which are “DNA-like” elicit RNAse H activity in mammalian cells. Activation of RNase H, therefore, results in cleavage of the RNA target, thereby greatly enhancing the efficiency of DNA-like oligonucleotide-mediated inhibition of gene expression.
  • In certain embodiments, chemically-modified antisense compounds have a higher affinity for target RNAs than does non-modified DNA. In certain such embodiments, that higher affinity in turn provides increased potency allowing for the administration of lower doses of such compounds, reduced potential for toxicity and improvement in therapeutic index and decreased overall cost of therapy.
  • The present disclosure demonstrates that the incorporation of chemically-modified high-affinity nucleotides and nucleosides into antisense compounds allows for the design of short antisense compounds 8-16 nucleobases in length useful for the reduction of target RNAs and/or target proteins in cells, tissues, and animals, including, but not limited to, humans with increased potency and improved therapeutic index. Thus, in certain embodiments, provided herein are short antisense compounds comprising high-affinity nucleotide modifications useful for reducing a target RNA in vivo. Certain such short antisense compounds are effective at lower doses than previously described antisense compounds, allowing for a reduction in toxicity and cost of treatment. In addition, certain short antisense compounds have greater potential for oral dosing.
  • To address the need for more potent antisense compounds, provided herein are short antisense compounds (8-16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 nucleotides in length) with increased activity in vivo relative to longer compounds. Certain short antisense compounds are gapmer compounds comprising high-affinity chemically-modified nucleotides on the 3′ and 5′ ends (wings) of the compound. In certain embodiments, the addition of high-affinity modified nucleotides allows antisense compounds to be active against, and specific for, their intended target RNA in vivo despite being shorter in length. Contemplated herein are short antisense compounds wherein each of the wings independently comprises 1 to 3 high-affinity modified nucleotides. In certain embodiments, the high-affinity modifications are sugar modifications. High-affinity modified nucleotides include, but are not limited to, BNA s or other 2′-modified nucleotides, such as 2′-MOE nucleotides. Also contemplated are short antisense compounds having at least one modified internucleotide linkage, such as a phosphorothioate internucleotide linkage. In certain embodiments, the short antisense compounds of the present invention can have all phosphorothioate internucleoside linkages. The short antisense compounds optionally comprise a conjugate group. As shown herein, short antisense compounds have greater affinity for target RNA than they have for DNA and are significantly more potent in vivo as shown by reduction of target mRNA as well as by amelioration of a variety of disease indications.
  • As used herein, an RNA which is involved in regulating glucose metabolism or clearance, lipid metabolism, cholesterol metabolism or insulin metabolism is any RNA involved in the biochemical pathways that regulate these processes. Such RNAs are well known in the art. Examples of target genes include, but are not limited to, ApoB-100 (also known as APOB; Ag(x) antigen; apoB-48; apolipoprotein B; apolipoprotein B-100; apolipoprotein B48) and GCGR (also known as glucagon receptor; GR), CRP, DGAT2, GCCR, PCSK9, PTEN, PTP1B, SGLT2, and SOD1.
  • 1. Modulation of Target Expression
  • In certain embodiments, a target is identified and antisense oligonucleotides are designed to modulate that target or its expression. In certain embodiments, designing an oligomeric compound to a target nucleic acid molecule can be a multistep process. Typically the process begins with the identification of a target protein, the activity of which is to be modulated, and then identifying the nucleic acid the expression of which yields the target protein. In certain embodiments, designing of an antisense compound results in an antisense compound that is hybridizable to the targeted nucleic acid molecule. In certain embodiments, the antisense compound is an antisense oligonucleotide or antisense oligonucleoside. In certain embodiments, an antisense compound and a target nucleic acid are complementary to one another. In certain such embodiments, an antisense compound is perfectly complementary to a target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, an antisense compound includes one mismatch. In certain embodiments, an antisense compound includes two mismatches. In certain embodiments, an antisense compound includes three or more mismatches.
  • Modulation of expression of a target nucleic acid can be achieved through alteration of any number of nucleic acid functions. In certain embodiments, the functions of RNA to be modulated include, but are not limited to, translocation functions, which include, but are not limited to, translocation of the RNA to a site of protein translation, translocation of the RNA to sites within the cell which are distant from the site of RNA synthesis, and translation of protein from the RNA. RNA processing functions that can be modulated include, but are not limited to, splicing of the RNA to yield one or more RNA species, capping of the RNA, 3′ maturation of the RNA and catalytic activity or complex formation involving the RNA which may be engaged in or facilitated by the RNA. Modulation of expression can result in the increased level of one or more nucleic acid species or the decreased level of one or more nucleic acid species, either temporally or by net steady state level. Thus, in one embodiment modulation of expression can mean increase or decrease in target RNA or protein levels. In another embodiment modulation of expression can mean an increase or decrease of one or more RNA splice products, or a change in the ratio of two or more splice products.
  • In certain embodiments, expression of a target gene is modulated using an oligomeric compound comprising from about 8 to about 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 monomers (i.e. from about 8 to about 16 linked monomers). One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this comprehends methods of modulating expression of a target gene using one or more antisense compounds of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 nucleobases.
  • In certain embodiments, methods of modulating a target gene comprises use of a short antisense compound that is 8 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating a target gene comprises use of a short antisense compound that is 9 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating a target gene comprises use of a short antisense compound that is 8 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating a target gene comprises use of a short antisense compound that is 10 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating a target gene comprises use of a short antisense compound that is 10 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating a target gene comprises use of a short antisense compound that is 11 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating a target gene comprises use of a short antisense compound that is 12 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating a target gene comprises use of a short antisense compound that is 13 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating a target gene comprises use of a short antisense compound that is 14 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating a target gene comprises use of a short antisense compound that is 15 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating a target gene comprises use of a short antisense compound that is 16 nucleobases in length.
  • In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of a target gene comprises use of a short antisense compound comprising 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of a target gene comprises use of a short antisense compound comprising 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of a target gene comprises use of a short antisense compound comprising 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of a target gene comprises use of a short antisense compound comprising 12 or 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.
  • 2. Hybridization
  • In certain embodiments, antisense compounds specifically hybridize when there is a sufficient degree of complementarity to avoid non-specific binding of the antisense compound to non-target nucleic acid sequences under conditions in which specific binding is desired, i.e., under physiological conditions in the case of in vivo assays or therapeutic treatment, and under conditions in which assays are performed in the case of in vitro assays.
  • As used herein, “stringent hybridization conditions” or “stringent conditions” refers to conditions under which an antisense compound will hybridize to its target sequence, but to a minimal number of other sequences. Stringent conditions are sequence-dependent and will be different in different circumstances, and “stringent conditions” under which antisense compounds hybridize to a target sequence are determined by the nature and composition of the antisense compounds and the assays in which they are being investigated.
  • 3. Complementarity
  • It is understood in the art that incorporation of nucleotide affinity modifications may allow for a greater number of mismatches compared to an unmodified compound. Similarly, certain oligonucleotide sequences may be more tolerant to mismatches than other oligonucleotide sequences. One of ordinary skill in the art is capable of determining an appropriate number of mismatches between oligonucleotides, or between an oligonucleotide and a target nucleic acid, such as by determining melting temperature (Tm). Tm or Tm can be calculated by techniques that are familiar to one of ordinary skill in the art. For example, techniques described in Freier et al. (Nucleic Acids Research, 1997, 25, 22: 4429-4443) allow one of ordinary skill in the art to evaluate nucleotide modifications for their ability to increase the melting temperature of an RNA:DNA duplex.
  • 4. Identity
  • Antisense compounds, or a portion thereof, may have a defined percent identity to a SEQ ID NO, or a compound having a specific Isis number. As used herein, a sequence is identical to the sequence disclosed herein if it has the same nucleobase pairing ability. For example, an RNA which contains uracil in place of thymidine in the disclosed sequences of the compounds described herein would be considered identical as they both pair with adenine. This identity may be over the entire length of the oligomeric compound, or in a portion of the antisense compound (e.g., nucleobases 1-20 of a 27-mer may be compared to a 20-mer to determine percent identity of the oligomeric compound to the SEQ ID NO. It is understood by those skilled in the art that an antisense compound need not have an identical sequence to those described herein to function similarly to the antisense compound described herein. Shortened versions of antisense compounds taught herein, or non-identical versions of the antisense compounds taught herein, are also provided herein. Non-identical versions are those wherein each base does not have the same pairing activity as the antisense compounds disclosed herein. Bases do not have the same pairing activity by being shorter or having at least one abasic site. Alternatively, a non-identical version can include at least one base replaced with a different base with different pairing activity (e.g., G can be replaced by C, A, or T). Percent identity is calculated according to the number of bases that have identical base pairing corresponding to the SEQ ID NO or antisense compound to which it is being compared. The non-identical bases may be adjacent to each other, dispersed through out the oligonucleotide, or both.
  • For example, a 16-mer having the same sequence as nucleobases 2-17 of a 20-mer is 80% identical to the 20-mer. Alternatively, a 20-mer containing four nucleobases not identical to the 20-mer is also 80% identical to the 20-mer. A 14-mer having the same sequence as nucleobases 1-14 of an 18-mer is 78% identical to the 18-mer. Such calculations are well within the ability of those skilled in the art.
  • The percent identity is based on the percent of nucleobases in the original sequence present in a portion of the modified sequence. Therefore, a 30 nucleobase antisense compound comprising the full sequence of the complement of a 20 nucleobase active target segment would have a portion of 100% identity with the complement of the 20 nucleobase active target segment, while further comprising an additional 10 nucleobase portion. In the context of the instant description, the complement of an active target segment may constitute a single portion. In preferred embodiments, the oligonucleotides provided herein are at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or 100% identical to at least a portion of the complement of the active target segments presented herein.
  • E. Target Nucleic Acids, Regions and Segments
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds may be designed to target any target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, the target nucleic acid encodes a target that is clinically relevant. In such embodiments, modulation of the target nucleic acid results in clinical benefit. Certain target nucleic acids include, but are not limited to, the target nucleic acids illustrated in Table 1.
  • In certain embodiments, a target nucleic acid is a nucleic acid molecule encoding ApoB. Nucleic acid molecules that encode ApoB include, without limitation, SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • In certain embodiments, a target nucleic acid is a nucleic acid molecule encoding SGLT2. Nucleic acid molecules that encode SGLT2 include, without limitation, SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • In certain embodiments, a target nucleic acid is a nucleic acid molecule encoding PCSK9. Nucleic acid molecules that encode PCSK9 include, without limitation, SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • In certain embodiments, a target nucleic acid is a nucleic acid molecule encoding SOD1. Nucleic acid molecules that encode SOD1 include, without limitation, SEQ ID NO: 5.
  • In certain embodiments, a target nucleic acid is a nucleic acid molecule encoding CRP. Nucleic acid molecules that encode CRP include, without limitation, SEQ ID NO: 6.
  • In certain embodiments, a target nucleic acid is a nucleic acid molecule encoding GCCR. Nucleic acid molecules that encode GCCR include, without limitation, SEQ ID NO: 7 and SEQ ID NO: 8.
  • In certain embodiments, a target nucleic acid is a nucleic acid molecule encoding GCGR. Nucleic acid molecules that encode GCGR include, without limitation, SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • In certain embodiments, a target nucleic acid is a nucleic acid molecule encoding DGAT2. Nucleic acid molecules that encode DGAT2 include, without limitation, SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • In certain embodiments, a target nucleic acid is a nucleic acid molecule encoding PTP1B. Nucleic acid molecules that encode PTP1B include, without limitation, SEQ ID NO: 11 and SEQ ID NO: 12.
  • In certain embodiments, a target nucleic acid is a nucleic acid molecule encoding PTEN. Nucleic acid molecules that encode PTEN include, without limitation, SEQ ID NO: 14 or SEQ ID NO: 15.
  • TABLE 1
    Certain Target Nucleic Acids
    SEQ ID
    Target Species GENBANK ® Accession Number NO
    ApoB Human NM_000384.1 1
    ApoB Mouse XM_137955.5 2
    SGLT2 Human NM_003041.1 3
    PCSK9 Human NM_174936.2 4
    SOD1 Human X02317.1 5
    CRP Human NM_000567.1 6
    GCCR Mouse BC031885.1 7
    GCCR Human Nucleotides 1 to 10600 of AC012634 8
    GCGR Human NM_000160.1 9
    DGAT2 Human NM_032564.2 10
    PTP1B Human NM_002827.2 11
    PTP1B Human Nucleotides 1417800 to 1425600 of 12
    NT_011362.9
    PTEN Mouse U92437.1 13
    PTEN Human NM_000314.4 14
    PTEN Human Nucleotides 8063255 to 8167140 of 15
    NT_033890.3
  • The targeting process usually includes determination of at least one target region, segment, or site within the target nucleic acid for the antisense interaction to occur such that the desired effect will result.
  • In certain embodiments, the 5′-most nucleotide of a target region is the 5′ target site of a short antisense compound and the 3′-most nucleotide of a target region is the 3′ target site of the same short antisense compound. In certain embodiments, the 5′-most nucleotide of a target region is the 5′ target site of a short antisense compound and the 3′-most nucleotide of a target region is the 3′ target site of a different short antisense compound. In certain embodiments, a target region comprises a nucleotide sequence within 10, 15, or 20 nucleotides of a 5′ target site or a 3′ target site.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is a structurally defined region of the nucleic acid. For example, in certain such embodiments, a target region may encompass a 3′ UTR, a 5′ UTR, an exon, an intron, a coding region, a translation initiation region, translation termination region, or other defined nucleic acid region.
  • The locations on the target nucleic acid defined by having one or more active short antisense compounds targeted thereto are referred to as “active target segments.” In certain embodiments, the target nucleic acid having one or more active short antisense compounds targeted thereto is a target RNA. When an active target segment is defined by multiple short antisense compounds, the compounds are preferably separated by no more than about 10 nucleotides on the target sequence, more preferably no more than about 5 nucleotides on the target sequence, even more preferably the short antisense compounds are contiguous, most preferably the short antisense compounds are overlapping. There may be substantial variation in activity (e.g., as defined by percent inhibition) of the short antisense compounds within an active target segment. Active short antisense compounds are those that modulate the expression of their target nucleic acid, including but not limited to a target RNA. Active short antisense compounds inhibit expression of their target RNA at least 10%, preferably 20%. In a preferred embodiment, at least about 50%, preferably about 70% of the short antisense compounds targeted to the active target segment modulate expression of their target RNA at least 40%. In a more preferred embodiment, the level of inhibition required to define an active short antisense compound is defined based on the results from the screen used to define the active target segments.
  • A suitable target segment is at least about an 8-nucleobase portion of a target region to which an active short antisense compound is targeted. Target segments can include DNA or RNA sequences that comprise at least the 8 consecutive nucleobases from the 5′-terminus of one of the illustrative target segments (the remaining nucleobases being a consecutive stretch of the same DNA or RNA beginning immediately upstream of the 5′-terminus of the target segment and continuing until the DNA or RNA comprises about 8 to about 16 nucleobases). Target segments are also represented by DNA or RNA sequences that comprise at least the 8 consecutive nucleobases from the 3′-terminus of one of the illustrative target segments (the remaining nucleobases being a consecutive stretch of the same DNA or RNA beginning immediately downstream of the 3′-terminus of the target segment and continuing until the DNA or RNA comprises about 8 to about 16 nucleobases). It is also understood that antisense target segments may be represented by DNA or RNA sequences that comprise at least 8 consecutive nucleobases from an internal portion of the sequence of an illustrative target segment, and may extend in either or both directions until the short antisense compound comprises about 8 to about 16 nucleobases. One having skill in the art armed with the target segments illustrated herein will be able, without undue experimentation, to identify further target segments.
  • Once one or more target regions, segments or sites have been identified, short antisense compounds are chosen which are sufficiently complementary to the target, i.e., hybridize sufficiently well and with sufficient specificity, to give the desired effect.
  • The short antisense compounds may also be targeted to regions of the target nucleobase sequence comprising any consecutive nucleobases 8 to 16 nucleobases in length along the target nucleic acid molecule.
  • Target segments 8-16 nucleobases in length comprising a stretch of at least eight (8) consecutive nucleobases selected from within the illustrative target segments are considered to be suitable for targeting as well. Thus, the short antisense compounds may also encompass 8-16 nucleobases within those segments identified herein as beginning at a particular 5′ target site. Any segment of 8, 9, 10, 11, or more preferably 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 contiguous nucleobases in a 50, preferably 25, more preferably 16 nucleobase perimeter around these regions are also considered to be suitable for targeting.
  • In a further embodiment, the “suitable target segments” identified herein may be employed in a screen for additional short antisense compounds that modulate the expression of a target nucleic acid. “Modulators” are those compounds that decrease or increase the expression of a target nucleic acid and which comprise at least an 8-nucleobase portion which is complementary to a target segment. The screening method comprises the steps of contacting a target segment of a nucleic acid with one or more candidate modulators, and selecting for one or more candidate modulators which decrease or increase the expression of a target nucleic acid. Once it is shown that the candidate modulator or modulators are capable of modulating (e.g. either decreasing or increasing) the expression of a target nucleic acid, the modulator may then be employed in further investigative studies of the function of the target, or for use as a research, diagnostic, or therapeutic agent in accordance with the present invention.
  • For all short antisense compounds discussed herein, sequence, monomer, monomeric modification, and monomeric linkage may each be selected independently. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are described by a motif. In such embodiments, any motif may be used with any sequence, whether or not the sequence and/or the motif is specifically disclosed herein. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds comprise modifications that are not amenable to description by motif (for example, short antisense compounds comprising several different modifications and/or linkages at various positions throughout the compound). Such combinations may be incorporated for any sequence, whether or not it is disclosed herein. The sequence listing accompanying this filing provides certain nucleic acid sequences independent of chemical modification. Though that listing identifies each sequence as either “RNA” or “DNA” as required, in reality, those sequences may be modified with any combination of chemical modifications and/or motifs.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds comprise at least one high-affinity modified monomer. In certain embodiments, provided are short antisense compounds targeted to nucleic acid molecules encoding targets including, but not limited to, ApoB-100 (also known as APOB; Ag(x) antigen; apoB48; apolipoprotein B; apolipoprotein B-100; apolipoprotein B48), GCGR (also known as glucagon receptor; GR), CRP, DGAT2, GCCR, PCSK9, PTEN, PTP1B, SGLT2, and SOD1. In certain such embodiments, such short antisense compounds are targeted to a nucleic acid molecule encoding any of those targets.
  • F. Certain Targets
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds may be designed to modulate any target. In certain embodiments, the target is clinically relevant. In such embodiments, modulation of the target results in clinical benefit. Certain targets are preferentially expressed in the kidney. Certain targets are preferentially expressed in the liver. Certain targets are associated with a metabolic disorder. Certain targets are associated to a cardiovascular disorder. In certain embodiments, a target is selected from: ApoB, SGLT2, PCSK9, SOD1, CRP, GCCR, GCGR, DGAT2, PTP1B, and PTEN. In certain embodiments, a target is selected from: ApoB, SGLT2, PCSK9, SOD1, CRP, GCCR, GCGR, DGAT2, and PTP1B. In certain embodiments, a target is any protein other than SGLT2.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds exhibit liver and kidney-specific target RNA reduction in vivo. Such property renders those short antisense compounds particularly useful for inhibition of many target RNAs involved in metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Thus, provided herein are methods of treating cardiovascular or metabolic disorders by contacting said kidney or liver tissues with short antisense compounds targeted to RNAs associated with said disorders. Thus, also provided are methods for ameliorating any of a variety of metabolic or cardiovascular disease indications with the short antisense compounds of the present invention.
  • 1. ApoB
  • ApoB (also known as apolipoprotein B-100; ApoB-100, apolipoprotein B-48; ApoB-48 and Ag(x) antigen), is a large glycoprotein that serves an indispensable role in the assembly and secretion of lipids and in the transport and receptor-mediated uptake and delivery of distinct classes of lipoproteins. ApoB performs a variety of activities, from the absorption and processing of dietary lipids to the regulation of circulating lipoprotein levels (Davidson and Shelness, Annu. Rev. Nutr., 2000, 20, 169-193). This latter property underlies its relevance in terms of atherosclerosis susceptibility, which is highly correlated with the ambient concentration of ApoB-containing lipoproteins (Davidson and Shelness, Annu. Rev. Nutr., 2000, 20, 169-193). ApoB-100 is the major protein component of LDL-C and contains the domain required for interaction of this lipoprotein species with the LDL receptor. Elevated levels of LDL-C are a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, including atherosclerosis.
  • Definitions
  • “ApoB” is the gene product or protein of which expression is to be modulated by administration of a short antisense compound.
  • “ApoB nucleic acid” means any nucleic acid encoding ApoB. For example, in certain embodiments, a ApoB nucleic acid includes, without limitation, a DNA sequence encoding ApoB, an RNA sequence transcribed from DNA encoding ApoB, and an mRNA sequence encoding ApoB.
  • “ApoB mRNA” means an mRNA encoding ApoB.
  • ApoB Therapeutic Indications
  • In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods of modulating the expression of ApoB in an individual comprising administering a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods of treating an individual comprising administering one or more pharmaceutical compositions comprising a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, the individual has hypercholesterolemia, non-familial hypercholesterolemia, familial hypercholesterolemia, heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, mixed dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, a risk of developing atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, a history of coronary heart disease, early onset coronary heart disease, one or more risk factors for coronary heart disease, type II diabetes, type II diabetes with dyslipidemia, dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperfattyacidemia, hepatic steatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
  • Guidelines for lipid-lowering therapy were established in 2001 by Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP), and updated in 2004 (Grundy et al., Circulation, 2004, 110, 227-239). The guidelines include obtaining a complete lipoprotein profile, typically after a 9 to 12 hour fast, for determination of LDL-C, total cholesterol, and HDL-C levels. According to the most recently established guidelines, LDL-C levels of 130-159 mg/dL, 160-189 mg/dL, and greater than or equal to 190 mg/dL are considered borderline high, high, and very high, respectively. Total cholesterol levels of 200-239 and greater than or equal to 240 mg/dL are considered borderline high and high, respectively. HDL-C levels of less than 40 mg/dL are considered low.
  • In certain embodiments, the individual has been identified as in need of lipid-lowering therapy. In certain such embodiments, the individual has been identified as in need of lipid-lowering therapy according to the guidelines established in 2001 by Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP), and updated in 2004 (Grundy et al., Circulation, 2004, 110, 227-239). In certain such embodiments, the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy has LDL-C above 190 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments, the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy has LDL-C above 160 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments, the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy has LDL-C above 130 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy has LDL-C above 100 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy should maintain LDL-C below 160 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy should maintain LDL-C below 130 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy should maintain LDL-C below 100 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments the individual should maintain LDL-C below 70 mg/dL.
  • In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing ApoB in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing ApoB-containing lipoprotein in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing LDL-C in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing VLDL-C in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing IDL-C in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing non-HDL-C in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing Lp(a) in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing serum triglyceride in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing liver triglyceride in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing Ox-LDL-C in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing small LDL particles in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing small VLDL particles in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing phospholipids in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing oxidized phospholipids in an individual.
  • In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing Ox-LDL-C concentration in a subject. In certain such embodiments, the reduction in ApoB, LDL-C, VLDL-C, IDL-C, total cholesterol, non-HDL-C, Lp(a), triglyerides, or Ox-LDL-C is, independently, selected from at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, and at least 100%. In certain such embodiments, the reduction in ApoB, LDL-C, VLDL-C, IDL-C, total cholesterol, non-HDL-C, Lp(a), triglyerides, or Ox-LDL-C is, independently, selected from at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, and at least 70%. In certain such embodiments, the reduction in ApoB, LDL-C, VLDL-C, IDL-C, total cholesterol, non-HDL-C, Lp(a), triglyerides, or Ox-LDL-C is, independently, selected from at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, and at least 70%.
  • In certain embodiments, the invention provides method for raising HDL-C concentration in a subject.
  • In certain embodiments, the methods provided by the present invention do not lower HDL-C. In certain embodiments, the methods provided by the present invention do not result in accumulation of lipids in the liver. In certain embodiments, the methods provided by the present invention do not cause hepatic steatosis.
  • In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods for lowering ApoB concentration in a subject while reducing side effects associated with treatment. In certain such embodiments, a side effect is liver toxicity. In certain such embodiments, a side effect is abnormal liver function. In certain such embodiments, a side effect is elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT). In certain such embodiments, a side effect is elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST).
  • In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods for lowering ApoB concentration in a subject who is not reaching target LDL-C levels as a result of lipid-lowering therapy. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid is the only lipid-lowering agent administered to the subject. In certain such embodiments, the subject has not complied with recommended lipid-lowering therapy. In certain such embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition of the invention is co-administered with an additional different lipid-lowering therapy. In certain such embodiments, an additional lipid-lowering therapy is LDL-apheresis. In certain such embodiments, an additional lipid-lowering therapy is a statin. In certain such embodiments, an additional lipid-lowering therapy is ezetimibe.
  • In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods for lowering ApoB concentration in a statin-intolerant subject. In certain such embodiments, the subject has creatine kinase concentration increases as a result of statin administration. In certain such embodiments, the subject has liver function abnormalities as a result of statin administration. In certain such embodiments the subject has muscle aches as a result of statin administration. In certain such embodiments the subject has central nervous system side effects as a result of statin administration. In certain embodiments, the subject has not complied with recommended statin administration.
  • In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods for lowering liver triglycerides in a subject.
  • In certain such embodiments, the subject has elevated liver triglycerides. In certain such embodiments, the subject has steatohepatitis. In certain such embodiments, the subject has steatosis. In certain such embodiments, liver triglyceride levels are measured by magnetic resonance imaging.
  • In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods for reducing coronary heart disease risk in a subject. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for slowing the progression of atherosclerosis in a subject. In certain such embodiments the invention provides methods for stopping the progression of atherosclerosis in a subject. In certain such embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing the size and/or prevalence of atherosclerotic plaques in a subject. In certain embodiments the methods provided reduce a subject's risk of developing atherosclerosis.
  • In certain embodiments the methods provided improve the cardiovascular outcome in a subject. In certain such embodiments improved cardiovascular outcome is the reduction of the risk of developing coronary heart disease. In certain such embodiments, improved cardiovascular outcome is a reduction in the occurrence of one or more major cardiovascular events, which include, but are not limited to, death, myocardial infarction, reinfarction, stroke, cardiogenic shock, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrest, and atrial dysrhythmia. In certain such embodiments, the improved cardiovascular outcome is evidenced by improved carotid intimal media thickness. In certain such embodiments, improved carotid intimal media thickness is a decrease in thickness. In certain such embodiments, improved carotid intimal media thickness is a prevention an increase of intimal media thickness.
  • In certain embodiments a pharmaceutical composition comprising a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid is for use in therapy. In certain embodiments, the therapy is the reduction of LDL-C, ApoB, VLDL-C, IDL-C, non-HDL-C, Lp(a), serum triglyceride, liver triglyceride, Ox-LDL-C, small LDL particles, small VLDL, phospholipids, or oxidized phospholipids in an individual. In certain embodiments, the therapy is the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, non-familial hypercholesterolemia, familial hypercholesterolemia, heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, mixed dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, a risk of developing atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, a history of coronary heart disease, early onset coronary heart disease, one or more risk factors for coronary heart disease, type II diabetes, type II diabetes with dyslipidemia, dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperfattyacidemia, hepatic steatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In additional embodiments, the therapy is the reduction of CHD risk. In certain the therapy is prevention of atherosclerosis. In certain embodiments, the therapy is the prevention of coronary heart disease.
  • In certain embodiments a pharmaceutical composition comprising a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid is used for the preparation of a medicament for reducing LDL-C, ApoB, VLDL-C, IDL-C, non-HDL-C, Lp(a), serum triglyceride, liver triglyceride, Ox-LDL-C, small LDL particles, small VLDL, phospholipids, or oxidized phospholipids in an individual. In certain embodiments pharmaceutical composition comprising a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid is used for the preparation of a medicament for reducing coronary heart disease risk. In certain embodiments a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid is used for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, non-familial hypercholesterolemia, familial hypercholesterolemia, heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, mixed dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, a risk of developing atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, a history of coronary heart disease, early onset coronary heart disease, one or more risk factors for coronary heart disease, type II diabetes, type II diabetes with dyslipidemia, dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperfattyacidemia, hepatic steatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
  • ApoB Combination Therapies
  • In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions comprising a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid are co-administered with one or more other pharmaceutical agents. In certain embodiments, such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat the same disease or condition as the one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. In certain such embodiments, the one or more pharmaceutical agents are lipid-lowering agents. In certain embodiments, such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat a different disease or condition as the one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. In certain embodiments, such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat an undesired effect of one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention are co-administered with another pharmaceutical agent to treat an undesired effect of that other pharmaceutical agent. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are administered at the same time. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are administered at different times. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are prepared together in a single formulation. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are prepared separately.
  • In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical agents that may be co-administered with a pharmaceutical composition comprising a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid include lipid-lowering agents. In certain such embodiments, pharmaceutical agents that may be co-administered with a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention include, but are not limited to atorvastatin, simvastatin, rosuvastatin, and ezetimibe. In certain such embodiments, the lipid-lowering agent is administered prior to administration of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. In certain such embodiments, the lipid-lowering agent is administered following administration of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. In certain such embodiments the lipid-lowering agent is administered at the same time as a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. In certain such embodiments the dose of a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is the same as the dose that would be administered if the lipid-lowering agent was administered alone. In certain such embodiments the dose of a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is lower than the dose that would be administered if the lipid-lowering agent was administered alone. In certain such embodiments the dose of a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is greater than the dose that would be administered if the lipid-lowering agent was administered alone.
  • In certain embodiments, a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. In certain such embodiments the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor is a statin. In certain such embodiments the statin is selected from atorvastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, fluvastatin, and rosuvastatin.
  • In certain embodiments, a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is a cholesterol absorption inhibitor. In certain such embodiments, cholesterol absorption inhibitor is ezetimibe.
  • In certain embodiments, a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is a co-formulated HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor and cholesterol absorption inhibitor. In certain such embodiments the co-formulated lipid-lowering agent is ezetimibe/simvastatin.
  • In certain embodiments, a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is a microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitor (MTP inhibitor).
  • In certain embodiments, a co-administered pharmaceutical agent is a bile acid sequestrant. In certain such embodiments, the bile acid sequestrant is selected from cholestyramine, colestipol, and colesevelam.
  • In certain embodiments, a co-administered pharmaceutical agent is a nicotinic acid. In certain such embodiments, the nicotinic acid is selected from immediate release nicotinic acid, extended release nicotinic acid, and sustained release nicotinic acid.
  • In certain embodiments, a co-administered pharmaceutical agent is a fibric acid. In certain such embodiments, a fibric acid is selected from gemfibrozil, fenofibrate, clofibrate, bezafibrate, and ciprofibrate.
  • Further examples of pharmaceutical agents that may be co-administered with a pharmaceutical composition comprising a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid include, but are not limited to, corticosteroids, including but not limited to prednisone; immunoglobulins, including, but not limited to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg); analgesics (e.g., acetaminophen); anti-inflammatory agents, including, but not limited to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., ibuprofen, COX-1 inhibitors, and COX-2, inhibitors); salicylates; antibiotics; antivirals; antifungal agents; antidiabetic agents (e.g., biguanides, glucosidase inhibitors, insulins, sulfonylureas, and thiazolidenediones); adrenergic modifiers; diuretics; hormones (e.g., anabolic steroids, androgen, estrogen, calcitonin, progestin, somatostan, and thyroid hormones); immunomodulators; muscle relaxants; antihistamines; osteoporosis agents (e.g., biphosphonates, calcitonin, and estrogens); prostaglandins, antineoplastic agents; psychotherapeutic agents; sedatives; poison oak or poison sumac products; antibodies; and vaccines.
  • In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition comprising a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid may be administered in conjunction with a lipid-lowering therapy. In certain such embodiments, a lipid-lowering therapy is therapeutic lifestyle change. In certain such embodiments, a lipid-lowering therapy is LDL apheresis.
  • In one embodiment, the antisense compounds provided herein can be used to lower the level of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins in a human subject. As used herein, “apolipoprotein B-containing lipoprotein” refers to any lipoprotein that has apolipoprotein B as its protein component, and is understood to include LDL, VLDL, IDL, and lipoprotein(a). LDL, VLDL, IDL and lipoprotein(a) each contain one molecule of apolipoprotein B, thus a serum apolipoprotein B measurement reflects the total number of these lipoproteins. As is known in the art, each of the aforementioned lipoproteins is atherogenic. Thus, lowering one or more apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins in serum may provide a therapeutic benefit to a human subject. Small LDL particles are considered to be particularly atherogenic relative to large LDL particles, thus lowering small LDL particles can provide a therapeutic benefit to a human subject. Additional lipid parameters can also be determined in a subject. Reduction of total cholesterol:HDL ratio or LDL:HDL ratio is a clinically desirable improvement in cholesterol ratio. Similarly, it is clinically desirable to reduce serum triglycerides in humans who exhibit elevated lipid levels.
  • Other indications of cardiovascular disease that can be measured in a subject include serum LDL particle size; serum LDL cholesteryl ester concentration; serum LDL cholesteryl ester composition; the extent of polyunsaturation of serum LDL cholesteryl esters; and serum HDL cholesterol levels. As used herein, “serum LDL particle size” refers to the classification of serum LDL particle size, which may be very small, small, medium, or large, and is typically expressed in g/μmol. In the context of the present invention, “serum LDL cholesteryl ester concentration” means the amount of cholesteryl ester present in LDL particles, and is typically measured as mg/dL. In the context of the present invention, “serum LDL cholesteryl ester composition” is a measurement of the percentage of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated cholesteryl ester fatty acids present in serum LDL particles. “Polyunsaturation of serum LDL cholesteryl esters” means the percentage of polyunsaturated cholesteryl ester fatty acids in serum LDL particles.
  • Methods of obtaining serum or plasma samples for analysis and methods of preparation of the serum samples to allow for analysis are well known to those skilled in the art. With regard to measurements of lipoproteins, cholesterol, triglyceride and cholesteryl esters, the terms “serum” and “plasma” are herein used interchangeably.
  • In another embodiment, the antisense compounds provided herein can be used to treat metabolic disorders. A variety of biomarkers can be used for evaluating metabolic disease. For example, blood glucose levels can be determined by a physician or even by the patient using a commonly available test kit or glucometer (for example, the Ascensia ELITE™ kit, Ascensia (Bayer), Tarrytown N.Y., or Accucheck, Roche Diagnostics). Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) can also be measured. HbA1c is a stable minor hemoglobin variant formed in vivo via posttranslational modification by glucose, and it contains predominantly glycated —NH2-terminal β-chains. There is a strong correlation between levels of HbA1c and the average blood glucose levels over the previous 3 months. Thus HbA1c is often viewed as the “gold standard” for measuring sustained blood glucose control (Bunn, H. F. et al., 1978, Science. 200, 21-7). HbA1c can be measured by ion-exchange HPLC or immunoassay; home blood collection and mailing kits for HbA1c measurement are now widely available. Serum fructosamine is another measure of stable glucose control and can be measured by a colorimetric method (Cobas Integra, Roche Diagnostics).
  • Certain Short Antisense Compounds Targeted to an ApoB Nucleic Acid
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid having the sequence of GENBANK® Accession No. NM000384.1, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 1 is at least 90% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 1 is at least 95% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 1 is 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the nucleotide sequences set forth in Table 2 and Table 3.
  • The nucleotide sequence set forth in each SEQ ID NO in Tables 2 and 3 is independent of any modification to a sugar moiety, a monomeric linkage, or a nucleobase. As such, short antisense compounds defined by a SEQ ID NO may comprise, independently, one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase. Antisense compounds described by Isis Number (Isis NO.) indicate a combination of nucleobase sequence and one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase.
  • Tables 2 and 3 illustrate examples of short antisense compounds targeted to SEQ ID NO: 1. Table 2 illustrates short antisense compounds that are 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 1. Table 3 illustrates short antisense compounds that have one or two mismatches with respect to SEQ ID NO: 1. The column labeled ‘gapmer motif’ indicates the wing-gap-wing motif of each short antisense compounds. The gap segment comprises 2′-deoxynucleotides and each nucleotide of each wing segment comprises a 2′-modified sugar. The particular 2′-modified sugar is also indicated in the ‘gapmer motif’ column. For example, ‘2-10-2 MOE’ means a 2-10-2 gapmer motif, where a gap segment of ten 2′-deoxynucleotides is flanked by wing segments of two nucleotides, where the nucleotides of the wing segments are 2′-MOE nucleotides. Internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate. The short antisense compounds comprise 5-methylcytidine in place of unmodified cytosine, unless “unmodified cytosine” is listed in the gapmer motif column, in which case the indicated cytosines are unmodified cytosines. For example, “5-mC in gap only” indicates that the gap segment has 5-methylcytosines, while the wing segments have unmodified cytosines.
  • TABLE 2
    Short Antisense Compounds targeted to SEQ ID NO: 1
    ISIS 5′ Target 3′ Target SEQ
    No Site Site Sequence (5′-3′) Gapmer Motif ID NO
    372816 263 278 CCGGAGGTGCTTGAAT 3-10-3 MOE 16
    372894 264 277 CGGAGGTGCTTGAA 2-10-2 MOE 17
    372817 428 443 GAAGCCATACACCTCT 3-10-3 MOE 18
    372895 429 442 AAGCCATACACCTC 2-10-2 MOE 19
    372818 431 446 GTTGAAGCCATACACC 3-10-3 MOE 20
    372896 432 445 TTGAAGCCATACAC 2-10-2 MOE 21
    372819 438 453 CCTCAGGGTTGAAGCC 3-10-3 MOE 22
    372897 439 452 CTCAGGGTTGAAGC 2-10-2 MOE 23
    372820 443 458 TTTGCCCTCAGGGTTG 3-10-3 MOE 24
    372898 444 457 TTGCCCTCAGGGTT 2-10-2 MOE 25
    372821 468 483 AGTTCTTGGTTTTCTT 340-3 MOE 26
    372899 469 482 GTTCTTGGTTTTCT 2-10-2 MOE 27
    372822 587 602 CCTCTTGATGTTCAGG 3-10-3 MOE 28
    372900 588 601 CTCTTGATGTTCAG 2-10-2 MOE 29
    372823 592 607 ATGCCCCTCTTGATGT 3-10-3 MOE 30
    372901 593 606 TGCCCCTCTTGATG 2-10-2 MOE 31
    346583 715 728 TGCCACATTGCCCT 3-8-3 MOE 32
    346584 716 729 TTGCCACATTGCCC 3-8-3 MOE 33
    346585 717 730 GTTGCCACATTGCC 3-8-3 MOE 34
    346586 718 731 TGTTGCCACATTGC 3-8-3 MOE 35
    346587 719 732 CTGTTGCCACATTG 3-8-3 MOE 36
    346588 720 733 TCTGTTGCCACATT 3-8-3 MOE 37
    346589 721 734 TTCTGTTGCCACAT 3-8-3 MOE 38
    346590 722 735 TTTCTGTTGCCACA 3-8-3 MOE 39
    346591 723 736 ATTTCTGTTGCCAC 3-8-3 MOE 40
    372824 929 944 GTAGGAGAAAGGCAGG 3-10-3 MOE 41
    372902 930 943 TAGGAGAAAGGCAG 2-10-2 MOE 42
    372825 1256 1271 GGCTTGTAAAGTGATG 3-10-3 MOE 43
    372903 1257 1270 GCTTGTAAAGTGAT 2-10-2 MOE 44
    372826 1304 1319 CCACTGGAGGATGTGA 3-10-3 MOE 45
    372904 1305 1318 CACTGGAGGATGTG 2-10-2 MOE 46
    372829 2135 2150 TTTCAGCATGCTTTCT 3-10-3 MOE 47
    372907 2136 2149 TTCAGCATGCTTTC 2-10-2 MOE 48
    372832 2774 2789 CATATTTGTCACAAAC 3-10-3 MOE 49
    372910 2775 2788 ATATTTGTCACAAA 2-10-2 MOE 50
    372833 2779 2794 ATGCCCATATTTGTCA 3-10-3 MOE 51
    372911 2780 2793 TGCCCATATTTGTC 2-10-2 MOE 52
    372835 2961 2976 TTTTGGTGGTAGAGAC 3-10-3 MOE 53
    372913 2962 2975 TTTGGTGGTAGAGA 2-10-2 MOE 54
    346592 3248 3261 TCTGCTTCGCACCT 3-8-3 MOE 55
    346593 3249 3262 GTCTGCTTCGCACC 3-8-3 MOE 56
    346594 3250 3263 AGTCTGCTTCGCAC 3-8-3 MOE 57
    346595 3251 3264 CAGTCTGCTTCGCA 3-8-3 MOE 58
    346596 3252 3265 TCAGTCTGCTTCGC 3-8-3 MOE 59
    346597 3253 3266 CTCAGTCTGCTTCG 3-8-3 MOE 60
    346598 3254 3267 CCTCAGTCTGCTTC 3-8-3 MOE 61
    346599 3255 3268 GCCTCAGTCTGCTT 3-8-3 MOE 62
    346600 3256 3269 AGCCTCAGTCTGCT 3-8-3 MOE 63
    372836 3350 3365 AACTCTGAGGATTGTT 3-10-3 MOE 64
    372914 3351 3364 ACTCTGAGGATTGT 2-10-2 MOE 65
    372837 3355 3370 TCATTAACTCTGAGGA 3-10-3 MOE 66
    372915 3356 3369 CATTAACTCTGAGG 2-10-2 MOE 67
    372838 3360 3375 ATTCATCATTAACTCT 3-10-3 MOE 68
    372916 3361 3374 TTCATCATTAACTC 2-10-2 MOE 69
    372839 3409 3424 TTGTTCTGAATGTCCA 3-10-3 MOE 70
    3-10-3 Methyleneoxy
    BNA Unmodified
    387461 3409 3424 TTGTTCTGAATGTCCA cytosines in gap 70
    3-10-3 Methyleneoxy
    380147 3409 3424 TTGTTCTGAATGTCCA BNA 70
    372917 3410 3423 TGTTCTGAATGTCC 2-10-2 MOE 73
    372840 3573 3588 CAGATGAGTCCATTTG 3-10-3 MOE 74
    372918 3574 3587 AGATGAGTCCATTT 2-10-2 MOE 75
    372841 3701 3716 ATCCACAGGGAAATTG 3-10-3 MOE 76
    372919 3702 3715 TCCACAGGGAAATT 2-10-2 MOE 77
    372843 4219 4234 CAGTTGTACAAGTTGC 3-10-3 MOE 78
    372921 4220 4233 AGTTGTACAAGTTG 2-10-2 MOE 79
    372844 4301 4316 CACAGAGTCAGCCTTC 3-10-3 MOE 80
    372922 4302 4315 ACAGAGTCAGCCTT 2-10-2 MOE 81
    372845 4308 4323 GGTCAACCACAGAGTC 3-10-3 MOE 82
    372923 4309 4322 GTCAACCACAGAGT 2-10-2 MOE 83
    346601 5588 5601 CAGCCACATGCAGC 3-8-3 MOE 84
    346602 5589 5602 CCAGCCACATGCAG 3-8-3 MOE 85
    346603 5590 5603 ACCAGCCACATGCA 3-8-3 MOE 86
    346604 5591 5604 TACCAGCCACATGC 3-8-3 MOE 87
    346605 5592 5605 TTACCAGCCACATG 3-8-3 MOE 88
    346606 5593 5606 GTTACCAGCCACAT 3-8-3 MOE 89
    346607 5594 5607 GGTTACCAGCCACA 3-8-3 MOE 90
    346608 5595 5608 AGGTTACCAGCCAC 3-8-3 MOE 91
    346609 5596 5609 TAGGTTAGCAGCCA 3-8-3 MOE 92
    372851 5924 5939 AGGTTCTGCTTTCAAC 3-10-3 MOE 93
    372929 5925 5938 GGTTCTGCTTTCAA 2-10-2 MOE 94
    372854 6664 6679 TACTGATGAAATTGTA 3-10-3 MOE 95
    372932 6665 6678 ACTGATCAAATTGT 2-10-2 MOE 96
    372855 6908 6923 TTTTTCTTGTATCTGG 3-10-3 MOE 97
    372933 6909 6922 TTTTCTTGTATCTG 2-10-2 MOE 98
    372856 7190 7205 ATCCATTAAAACCTGG 3-10-3 MOE 99
    372934 7191 7204 TCCATTAAAACCTG 2-10-2 MOE 100
    372858 7817 7832 ATATTGCTCTGCAAAG 3-10-3 MOE 101
    372936 7818 7831 TATTGCTCTGCAAA 2-10-2 MOE 102
    346610 7818 7831 TATTGCTCTGCAAA 3-8-3 MOE 102
    346611 7819 7832 ATATTGCTCTGCAA 3-8-3 MOE 104
    346612 7820 7833 AATATTGCTCTGCA 3-8-3 MOE 105
    346613 7821 7834 GAATATTGCTCTGC 3-8-3 MOE 106
    346614 7822 7835 AGAATATTGCTCTG 3-8-3 MOE 107
    346615 7823 7836 TAGAATATTGCTCT 3-8-3 MOE 108
    346616 7824 7837 ATAGAATATTGCTC 3-8-3 MOE 109
    346617 7825 7838 GATAGAATATTGCT 3-8-3 MOE 110
    346618 7826 7839 GGATAGAATATTGC 3-8-3 MOE 111
    372859 7995 8010 ATGGAATCCTCAAATC 3-10-3 MOE 112
    372937 7996 8009 TGGAATCCTCAAAT 2-10-2 MOE 113
    372861 8336 8351 GAATTCTGGTATGTGA 3-10-3 MOE 114
    372939 8337 8350 AATTCTGGTATGTG 2-10-2 MOE 115
    372862 8341 8356 AGCTGGAATTCTGGTA 3-10-3 MOE 116
    372940 8342 8355 GCTGGAATTCTGGT 2-10-2 MOE 117
    372863 8539 8554 TGAAAATCAAAATTGA 3-10-3 MOE 118
    372941 8540 8553 GAAAATGAAAATTG 2-10-2 MOE 119
    372871 9344 9359 AAACAGTGCATAGTTA 3-10-3 MOE 120
    372949 9345 9358 AACAGTGCATAGTT 2-10-2 MOE 121
    372872 9515 9530 TTCAGGAATTGTTAAA 3-10-3 MOE 122
    372950 9516 9529 TCAGGAATTGTTAA 2-10-2 MOE 123
    372875 9794 9809 TTTTGTTTCATTATAG 3-10-3 MOE 124
    372953 9795 9808 TTTGTTTCATTATA 2-10-2 MOE 125
    372877 10157 10172 GATGACACTTGATTTA 3-10-3 MOE 126
    372955 10158 10171 ATGACACTTGATTT 2-10-2 MOE 127
    372878 10161 10176 GTGTGATGACACTTGA 3-10-3 MOE 128
    372956 10162 10175 TGTGATGACACTTG 2-10-2 MOE 129
    372879 10167 10182 TATTCAGTGTGATGAC 3-10-3 MOE 130
    372957 10168 10181 ATTCAGTGTGATGA 2-10-2 MOE 131
    372880 10172 10187 ATTGGTATTCAGTGTG 3-10-3 MOE 132
    372958 10173 10186 TTGGTATTCAGTGT 2-10-2 MOE 133
    346619 10838 10851 CCTCTAGCTGTAAG 3-8-3 MOE 134
    346620 10839 10852 CCCTCTAGCTGTAA 3-8-3 MOE 135
    346621 10840 10853 GCCCTCTAGCTGTA 3-8-3 MOE 136
    346622 10841 10854 GGCCCTCTAGCTGT 3-8-3 MOE 137
    346623 10842 10855 AGGCCCTCTAGCTG 3-8-3 MOE 138
    346624 10843 10856 GAGGCCCTCTAGCT 3-8-3 MOE 139
    346625 10844 10857 AGAGGCCCTCTAGC 3-8-3 MOE 140
    346626 10845 10858 AAGAGGCCCTCTAG 3-8-3 MOE 141
    346627 10846 10859 AAAGAGGCCCTCTA 3-8-3 MOE 142
    372890 13689 13704 GAATGGACAGGTCAAT 3-10-3 MOE 143
    372968 13690 13703 AATGGACAGGTCAA 2-10-2 MOE 144
    372891 13694 13709 GTTTTGAATGGACAGG 3-10-3 MOE 145
    372969 13695 13708 TTTTGAATGGACAG 2-10-2 MOE 146
    372892 13699 13714 TGGTAGTTTTGAATGG 3-10-3 MOE 147
    372970 13700 13713 GGTAGTTTTGAATG 2-10-2 MOE 148
    346628 13907 13920 TCACTGTATGGTTT 3-8-3 MOE 149
    346629 13908 13921 CTCACTGTATGGTT 3-8-3 MOE 150
    346630 13909 13922 GCTCACTGTATGGT 3-8-3 MOE 151
    346631 13910 13923 GGCTCACTGTATGG 3-8-3 MOE 152
    346632 13911 13924 TGGCTCACTGTATG 3-8-3 MOE 153
    346633 13912 13925 CTGGCTCACTGTAT 3-8-3 MOE 154
    346634 13913 13926 GCTGGCTCACTGTA 3-8-3 MOE 155
    346635 13914 13927 GGCTGGCTCACTGT 3-8-3 MOE 156
    346636 13915 13928 AGGCTGGCTCACTG 3-8-3 MOE 157
    346637 13963 13976 CAGGTCCAGTTCAT 3-8-3 MOE 158
    346638 13964 13977 GCAGGTCCAGTTCA 3-8-3 MOE 159
    346639 13965 13978 TGCAGGTCCAGTTC 3-8-3 MOE 160
    346640 13966 13979 GTGCAGGTCCAGTT 3-8-3 MOE 161
    346641 13967 13980 GGTGCAGGTCCAGT 3-8-3 MOE 162
    346642 13968 13981 TGGTGCAGGTCCAG 3-8-3 MOE 163
    346643 13969 13982 TTGGTGCAGGTCCA 3-8-3 MOE 164
    346644 13970 13983 TTTGGTGCAGGTCC 3-8-3 MOE 165
    346645 13971 13984 CTTTGGTGCAGGTC 3-8-3 MOE 166
    346646 14051 14064 TAACTCAGATCCTG 3-8-3 MOE 167
    346647 14052 14065 ATAACTCAGATCCT 3-8-3 MOE 168
    346648 14053 14066 AATAACTCAGATCC 3-8-3 MOE 169
    346649 14054 14067 AAATAACTCAGATC 3-8-3 MOE 170
    346650 14055 14068 AAAATAACTCAGAT 3-8-3 MOE 171
    346651 14056 14069 CAAAATAACTCAGA 3-8-3 MOE 172
    346652 14057 14070 GCAAAATAACTCAG 3-8-3 MOE 173
    346653 14058 14071 AGCAAAATAACTCA 3-8-3 MOE 174
    346654 14059 14072 TAGCAAAATAACTC 3-8-3 MOE 175
  • TABLE 3
    Short antisense compounds targeted to
    SEQ ID NO: 1 and having 1 or 2 mismatches
    Isis 5′ Target 3′ Target SEQ
    NO. Site Site Sequence (5′-3′) Gapmer Motif ID NO
    372894 771 784 CGGAGGTGCTTGAA 2-10-2 MOE 17
    372905 1111 1124 CAGGGCCTGGAGAG 2-10-2 MOE 176
    346628 1493 1506 TCACTGTATGGTTT 3-8-3 MOE 149
    372828 2006 2021 TCTGAAGTCCATGATC 3-10-3 MOE 177
    372906 2007 2020 CTGAAGTCCATGAT 2-10-2 MOE 178
    372830 2382 2397 TGGGCATGATTCCATT 3-10-3 MOE 179
    372908 2383 2396 GGGCATGATTCCAT 2-10-2 MOE 180
    346616 3162 3175 ATAGAATATTGCTC 3-8-3 MOE 109
    346617 3163 3176 GATAGAATATTGCT 3-8-3 MOE 110
    372929 3513 3526 GG1TCTGCTTTCAA 2-10-2 MOE 94
    372946 3800 3813 TGGAGCCCACGTGC 2-10-2 MOE 181
    372904 4040 4053 CACTGGAGGATGTG 2-10-2 MOE 46
    372842 4084 4099 TTGAAGTTGAGGGCTG 3-10-3 MOE 182
    372920 4085 4098 TGAAGTTGAGGGCT 2-10-2 MOE 183
    346586 4778 4791 TGTTGCCACATTGC 3-8-3 MOE 35
    372847 5030 5045 ACCAGTATTAATTTTG 3-10-3 MOE 184
    372925 5031 5044 CCAGTATTAATTTT 2-10-2 MOE 185
    372848 5192 5207 GTGTTCTTTGAAGCGG 3-10-3 MOE 186
    372926 5193 5206 TGTTCTTTGAAGCG 2-10-2 MOE 187
    372953 5625 5638 TTTGTTTCATTATA 2-10-2 MOE 125
    372935 7585 7598 AGTTACTTTGGTGT 2-10-2 MOE 188
    372860 8255 8270 TGGTACATGGAAGTCT 3-10-3 MOE 189
    372938 8256 8269 GGTACATGGAAGTC 2-10-2 MOE i90
    391260 8256 8269 GGTACATGGAAGTC 2-10-2 MOE 190
    392068 8256 8269 GGTACATGGAAGTC 2-10-2 MOE 190
    387462 8256 8269 GGTACATGGAAGTC 2-10-2 Methyleneoxy 190
    BNA
    391872 8256 8269 GGTACATGGAAGTC 1-1-10-2 2′- 190
    (butylacetomido)-
    palmitamide
    Methyleneoxy
    BNA/Methyleneoxy
    BNA
    Unmodified cytosines
    in gap
    38014 88256 8269 GGTACATGGAAGTC 2-10-2 Methyleneoxy 190
    BNA
    39187 18256 8269 GGTACATGGAAGTC 1-1-10-2 2′- 190
    (butylacetomido)-
    palmitamide/MOE/MOE
    Unmodified cytosines
    in gap
    39175 58256 8269 GGTACATGGAAGTC 2-10-2 ENA
    mC in wing only 190
    39829 68256 8269 GGTACATGGAAGTC 2-10-2 (6′S)-6′-methyl- 190
    Methyleneoxy BNA
    Unmodified Cytosines
    37294 28455 8468 TCCATGCCATATGT 2-10-2 MOE 200
    37286 58888 8903 CCCTGAAGAAGTCCAT 3-10-3 MOE 201
    37294 38889 8902 CCTGAAGAAGTCCA 2-10-2 MOE 202
    37286 68908 8923 GCCCAG1TCCATGACC 3-10-3 MOE 203
    37294 48909 8922 CCCAGTTCCATGAC 2-10-2 MOE 204
    37286 79058 9073 TTGAGGAAGCCAGATT 3-10-3 MOE 205
    37294 59059 9072 TGAGGAAGCCAGAT 2-10-2 MOE 206
    37287 09261 9276 TGGATGCAGTAATCTC 3-10-3 MOE 207
    37294 89262 9275 GGATGCAGTAATCT 2-10-2 MOE 208
    37288 110185 10200 TATAAAGTCCAGCATT 3-10-3 MOE 209
    37295 910186 10199 ATAAAGTCCAGCAT 2-10-2 MOE 210
    37288 210445 10460 AAGTTCCTGCTTGAAG 3-10-3 MOE 211
    37296 010446 10459 AGTTCCTGCTTGAA 2-10-2 MOE 212
    37296 411451 11464 AATGGTGAAGTACT 2-10-2 MOE 213
    34661 213459 13472 AATATTGCTCTGCA 3-8-3 MOE 105
    34661 313460 13473 GAATATTGCTCTGC 3-8-3 MOE 106
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 263-278 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to nucleotides 263-278 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprise a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 16 or 17. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 263-278 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from Isis NO. 372816 or 372894.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 428-483 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 428-483 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, or 27. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 428-483 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from Isis NO. 372817, 372895, 372818, 372896, 372819, 372897, 372820, 372898, 372821, or 372899.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 428-458 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 428-458 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 428-458 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from Isis NO. 372817, 372895, 372818, 372896, 372819, 372897, 372820, or 372898.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 468-483 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 468-483 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 26 or 27. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 468-483 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from Isis NO. 372821 or 372899.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 587-607 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 587-607 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 28, 29, 30, or 31. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 587-607 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372822, 372900, 372823, or 372901.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 715-736 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 715-736 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, or 40. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 715-736 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from Isis NO. 346583, 346584, 346585, 346586, 346587, 346588, 346589, 346590, or 346591.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 929-944 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 929-944 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 41 or 42. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 929-944 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from Isis NO. 372824 or 372902.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1256-1319 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1256-1319 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 43, 44, 45, or 46. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1256-1319 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from Isis NO. 372825, 372903, 372826, or 372904.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1256-1271 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1256-1271 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 43 or 44. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1256-1271 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from Isis NO. 372825 or 372903.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1304-1319 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1304-1319 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 45 or 46. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1304-1319 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from Isis NO. 372826 or 372904.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 2135-2150 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 2135-2150 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 47 or 48. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 2135-2150 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372829 or 372907.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 2774-2794 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 2774-2794 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 49, 50, 51, or 52. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 2774-2794 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372832, 372910, 372833, or 372911.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 2961-2976 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 2961-2976 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 53 or 54. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 2961-2976 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372835 or 372913.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 3248-3269 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 3248-3269 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, or 63. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 3248-3269 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 346592, 346593, 346594, 346595, 346596, 346597, 346598, 346599, or 346600.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 3350-3375 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 3350-3375 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, or 69. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 3350-3375 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372836, 372914, 372837, 372915, 372838, or 372916.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 3409-3424 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 3409-3424 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 70 or 73. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 3409-3424 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372839, 387461, 380147, or 372917.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 3573-3588 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 3573-3588 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 74 or 75. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 3573-3588 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372840 or 372918.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 3701-3716 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 3701-3716 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 76 or 77. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 3701-3716 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372841 or 372919.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 4219-4234 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 4219-4234 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 78 or 79. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 4219-4234 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372843 or 372921.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 4301-4323 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 4301-4323 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 80, 81, 82, or 83. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 4301-4323 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372844, 372922, 372845, or 372923.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 5588-5609 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 5588-5609 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, or 92. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 5588-5609 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 346601, 346602, 346603, 346604, 346605, 346606, 346607, 346608, or 346609.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 5924-5939 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 5924-5939 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 93 or 94. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 5924-5939 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372851 or 372929.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 6664-6679 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 6664-6679 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 95 or 96. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 6664-6679 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372854 or 372932.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 6908-6923 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 6908-6923 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 97 or 98. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 6908-6923 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372855 or 372933.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 7190-7205 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 7190-7205 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 99 or 100. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 7190-7205 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372856 or 372934.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 7817-7839 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 7817-7839 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 101, 102, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, or 111. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 7817-7839 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372858, 372936, 346610, 346611, 346612, 346613, 346614, 346615, 346616, 346617, or 346618.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 7995-8010 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 7995-8010 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 112 or 113. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 7995-8010 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372859 or 372937.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 8336-8356 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 8336-8356 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 114, 115, 116, or 117. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 8336-8356 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372861, 372939, 372862, or 372940.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 8539-8554 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 8539-8554 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 118 or 119. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 8539-8554 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372863 or 372941.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 9344-9359 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 9344-9359 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 120 or 121. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 9344-9359 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372871 or 372949.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 9515-9530 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 9515-9530 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 122 or 123. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 9515-9530 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372872 or 372950.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 9794-9809 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 9794-9809 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 124 or 125. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 9794-9809 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372875 or 372953.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 10157-10187 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 10157-10187 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, or 133. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 10157-10187 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372877, 372955, 372878, 372956, 372879, 372957, 372880, or 372958.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 10838-10859 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 10838-10859 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, or 142. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 10838-10859 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 346619, 346620, 346621, 346622, 346623, 346624, 346625, 346626, or 346627.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 13689-13714 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 13689-13714 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, or 148. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 13689-13714 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 372890, 372968, 372891, 372969, 372892, or 372970.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 13907-13928 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 13907-13928 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, or 157. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 13907-13928 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 346628, 346629, 346630, 346631, 346632, 346633, 346634, 346635, or 346636.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 13963-13984 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 13963-13984 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, or 166. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 13963-13984 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 346637, 346638, 346639, 346640, 346641, 346642, 346643, 346644, or 346645.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 14051-14072 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 14051-14072 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, or 175. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 14051-14072 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is selected from ISIS NO. 346646, 346647, 346648, 346649, 346650, 346651, 346652, 346653, or 346654.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid are 8 to 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid are 9 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid are 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, such short antisense compounds are short antisense oligonucleotides.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid are short gapmers. In certain such embodiments, short gapmers targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid comprise at least one high affinity modification in one or more wings of the compound. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid comprise 1 to 3 high-affinity modifications in each wing. In certain such embodiments, the nucleosides or nucleotides of the wing comprise a 2′ modification. In certain such embodiments, the monomers of the wing are BNA's. In certain such embodiments, the monomers of the wing are selected from α-L-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA, β-D-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA, Ethyleneoxy (4′-(CH2)2—O-2′) BNA, Aminooxy (4′-CH2—O—N(R)-2′) BNA and Oxyamino (4′-CH2—N(R)—O-2′) BNA. In certain embodiments, the monomers of a wing comprise a substituent at the 2′ position selected from allyl, amino, azido, thio, O-allyl, O—C1-C10 alkyl, —OCF3, O—(CH2)2—O—CH3, 2′-O(CH2)2SCH3, O—(CH2)2—O—N(Rm)(Rn), and O—CH2—C(═O)—N(Rm)(Rn), where each Rm and Rn is, independently, H or substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl. In certain embodiments, the monomers of a wing are 2′MOE nucleotides.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid comprise a gap between the 5′ wing and the 3′ wing. In certain embodiments the gap comprises five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, or fourteen monomers. In certain embodiments, the monomers of the gap are unmodified deoxyribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, the monomers of the gap are unmodified ribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, gap modifications (if any) gap result in an antisense compound that, when bound to its target nucleic acid, supports cleavage by an RNase, including, but not limited to, RNase H.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid have uniform monomeric linkages. In certain such embodiments, those linkages are all phosphorothioate linkages. In certain embodiments, the linkages are all phosphodiester linkages. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid have mixed backbones.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid are 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid are 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid are 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid are 11 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid are monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid are 13 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid are 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid are 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid are 16 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid comprise 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid comprise 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.
  • In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods of modulating expression of ApoB. In certain embodiments, such methods comprise use of one or more short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid, wherein the short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid is from about 8 to about 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 monomers (i.e. from about 8 to about 16 linked monomers). One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this comprehends methods of modulating expression of ApoB using one or more short antisense compounds targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 monomers.
  • In certain embodiments, methods of modulating ApoB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid that is 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating ApoB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid that is 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating ApoB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid that is 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating ApoB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid that is 11 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating ApoB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid that is 12 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating ApoB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid that is 13 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating ApoB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid that is 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating ApoB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid that is 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating ApoB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid that is 16 monomers in length.
  • In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of ApoB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid comprising 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of ApoB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid comprising 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of ApoB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid comprising 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of ApoB comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid comprising 12 or 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeting a ApoB nucleic acid may have any one or more properties or characteristics of the short antisense compounds generally described herein. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeting a ApoB nucleic acid have a motif (wing-deoxy gap-wing) selected from 1-12-1, 1-1-10-2, 2-10-1-1, 3-10-3, 2-10-3, 2-10-2, 1-10-1, 1-10-2, 3-8-3, 2-8-2, 1-8-1, 3-6-3 or 1-6-1, more preferably 1-10-1, 2-10-2, 3-10-3, and 1-9-2.
  • 2. SGLT-2
  • Sodium dependent glucose transporter 2 (SGLT-2) is expressed in the kidney proximal tubule epithelial cells, and functions to reabsorb glucose preventing glucose loss in the urine. For the human genome SGLT-2 is a member of an 11-membered family of sodium substrate co-transporters. Many of these family members share sequence homology, for example SGLT-1 shares about 59% sequence identity with SGLT-2 and about 70% sequence identity with SGLT-3. SGLT-1 is a glucose transporter found in the heart and the CNS. SGLT-3 is a glucose sensing sodium channel in the small intestine. The separate localization patterns for these SGLTs is one point of distinction between the homologous family members. (Handlon, A. L., Expert Opin. Ther. Patents (2005) 15(11):1532-1540; Kanai et al., J. Clin. Invest., 1994, 93, 397-404; Wells et al., Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 1992, 263, F459-465).
  • Studies of human SGLT2 injected into Xenopus oocytes demonstrated that this protein mediates sodium-dependent transport of D-glucose and .alpha.-methyl-D-glucopyranoside (.alpha.-MeG1c; a glucose analog) with a Km value of 1.6 mM for .alpha.-MeG1c and a sodium to glucose coupling ratio of 1:1 (Kanai et al., J. Clin. Invest., 1994, 93, 397-404; You et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1995, 270, 29365-29371). This transport activity was suppressed by phlorizin, a plant glycoside that binds to the glucose site of the SGLTs but is not transported and thus inhibits SGLT action (You et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1995, 270, 29365-29371).
  • Diabetes is a disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to deficient insulin action. Chronic hyperglycemia is a major risk factor for diabetes-associated complications, including heart disease, retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy. As the kidneys play a major role in the regulation of plasma glucose levels, renal glucose transporters are becoming attractive drug targets (Wright, Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol., 2001, 280, F10-18). Diabetic nephropathy is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease that develops in many patients with diabetes. Glucotoxicity, which results from long-term hyperglycemia, induces tissue-dependent insulin resistance in diabetic patients (Nawano et al., Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 2000, 278, E535-543).
  • Definitions
  • “Sodium dependent glucose transporter 2” is the gene product or protein of which expression is to be modulated by administration of a short antisense compound. Sodium dependent glucose transporter 2 is generally referred to as SGLT2 but may also be referred to as SLC5A2; sodium-glucose transporter 2; sodium-glucose cotransporter, kidney low affinity; sodium-glucose cotransporter, renal; solute carrier family 5 (sodium/glucose cotransporter), member 2; SL52.
  • “SGLT2 nucleic acid” means any nucleic acid encoding SGLT2. For example, in certain embodiments, a SGLT2 nucleic acid includes, without limitation, a DNA sequence encoding SGLT2, an RNA sequence transcribed from DNA encoding SGLT2, and an mRNA sequence encoding SGLT2. “SGLT2 mRNA” means an mRNA encoding a SGLT2 protein.
  • Therapeutic Indications
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are used to modulate expression of SGLT-2 and related proteins. In certain embodiments, such modulation is accomplished by providing short antisense compounds that hybridize with one or more target nucleic acid molecules encoding SGLT-2, including, but is not limited to, SGLT2, SL52, SLC5A2, Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter, Kidney Low Affinity Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter, Renal Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 and Solute Carrier Family 5 Sodium/Glucose Co-Transporter Member 2. Also provided are methods of treating metabolic and/or cardiovascular disease and disorders as described herein. In particular embodiments, short antisense compounds that inhibit the expression of SGLT2 are used in methods of lowering blood glucose levels in an animal and methods of delaying or preventing the onset of type 2 diabetes. Such methods comprise administering a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of one or more of the compounds of the invention to the animal, which may be in need of treatment. The one or more compounds can be a short antisense compound targeting a nucleic acid encoding SGLT2. Provided herein are methods of enhancing inhibition of expression of SGLT2 in kidney cells or kidney tissues, comprising contacting the cells or tissues with one or more of the compounds of the invention, such as short antisense compounds targeting a nucleic acid encoding SGLT2.
  • While certain compounds, compositions and methods have been described with specificity in accordance with certain embodiments, the following examples serve only to illustrate the compounds of the invention and are not intended to limit the same.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are chimeric oligomeric compounds having mixed phosphorothioate and phosphodiester backbones. Certain mixed backbone short antisense compounds have a central gap comprising at least 5 contiguous 2′-deoxy nucleosides flanked by two wings each of which comprises at least one 2′-O-methoxyethyl nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the internucleoside linkages of the mixed backbone compounds are phosphorothioate linkages in the gap and phosphodiester linkages in the two wings. In certain embodiments, mixed backbone compounds have phosphorothioate linkages in the wings, except for one phosphodiester linkage at one or both of the extreme 5′ and 3′ ends of the oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments short antisense compounds targeted to SGLT2 have a motif (wing-deoxy gap-wing) selected from 3-10-3, 2-10-3, 2-10-2, 1-10-1, 1-10-2, 2-8-2, 1-9-2, 1-8-1, 3-6-3 or 1-6-1. In certain embodiments short antisense compounds targeted to SGLT2 have a motif (wing-deoxy gap-wing) selected from 1-10-1, 1-10-2, 2-8-2, 1-9-2, 1-8-1, 3-6-3 or 1-6-1.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid and having a mixed backbone are efficiently delivered to the kidney. In certain embodiments, administration of short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid and having a mixed backbone results in modulation of target gene expression in the kidney. In certain such embodiments, there is little or no liver or kidney toxicity. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid and having a mixed backbone are more potent for reducing SGLT-2 mRNA and have a faster onset compared with a short antisense compound that does not have a mixed back-bone, but is otherwise identical. In certain such embodiments, such increase potency and/or reduced toxicity is in mouse and/or rat. In certain such embodiments, such increase potency and/or reduced toxicity is in a human.
  • By way of example, and only for illustrative purposes, ISIS 145733, which comprises uniform phosphorothioate linkages and ISIS 257016 which comprises phosphodiester linkage in the wings and phosphorothioate linkages in the gap, are otherwise identical. Both comprise the sequence GAAGTAGCCACCAACTGTGC (SEQ ID NO. 1572). Both of the oligonucleotides further comprise a gap consisting of ten 2′-deoxynucleotides, flanked on each side by five-nucleotide “2′-methoxyethyl (2′-MOE) nucleotides. All cytidine residues are 5-methylcytidines. The mixed back-bone compound, ISIS 257016, was about 50 times more potent for reducing SGLT-2 mRNA compared to the non-mixed parent compound, ISIS 145733 (see EXAMPLE 9).
  • Pharmacokinetic studies of certain mixed backbone compound ISIS 257016 indicate that in certain embodiments, the compound acts as a prodrug that is metabolized to a 12 nucleobase pharmacophore. Studies with ISIS 370717, a 12 nucleobase short antisense compound corresponding to ISIS 257016, show that the compound has a similar pharmacological profile to ISIS 257016 but with a faster onset of action. ISIS 370717 is a 12 nucleobase antisense oligonucleotide targeted to SGLT-2 comprising the sequence TAGCCACCAACT (SEQ ID NO. 1554), further comprising a gap consisting of ten 2′-deoxynucleotides, flanked on both sides by one-nucleotide wings. The wings are composed of 2′-methoxyethyl (2′-MOE) nucleotides. All cytidine residues are 5-methylcytidines. The internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate (P═S) throughout the oligonucleotide. The similarity in pharmacological activity of ISIS 257016 and ISIS 370717 supports the pharmacokinetic studies indicating ISIS 257016 was a prodrug having a 12 nucleotide pharmacophore (see EXAMPLE 10). Further, studies with stabilized (end-capped) versions of ISIS 257016 show dramatic loss of activity.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds comprising 2′ MOE monomers in the wings are efficiently delivered to the kidney and treatment with such compounds results in efficient modulation of target gene expression in the kidney without liver or kidney toxicity. It is further shown herein that in certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are more potent for reducing SGLT-2 mRNA and have a faster onset compared with parent oligonucleotides targeted to SGLT-2 mRNA in mouse and rat. 2′ MOE gap shortmers are shown herein to improve potency and bioavailability over parent compounds.
  • By way of example, and only for illustrative purposes studies with ISIS 370717 reveal significantly higher accumulation of the short antisense compound in the kidney tissue (approximately 500 micro grams per gram of tissue) compared to the longer parent. Moreover, SGLT-2 mRNA was reduced by more than 80% over the controls (see EXAMPLE 11). ISIS 370717 1-10-1 gapmer was used as a template to make sequence related oligos with varying motifs. Studies evaluating wing, gap and total length variations around the ISIS 370717 12 mer oligonucleotide can be seen in EXAMPLE 12. Certain motifs evaluated included 1-10-1, 2-8-2, 1-8-1, 3-6-3, and 1-6-1 (see Table 60 in EXAMPLE 12). The compounds were analyzed for their effect on SGLT2 mRNA levels. All the motifs inhibited the expression of SGLT2 in vivo in a dose-dependent manner. The 1-10-1, 2-8-2 and 1-8-1 gapmers were found to be particularly potent. SGLT-2 mRNA was reduced by more than 80% over the controls using these motifs.
  • In certain embodiments, the invention provides short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid and having a motif selected from: 1-10-1 and 1-10-2 MOE gapmer. (see Table 62 in EXAMPLE 13). Certain such compounds were analyzed for their effect on rat SGLT2 mRNA. Results in Table 63 illustrate that both the 1-10-1 and 1-10-2 MOE gapmers inhibit the expression of SGLT2 in vivo in a dose-dependent manner and over 80% reduction of SGLT-2 mRNA could be achieved.
  • Certain additional 1-10-1 and 2-8-2 MOE gapmers were evaluated in both mouse and rat in vivo models (see, e.g., EXAMPLE 14 and 15). Greater than 80% reduction in SGLT-2 mRNA was achieved with many of the 1-10-1 and 2-8-2 MOE gapmers at relatively low concentrations of oligo and in the absence of any toxicity effects.
  • In another non-limiting example, the effect of ISIS 388625 on dog SGLT2 mRNA levels was also analyzed. Dog studies illustrate that greater than 80% inhibition of the expression of SGLT2 can be achieved at a 1 mg/kg/wk dose. Even greater inhibition can be achieved at slightly higher doses. Administration of ISIS 388625 in dog was also shown to improved glucose tolerance. Peak plasma glucose levels were decreased by over 50% on average and the subsequent drop in glucose was lessened compared to saline controls in a standard glucose tolerance test (See EXAMPLE 17). Also, in a rat model of diabetes, short antisense compounds were shown to significantly decrease plasma glucose levels and HbA1C over time compared to PBS and control treated animals (See Example 16).
  • The animals in all studies were further evaluated for toxicity. For example, total body weight, liver, spleen and kidney weight were evaluated. Significant changes in spleen, liver or body weight can indicate that a particular compound causes toxic effects. All changes were found to be within the margin of error. No significant changes in body weight were observed during the treatment or at study termination. No significant changes in liver or spleen weights were observed.
  • Certain Short Antisense Compounds Targeted to an SGLT2 Nucleic Acid
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid having the sequence of GENBANK®V Accession No. NM003041.1, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 2. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 3 is at least 90% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 3 is at least 95% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 3 is 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 3 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the nucleotide sequences set forth in Table 4 and 5.
  • The nucleotide sequence set forth in each SEQ ID NO set forth in Tables 4 and 5 is independent of any modification to a sugar moiety, a monomeric linkage, or a nucleobase. As such, short antisense compounds defined by a SEQ ID NO may comprise, independently, one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase. Antisense compounds described by Isis Number (Isis NO.) indicate a combination of nucleobase sequence and one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase.
  • Tables 4 and 5 illustrate examples of short antisense compounds targeted to SEQ ID NO: 3. Table 4 illustrates short antisense compounds that are 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 3. Table 5 illustrates short antisense compounds that have one or two mismatches with respect to SEQ ID NO: 3. The column labeled ‘gapmer motif’ indicates the wing-gap-wing motif of each short antisense compounds. The gap segment comprises 2′-deoxynucleotides and each nucleotide of each wing segment comprises a 2′-modified sugar. The particular 2′-modified sugar is also indicated in the ‘gapmer motif’ column. For example, ‘2-10-2 MOE’ means a 2-10-2 gapmer motif, where a gap segment of ten 2′-deoxynucleotides is flanked by wing segments of two nucleotides, where the nucleotides of the wing segments are 2′-MOE nucleotides. Internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate. The short antisense compounds comprise 5-methylcytidine in place of unmodified cytosine, unless “unmodified cytosine” is listed in the gapmer motif column, in which case the indicated cytosines are unmodified cytosines. For example, “5-mC in gap only” indicates that the gap segment has 5-methylcytosines, while the wing segments have unmodified cytosines.
  • TABLE 4
    Short Antisense Compounds Targeted to SEQ ID NO: 3
    ISIS 5′ Target 3′ Target SEQ ID
    No Site Site Sequence (5′-3′) Gapmer Motif NO
    379684 84 95 TGTCAGCAGGAT 1-10-1 MOE 214
    405193 113 124 CAGCAGGAAATA 2-8-2 MOE 215
    405194 114 125 CCAGCAGGAAAT 2-8-2MOE 216
    405195 115 126 ACCAGCAGGAAA 2-8-2 MOE 217
    405196 116 127 GACCAGCAGGAA 2-8-2 MOE 218
    405197 117 128 TGACCAGCAGGA 2-8-2MOE 219
    379685 117 128 TGACCAGCAGGA 1-10-1 MOE 219
    405198 118 129 ATGACCAGCAGG 2-8-2 MOE 221
    405199 119 130 AATGACCAGCAG 2-8-2 MOE 222
    405200 120 131 CAATGACCAGCA 2-8-2 MOE 223
    405201 121 132 CCAATGACCAGC 2-8-2 MOE 224
    379686 135 146 ACCACAAGCCAA 1-10-1 MOE 225
    379711 172 183 TAGCCGCCCACA 1-10-1 MOE 226
    388628 172 183 TAGCCGCCCACA 2-8-2 MOE 226
    405202 207 218 CCGGCCACCACA 2-8-2 MOE 228
    405203 208 219 ACCGGCCACCAC 2-8-2 MOE 229
    405204 236 247 GATGTTGCTGGC 2-8-2 MOE 230
    379687 236 247 GATGTTGCTGGC 1-10-1 MOE 230
    405205 237 248 CGATGTTGCTGG 2-8-2 MOE 232
    405206 238 249 CCGATGTTGCTG 2-8-2 MOE 233
    405207 239 250 GCCGATGTTGCT 2-8-2 MOE 234
    405208 240 251 TGCCGATGTTGC 2-8-2 MOE 235
    405209 241 252 CTGCCGATGTTG 2-8-2 MOE 236
    405210 260 271 CAGGCCCACAAA 2-8-2 MOE 237
    405211 261 272 CCAGGCCCACAA 2-8-2 MOE 238
    405212 262 273 GCCAGGCCCACA 2-8-2 MOE 239
    379688 288 299 CCAAGCCACTTG 1-10-1 MOE 240
    379689 318 329 AGAGCGCATTCC 1-10-1 MOE 241
    379690 435 446 ACAGGTAGAGGC 1-10-1 MOE 242
    405248 474 485 AGATCTTGGTGA 2-8-2 MOE 243
    379691 474 485 AGATCTTGGTGA 1-10-1 MOE 243
    382676 527 539 TGTTCCAGCCCAG 1-10-2 MOE 245
    388625 528 539 TGTTCCAGCCCA 2-8-2 MOE 246
    389780 528 539 TGTTCCAGCCCA 1-9-2 MOE 246
    379692 528 539 TGTTCCAGCCCA 1-10-1 MOE 246
    1-10-1 246
    Methyleneoxy
    392170 528 539 TGTTCCAGCCCA BNA
    2-8-2 246
    Methyleneoxy
    392173 528 539 TGTTCCAGCCCA BNA
    405213 529 540 ATGTTCCAGCCC 2-8-2 MOE 251
    405214 564 575 TGGTGATGCCCA 2-8-2 MOE 252
    405215 565 576 ATGGTGATGCCC 2-8-2 MOE 253
    405216 566 577 CATGGTGATGCC 2-8-2 MOE 254
    379693 566 577 CATGGTGATGCC 1-10-1 MOE 254
    405217 567 578 TCATGGTGATGC 2-8-2 MOE 256
    405218 568 579 ATCATGGTGATG 2-8-2 MOE 257
    405219 587 598 CCCTCCTGTCAC 2-8-2 MOE 258
    405220 588 599 GCCCTCCTGTCA 2-8-2 MOE 259
    405221 589 600 AGCCCTCCTGTC 2-8-2 MOE 260
    405222 590 601 CAGCCCTCCTGT 2-8-2 MOE 261
    405223 591 602 CCAGCCCTCCTG 2-8-2 MOE 262
    405224 592 603 GCCAGCCCTCCT 2-8-2 MOE 263
    379694 629 640 GACGAAGGTCTG 1-10-1 MOE 264
    405225 707 718 GTATTTGTCGAA 2-8-2 MOE 265
    379695 737 748 GGACACCGTCAG 1-10-1 MOE 266
    379696 974 985 CAGCTTCAGGTA 1-10-1 MOE 267
    405226 998 1009 CATGACCATGAG 2-8-2 MOE 268
    405227 999 1010 GCATGACCATGA 2-8-2 MOE 269
    405228 1000 1011 GGCATGACCATG 2-8-2 MOE 270
    405229 1001 1012 TGGCATGACCAT 2-8-2 MOE 271
    405230 1002 1013 CTGGCATGACCA 2-8-2 MOE 272
    379697 1002 1013 CTGGCATGACCA 1-10-1 MOE 272
    405231 1003 1014 CCTGGCATGACC 2-8-2 MOE 274
    379698 1091 1102 GCAGCCCACCTC 1-10-1 MOE 275
    405232 1092 1103 AGCAGCCCACCT 2-8-2 MOE 276
    405233 1093 1104 GAGCAGCCCACC 2-8-2 MOE 277
    405234 1130 1141 CATGAGCTTCAC 2-8-2 MOE 278
    405235 1131 1142 GCATGAGCTTCA 2-8-2 MOE 279
    382677 1131 1143 GGCATGAGCTTCA 1-10-2 MOE 280
    388626 1132 1143 GGCATGAGCTTC 2-8-2 MOE 281
    379699 1132 1143 GGCATGAGCTTC 1-10-1 MOE 281
    405236 1133 1144 GGGCATGAGCTT 2-8-2 MOE 283
    405237 1157 1168 CAGCATGAGTCC 2-8-2 MOE 284
    405238 1158 1169 CCAGCATGAGTC 2-8-2 MOE 285
    379700 1158 1169 CCAGCATGAGTC 1-10-1 MOE 285
    405239 1159 1170 GCCAGCATGAGT 2-8-2 MOE 287
    379701 1230 1241 CCATGGTGAAGA 1-10-1 MOE 288
    405240 1542 1553 CACAGCTGCCCG 2-8-2 MOE 289
    405241 1543 1554 ACACAGCTGCCC 2-8-2 MOE 290
    405242 1544 1555 CACACAGCTGCC 2-8-2 MOE 291
    382678 1544 1556 GCACACAGCTGCC 1-10-2 MOE 292
    388627 1545 1556 GCACACAGCTGC 2-8-2 MOE 293
    379702 1545 1556 GCACACAGCTGC 1-10-1 MOE 293
    379703 1701 1712 GCCGGAGACTGA 1-10-1 MOE 295
    405243 1976 1987 ATTGAGGTTGAC 2-8-2 MOE 296
    405244 1977 1988 CATTGAGGTTGA 2-8-2 MOE 297
    405245 1978 1989 GCATTGAGGTTG 2-8-2 MOE 298
    405246 1979 1990 GGCATTGAGGTT 2-8-2 MOE 299
    405247 1980 1991 GGGCATTGAGGT 2-8-2 MOE 300
  • TABLE 5
    Short antisense compounds targeted to
    SEQ ID NO: 3 and having 1 or 2 mismatches
    5′ 3′
    ISIS Target Target Sequence Gapmer SEQ ID
    No Site Site (5′-3′) Motif NO
    405200 96 107 CAATGACCAGCA 2-8-2 MOE 223
    405215 382 393 ATGGTGATGCCC 2-8-2 MOE 253
    405216 383 394 CATGGTGATGCC 2-8-2 MOE 254
    379693 383 394 CATGGTGATGCC 1-10-1 MOE 254
    379701 471 482 CCATGGTGAAGA 1-10-1 MOE 288
    405218 472 483 ATCATGGTGATG 2-8-2 MOE 257
    405246 536 547 GGCATTGAGGTT 2-8-2 MOE 299
    405248 570 581 AGATCTTGGTGA 2-8-2 MOE 243
    379691 570 581 AGATCTTGGTGA 1-10-1 MOE 243
    379698 683 694 GCAGCCCACCTC 1-10-1 MOE 275
    405232 684 695 AGCAGCCCACCT 2-8-2 MOE 276
    379711 685 696 TAGCCGCCCACA 1-10-1 MOE 226
    388628 685 696 TAGCCGCCCACA 2-8-2 MOE 226
    379698 950 961 GCAGCCCACCTC 1-10-1 MOE 275
    405232 951 962 AGCAGCCCACCT 2-8-2 MOE 276
    405235 978 989 GCATGAGCTTCA 2-8-2 MOE 279
    382677 978 990 GGCATGAGCTTCA 1-10-2 MOE 280
    388626 979 990 GGCATGAGCTTC 2-8-2 MOE 281
    379699 979 990 GGCATGAGCTTC 1-10-1 MOE 281
    405236 980 991 GGGCATGAGCTT 2-8-2 MOE 283
    379698 1043 1054 GCAGCCCACCTC 1-10-1 MOE 275
    405239 1171 1182 GCCAGCATGAGT 2-8-2 MOE 287
    405209 1213 1224 CTGCCGATGTTG 2-8-2 MOE 236
    405233 1364 1375 GAGCAGCCCACC 2-8-2 MOE 277
    405240 1366 1377 CACAGCTGCCCG 2-8-2 MOE 289
    405211 1500 1511 CCAGGCCCACAA 2-8-2 MOE 238
    405212 1501 1512 GCCAGGCCCACA 2-8-2 MOE 239
    379695 1643 1654 GGACACCGTCAG 1-10-1 MOE 266
    379698 1875 1886 GCAGCCCACCTC 1-10-1 MOE 275
    405239 1993 2004 GCCAGCATGAGT 2-8-2 MOE 287
    405211 2210 2221 CCAGGCCCACAA 2-8-2 MOE 238
    405212 2211 2222 GCCAGGCCCACA 2-8-2 MOE 239
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 85-184 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 85-184 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 85-184 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, or 227. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 85-184 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis No 379684, 405193, 405194, 405195, 405196, 405197, 379685, 405198, 405199, 405200, 405201, 379686, 379711 or 388628.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 113-132 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 113-132 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 113-132 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 221, 222, 223, or 224. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 113-132 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis No 405193, 405194, 405195, 405196, 405197, 379685, 405198, 405199, 405200, or 405201.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 207-329 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 207-329 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 207-329 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 228, 229, 230, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, or 241. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 207-329 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis No 405202, 405203, 405204, 379687, 405205, 405206, 405207, 405208, 405209, 405210, 405211, 405212, 379688, or 379689.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 207-273 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 207-273 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 207-273 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 228, 229, 230, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, or 239. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 207-273 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis No 405202, 405203, 405204, 379687, 405205, 405206, 405207, 405208, 405209, 405210, 405211, or 405212.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 207-219 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 207-219 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 207-219 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 228 or 229. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 207-219 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis NO. 405202 or 405203.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 236-252 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 236-252 of SEQ iD NO: 3. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 236-252 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 230, 232, 233, 234, 235, or 236. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 236-252 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis NO. 405204, 379687, 405205, 405206, 405207, 405208, or 405209.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 260-273 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 260-273 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 260-273 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 237, 238, or 239. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 260-273 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis NO. 405210, 405211, or 405212.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 435-640 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 435-640 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 435-640 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 242, 243, 245, 246, 251, 252, 253, 254, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, or 264. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 435-640 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis NO. 379690, 405248, 379691, 389780, 379692, 382676, 388625, 392170, 392173, 405213, 405214, 405215, 405216, 379693, 405217, 405218, 405219, 405220, 405221, 405222, 405223, 405224, or 379694.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 527-540 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 527-540 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 527-540 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 245, 246, or 251. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 527-540 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis NO. 389780, 379692, 382676, 388626, 392170, 392173, or 405213.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 564-603 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 564-603 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 564-603 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 252, 253, 254, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, or 263. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 564-603 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis NO. 405214, 405215, 405216, 379693, 405217, 405218, 405219, 405220, 405221, 405222, 405223, or 405224.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 564-579 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 564-579 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 564-579 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 252, 253, 254, 256, or 257. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 564-579 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis NO. 405214, 405215, 405216, 379693, 405217, or 405218.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 587-603 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 587-603 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 587-603 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, or 263. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 587-603 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis NO. 405219, 405220, 405221, 405222, 405223, or 405224.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 974-1014 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 974-1014 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 974-1014 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, or 274. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 974-1014 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis NO. 379696, 405226, 405227, 405228, 405229, 405230, 379697, or 405231.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 998-1014 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 998-1014 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 998-1014 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, or 274. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 998-1014 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis NO. 405226, 405227, 405228, 405229, 405230, 379697, or 405231.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1091-1170 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1091-1170 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1091-1170 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 283, 284, 285, 286, or 287. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1091-1170 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis NO. 379698, 405232, 405233, 405234, 405235, 388626, 379699, 382677, 405236, 405237, 405238, 379700, or 405239.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1091-1104 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1091-1104 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1091-1104 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 275, 276, or 277. In certain such embodiments, an short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1091-1104 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis NO. 379698, 405232, or 405233.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1130-1144 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1130-1144 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1130-1144 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 278, 279, 280, 281, or 283. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1130-1144 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis NO. 405234, 405235, 388626, 379699, 382677, or 405236.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1157-1170 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1157-1170 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1157-1170 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 284, 285, or 287. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1157-1170 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis NO. 405237, 405238, 379700, or 405239.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1542-1556 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1542-1556 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1542-1556 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 289, 290, 291, 292, or 293. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1542-1556 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis NO. 405240, 405241, 405242, 388629, 379702, or 382678.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1976-1991 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1976-1991 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1976-1991 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 296, 297, 298, 299, or 300. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1976-1991 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is selected from Isis NO. 405243, 405244, 405245, 405246, or 405247.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid are 8 to 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid are 9 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid are 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, such short antisense compounds are short antisense oligonucleotides.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid are short gapmers. In certain such embodiments, short gapmers targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid comprise at least one high affinity modification in one or more wings of the compound. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid comprise 1 to 3 high-affinity modifications in each wing. In certain such embodiments, the nucleosides or nucleotides of the wing comprise a 2′ modification. In certain such embodiments, the monomers of the wing are BNA's. In certain such embodiments, the monomers of the wing are selected from α-L-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA, β-D-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA, Ethyleneoxy (4′-(CH2)2—O-2′) BNA, Aminooxy (4′-CH2—O—N(R)-2′) BNA and Oxyamino (4′-CH2—N(R)—O-2′) BNA. In certain embodiments, the monomers of a wing comprise a substituent at the 2′ position selected from allyl, amino, azido, thio, O-allyl, O—C1-C10 alkyl, —OCF3, O—(CH2)2—O—CH3, 2′-O(CH2)2SCH3, O—(CH2)2—O—N(Rm)(Rn), and O—CH2—C(═O)—N(Rn)(Rn), where each Rm and Rn is, independently, H or substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl. In certain embodiments, the monomers of a wing are 2′MOE nucleotides.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid comprise a gap between the 5′ wing and the 3′ wing. In certain embodiments the gap comprises five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, or fourteen monomers. In certain embodiments, the monomers of the gap are unmodified deoxyribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, the monomers of the gap are unmodified ribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, gap modifications (if any) gap result in an antisense compound that, when bound to its target nucleic acid, supports cleavage by an RNase, including, but not limited to, RNase H.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid have uniform monomeric linkages. In certain such embodiments, those linkages are all phosphorothioate linkages. In certain embodiments, the linkages are all phosphodiester linkages. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid have mixed backbones.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid are 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid are 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid are 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid are 11 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid are monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid are 13 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid are 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid are 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid are 16 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid comprise 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid comprise 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.
  • In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods of modulating expression of SGLT2. In certain embodiments, such methods comprise use of one or more short antisense compound targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid, wherein the short antisense compound targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid is from about 8 to about 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 monomers (i.e. from about 8 to about 16 linked monomers). One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this comprehends methods of modulating expression of SGLT2 using one or more short antisense compounds targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 monomers.
  • In certain embodiments, methods of modulating SGLT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid that is 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating SGLT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid that is 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating SGLT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid that is 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating SGLT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid that is 11 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating SGLT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid that is 12 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating SGLT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid that is 13 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating SGLT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid that is 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating SGLT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid that is 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating SGLT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid that is 16 monomers in length.
  • In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of SGLT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid comprising 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of SGLT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid comprising 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of SGLT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid comprising 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of SGLT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to an SGLT2 nucleic acid comprising 12 or 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.
  • 3. PCSK9
  • In individuals with autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia (ADH), elevated LDL-C levels have been linked to mutations in the genes encoding LDL-receptor (LDL-R), apolipoprotein B (apoB), or proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) (Abifadel et al., Nat. Genet., 2003, 34:154-156). PCSK9 was identified as a third locus associated with ADH when gain-of-function mutations in PCSK9 were found to be linked to elevated LDL-C levels. ApoB participates in the intracellular assembly and secretion of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and is a ligand for the LDL-R. PCSK9 is proposed to reduce LDL-R expression levels in the liver. Reduced LDL-R expression results in reduced hepatic uptake of circulating ApoB-containing lipoproteins, which in turn leads to elevated cholesterol.
  • Definitions
  • “PCSK9” is the gene product or protein of which expression is to be modulated by administration of a short antisense compound.
  • “PCSK9 nucleic acid” means any nucleic acid encoding PCSK9. For example, in certain embodiments, a PCSK9 nucleic acid includes, without limitation, a DNA sequence encoding PCSK9, an RNA sequence transcribed from DNA encoding PCSK9, and an mRNA sequence encoding PCSK9.
  • “PCSK9 mRNA” means an mRNA encoding PCSK9.
  • PCSK9 Therapeutic Indications
  • In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods of modulating the expression of PCSK9 in an individual comprising administering a short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods of treating an individual comprising administering one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. In certain embodiments, the individual has hypercholesterolemia, mixed dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, a risk of developing atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, a history of coronary heart disease, early onset coronary heart disease, one or more risk factors for coronary heart disease, type II diabetes, type II diabetes with dyslipidemia, dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperfattyacidemia, hepatic steatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
  • Guidelines for lipid-lowering therapy were established in 2001 by Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP), and updated in 2004 (Grundy et al., Circulation, 2004, 110, 227-239). The guidelines include obtaining a complete lipoprotein profile, typically after a 9 to 12 hour fast, for determination of LDL-C, total cholesterol, and HDL-C levels. According to the most recently established guidelines, LDL-C levels of 130-159 mg/dL, 160-189 mg/dL, and greater than or equal to 190 mg/dL are considered borderline high, high, and very high, respectively. Total cholesterol levels of 200-239 and greater than or equal to 240 mg/dL are considered borderline high and high, respectively. HDL-C levels of less than 40 mg/dL are considered low.
  • In certain embodiments, the individual has been identified as in need of lipid-lowering therapy. In certain such embodiments, the individual has been identified as in need of lipid-lowering therapy according to the guidelines established in 2001 by Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP), and updated in 2004 (Grundy et al., Circulation, 2004, 110, 227-239). In certain such embodiments, the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy has LDL-C above 190 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments, the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy has LDL-C above 160 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments, the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy has LDL-C above 130 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy has LDL-C above 100 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy should maintain LDL-C below 160 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy should maintain LDL-C below 130 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy should maintain LDL-C below 100 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments the individual should maintain LDL-C below 70 mg/dL.
  • In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing ApoB in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing ApoB-containing lipoprotein in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing LDL-C in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing VLDL-C in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing IDL-C in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing non-HDL-C in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing Lp(a) in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing serum triglyceride in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing liver triglyceride in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing Ox-LDL-C in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing small LDL particles in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing small VLDL particles in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing phospholipids in an individual. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing oxidized phospholipids in an individual.
  • In certain embodiments, the methods provided by the present invention do not lower HDL-C. In certain embodiments, the methods provided by the present invention do not result in accumulation of lipids in the liver.
  • In certain embodiments a pharmaceutical composition comprising a short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid is for use in therapy. In certain embodiments, the therapy is the reduction of LDL-C, ApoB, VLDL-C, IDL-C, non-HDL-C, Lp(a), serum triglyceride, liver triglyceride, Ox-LDL-C, small LDL particles, small VLDL, phospholipids, or oxidized phospholipids in an individual. In certain embodiments, the therapy is the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, mixed dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, a risk of developing atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, a history of coronary heart disease, early onset coronary heart disease, one or more risk factors for coronary heart disease, type II diabetes, type II diabetes with dyslipidemia, dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperfattyacidemia, hepatic steatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In additional embodiments, the therapy is the reduction of CHD risk. In certain the therapy is prevention of atherosclerosis. In certain embodiments, the therapy is the prevention of coronary heart disease.
  • In certain embodiments a pharmaceutical composition comprising a short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid is used for the preparation of a medicament for reducing LDL-C, ApoB, VLDL-C, IDL-C, non-HDL-C, Lp(a), serum triglyceride, liver triglyceride, Ox-LDL-C, small LDL particles, small VLDL, phospholipids, or oxidized phospholipids in an individual. In certain embodiments pharmaceutical composition comprising a short antisense compound targeted to PCKS9 is used for the preparation of a medicament for reducing coronary heart disease risk. In certain embodiments a short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid is used for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, mixed dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, a risk of developing atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, a history of coronary heart disease, early onset coronary heart disease, one or more risk factors for coronary heart disease, type II diabetes, type II diabetes with dyslipidemia, dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperfattyacidemia, hepatic steatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
  • PCSK9 Combination Therapies
  • In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention are co-administered with one or more other pharmaceutical agents. In certain embodiments, such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat the same disease or condition as the one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. In certain embodiments, such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat a different disease or condition as the one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. In certain embodiments, such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat an undesired effect of one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention are co-administered with another pharmaceutical agent to treat an undesired effect of that other pharmaceutical agent. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are administered at the same time. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are administered at different times. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are prepared together in a single formulation. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are prepared separately.
  • In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical agents that may be co-administered with a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention include lipid-lowering agents. In certain such embodiments, pharmaceutical agents that may be co-administered with a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention include, but are not limited to atorvastatin, simvastatin, rosuvastatin, and ezetimibe. In certain such embodiments, the lipid-lowering agent is administered prior to administration of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. In certain such embodiments, the lipid-lowering agent is administered following administration of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. In certain such embodiments the lipid-lowering agent is administered at the same time as a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. In certain such embodiments the dose of a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is the same as the dose that would be administered if the lipid-lowering agent was administered alone. In certain such embodiments the dose of a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is lower than the dose that would be administered if the lipid-lowering agent was administered alone. In certain such embodiments the dose of a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is greater than the dose that would be administered if the lipid-lowering agent was administered alone.
  • In certain embodiments, a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. In certain such embodiments the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor is a statin. In certain such embodiments the statin is selected from atorvastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, fluvastatin, and rosuvastatin.
  • In certain embodiments, a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is a cholesterol absorption inhibitor. In certain such embodiments, cholesterol absorption inhibitor is ezetimibe.
  • In certain embodiments, a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is a co-formulated HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor and cholesterol absorption inhibitor. In certain such embodiments the co-formulated lipid-lowering agent is ezetimibe/simvastatin.
  • In certain embodiments, a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is a microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitor (MTP inhibitor).
  • In certain embodiments, a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is an oligonucleotide targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid.
  • In certain embodiments, a co-administered pharmaceutical agent is a bile acid sequestrant. In certain such embodiments, the bile acid sequestrant is selected from cholestyramine, colestipol, and colesevelam.
  • In certain embodiments, a co-administered pharmaceutical agent is a nicotinic acid. In certain such embodiments, the nicotinic acid is selected from immediate release nicotinic acid, extended release nicotinic acid, and sustained release nicotinic acid.
  • In certain embodiments, a co-administered pharmaceutical agent is a fibric acid. In certain such embodiments, a fibric acid is selected from gemfibrozil, fenofibrate, clofibrate, bezafibrate, and ciprofibrate.
  • Further examples of pharmaceutical agents that may be co-administered with a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention include, but are not limited to, corticosteroids, including but not limited to prednisone; immunoglobulins, including, but not limited to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg); analgesics (e.g., acetaminophen); anti-inflammatory agents, including, but not limited to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., ibuprofen, COX-1 inhibitors, and COX-2, inhibitors); salicylates; antibiotics; antivirals; antifungal agents; antidiabetic agents (e.g., biguanides, glucosidase inhibitors, insulins, sulfonylureas, and thiazolidenediones); adrenergic modifiers; diuretics; hormones (e.g., anabolic steroids, androgen, estrogen, calcitonin, progestin, somatostan, and thyroid hormones); immunomodulators; muscle relaxants; antihistamines; osteoporosis agents (e.g., biphosphonates, calcitonin, and estrogens); prostaglandins, antineoplastic agents; psychotherapeutic agents; sedatives; poison oak or poison sumac products; antibodies; and vaccines.
  • In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be administered in conjuction with a lipid-lowering therapy. In certain such embodiments, a lipid-lowering therapy is therapeutic lifestyle change. In certain such embodiments, a lipid-lowering therapy is LDL apheresis.
  • Certain Short Antisense Compounds Targeted to a PCSK9 Nucleic Acid
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid having the sequence of GENBANK® Accession No. NM174936.2, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 4. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 4 is at least 90% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 4. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 4 is at least 95% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 4. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 4 is 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 4. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the nucleotide sequences set forth in Table 6 or Table 7.
  • The nucleotide sequence set forth in each SEQ ID NO in Tables 6 and 7 is independent of any modification to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase. As such, short antisense compounds defined by a SEQ ID NO may comprise, independently, one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase. Short antisense compounds described by Isis Number (Isis NO.) indicate a combination of nucleobase sequence and one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase.
  • Tables 6 and 7 illustrate examples of short antisense compounds targeted to SEQ ID NO: 4. Table 6 illustrates short antisense compounds that are 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 4. Table 7 illustrates short antisense compounds that have one or two mismatches with respect to SEQ ID NO: 4. The column labeled ‘gapmer motif’ indicates the wing-gap-wing motif of each short antisense compounds. The gap segment comprises 2′-deoxynucleotides and each nucleotide of each wing segment comprises a 2′-modified sugar. The particular 2′-modified sugar is also indicated in the ‘gapmer motif’ column. For example, ‘2-10-2 MOE’ means a 2-10-2 gapmer motif, where a gap segment of ten 2′-deoxynucleotides is flanked by wing segments of two nucleotides, where the nucleotides of the wing segments are 2′-MOE nucleotides. Internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate. The short antisense compounds comprise 5-methylcytidine in place of unmodified cytosine, unless “unmodified cytosine” is listed in the gapmer motif column, in which case the indicated cytosines are unmodified cytosines. For example, “5-mC in gap only” indicates that the gap segment has 5-methylcytosines, while the wing segments have unmodified cytosines.
  • TABLE 6
    Short Antisense Compounds
    targeted to SEQ ID NO: 4
    ISIS 5′ Target 5′ Target SEQ
    NO. Site Site Sequence (5′-3′) Gapmer Motif ID NO
    400297 695 708 ATGGGGCAACTTCA 2-10-2 MOE 329
    400298 696 709 CATGGGGCAACTTC 2-10-2 MOE 330
    400299 697 710 ACATGGGGCAACTT 2-10-2 MOE 331
    400300 742 755 GGGATGCTCTGGGC 2-10-2 MOE 332
    400301 757 770 CGCTCCAGGTTCCA 2-10-2 MOE 333
    400302 828 841 GATACACCTCCACC 2-10-2 MOE 334
    400303 829 842 AGATACACCTCCAC 2-10-2 MOE 335
    400304 830 843 GAGATACAGCTCCA 2-10-2 MOE 336
    400305 937 950 GCCTGTCTGTGGAA 2-10-2 MOE 337
    400306 952 965 CTGTCACACTTGCT 2-10-2 MOE 338
    400307 988 1001 CGGCCGCTGACCAC 2-10-2 MOE 339
    400308 989 1002 CCGGCCGCTGACCA 2-10-2 MOE 340
    400309 990 1003 CCCGGCCGCTGACC 2-10-2 MOE 341
    400310 991 1004 TCCCGGCCGCTGAC 2-10-2 MOE 342
    400311 992 1005 ATCCCGGCCGCTGA 2-10-2 MOE 343
    400312 993 1006 CATCCCGGCCGCTG 2-10-2 MOE 344
    400313 994 1007 GCATCCCGGCCGCT 2-10-2 MOE 345
    400314 1057 1070 GTGCCCTTCCCTTG 2-10-2 MOE 346
    400315 1075 1088 ATGAGGGTGCCGCT 2-10-2 MOE 347
    400316 1076 1089 TATGAGGGTGCCGC 2-10-2 MOE 348
    400317 1077 1090 CTATGAGGGTGCCG 2-10-2 MOE 349
    400318 1078 1091 CCTATGAGGGTGCC 2-10-2 MOE 350
    400319 1093 1106 CGAATAAACTCCAG 2-10-2 MOE 351
    400320 1094 1107 CCGAATAAACTCCA 2-10-2 MOE 352
    400321 1095 1108 TCCGAATAAACTCC 2-10-2 MOE 353
    400322 1096 1109 TTCCGAATAAACTC 2-10-2 MOE 354
    400323 1147 1160 GCCAGGGGCAGCAG 2-10-2 MOE 355
    400324 1255 1268 GAGTAGAGGCAGGC 2-10-2 MOE 356
    400325 1334 1347 CCCCAAAGTCCCCA 2-10-2 MOE 357
    400326 1335 1348 TCCCCAAAGTCCCC 2-10-2 MOE 358
    400327 1336 1349 GTCCCCAAAGTCCC 2-10-2 MOE 359
    400328 1453 1466 ACGTGGGCAGCAGC 2-10-2 MOE 360
    400329 1454 1467 CACGTGGGCAGCAG 2-10-2 MOE 361
    400330 1455 1468 CCACGTGGGCAGCA 2-10-2 MOE 362
    400331 1456 1469 GCCACGTGGGCAGC 2-10-2 MOE 363
    400332 1569 1582 CAGGGAACCAGGCC 2-10-2 MOE 364
    400333 1570 1583 TCAGGGAACCAGGC 2-10-2 MOE 365
    400334 1571 1584 CTCAGGGAACCAGG 2-10-2 MOE 366
    400335 1572 1585 CCTCAGGGAACCAG 2-10-2 MOE 367
    400336 1573 1586 TCCTCAGGGAACCA 2-10-2 MOE 368
    400337 1574 1587 GTCCTCAGGGAACC 2-10-2 MOE 369
    400338 1575 1588 GGTCCTCAGGGAAC 2-10-2 MOE 370
    400339 1576 1589 TGGTCCTCAGGGAA 2-10-2 MOE 371
    400340 1577 1590 CTGGTCCTCAGGGA 2-10-2 MOE 372
    400341 1578 1591 GCTGGTCCTCAGGG 2-10-2 MOE 373
    400342 1621 1634 GTGCTGGGGGGCAG 2-10-2 MOE 374
    400343 1622 1635 GGTGCTGGGGGGCA 2-10-2 MOE 375
    400344 1623 1636 GGGTGCTGGGGGGC 2-10-2 MOE 376
    400345 1624 1637 TGGGTGCTGGGGGG 2-10-2 MOE 377
    400346 1738 1751 GAGCAGCTCAGCAG 2-10-2 MOE 378
    400347 1739 1752 GGAGCAGCTCAGCA 2-10-2 MOE 379
    400348 1740 1753 TGGAGCAGCTCAGC 2-10-2 MOE 380
    400349 1741 1754 CTGGAGCAGCTCAG 2-10-2 MOE 381
    400350 1834 1847 CCCTCACCCCCAAA 2-10-2 MOE 382
    400351 1835 1848 ACCCTCACCCCCAA 2-10-2 MOE 383
    400352 1836 1849 CACCCTCACCCCCA 2-10-2 MOE 384
    400353 1837 1850 ACACCCTCACCCCC 2-10-2 MOE 385
    400354 1838 1851 GACACCCTCACCCC 2-10-2 MOE 386
    400355 1839 1852 AGACACCCTCACCC 2-10-2 MOE 387
    400356 1840 1853 TAGACACCCTCACC 2-10-2 MOE 388
    400357 2083 2096 TGGCAGCAGGAAGC 2-10-2 MOE 389
    400358 2084 2097 ATGGCAGCAGGAAG 2-10-2 MOE 390
    400359 2085 2098 CATGGCAGCAGGAA 2-10-2 MOE 391
    400360 2086 2099 GCATGGCAGCAGGA 2-10-2 MOE 392
    400361 2316 2329 GGCAGCAGATGGCA 2-10-2 MOE 393
    400362 2317 2330 CGGCAGCAGATGGC 2-10-2 MOE 394
    400363 2318 2331 CCGGCAGCAGATGG 2-10-2 MOE 395
    400364 2319 2332 TCCGGCAGCAGATG 2-10-2 MOE 396
    400365 2320 2333 CTCCGGCAGCAGAT 2-10-2 MOE 397
    400366 2321 2334 GCTCCGGCAGCAGA 2-10-2 MOE 398
    400367 2322 2335 GGCTCCGGCAGCAG 2-10-2 MOE 399
    400368 2323 2336 CGGCTCCGGCAGCA 2-10-2 MOE 400
    400369 2324 2337 CCGGCTCCGGCAGC 2-10-2 MOE 401
    400370 2325 2338 GCCGGCTCCGGCAG 2-10-2 MOE 402
    400371 3543 3556 AGTTACAAAAGCAA 2-10-2 MOE 403
    403739 988 1001 CGGCCGCTGACCAC 2-10-2 339
    (6′S)-6′-methyl-
    Methyleneoxy BNA
    403740 1455 1468 CCACGTGGGCAGCA 2-10-2 362
    (6′S)-6′-methyl-
    Methyleneoxy BNA
  • TABLE 7
    Short antisense compounds targeted to
    SEQ ID NO: 4 and having 1 or 2 mismatches
    5′ 3′ SEQ
    ISIS Target Target Gamper ID
    NO. Site Site Sequence (5′-3′) Motif NO
    400323 349 362 GCCAGGGGCAGCAG 2-10-2 MOE 355
    400370 679 692 GCCGGCTCGGGCAG 2-10-2 MOE 402
    400361 1860 1873 GGCAGCAGATGGCA 2-10-2 MOE 393
    400323 1873 1886 GCCAGGGGCAGCAG 2-10-2 MOE 355
    400310 2257 2270 TCCCGGCCGCTGAC 2-10-2 MOE 342
    400361 2653 2666 GGCAGCAGATGGCA 2-10-2 MOE 393
    400350 2811 2824 CCCTCACCCCCAAA 2-10-2 MOE 382
    400351 2812 2825 ACCCTCACGCCCAA 2-10-2 MOE 383
    400352 2813 2826 CACCCTCACCCCCA 2-10-2 MOE 384
    400353 2814 2827 ACACCCTCACCCCC 2-10-2 MOE 385
    400334 2966 2979 CTCAGGGAACCAGG 2-10-2 MOE 366
    400332 3379 3392 CAGGGAACCAGGCC 2-10-2 MOE 364
    400340 3448 3461 CTGGTCCTCAGGGA 2-10-2 MOE 372
    400341 3449 3462 GCTGGTCCTCAGGG 2-10-2 MOE 373
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 695-710 of SEQ ID NO: 4. In certain such embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to nucleotides 695-710 of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprise a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 329, 330, or 331. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 695-710 of SEQ ID NO: 4 is selected from Isis NO. 400297, 400298, or 400299.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 742-770 of SEQ ID NO: 4. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 742-770 of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 332 or 333. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 742-770 of SEQ ID NO: 4 is selected from Isis NO. 400300 or 400301.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 828-843 of SEQ ID NO: 4. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 828-843 of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 334, 335, or 336. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 828-843 of SEQ ID NO: 4 is selected from ISIS No. 400302, 400303, or 400304.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 937-1007 of SEQ ID NO: 4. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 937-1007 of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 337, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, or 345. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 937-1007 of SEQ ID NO: 4 is selected from Isis NO. 400305, 400306, 400307, 400308, 400309, 400310, 400311, 400312, 400313, or 403739.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 937-965 of SEQ ID NO: 4. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 937-965 of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 337 or 338. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 937-965 of SEQ ID NO: 4 is selected from Isis NO. 400305 or 400306.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 988-1007 of SEQ ID NO: 4. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 988-1007 of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, or 345. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 937-1007 of SEQ ID NO: 4 is selected from Isis NO. 400307, 400308, 400309, 400310, 400311, 400312, 4003313, or 403739.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1057-1160 of SEQ ID NO: 4. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1057-1160 of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, or 355. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1057-1160 of SEQ ID NO: 4 is selected from ISIS NO. 400314, 400315, 400316, 400317, 400318, 400319, 400320, 400321, 400322, or 400323.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1057-1109 of SEQ ID NO: 4. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1057-1109 of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, or 354. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1057-1109 of SEQ ID NO: 4 is selected from ISIS NO. 400314, 400315, 400316, 400317, 400318, 400319, 400320, 400321, or 400322.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1057-1091 of SEQ ID NO: 4. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1057-1091 of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 346, 347, 348, 349, or 350. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1057-1091 of SEQ ID NO: 4 is selected from ISIS NO. 400314, 400315, 400316, 400317, or 400318.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1093-1109 of SEQ ID NO: 4. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1093-1109 of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 351, 352, 353, or 354. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1057-1109 of SEQ ID NO: 4 is selected from ISIS NO. 400319, 400320, 400321, or 400322.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1334-1349 of SEQ ID NO: 4. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1334-1349 of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 357, 358, or 359. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1334-1349 of SEQ ID NO: 4 is selected from ISIS NO 400325, 400326, or 400327.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1453-1469 of SEQ ID NO: 4. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1453-1469 of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 360, 361, 362, or 363. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1453-1469 of SEQ ID NO: 4 is selected from ISIS NO 400328, 400329, 400330, 400331, or 403-470.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1569-1591 of SEQ ID NO: 4. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1569-1591 of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 364, 365, 366, 367, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, or 373. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1569-1591 of SEQ ID NO: 4 is selected from ISIS NO 400332, 400333, 400334, 400335, 400336, 400337, 400338, 400339, 400340, or 400341.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1621-1637 of SEQ ID NO: 4. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1621-1637 of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 374, 375, 376, or 377. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1621-1637 of SEQ ID NO: 4 is selected from ISIS NO 400342, 400343, 400344, or 400345.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1738-1754 of SEQ ID NO: 4. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1738-1754 of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 378, 379, 380, or 381. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1738-1754 of SEQ ID NO: 4 is selected from ISIS NO 400346, 400347, 400348, or 400349.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1834-1853 of SEQ ID NO: 4. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1834-1853 of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 382, 383, 384, 385, 386, 387, or 388. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1834-1853 of SEQ ID NO: 4 is selected from ISIS NO 400350, 400351, 400352, 400353, 400354, 400355, or 400356.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 2083-2099 of SEQ ID NO: 4. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 2083-2099 of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 389, 390, 391, or 392. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 2083-2099 of SEQ ID NO: 4 is selected from ISIS NO 400357, 400358, 400359, or 400360.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 2316-2338 of SEQ ID NO: 4. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 2316-2338 of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, or 402. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 2316-2338 of SEQ ID NO: 4 is selected from ISIS NO 400361, 400362, 400363, 400364, 400365, 400366, 400367, 400368, 400369, or 400370.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid are 8 to 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid are 9 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid are 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, such short antisense compounds are short antisense oligonucleotides.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid are short gapmers. In certain such embodiments, short gapmers targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid comprise at least one high affinity modification in one or more wings of the compound. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid comprise 1 to 3 high-affinity modifications in each wing. In certain such embodiments, the nucleosides or nucleotides of the wing comprise a 2′ modification. In certain such embodiments, the monomers of the wing are BNA's. In certain such embodiments, the monomers of the wing are selected from α-L-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA, β-D-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA, Ethyleneoxy (4′-(CH2)2—O-2′) BNA, Aminooxy (4′-CH2—O—N(R)-2′) BNA and Oxyamino (4′-CH2—N(R)-0-2′) BNA. In certain embodiments, the monomers of a wing comprise a substituent at the 2′ position selected from allyl, amino, azido, thio, O-allyl, O—C1-C10 alkyl, —OCF3, O—(CH2)2—O—CH3, 2′-O(CH2)2SCH3, O—(CH2)2—O—N(Rm)(Rn), and O—CH2—C(═O)—N(Rm)(Rn), where each Rm and Rn is, independently, H or substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl. In certain embodiments, the monomers of a wing are 2′MOE nucleotides.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid comprise a gap between the 5′ wing and the 3′ wing. In certain embodiments the gap comprises five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, or fourteen monomers. In certain embodiments, the monomers of the gap are unmodified deoxyribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, the monomers of the gap are unmodified ribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, gap modifications (if any) gap result in an antisense compound that, when bound to its target nucleic acid, supports cleavage by an RNase, including, but not limited to, RNase H.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeting a PCSK9 nucleic acid may have any one or more properties or characteristics of the short antisense compounds generally described herein. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeting a PCSK9 nucleic acid have a motif (wing-deoxy gap-wing) selected from 1-12-1, 1-1-10-2, 2-10-1-1, 3-10-3, 2-10-3, 2-10-2, 1-10-1, 1-10-2, 3-8-3, 2-8-2, 1-8-1, 3-6-3 or 1-6-1, more preferably 1-10-1, 2-10-2, 3-10-3, and 1-9-2.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid have uniform monomeric linkages. In certain such embodiments, those linkages are all phosphorothioate linkages. In certain embodiments, the linkages are all phosphodiester linkages. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid have mixed backbones.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid are 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid are 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid are 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid are 11 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid are monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid are 13 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid are 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid are 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid are 16 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid comprise 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid comprise 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.
  • In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods of modulating expression of PCSK9. In certain embodiments, such methods comprise use of one or more short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid, wherein the short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid is from about 8 to about 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 monomers (i.e. from about 8 to about 16 linked monomers). One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this comprehends methods of modulating expression of PCSK9 using one or more short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 monomers.
  • In certain embodiments, methods of modulating PCSK9 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid that is 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating PCSK9 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid that is 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating PCSK9 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid that is 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating PCSK9 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid that is 11 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating PCSK9 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid that is 12 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating PCSK9 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid that is 13 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating PCSK9 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid that is 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating PCSK9 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid that is 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating PCSK9 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid that is 16 monomers in length.
  • In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of PCSK9 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid comprising 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of PCSK9 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid comprising 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of PCSK9 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid comprising 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of PCSK9 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid comprising 12 or 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.
  • 4. Superoxide Dismutase 1 Enzyme (SOD1)
  • The enzymes known as the superoxide dismutases (SODs) provide defense against oxidative damage of biomolecules by catalyzing the dismutation of superoxide to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (Fridovich, Annu. Rev. Biochem., 1995, 64, 97-112). Two major classes of superoxide dismutases exist. One consists of a group of enzymes with active sites containing copper and zinc while the other class has either manganese or iron at the active site (Fridovich, Annu. Rev. Biochem., 1995, 64, 97-112).
  • Mutations in the superoxide dismutase 1 gene are associated with a dominantly-inherited form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, also known as Lou Gehrig's disease) a disorder characterized by a selective degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons (Cleveland and Liu, Nat. Med., 2000, 6, 1320-1321). The deleterious effects of various mutations on superoxide dismutase 1 are most likely mediated through a gain of toxic function rather than a loss of superoxide dismutase 1 activity, as the complete absence of superoxide dismutase 1 in mice neither diminishes life nor provokes overt disease (Al-Chalabi and Leigh, Curr. Opin. Neurol., 2000, 13, 397-405; Alisky and Davidson, Hum. Gene Ther., 2000, 11, 2315-2329).
  • Over 100 mutations of the human SOD1 gene have been identified, and altogether account for approximately 20% of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) cases. Some mutations, such as the A4V mutation most commonly found in the United States, are highly lethal and result in survival only nine months from the onset of disease symptoms. Other mutations of SOD1 manifest in a slower disease course.
  • Definitions
  • “SOD1” means the gene product or protein of which expression is to be modulated by administration of a short antisense compound.
  • “SOD1 nucleic acid” means any nucleic acid encoding SOD1. For example, in certain embodiments, a SOD1 nucleic acid includes, without limitations, a DNA sequence encoding SOD1, an RNA sequence transcribed from DNA encoding SOD1, and an mRNA sequence encoding SOD1.
  • “SOD1 mRNA” means an mRNA encoding SOD1.
  • SOD1 Therapeutic Indications
  • It has been discovered that antisense inhibition of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) in an animal model of familial ALS reduces both SOD1 mRNA and protein, and further results in a slowing of disease progression and, importantly, increased survival time. Accordingly, in certain embodiments, the invention provides methods for the slowing of disease progression in an individual suffering from familial ALS by administering to such an individual a short antisense compound targeted to an SOD1 nucleic acid. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SOD1 are delivered directly to the cerebrospinal fluid of the individual. In certain such embodiments, methods further comprise increasing survival time of an individual suffering from familial ALS. Slowing of disease progression is indicated by an improvement in one or more indicators of ALS disease progression, including, without limitation, the revised ALS functional rating scale, pulmonary function tests, and muscle strength measurements.
  • SOD1 Combination Therapies
  • In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions comprising a short antisense compound targeted to an SOD1 nucleic acid is co-administered with one or more other pharmaceutical agents. In certain embodiments, such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat the same disease or condition as the one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. In certain embodiments, such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat a different disease or condition as the one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. In certain embodiments, such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat an undesired effect of one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention are co-administered with another pharmaceutical agent to treat an undesired effect of that other pharmaceutical agent. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are administered at the same time. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are administered at different times. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are prepared together in a single formulation. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are prepared separately.
  • In certain embodiments, a co-administered pharmaceutical agent is a nicotinic acid. In certain such embodiments, the nicotinic acid is selected from immediate release nicotinic acid, extended release nicotinic acid, and sustained release nicotinic acid.
  • In certain embodiments, a co-administered pharmaceutical agent is a fibric acid. In certain such embodiments, a fibric acid is selected from gemfibrozil, fenofibrate, clofibrate, bezafibrate, and ciprofibrate.
  • Further examples of pharmaceutical agents that may be co-administered with a pharmaceutical composition comprising a short antisense compound targeted to SOD1 include, but are not limited to, corticosteroids, including but not limited to prednisone; immunoglobulins, including, but not limited to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg); analgesics (e.g., acetaminophen); anti-inflammatory agents, including, but not limited to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., ibuprofen, COX-1 inhibitors, and COX-2, inhibitors); salicylates; antibiotics; antivirals; antifungal agents; antidiabetic agents (e.g., biguanides, glucosidase inhibitors, insulins, sulfonylureas, and thiazolidenediones); adrenergic modifiers; diuretics; hormones (e.g., anabolic steroids, androgen, estrogen, calcitonin, progestin, somatostan, and thyroid hormones); immunomodulators; muscle relaxants; antihistamines; osteoporosis agents (e.g., biphosphonates, calcitonin, and estrogens); prostaglandins, antineoplastic agents; psychotherapeutic agents; sedatives; poison oak or poison sumac products; antibodies; and vaccines.
  • Certain Short Antisense Compounds Targeted to a SOD1 Nucleic Acid
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid having the sequence of GENBANK® Accession No. NM_X02317.1, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 5. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 5 is at least 90% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 5. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 5 is at least 95% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 5. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 5 is 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 5. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 5 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the nucleotide sequences set forth in Table 8 or Table 9.
  • The nucleotide sequence set forth in each SEQ ID NO in Tables 8 and 9 is independent of any modification to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase. As such, short antisense compounds defined by a SEQ ID NO may comprise, independently, one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase. Short antisense compounds described by Isis Number (Isis NO.) indicate a combination of nucleobase sequence and one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase.
  • Table 8 illustrates examples of short antisense compounds targeted to SEQ ID NO: 5. Table 8 illustrates short antisense compounds that are 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 5. The column labeled ‘gapmer motif’ indicates the wing-gap-wing motif of each short antisense compounds. The gap segment comprises 2′-deoxynucleotides and each nucleotide of each wing segment comprises a 2′-modified sugar. The particular 2′-modified sugar is also indicated in the ‘gapmer motif’ column. For example, ‘2-10-2 MOE’ means a 2-10-2 gapmer motif, where a gap segment of ten 2′-deoxynucleotides is flanked by wing segments of two nucleotides, where the nucleotides of the wing segments are 2′-MOE nucleotides. Internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate. The short antisense compounds comprise 5-methylcytidine in place of unmodified cytosine, unless “unmodified cytosine” is listed in the gapmer motif column, in which case the indicated cytosines are unmodified cytosines. For example, “5-mC in gap only” indicates that the gap segment has 5-methylcytosines, while the wing segments have unmodified cytosines.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeting a SOD1 nucleic acid may have any one or more properties or characteristics of the short antisense compounds generally described herein. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeting a SOD1 nucleic acid have a motif (wing-deoxy gap-wing) selected from 1-12-1, 1-1-10-2, 2-10-1-1, 3-10-3, 2-10-3, 2-10-2, 1-10-1, 1-10-2, 3-8-3, 2-8-2, 1-8-1, 3-6-3 or 1-6-1, more preferably 1-10-1, 2-10-2, 3-10-3, and 1-9-2.
  • TABLE 8
    Short Antisense Compounds
    targeted to SEQ ID NO: 5
    5′ 3′ SEQ
    ISIS Target Target Gapmer ID
    NO. Site Site Sequence (5′-3′) Motif NO
    387541 85 100 GTCGCCCTTCAGCACG 3-10-3 MOE 406
    387540 86 99 TCGCCCTTCAGCAC 2-10-2 MOE 407
    387539 87 98 CGCCCTTCAGCA 1-10-1 MOE 408
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 85-100 of SEQ ID NO: 5. In certain such embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to nucleotides 85-100 of SEQ ID NO: 5 comprise a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 406, 407, or 408. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 85-100 of SEQ ID NO: 5 is selected from Isis No. 387541, 387540, or 387539.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid are 8 to 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid are 9 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid are 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, such short antisense compounds are short antisense oligonucleotides.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid are short gapmers. In certain such embodiments, short gapmers targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid comprise at least one high affinity modification in one or more wings of the compound. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid comprise 1 to 3 high-affinity modifications in each wing. In certain such embodiments, the nucleosides or nucleotides of the wing comprise a 2′ modification. In certain such embodiments, the monomers of the wing are BNA's. In certain such embodiments, the monomers of the wing are selected from α-L-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA, β-D-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA, Ethyleneoxy (4′-(CH2)2—O-2′) BNA, Aminooxy (4′-CH2—O—N(R)-2′) BNA and Oxyamino (4′-CH2—N(R)-0-2′) BNA. In certain embodiments, the monomers of a wing comprise a substituent at the 2′ position selected from allyl, amino, azido, thio, O-allyl, O—C1-C10 alkyl, —OCF3, O—(CH2)2—O—CH3, 2′-O(CH2)2SCH3, O—(CH2)2—O—N(Rm)(Rn), and O—CH2C(═O)—N(Rm)(Rn), where each Rm and Rn is, independently, H or substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl. In certain embodiments, the monomers of a wing are 2′MOE nucleotides.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid comprise a gap between the 5′ wing and the 3′ wing. In certain embodiments the gap comprises five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, or fourteen monomers. In certain embodiments, the monomers of the gap are unmodified deoxyribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, the monomers of the gap are unmodified ribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, gap modifications (if any) gap result in an antisense compound that, when bound to its target nucleic acid, supports cleavage by an RNase, including, but not limited to, RNase H.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid have uniform monomeric linkages. In certain such embodiments, those linkages are all phosphorothioate linkages. In certain embodiments, the linkages are all phosphodiester linkages. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid have mixed backbones.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid are 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid are 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid are 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid are 11 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid are monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid are 13 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid are 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid are 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid are 16 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid comprise 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid comprise 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.
  • In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods of modulating expression of SOD1. In certain embodiments, such methods comprise use of one or more short antisense compound targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid, wherein the short antisense compound targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid is from about 8 to about 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 monomers (i.e. from about 8 to about 16 linked monomers). One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this comprehends methods of modulating expression of SOD1 using one or more short antisense compounds targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 monomers.
  • In certain embodiments, methods of modulating SOD1 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid that is 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating SOD1 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid that is 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating SOD1 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid that is 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating SOD1 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid that is 11 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating SOD1 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid that is 12 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating SOD1 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid that is 13 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating SOD1 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid that is 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating SOD1 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid that is 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating SOD1 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid that is 16 monomers in length.
  • In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of SOD1 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid comprising 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of SOD1 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid comprising 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of SOD1 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid comprising 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of SOD1 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a SOD1 nucleic acid comprising 12 or 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.
  • 5. CRP
  • CRP (also known as C-reactive protein and PTX1) is an essential human acute-phase reactant produced in the liver in response to a variety of inflammatory cytokines. The protein, first identified in 1930, is highly conserved and considered to be an early indicator of infectious or inflammatory conditions. Plasma CRP levels increase 1,000-fold in response to infection, ischemia, trauma, burns, and inflammatory conditions. In clinical trials where patients receive lipid-lowering therapy, such as statin therapy, it has been demonstrated that patients having reductions in both LDL-C and CRP have a reduced risk of future coronary events relative to patients experiencing only reductions in LDL-C.
  • Definitions
  • “CRP” means the gene product or protein of which expression is to be modulated by a short antisense compound.
  • “CRP nucleic acid” means any nucleic acid encoding CRP. For example, in certain embodiments, a CRP nucleic acid includes, without limitations, a DNA sequence encoding CRP, an RNA sequence transcribed from DNA encoding CRP, and an mRNA sequence encoding CRP.
  • “CRP mRNA” means an mRNA encoding CRP.
  • CRP Therapeutic Indications
  • In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods of modulating CRP expression in an individual comprising administering to the individual a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods of treating an individual comprising administering one or more pharmaceutical compositions comprising a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, the individual has hypercholesterolemia, non-familial hypercholesterolemia, familial hypercholesterolemia, heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, mixed dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, a risk of developing atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, a history of coronary heart disease, early onset coronary heart disease, one or more risk factors for coronary heart disease. In certain embodiments, the individual has acute coronary syndrome, vascular injury, arterial occlusion, unstable angina, post peripheral vascular disease, post myocardial infarction (MI), thrombosis, deep vein thrombus, end-stage renal disease (ESRD), chronic renal failure, complement activation, congestive heart failure, or systemic vasculitis. In certain embodiments, the individual has had a stroke.
  • In certain embodiments, the individual has undergone a procedure selected from elective stent placement, angioplasty, post percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTCA), cardiac transplantation, renal dialysis or cardiopulmonary bypass.
  • In certain embodiments, the individual has an inflammatory disease. In certain such embodiments, the inflammatory disease is selected from inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, or osteoarthritis.
  • Guidelines for lipid-lowering therapy were established in 2001 by Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP), and updated in 2004 (Grundy et al., Circulation, 2004, 110, 227-239). The guidelines include obtaining a complete lipoprotein profile, typically after a 9 to 12 hour fast, for determination of LDL-C, total cholesterol, and HDL-C levels. According to the most recently established guidelines, LDL-C levels of 130-159 mg/dL, 160-189 mg/dL, and greater than or equal to 190 mg/dL are considered borderline high, high, and very high, respectively. Total cholesterol levels of 200-239 and greater than or equal to 240 mg/dL are considered borderline high and high, respectively. HDL-C levels of less than 40 mg/dL are considered low.
  • In certain embodiments, the individual has been identified as in need of lipid-lowering therapy. In certain such embodiments, the individual has been identified as in need of lipid-lowering therapy according to the guidelines established in 2001 by Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP), and updated in 2004 (Grundy et al., Circulation, 2004, 110, 227-239). In certain such embodiments, the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy has LDL-C above 190 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments, the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy has LDL-C above 160 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments, the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy has LDL-C above 130 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy has LDL-C above 100 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy should maintain LDL-C below 160 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy should maintain LDL-C below 130 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments the individual in need of lipid-lowering therapy should maintain LDL-C below 100 mg/dL. In certain such embodiments the individual should maintain LDL-C below 70 mg/dL.
  • In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing CRP in an individual. In certain such embodiments, the reduction in CRP is at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, and at least 100%.
  • In certain embodiments, the methods provided by the present invention do not lower HDL-C. In certain embodiments, the methods provided by the present invention do not result in accumulation of lipids in the liver. In certain embodiments, the methods provided by the present invention do not cause hepatic steatosis.
  • In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods for lowering CRP concentration in a subject while reducing side effects associated with treatment. In certain such embodiments, a side effect is liver toxicity. In certain such embodiments, a side effect is abnormal liver function. In certain such embodiments, a side effect is elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT). In certain such embodiments, a side effect is elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST).
  • In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods for lowering CRP concentration in a subject who is not reaching target LDL-C levels as a result of lipid-lowering therapy. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid is the only pharmaceutical agent administered to the subject. In certain such embodiments, the subject has not complied with recommended lipid-lowering therapy. In certain such embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition of the invention is co-administered with an additional different lipid-lowering therapy. In certain such embodiments, an additional lipid-lowering therapy is LDL-apheresis. In certain such embodiments, an additional lipid-lowering therapy is a statin. In certain such embodiments, an additional lipid-lowering therapy is ezetimibe.
  • In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods for lowering CRP concentration in a statin-intolerant subject. In certain such embodiments, the subject has creatine kinase concentration increases as a result of statin administration. In certain such embodiments, the subject has liver function abnormalities as a result of statin administration. In certain such embodiments the subject has muscle aches as a result of statin administration. In certain such embodiments the subject has central nervous system side effects as a result of statin administration. In certain embodiments, the subject has not complied with recommended statin administration.
  • In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods for reducing coronary heart disease risk in a subject. In certain embodiments the invention provides methods for slowing the progression of atherosclerosis in a subject. In certain such embodiments the invention provides methods for stopping the progression of atherosclerosis in a subject. In certain such embodiments the invention provides methods for reducing the size and/or prevalence of atherosclerotic plaques in a subject. In certain embodiments the methods provided reduce a subject's risk of developing atherosclerosis.
  • In certain embodiments the methods provided improve the cardiovascular outcome in a subject. In certain such embodiments improved cardiovascular outcome is the reduction of the risk of developing coronary heart disease. In certain such embodiments, improved cardiovascular outcome is a reduction in the occurance of one or more major cardiovascular events, which include, but are not limited to, death, myocardial infarction, reinfarction, stroke, cardiogenic shock, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrest, and atrial dysrhythmia. In certain such embodiments, the improved cardiovascular outcome is evidenced by improved carotid intimal media thickness. In certain such embodiments, improved carotid intimal media thickness is a decrease in thickness. In certain such embodiments, improved carotid intimal media thickness is a prevention an increase of intimal media thickness.
  • In certain embodiments a pharmaceutical composition comprising a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid is for use in therapy. In certain embodiments, the therapy is the reduction of CRP in an individual. In certain embodiments, the therapy is the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, non-familial hypercholesterolemia, familial hypercholesterolemia, heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, mixed dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, a risk of developing atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, a history of coronary heart disease, or early onset coronary heart disease. In additional embodiments, the therapy is the reduction of CHD risk. In certain the therapy is prevention of atherosclerosis. In certain embodiments, the therapy is the prevention of coronary heart disease. In certain embodiments, the therapy is the treatment of acute coronary syndrome, chronic renal failure, vascular injury, arterial occlusion, atherothrombosis, unstable angina, post peripheral vascular disease, post myocardial infarction (MI), thrombosis, deep vein thrombus, end-stage renal disease (ESRD), complement activation, congestive heart failure, or systemic vasculitis. In certain embodiments the therapy is the treatment of an individual who has undergone a procedure selected from elective stent placement, angioplasty, post percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTCA), cardiac transplantation, renal dialysis or cardiopulmonary bypass. In certain embodiments, the therapy is the treatment of an inflammatory disorder.
  • In certain embodiments a pharmaceutical composition comprising a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid is used for the preparation of a medicament for reducing CRP in an individual. In certain embodiments pharmaceutical composition comprising a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid is used for the preparation of a medicament for reducing coronary heart disease risk. In certain embodiments a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid is used for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, non-familial hypercholesterolemia, familial hypercholesterolemia, heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, mixed dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, a risk of developing atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, a history of coronary heart disease, early onset coronary heart disease, or one or more risk factors for coronary heart disease.
  • In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid is used for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of acute coronary syndrome, chronic renal failure, vascular injury, arterial occlusion, atherothrombosis, unstable angina, post peripheral vascular disease, post myocardial infarction (MI), thrombosis, deep vein thrombus, end-stage renal disease (ESRD), complement activation, congestive heart failure, or systemic vasculitis. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid is used for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of an individual who has had a stroke.
  • In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid is used for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment in an individual who has undergone a procedure selected from elective stent placement, angioplasty, post percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTCA), cardiac transplantation, renal dialysis or cardiopulmonary bypass.
  • In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid is used for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of an inflammatory disease. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid is used for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, or osteoarthritis.
  • CRP Combination Therapies
  • In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions comprising a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid are co-administered with one or more other pharmaceutical agents. In certain embodiments, the one or more other pharmaceutical agents is a lipid-lowering agent. In certain embodiments, such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat the same disease or condition as the one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. In certain embodiments, such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat a different disease or condition as the one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. In certain embodiments, such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat an undesired effect of one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention are co-administered with another pharmaceutical agent to treat an undesired effect of that other pharmaceutical agent. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are administered at the same time. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are administered at different times. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are prepared together in a single formulation. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are prepared separately.
  • In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical agents that may be co-administered with a pharmaceutical composition comprising a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid include lipid-lowering agents. In certain such embodiments, pharmaceutical agents that may be co-administered with a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention include, but are not limited to atorvastatin, simvastatin, rosuvastatin, and ezetimibe. In certain such embodiments, the lipid-lowering agent is administered prior to administration of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. In certain such embodiments, the lipid-lowering agent is administered following administration of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. In certain such embodiments the lipid-lowering agent is administered at the same time as a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. In certain such embodiments the dose of a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is the same as the dose that would be administered if the lipid-lowering agent was administered alone. In certain such embodiments the dose of a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is lower than the dose that would be administered if the lipid-lowering agent was administered alone. In certain such embodiments the dose of a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is greater than the dose that would be administered if the lipid-lowering agent was administered alone.
  • In certain embodiments, a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. In certain such embodiments the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor is a statin. In certain such embodiments the statin is selected from atorvastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, fluvastatin, and rosuvastatin.
  • In certain embodiments, a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is ISIS 301012.
  • In certain embodiments, a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is a cholesterol absorption inhibitor. In certain such embodiments, cholesterol absorption inhibitor is ezetimibe.
  • In certain embodiments, a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is a co-formulated HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor and cholesterol absorption inhibitor. In certain such embodiments the co-formulated lipid-lowering agent is ezetimibe/simvastatin.
  • In certain embodiments, a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is a microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitor (MTP inhibitor).
  • In certain embodiments, a co-administered pharmaceutical agent is a bile acid sequestrant. In certain such embodiments, the bile acid sequestrant is selected from cholestyramine, colestipol, and colesevelam.
  • In certain embodiments, a co-administered pharmaceutical agent is a nicotinic acid. In certain such embodiments, the nicotinic acid is selected from immediate release nicotinic acid, extended release nicotinic acid, and sustained release nicotinic acid.
  • In certain embodiments, a co-administered pharmaceutical agent is a fibric acid. In certain such embodiments, a fibric acid is selected from gemfibrozil, fenofibrate, clofibrate, bezafibrate, and ciprofibrate.
  • Further examples of pharmaceutical agents that may be co-administered with a pharmaceutical composition comprising a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid include, but are not limited to, corticosteroids, including but not limited to prednisone; immunoglobulins, including, but not limited to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg); analgesics (e.g., acetaminophen); anti-inflammatory agents, including, but not limited to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., ibuprofen, COX-1 inhibitors, and COX-2, inhibitors); salicylates; antibiotics; antivirals; antifungal agents; antidiabetic agents (e.g., biguanides, glucosidase inhibitors, insulins, sulfonylureas, and thiazolidenediones); adrenergic modifiers; diuretics; hormones (e.g., anabolic steroids, androgen, estrogen, calcitonin, progestin, somatostan, and thyroid hormones); immunomodulators; muscle relaxants; antihistamines; osteoporosis agents (e.g., biphosphonates, calcitonin, and estrogens); prostaglandins, antineoplastic agents; psychotherapeutic agents; sedatives; poison oak or poison sumac products; antibodies; and vaccines.
  • In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition comprising a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid may be administered in conjuction with a lipid-lowering therapy. In certain such embodiments, a lipid-lowering therapy is therapeutic lifestyle change. In certain such embodiments, a lipid-lowering therapy is LDL apheresis.
  • Certain Short Antisense Compounds Targeted to a CRP Nucleic Acid
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are targeted to a CRP nucleic acid having the sequence of GENBANK® Accession No. NM000567.1, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 6. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 6 is at least 90% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 6. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 6 is at least 95% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 6. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 6 is 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 6. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 6 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the nucleotide sequences set forth in Table 9.
  • The nucleotide sequence set forth in each SEQ ID NO in Table 9 is independent of any modification to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase. As such, short antisense compounds defined by a SEQ ID NO may comprise, independently, one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase. Short antisense compounds described by Isis Number (Isis NO.) indicate a combination of nucleobase sequence and one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase.
  • Table 9 illustrates examples of short antisense compounds targeted to SEQ ID NO: 6. Table 9 illustrates short antisense compounds that are 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 6. The column labeled ‘gapmer motif’ indicates the wing-gap-wing motif of each short antisense compounds. The gap segment comprises 2′-deoxynucleotides and each nucleotide of each wing segment comprises a 2′-modified sugar. The particular 2′-modified sugar is also indicated in the ‘gapmer motif’ column. For example, ‘2-10-2 MOE’ means a 2-10-2 gapmer motif, where a gap segment of ten 2′-deoxynucleotides is flanked by wing segments of two nucleotides, where the nucleotides of the wing segments are 2′-MOE nucleotides. Internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate. The short antisense compounds comprise 5-methylcytidine in place of unmodified cytosine, unless “unmodified cytosine” is listed in the gapmer motif column, in which case the indicated cytosines are unmodified cytosines. For example, “5-mC in gap only” indicates that the gap segment has 5-methylcytosines, while the wing segments have unmodified cytosines.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeting a CRP nucleic acid may have any one or more properties or characteristics of the short antisense compounds generally described herein. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeting a CRP nucleic acid have a motif (wing-deoxy gap-wing) selected from 1-12-1, 1-1-10-2, 2-10-1-1, 3-10-3, 2-10-3, 2-10-2, 1-10-1, 1-10-2, 3-8-3, 2-8-2, 1-8-1, 3-6-3 or 1-6-1, more preferably 1-10-1, 2-10-2, 3-10-3, and 1-9-2.
  • TABLE 9
    Short Antisense Compounds
    targeted to SEQ ID NO: 6
    5′ 3′ Seq
    ISIS Target Target Gapmer ID
    NO. Site Site Sequence (5′-3′) Motif NO
    353506 1257 1272 ACTCTGGACCCAAACC 3-10-3 MOE 409
    353507 1258 1271 CTCTGGACCCAAAC 2-10-2 MOE 410
    353484 1305 1320 CCATTTCAGGAGACCT 3-10-3 MOE 411
    353485 1306 1319 CATTTCAGGAGACC 2-10-2 MOE 412
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1305-1320 of NM000567.1. In certain such embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to nucleotides 1305-1320 of NM000567.1 comprise a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 1305 or 1306. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 263-278 of NM000567.1 is selected from Isis NO. 353484 or 353485.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1257-1272 of NM000567.1. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1257-1272 of NM000567.1 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 1257 or 1258. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 428-483 of NM000567.1 is selected from Isis NO. 353506 or 353507.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid are 8 to 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid are 9 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid are 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, such short antisense compounds are short antisense oligonucleotides.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid are short gapmers. In certain such embodiments, short gapmers targeted to a CRP nucleic acid comprise at least one high affinity modification in one or more wings of the compound. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid comprise 1 to 3 high-affinity modifications in each wing. In certain such embodiments, the nucleosides or nucleotides of the wing comprise a 2′ modification. In certain such embodiments, the monomers of the wing are BNA's. In certain such embodiments, the monomers of the wing are selected from α-L-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA, β-D-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA, Ethyleneoxy (4′-(CH2)2—O-2′) BNA, Aminooxy (4′-CH2—O—N(R)-2′) BNA and Oxyamino (4′-CH2—N(R)—O-2′) BNA. In certain embodiments, the monomers of a wing comprise a substituent at the 2′ position selected from allyl, amino, azido, thio, O-allyl, O—C1-C10 alkyl, —OCF3, O—(CH2)2—O—CH3, 2′-O(CH2)2SCH3, O—(CH2)2—O—N(Rm)(Rn), and O—CH2—C(═O)—N(Rm)(Rn), where each Rm and Rn is, independently, H or substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl. In certain embodiments, the monomers of a wing are 2′MOE nucleotides.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid comprise a gap between the 5′ wing and the 3′ wing. In certain embodiments the gap comprises five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, or fourteen monomers. In certain embodiments, the monomers of the gap are unmodified deoxyribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, the monomers of the gap are unmodified ribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, gap modifications (if any) gap result in an antisense compound that, when bound to its target nucleic acid, supports cleavage by an RNase, including, but not limited to, RNase H.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid have uniform monomeric linkages. In certain such embodiments, those linkages are all phosphorothioate linkages. In certain embodiments, the linkages are all phosphodiester linkages. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid have mixed backbones.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid are 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid are 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid are 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid are 11 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid are monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid are 13 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid are 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid are 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid are 16 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid comprise 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid comprise 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.
  • In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods of modulating expression of CRP. In certain embodiments, such methods comprise use of one or more short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid, wherein the short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid is from about 8 to about 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 monomers (i.e. from about 8 to about 16 linked monomers). One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this comprehends methods of modulating expression of CRP using one or more short antisense compounds targeted to a CRP nucleic acid of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 monomers.
  • In certain embodiments, methods of modulating CRP comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid that is 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating CRP comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid that is 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating CRP comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid that is 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating CRP comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid that is 11 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating CRP comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid that is 12 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating CRP comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid that is 13 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating CRP comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid that is 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating CRP comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid that is 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating CRP comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid that is 16 monomers in length.
  • In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of CRP comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid comprising 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of CRP comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid comprising 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of CRP comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid comprising 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of CRP comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a CRP nucleic acid comprising 12 or 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.
  • 6. Glucocorticoid Receptor (GCCR)
  • Glucocorticoids were among the first steroid hormones to be identified and are responsible for a multitude of physiological functions, including the stimulation of gluconeogenesis, decreased glucose uptake and utilization in peripheral tissues, increased glycogen deposition, suppression of immune and inflammatory responses, inhibition of cytokine synthesis and acceleration of various developmental events. Glucocorticoids are also especially important for combating stress. Stress-induced elevation of glucocorticoid synthesis and release leads to, among other responses, increased ventricular workload, inhibition of inflammatory mediators, inhibition of cytokine synthesis and increased glucose production (Karin, Cell, 1998, 93, 487-490).
  • Both natural glucocorticoids and their synthetic derivatives exert their action through the glucocorticoid receptor, a ubiquitously expressed cytoplasmic member of the nuclear hormone superfamily of receptors. Human glucocorticoid receptor is also known as nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1; NR3C1; GCCR; GCR; GRL; Glucocorticoid receptor, lymphocyte. The gene is located on human chromosome 5q11-q13 and consists of 9 exons (Encio and Detera-Wadleigh, J Biol Chem, 1991, 266, 7182-7188; Gehring et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1985, 82, 3751-3755). Multiple forms of human glucocorticoid receptor mRNA exist: a 5.5 kb human glucocorticoid receptor a cDNA containing exons 1-8 and exon 9α; a 4.3 kb human glucocorticoid receptor 0 cDNA containing exons 1-8 and exon 90; and a 7.0 kb human glucocorticoid receptor a cDNA containing exons 1-8 and the entire exon 9, which includes exon 9α, exon 9β and the ‘J region’, which is flanked by exons 9α and 9β (Hollenberg et al., Nature, 1985, 318, 635-641; Oakley et al., J Biol Chem, 1996, 271, 9550-9559). Human glucocorticoid receptor a is the predominant isoform of the receptor and the one that exhibits steroid binding activity (Hollenberg et al., Nature, 1985, 318, 635-641). Additionally, through usage of three different promoters three different exon 1 variants can be transcribed, and alternative splicing of one exon 1 variant can result in three different versions of this exon. Thus, human glucocorticoid receptor mRNA may contain 5 different versions of exon 1 (Breslin et al., Mol Endocrinol, 2001, 15, 1381-1395).
  • Examination of the expression patterns of the α and β isoforms of human glucocorticoid receptor mRNA reveals that the a isoform is more abundantly expressed. Both isoforms are expressed in similar tissues and cell types, including lung, kidney, heart, liver, skeletal muscle, macrophages, neutrophils and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Only human glucocorticoid receptor a is expressed in colon. At the level of protein, while the α isoform is detected in all tissues examined, the β isoform is undetectable, suggesting that under physiological conditions, the default splicing pathway is the one that produces the α isoform (Pujols et al., Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 2002, 283, C1324-1331). The β isoform of glucocorticoid receptor binds neither a glucocorticoid agonist nor an antagonist. Furthermore, the β isoform is localized primarily in the nucleus in transfected cells, independent of hormone stimulation. When both isoforms are expressed in the same cell, the glucocorticoid receptor β inhibits the hormone-induced, glucocorticoid receptor α-mediated stimulation of gene expression, suggesting that the β isoform functions as an inhibitor of glucocorticoid receptor α activity (Oakley et al., J Biol Chem, 1996, 271, 9550-9559). Unless otherwise noted, the human glucocorticoid receptor described herein is defined as the ubiquitous product(s) of the gene located on chromosome 5q11-q13.
  • Cell lines transfected with a complementary glucocorticoid receptor antisense RNA strand exhibited a reduction in glucocorticoid receptor mRNA levels and a decreased response to the glucocorticoid receptor agonist dexamethasone (Pepin and Barden, Mol Cell Biol, 1991, 11, 1647-1653). Transgenic mice bearing an antisense glucocorticoid receptor gene construct were used to study the glucocorticoid feedback effect on the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (Pepin et al., Nature, 1992, 355, 725-728). In another study of similarly genetically engineered mice, energy intake and expenditure, heart and vastus lateralis muscle lipoprotein lipase activity, and heart and brown adipose tissue norepinephrine were lower than in control animals. Conversely, fat content and total body energy were significantly higher than in control animals. These results suggest that a defective glucocorticoid receptor system may affect energy balance through increasing energetic efficiency, and they emphasize the modulatory effects of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis changes on muscle lipoprotein lipase activity (Richard et al., Am J Physiol, 1993, 265, R146-150).
  • Behavorial effects of glucocorticoid receptor antagonists have been measured in animal models designed to assess anxiety, learning and memory. Reduced expression of glucocorticoid receptor in rats long-term intracerebroventricularly infused with antisense oligodeoxynucleotides targeting glucocorticoid receptor mRNA did not interfere with spatial navigation in the Morris water maze test (Engelmann et al., Eur J Pharmacol, 1998, 361, 17-26). Bilateral infusion of an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide targeting the glucocorticoid receptor mRNA into the dentate gyrus of the rat hippocampus reduced the immobility of rats in the Porsolt forced swim test (Korte et al., Eur J Pharmacol, 1996, 301, 19-25).
  • Glucocorticoids are frequently used for their immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory effects in the treatment of diseases such as allergies, athsma, rheumatoid arthritis, AIDS, systemic lupus erythematosus and degenerative osteoarthritis. Negative regulation of gene expression, such as that caused by the interaction of glucocorticoid receptor with NF-kB, is proposed to be at least partly responsible for the anti-inflammatory action of glucocorticoids in vivo. Interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-1 are the three cytokines that account for most of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis stimulation during the stress of inflammation. The HPA axis and the systemic sympathetic and adrenomedullary system are the peripheral components of the stress system, responsible for maintaining basal and stress-related homeostasis. Glucocorticoids, the end products of the HPA axis, inhibit the production of all three inflammatory cytokines and also inhibit their effects on target tissues, with the exception of interleukin-6, which acts synergistically with glucocorticoids to stimulate the production of acute-phase reactants. Glucocorticoid treatment decreases the activity of the HPA axis (Chrousos, N Engl J Med, 1995, 332, 1351-1362).
  • In some cases, patients are refractory to glucocorticoid treatment. One reason for this resistance to steroids lies with mutations or polymorphisms present in the glucocorticoid receptor gene. A total of 15 missense, three nonsense, three frameshift, one splice site, and two alternative spliced mutations, as well as 16 polymorphisms, have been reported in the NR3C1 gene in association with glucocorticoid resistance (Bray and Cotton, Hum Mutat, 2003, 21, 557-568). Additional studies in humans have suggested a positive association between metabolic syndrome incidence and progression, with alleles at the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene (Rosmond, Obes Res, 2002, 10, 1078-1086).
  • Other cases of glucocorticoid insensitivity are associated with altered expression of glucocorticoid receptor isoforms. A study of human glucocorticoid receptor β isoform mRNA expression in glucocorticoid-resistant ulcerative colitis patients revealed the presence of this mRNA was significantly higher than in the glucocorticoid-sensitive patients, suggesting that the expression of human glucocorticoid receptor β mRNA in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells may serve as a predictor of glucocorticoid response in ulcerative colitis (Honda et al., Gastroenterology, 2000, 118, 859-866). Increased expression of glucocorticoid receptor β is also observed in a significantly high number of glucocorticoid-insensitive asthmatics. Additionally, cytokine-induced abnormalities in the DNA binding capacity of the glucocorticoid receptor were found in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from glucocorticoid-insensitive patients transfection, and HepG2 cells with the glucocorticoid receptor, gene resulted in a significant reduction of glucocorticoid receptor a DNA-binding capacity (Leung et al., J Exp Med, 1997, 186, 1567-1574). Dexamethasone binding studies demonstrate that human glucocorticoid receptor P does not alter the affinity of glucocorticoid receptor a for hormonal ligands, but rather its ability to bind to the GRE (Bamberger et al., J Clin Invest, 1995, 95, 2435-2441). Taken together, these results illustrate that glucocorticoid receptor β through competition with glucocorticoid receptor a for GRE target sites, may function as a physiologically and pathophysiologically relevant endogenous inhibitor of glucocorticoid action.
  • In the liver, glucocorticoid agonists increase hepatic glucose production by activating the glucocorticoid receptor, which subsequently leads to increased expression of the gluconeogenic enzymes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase. Through gluconeogenesis, glucose is formed through non-hexose precursors, such as lactate, pyruvate and alanine (Link, Curr Opin Investig Drugs, 2003, 4, 421-429). Steroidal glucocorticoid receptor antagonists such as RU 486 have been tested in rodent models of diabetes. Mice deficient in the leptin receptor gene, termed db/db mice, are genetically obese, diabetic and hyperinsulinemic. Treatment of hyperglycemic db/db mice with RU 486 decreased blood glucose levels by approximately 49%, without affecting plasma insulin levels. Additionally, RU 486 treatment reduced the expression of glucocorticoid receptor responsive genes PEPCK, glucose-6-phosphatase, glucose transporter type 2 and tyrosine aminotransferase in db/db mice as compared to untreated animals (Friedman et al., J Biol Chem, 1997, 272, 31475-31481). RU 486 also ameliorates diabetes in the ob/ob mouse model of diabetes, obesity and hyperinsulinemia, through a reduction in serum insulin and blood glucose levels (Gettys et al., Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 1997, 21, 865-873).
  • As increased gluconeogenesis is considered to be the major source of increased glucose production in diabetes, a number of therapeutic targets for the inhibition of hepatic glucose production have been investigated. Due to the ability of antagonists of the glucocorticoid receptor to ameliorate diabetes in animal models, such compounds are among the potential therapies being explored. However, there are detrimental systemic effects of glucocorticoid receptor antagonists, including activation of the HPA axis (Link, Curr Opin Investig Drugs, 2003, 4, 421-429). Increased HPA axis activity is associated with suppression of immune-related inflammatory action, which can increase susceptibility to infectious agents and neoplasms. Conditions associated with suppression of immune-mediated inflammation through defects in the HPA axis, or its target tissues, include Cushing's syndrome, chronic stress, chronic alcoholism and melancholic depression (Chrousos, N Engl J Med, 1995, 332, 1351-1362). Thus, it is of great value to develop liver-specific glucocorticoid receptor antagonists. Steroidal glucocorticoid receptor antagonists have been conjugated to bile acids for the purpose of targeting them to the liver (Apelqvist et al., 2000). Currently, there are no known therapeutic agents that target the glucocorticoid receptor without undesired peripheral effects (Link, Curr Opin Investig Drugs, 2003, 4, 421-429). Consequently, there remains a long felt need for agents capable of effectively inhibiting hepatic glucocorticoid receptor.
  • Definitions
  • “Glucocorticoid receptor” is the gene product or protein of which expression is to be modulated by administration of a short antisense compound. Glucocorticoid receptor is generally referred to as GCCR.
  • “GCCR nucleic acid” means any nucleic acid encoding GCCR. For example, in certain embodiments, a GCCR nucleic acid includes, without limitation, a DNA sequence encoding GCCR, an RNA sequence transcribed from DNA encoding GCCR, and an mRNA sequence encoding GCCR. “GCCR mRNA” means an mRNA encoding GCCR.
  • Therapeutic Indications
  • Antisense technology is an effective means of reducing the expression of specific gene products and therefore is useful in a number of therapeutic, diagnostic and research applications for the modulation of glucocorticoid receptor expression. Furthermore, in certain embodiments, liver is one of the tissues in which the highest concentrations of antisense oligonucleotides are found following administration (Geary et al., Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs, 2001, 2, 562-573). Therefore, in such embodiments, antisense technology represents an attractive method for the liver-specific inhibition of glucocorticoid receptor.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a nucleic acid encoding glucocorticoid receptor are preferentially distributed to the liver. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds have increased potency in the liver when compared to a longer parent compound. In certain embodiments, target RNA is predominantly expressed in the liver.
  • For therapeutics, a subject, suspected of having a disease or disorder which can be treated by modulating the expression of GCCR is treated by administering one or more short antisense compound. In a non-limiting example, the methods comprise the step of administering to an animal a therapeutically effective amount of a short antisense compound. Certain short antisense compounds inhibit the activity of GCCR and/or inhibit expression of GCCR. In certain embodiments, the activity or expression of GCCR in a subject is inhibited by at least 10%, by at least 20%, by at least 25%, by at least 30%, by at least 40%, by at least 50%, by at least 60%, by at least 70%, by at least 75%, by at least 80%, by at least 85%, by at least 90%, by at least 95%, by at least 98%, by at least 99%, or by 100%. In certain embodiments, the activity or expression of GCCR in a subject is inhibited by at least 30%. In certain embodiments, the activity or expression of GCCR in a subject is inhibited by at least 50% or more.
  • The reduction of the expression of GCCR may be measured, for example, in blood, plasma, serum, adipose tissue, liver or any other body fluid, tissue or organ of the animal. In certain embodiments, cells contained within such fluids, tissues or organs being analyzed comprise nucleic acids encoding GCCR and/or they contain the GCCR protein itself.
  • Certain pharmaceutical and other compositions comprising short antisense compounds are also provided. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are be utilized in pharmaceutical compositions by adding to them an effective amount of a compound to a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeting a GCCR nucleic acid have any one or more properties or characteristics of the short antisense compounds generally described herein. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeting a GCCR nucleic acid have a motif (wing-deoxy gap-wing) selected from 1-12-1, 1-1-10-2, 2-10-1-1, 3-10-3, 2-10-3, 2-10-2, 1-10-1, 1-10-2, 3-8-3, 2-8-2, 1-8-1, 3-6-3 or 1-6-1. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeting a GCCR nucleic acid have a motif (wing-deoxy gap-wing) selected from 1-10-1, 2-10-2, 3-10-3, and 1-9-2. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeting a GCCR nucleic acid have a motif (wing-deoxy gap-wing) selected from 3-10-3, 2-10-3, 2-10-2, 1-10-1, 1-10-2, 2-8-2, 1-8-1, 3-6-3 or 1-6-1, more preferably 2-10-2 and 2-8-2.
  • In certain embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating an individual by administering one or more short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid or a pharmaceutical composition comprising such compound. Further provided are methods of treating a subject having a disease or conditions associated with GCCR activity by administering a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid. In addition to diabetes, particularly type 2 diabetes, diseases and conditions associated with GCCR include but are not limited to, obesity, Metabolic syndrome X, Cushing's Syndrome, Addison's disease, inflammatory diseases such as asthma, rhinitis and arthritis, allergy, autoimmune disease, immunodeficiency, anorexia, cachexia, bone loss or bone frailty, and wound healing. Metabolic syndrome, metabolic syndrome X or simply Syndrome X refers to a cluster of risk factors that include obesity, dyslipidemia, particularly high blood triglycerides, glucose intolerance, high blood sugar and high blood pressure. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to GCCR are used for amelioration of hyperglycemia induced by systemic steroid therapy. Moreover, antisense technology provides a means of inhibiting the expression of the glucocorticoid receptor β isoform, demonstrated to be overexpressed in patients refractory to glucocorticoid treatment.
  • In certain embodiments, the invention provides short antisense compounds targeted to a nucleic acid encoding GCGR, and which modulate the expression of glucocorticoid receptor. Pharmaceutical and other compositions comprising the compounds of the invention are also provided. Further provided are methods of screening for modulators of glucocorticoid receptor and methods of modulating the expression of glucocorticoid receptor in cells, tissues or animals comprising contacting said cells, tissues or animals with one or more of the compounds or compositions of the invention. Methods of treating an animal, particularly a human, suspected of having or being prone to a disease or condition associated with expression of glucocorticoid receptor are also set forth herein. Such methods comprise administering a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of one or more of the compounds or compositions of the invention to the person in need of treatment.
  • Certain Short Antisense Compounds Targeted to a GCCR Nucleic Acid
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid having the sequence of nucleotides 1 to 106000 of GENBANK®V Accession No. AC012634, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 8. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 8 is at least 90% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 8. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 8 is at least 95% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 8. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 8 is 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 8. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 8 includes a nucleotide sequence selected from the nucleotide sequences set forth in Tables 10 and 11.
  • The nucleotide sequence set forth in each SEQ ID NO in Tables 10 and 11 is independent of any modification to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase. As such, short antisense compounds defined by a SEQ ID NO may comprise, independently, one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase. Short antisense compounds described by Isis Number (Isis NO.) indicate a combination of nucleobase sequence and one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprise a gapmer motif. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprises a 2-10-2 gapmer motif.
  • Tables 10 and 11 illustrate examples of short antisense compounds targeted to SEQ ID NO: 8. Table 10 illustrates short antisense compounds that are 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 8. Table 11 illustrates short antisense compounds that have one or two mismatches with respect to SEQ ID NO: 8. The column labeled ‘gapmer motif’ indicates the wing-gap-wing motif of each short antisense compounds. The gap segment comprises 2′-deoxynucleotides and each nucleotide of each wing segment comprises a 2′-modified sugar. The particular 2′-modified sugar is also indicated in the ‘gapmer motif’ column. For example, ‘2-10-2 MOE’ means a 2-10-2 gapmer motif, where a gap segment of ten 2′-deoxynucleotides is flanked by wing segments of two nucleotides, where the nucleotides of the wing segments are 2′-MOE nucleotides. Internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate. The short antisense compounds comprise 5-methylcytidine in place of unmodified cytosine, unless “unmodified cytosine” is listed in the gapmer motif column, in which case the indicated cytosines are unmodified cytosines. For example, “5-mC in gap only” indicates that the gap segment has 5-methylcytosines, while the wing segments have unmodified cytosines.
  • TABLE 19
    Short Antisense Compounds
    targeted to SEQ ID NO: 8
    5′ 3′ SEQ
    ISIS Target Target Sequence Gapmer ID
    NO. Site Site (5′-3′) Motif NO
    3716448 8142 88155 TTTGGGAGGTGGTC 2-10-2 MOE 413
    3716458 8156 88169 CACACCAGGCAGAG 2-10-2 MOE 414
    3716498 8212 88225 CTTTACAGCTTCCA 2-10-2 MOE 415
    3716518 8242 88255 CACTACCTTCCACT 2-10-2 MOE 416
    3716528 8248 88261 AACACACACTACCT 2-10-2 MOE 417
    3716538 8256 88269 CTCTTCAAAACACA 2-10-2 MOE 418
    3716659 2037 92050 GTAATTGTGCTGTC 2-10-2 MOE 419
    3716699 2086 92099 TTTTTCTTCGAATT 2-10-2 MOE 420
    3716719 2114 92127 CATTTTCGATAGCG 2-10-2 MOE 421
    3716739 2142 92155 ACCTTCCAGGTTCA 2-10-2 MOE 422
  • TABLE 11
    Short antisense compounds targeted to
    SEQ ID NO: 8 and having 1 or 2 mismatches
    5′ 3′ SEQ
    ISIS Target Target Sequence Gapmer ID
    NO Site Site (5′-3′) Motif NO
    371638 2039 2052 ATAGGAAGCATAAA 2-10-2 MOE 423
    371650 4949 4962 TCTTTTAAAGAAGA 2-10-2 MOE 424
    371673 10187 10200 ACCTTCCAGGTTCA 2-10-2 MOE 422
    371660 13465 13478 AAGGATATTTTAAA 2-10-2 MOE 425
    371660 14428 14441 AAGGATATTTTAAA 2-10-2 MOE 425
    371654 15486 15499 GAACAAAAATTAAA 2-10-2 MOE 427
    371661 16638 16651 TTGCACAGATCTGT 2-10-2 MOE 428
    371653 17892 17905 CTCTTCAAAACACA 2-10-2 MOE 418
    371679 18444 18457 TTTATAAAGTAAAG 2-10-2 MOE 429
    371645 19816 19829 CACACCAGGCAGAG 2-10-2 MOE 414
    371638 21555 21568 ATAGGAAGCATAAA 2-10-2 MOE 423
    371650 21775 21788 TCTTTTAAAGAAGA 2-10-2 MOE 424
    371679 21902 21915 TTTATAAAGTAAAG 2-10-2 MOE 429
    371655 22507 22520 TACTGTGAGAAATA 2-10-2 MOE 433
    371655 22722 22735 TACTGTGAGAAATA 2-10-2 MOE 433
    371672 25662 25675 TTCCAGCTTGAAGA 2-10-2 MOE 435
    371678 25926 25939 GATCAGTTCTCATG 2-10-2 MOE 436
    371655 26041 26054 TACTGTGAGAAATA 2-10-2 MOE 433
    371638 29770 29783 ATAGGAAGCATAAA 2-10-2 MOE 423
    371668 30551 30564 TTATCAATGATGCA 2-10-2 MOE 439
    371670 40584 40597 GCATGCTGGACAGT 2-10-2 MOE 440
    371654 43331 43344 GAACAAAAATTAAA 2-10-2 MOE 427
    371650 46024 46037 TCTTTTAAAGAAGA 2-10-2 MOE 424
    371659 50372 50385 TTGCACCTGAACTA 2-10-2 MOE 443
    371634 50565 50578 CAGAATATATTTCT 2-10-2 MOE 444
    371673 56942 56955 ACCTTCCAGGTTCA 2-10-2 MOE 422
    371654 62372 62385 GAACAAAAATTAAA 2-10-2 MOE 427
    371679 63537 63550 TTTATAAAGTAAAG 2-10-2 MOE 429
    371654 64908 64921 GAACAAAAATTAAA 2-10-2 MOE 427
    371661 65795 65808 TTCCACAGATCTGT 2-10-2 MOE 428
    371645 70997 71010 CACACCAGGCAGAG 2-10-2 MOE 414
    371661 77400 77413 TTCCACAGATCTGT 2-10-2 MOE 428
    371663 82329 82342 ATAAGAGATTAAAA 2-10-2 MOE 450
    371633 83426 83439 TCCCCCTTCTCATT 2-10-2 MOE 451
    371662 85873 85886 GGGCATTGTTAAAA 2-10-2 MOE 452
    371654 86476 86489 GAACAAAAATTAAA 2-10-2 MOE 427
    371679 86516 86529 TTTATAAAGTAAAG 2-10-2 MOE 429
    371641 88097 88110 AGAACTCACATCTG 2-10-2 MOE 455
    371642 88111 88124 GAGCTGGACGGAGG 2-10-2 MOE 456
    371646 88170 88183 AAGCTTCATCGGAG 2-10-2 MOE 457
    371647 88184 88197 ATAATGGCATCCCG 2-10-2 MOE 458
    371650 88226 88239 TCTTTTAAAGAAGA 2-10-2 MOE 424
    371673 91493 91506 ACCTTCCAGGTTCA 2-10-2 MOE 422
    371664 92030 92043 TGCTGTCCTATAAG 2-10-2 MOE 460
    371666 92044 92057 CACAAAGGTAAITG 2-10-2 MOE 461
    371667 92058 92071 ATCATTTCTTCCAG 2-10-2 MOE 462
    371668 92072 92085 TTATCAATGATGCA 2-10-2 MOE 463
    371670 92100 92113 GCATGCTGGACAGT 2-10-2 MOE 440
    371672 92128 92141 TTCCAGCTTGAAGA 2-10-2 MOE 435
    371674 92147 92160 CCATTACCTTCCAG 2-10-2 MOE 466
    371637 92983 92996 GCATAAACAGGGTT 2-10-2 MOE 467
    371654 93928 93941 GAACAAAAATTAAA 2-10-2 MOE 427
    371641 99772 99785 AGAACTCACATCTG 2-10-2 MOE 455
    371679 99883 99896 TTTATAAAGTAAAG 2-10-2 MOE 429
    371660 99933 99946 AAGGATATTTTAAA 2-10-2 MOE 425
    371635 105004 105017 TATGAAAGGAATGT 2-10-2 MOE 472
    371654 105028 105041 GAACAAAAATTAAA 2-10-2 MOE 427
    371676 106482 106495 TTCCTTAAGCTTCC 2-10-2 MOE 474
    371650 107838 107851 TCTTTTAAAGAAGA 2-10-2 MOE 424
    371673 110922 110935 ACCTTCCAGGTTCA 2-10-2 MOE 422
    371673 111580 111593 ACCTTCCAGGTTCA 2-10-2 MOE 422
    371634 114608 114621 CAGAATATATTTCT 2-10-2 MOE 444
    371638 115040 115053 ATAGGAAGCATAAA 2-10-2 MOE 423
    371660 116244 116257 AAGGATATTTTAAA 2-10-2 MOE 425
    371663 116657 116670 ATAAGAGATTAAAA 2-10-2 MOE 450
    371673 118068 118081 ACCTTCCAGGTTCA 2-10-2 MOE 422
    371666 118834 118847 CACAAAGGTAATTG 2-10-2 MOE 461
    371660 119858 119871 AAGGATATTTTAAA 2-10-2 MOE 425
    371660 120210 120223 AAGGATATTTTAAA 2-10-2 MOE 425
    371662 120876 120889 GGGCATTGTTAAAA 2-10-2 MOE 452
    371655 124004 124017 TACTGTGAGAAATA 2-10-2 MOE 433
    371656 124170 124183 GAACAGTTAAACAT 2-10-2 MOE 485
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 88142-88269 of SEQ ID NO: 8. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 88142-88269 of SEQ ID NO: 8. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 88142-88269 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, or 418. In certain such embodiments, an antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 88142-88269 of SEQ ID NO: 8 is selected from Isis NO. 371644, 371645, 371649, 371651, 371652, or 371653.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 88142-88169 of SEQ ID NO: 8. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 88142-88169 of SEQ ID NO: 8. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 88142-88169 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 413 or 414. In certain such embodiments, an antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 88142-88169 of SEQ ID NO: 8 is selected from Isis NO. 371644 or 371645.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 88242-88269 of SEQ ID NO: 8. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 88242-88269 of SEQ ID NO: 8. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 88242-88269 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 416, 417, or 418. In certain such embodiments, an antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 88242-88269 of SEQ ID NO: 8 is selected from Isis NO. 371651, 371652, or 371653.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 92037-92155 of SEQ ID NO: 8. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 92037-92155 of SEQ ID NO: 8. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 92037-92155 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 419, 420, 421, or 422. In certain such embodiments, an antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 92037-92155 of SEQ ID NO: 8 is selected from Isis NO. 371665, 371669, 371671, or 171673.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 92114-92155 of SEQ ID NO: 8. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 92114-92155 of SEQ ID NO: 8. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 92114-92155 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 421 or 422. In certain such embodiments, an antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 92114-92155 of SEQ ID NO: 8 is selected from Isis NO. 371671 or 171673.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid are 8 to 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid are 9 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid are 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, such short antisense compounds are short antisense oligonucleotides.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid are short gapmers. In certain such embodiments, short gapmers targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprise at least one high affinity modification in one or more wings of the compound. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprise 1 to 3 high-affinity modifications in each wing. In certain such embodiments, the nucleosides or nucleotides of the wing comprise a 2′ modification. In certain such embodiments, the monomers of the wing are BNA's. In certain such embodiments, the monomers of the wing are selected from α-L-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA, β-D-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA, Ethyleneoxy (4′-(CH2)2—O-2′) BNA, Aminooxy (4′-CH2—O—N(R)-2′) BNA and Oxyamino (4′-CH2—N(R)-0-2′) BNA. In certain embodiments, the monomers of a wing comprise a substituent at the 2′ position selected from allyl, amino, azido, thio, O-allyl, O—C1-C10 alkyl, —OCF3, O—(CH2)2—O—CH3, 2′-O(CH2)2SCH3, O—(CH2)2—O—N(Rm)(Rn), and O—CH2—C(═O)—N(Rm)(Rn), where each Rm and Rn is, independently, H or substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl. In certain embodiments, the monomers of a wing are 2′MOE nucleotides.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprise a gap between the 5′ wing and the 3′ wing. In certain embodiments the gap comprises five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, or fourteen monomers. In certain embodiments, the monomers of the gap are unmodified deoxyribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, the monomers of the gap are unmodified ribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, gap modifications (if any) gap result in an antisense compound that, when bound to its target nucleic acid, supports cleavage by an RNase, including, but not limited to, RNase H.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid have uniform monomeric linkages. In certain such embodiments, those linkages are all phosphorothioate linkages. In certain embodiments, the linkages are all phosphodiester linkages. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid have mixed backbones.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid are 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid are 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid are 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid are 11 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid are monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid are 13 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid are 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid are 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid are 16 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprise 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprise 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.
  • In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods of modulating expression of GCCR. In certain embodiments, such methods comprise use of one or more short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid, wherein the short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid is from about 8 to about 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 monomers (i.e. from about 8 to about 16 linked monomers). One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this comprehends methods of modulating expression of GCCR using one or more short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 monomers.
  • In certain embodiments, methods of modulating GCCR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid that is 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating GCCR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid that is 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating GCCR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid that is 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating GCCR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid that is 11 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating GCCR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid that is 12 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating GCCR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid that is 13 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating GCCR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid that is 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating GCCR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid that is 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating GCCR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid that is 16 monomers in length.
  • In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of GCCR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprising 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of GCCR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprising 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of GCCR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprising 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of GCCR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprising 12 or 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.
  • 7. Glucagon Receptor (GCGR)
  • The maintenance of normal glycemia is a carefully regulated metabolic event. Glucagon, the 29-amino acid peptide responsible for maintaining blood glucose levels in the postabsorbative state, increases glucose release from the liver by activating hepatic glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, stimulating lipolysis in adipose tissue, and stimulating insulin secretion. During high blood glucose levels, insulin reverses the glucagon-mediated enhancement of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. In patients with diabetes, insulin is either not available or not fully effective. While treatment for diabetes has traditionally focused on increasing insulin levels, antagonism of glucagon function has been considered as an alternative therapy. As glucagon exerts its physiological effects by signaling through the glucagon receptor, the glucagon receptor has been proposed as a potential therapeutic target for diabetes (Madsen et al., Curr. Pharm. Des., 1999, 5, 683-691).
  • Glucagon receptor is belongs to the superfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors having seven transmembrane domains. It is also a member of the smaller sub-family of homologous receptors which bind peptides that are structurally similar to glucagon. The gene encoding human glucagon receptor was cloned in 1994 and analysis of the genomic sequence revealed multiple introns and an 82% identity to the rat glucagon receptor gene (Lok et al., Gene, 1994, 140, 203-209; MacNeil et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1994, 198, 328-334). Cloning of the rat glucagon receptor gene also led to the description of multiple alternative splice variants (Maget et al., FEBS Lett., 1994, 351, 271-275). The human glucagon receptor gene is localized to chromosome 17q25 (Menzel et al., Genomics, 1994, 20, 327-328). A missense mutation of Gly to Ser at codon 40 in the glucagon receptor gene leads to a 3-fold lower affinity for glucagon (Fujisawa et al., Diabetologia, 1995, 38, 983-985) and this mutation has been linked to several disease states, including non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (Fujisawa et al., Diabetologia, 1995, 38, 983-985), hypertension (Chambers and Morris, Nat. Genet., 1996, 12, 122), and central adiposity (Siani et al., Obes. Res., 2001, 9, 722-726).
  • Definitions
  • “Glucagon receptor” is the gene product or protein of which expression is to be modulated by administration of a short antisense compound. Glucagon receptor is generally referred to as GCGR but may also be referred to as GR, GGR, MGC138246, MGC93090.
  • “GCGR nucleic acid” means any nucleic acid encoding GCGR. For example, in certain embodiments, a GCGR nucleic acid includes, without limitation, a GCGR sequence encoding GCGR, an RNA sequence transcribed from DNA encoding GCGR, and an mRNA sequence encoding GCGR. “GCGR mRNA” means an mRNA encoding a GCGR protein.
  • Therapeutic Indications
  • Antisense technology is an effective means for reducing glucagon receptor (GCGR) expression and has proven to be uniquely useful in a number of therapeutic, diagnostic, and research applications. As such, in certain embodiments, the present invention provides short antisense compounds targeted to a nucleic acid encoding glucagon receptor, and which modulate the expression of glucagon receptor. Further provided herein are short antisense compounds capable of inhibiting GCGR expression. Also provided herein are methods of treating an individual comprising administering one or more pharmaceutical compositions comprising a short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, because short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid inhibit GCGR expression, provided herein are methods of treating a subject having a disease or condition associated with GCGR activity by administering one or more pharmaceutical compositions comprising a short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid. For example, provided herein are methods of treating a subject having high blood glucose, hyperglycemia, prediabetes, diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, obesity and/or insulin resistance.
  • Also contemplated herein are pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more short antisense compounds targeted to GCGR and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, enhancer or excipient. Certain compounds of the invention can also be used in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of diseases and disorders related to glucagon effects mediated by GCGR.
  • Certain embodiments of the present invention include methods of reducing the expression of GCGR in tissues or cells comprising contacting said cells or tissues with a short antisense compound targeted to a nucleic acid encoding GCGRor pharmaceutical composition comprising such a short antisense compound. In certain such embodiments, the invention provides methods of decreasing blood glucose levels, blood triglyceride levels, or blood cholesterol levels in a subject comprising administering to the subject a short antisense compound or a pharmaceutical composition. Blood levels may be plasma levels or serum levels. Also contemplated are methods of improving insulin sensitivity, methods of increasing GLP-1 levels and methods of inhibiting hepatic glucose output in an animal comprising administering to said animal an antisense oligonucleotide or a pharmaceutical composition of the invention. An improvement in insulin sensitivity may be indicated by a reduction in circulating insulin levels.
  • In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods of treating a subject having a disease or condition associated with glucagon activity via GCGR comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of a short antisense compound or a pharmaceutical composition. In certain embodiments, such disease or condition may be a metabolic disease or condition. In certain embodiments, the metabolic disease or condition is diabetes, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, metabolic syndrome X, obesity, primary hyperglucagonemia, insulin deficiency, or insulin resistance. In some embodiments, the diabetes is Type 2 diabetes. In some embodiments the obesity is diet-induced. In some embodiments, hyperlipidemia is associated with elevated blood lipid levels. Lipids include cholesterol and triglycerides. In one embodiment, the condition is liver steatosis. In some embodiments, the steatosis is steatohepatitis or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.
  • In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods of preventing or delaying the onset of elevated blood glucose levels in an animal as well as methods of preserving beta-cell function in an animal using the oligomeric compounds delineated herein.
  • Certain short antisense compounds targeted to GCGR can be used to modulate the expression of GCGR in a subject in need thereof, such as an animal, including, but not limited to, a human In certain embodiments, such methods comprise the step of administering to said animal an effective amount of a short antisense compound that reduces expression of GCGR RNA. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds effectively reduce the levels or function of GCGR RNA. Because reduction in GCGR mRNA levels can lead to alteration in GCGR protein products of expression as well, such resultant alterations can also be measured. Certain antisense compounds that effectively reduce the levels or function of GCGR RNA or protein products of expression is considered an active antisense compound. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds reduce the expression of GCGR causing a reduction of RNA by at least 10%, by at least 20%, by at least 25%, by at least 30%, by at least 40%, by at least 50%, by at least 60%, by at least 70%, by at least 75%, by at least 80%, by at least 85%, by at least 90%, by at least 95%, by at least 98%, by at least 99%, or by 100%.
  • Further provided are methods of screening for modulators of glucagon receptor and methods of modulating the expression of glucagon receptor in cells, tissues or animals comprising contacting said cells, tissues or animals with one or more short antisense compounds targeted to GCGRor with compositions comprising such compounds. Methods of treating an animal, particularly a human, suspected of having or being prone to a disease or condition associated with expression of glucagon receptor are also set forth herein. Certain such methods comprise administering a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of one or more of the compounds or compositions of the invention to the person in need of treatment.
  • The reduction of the expression of glucagon receptor may be measured, for example, in blood, plasma, serum, adipose tissue, liver or any other body fluid, tissue or organ of the animal. Preferably, the cells contained within said fluids, tissues or organs being analyzed contain a nucleic acid molecule encoding glucagon receptor protein and/or the glucagon receptor protein itself.
  • Pharmaceutical and other compositions comprising short antisense compounds are also provided. In certain embodiments short antisense compounds targeted to a nucleic acid encoding GCGR are utilized in pharmaceutical compositions by adding an effective amount of a compound to a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier.
  • The short antisense compounds targeting a GCGR nucleic acid may have any one or more properties or characteristics of the short antisense compounds generally described herein. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeting a GCGR nucleic acid have a motif (wing-deoxy gap-wing) selected from 1-12-1, 1-1-10-2, 2-10-1-1, 3-10-3, 2-10-3, 2-10-2, 1-10-1, 1-10-2, 3-8-3, 2-8-2, 1-8-1, 3-6-3 or 1-6-1. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeting a GCGR nucleic acid have a motif (wing-deoxy gap-wing) selected from 1-12-1, 2-10-2, 3-10-3, 3-8-3, 1-1-10-2.
  • Certain Short Antisense Compounds Targeted to a GCGR Nucleic Acid
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid having the sequence GENBANK® Accession No. NM000160.1, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 9 is at least 90% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 9 is at least 95% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 9 is 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 9 includes a nucleotide sequence selected from the nucleotide sequences set forth in Tables 12 and 13.
  • The nucleotide sequences set forth in each SEQ ID NO in Tables 12 and 13 are independent of any modification to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase. As such, short antisense compounds defined by a SEQ ID NO may comprise, independently, one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase. Short antisense compounds described by Isis Number (Isis NO.) indicate a combination of nucleobase sequence and one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprise a gapmer motif. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprises a 3-10-3 gapmer motif. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprise a gapmer motif. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprises a 3-8-3 gapmer motif. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprise a gapmer motif. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to a GCCR nucleic acid comprises a 2-10-2 gapmer motif.
  • Tables 12 and 13 illustrate examples of short antisense compounds targeted to SEQ ID NO: 9. Table 12 illustrates short antisense compounds that are 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 9. Table 13 illustrates short antisense compounds that have one or two mismatches with respect to SEQ ID NO: 9. The column labeled ‘gapmer motif’ indicates the wing-gap-wing motif of each short antisense compounds. The gap segment comprises 2′-deoxynucleotides and each nucleotide of each wing segment comprises a 2′-modified sugar. The particular 2′-modified sugar is also indicated in the ‘gapmer motif’ column. For example, ‘2-10-2 MOE’ means a 2-10-2 gapmer motif, where a gap segment of ten 2′-deoxynucleotides is flanked by wing segments of two nucleotides, where the nucleotides of the wing segments are 2′-MOE nucleotides. Internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate. The short antisense compounds comprise 5-methylcytidine in place of unmodified cytosine, unless “unmodified cytosine” is listed in the gapmer motif column, in which case the indicated cytosines are unmodified cytosines. For example, “5-mC in gap only” indicates that the gap segment has 5-methylcytosines, while the wing segments have unmodified cytosines.
  • TABLE 12
    Short Antisense Compounds
    targeted to SEQ ID NO: 9
    5′ 3′ SEQ
    ISIS Target Target Gapmer ID
    NO. Site Site Sequence (5′-3′) Motif NO
    338463 378 393 TAGAGCTTCCACTTCT 3-10-3 MOE 486
    338534 378 391 GAGCTTCCACTTCT 3-8-3 MOE 487
    327130 499 512 TGITGGCCGTGGTA 3-8-3 MOE 488
    327131 500 513 ATGTTGGCCGTGGT 3-8-3 MOE 489
    327132 501 514 GATGTTGGCCGTGG 3-8-3 MOE 490
    327133 502 515 AGATGTTGGCCGTG 3-8-3 MOE 491
    327134 503 516 GAGATGTTGGCCGT 3-8-3 MOE 492
    327135 504 517 GGAGATGTTGGCCG 3-8-3 MOE 493
    327136 505 518 AGGAGATGTTGGCC 3-8-3 MOE 494
    327137 506 519 CAGGAGATGTTGGC 3-8-3 MOE 495
    327138 507 520 GCAGGAGATGTTGG 3-8-3 MOE 496
    327139 508 521 GGCAGGAGATGTTG 3-8-3 MOE 497
    327140 531 544 GTGGTGCCAAGGCA 3-8-3 MOE 498
    327141 532 545 TGTGGTGCCAAGGC 3-8-3 MOE 499
    327142 533 546 TTGTGGTGCCAAGG 3-8-3 MOE 500
    327143 534 547 TTTGTGGTGCCAAG 3-8-3 MOE 501
    327144 535 548 CTTTGTGGTGCCAA 3-8-3 MOE 502
    327145 536 549 ACTTTGTGGTGCCA 3-8-3 MOE 503
    327146 537 550 CACTTTGTGGTGCC 3-8-3 MOE 504
    327147 538 551 GCACTTTGTGGTGC 3-8-3 MOE 505
    327148 539 552 TGCACTTTGTGGTG 3-8-3 MOE 506
    327149 540 553 TTGCACTTTGTGGT 3-8-3 MOE 507
    327150 545 558 CGGTGTTGCACTTT 3-8-3 MOE 508
    327151 546 559 GGGGTGTTGCACTT 3-8-3 MOE 509
    327152 547 560 AGCGGTGTTGCAGT 3-8-3 MOE 510
    327153 548 561 AAGCGGTGTTGCAC 3-8-3 MOE 511
    327154 549 562 GAAGCGGTGTTGCA 3-8-3 MOE 512
    327155 550 563 CGAAGCGGTGTTGC 3-8-3 MOE 513
    327156 551 564 ACGAAGCGGTGTTG 3-8-3 MOE 514
    327157 552 565 CACGAAGCGGTGTT 3-8-3 MOE 515
    327158 553 566 ACACGAAGCGGTGT 3-8-3 MOE 516
    327159 554 567 AACACGAAGCGGTG 3-8-3 MOE 517
    345897 684 697 GCTGCTGTACATCT 2-10-2 MOE 518
    327160 684 697 GCTGCTGTACATCT 3-8-3 MOE 518
    327161 685 698 AGCTGCTGTACATC 3-8-3 MOE 520
    327162 686 699 AAGCTGCTGTACAT 3-8-3 MOE 521
    327163 687 700 GAAGCTGCTGTACA 3-8-3 MOE 522
    327164 688 701 GGAAGCTGCTGTAC 3-8-3 MOE 523
    327165 689 702 TGGAAGCTGCTGTA 3-8-3 MOE 524
    327166 690 703 CTGGAAGCTGCTGT 3-8-3 MOE 525
    327167 691 704 CCTGGAAGCTGCTG 3-8-3 MOE 526
    327168 692 705 ACCTGGAAGCTGCT 3-8-3 MOE 527
    327169 693 706 CACCTGGAAGCTGC 3-8-3 MOE 528
    327170 694 707 TCACCTGGAAGCTG 3-8-3 MOE 529
    327171 695 708 ATCACCTGGAAGCT 3-8-3 MOE 530
    327172 696 709 CATCACCTGGAAGC 3-8-3 MOE 531
    327173 697 710 ACATCACCTGGAAG 3-8-3 MOE 532
    327174 698 711 TACATCACCTGGAA 3-8-3 MOE 533
    327175 699 712 GTACATCACCTGGA 3-8-3 MOE 534
    327176 700 713 TGTACATCACCTGG 3-8-3 MOE 535
    327177 701 714 GTGTACATCACCTG 3-8-3 MOE 536
    327178 869 882 TAGCGGGTCCTGAG 3-8-3 MOE 537
    327179 870 883 GTAGCGGGTCCTGA 3-8-3 MOE 538
    327180 871 884 TGTAGCGGGTCCTG 3-8-3 MOE 539
    327181 872 885 CTGTAGCGGGTCCT 3-8-3 MOE 540
    327182 873 886 GCTGTAGCGGGTCC 3-8-3 MOE 541
    327183 874 887 GGCTGTAGCGGGTC 3-8-3 MOE 542
    327184 875 888 TGGCTGTAGCGGGT 3-8-3 MOE 543
    327185 876 889 CTGGCTGTAGCGGG 3-8-3 MOE 544
    327186 877 890 TCTGGCTGTAGCGG 3-8-3 MOE 545
    327187 878 891 TTCTGGCTGTAGCG 3-8-3 MOE 546
    327188 955 968 TGAACACCGCGGCC 3-8-3 MOE 547
    327189 956 969 ATGAACACCGCGGC 3-8-3 MOE 548
    327190 957 970 CATGAACACCGCGG 3-8-3 MOE 549
    327191 958 971 GCATGAACACCGCG 3-8-3 MOE 550
    327192 959 972 TGCATGAACACCGC 3-8-3 MOE 551
    327193 960 973 TTTGCATGAACACCG 3-8-3 MOE 552
    327194 961 974 ATTGCATGAACACC 3-8-3 MOE 553
    327195 962 975 TATTGCATGAACAC 3-8-3 MOE 554
    327196 963 976 ATATTGCATGAACA 3-8-3 MOE 555
    327197 964 977 CATATTGCATGAAC 3-8-3 MOE 556
    327198 1019 1032 AGGTTGTGCAGGTA 3-8-3 MOE 557
    327199 1020 1033 CAGGTTGTGCAGGT 3-8-3 MOE 558
    327200 1021 1034 GCAGGTTGTGCAGG 3-8-3 MOE 559
    327201 1022 1035 AGCAGGTTGTGCAG 3-8-3 MOE 560
    327202 1023 1036 CAGCAGGTTGTGCA 3-8-3 MOE 561
    327203 1024 1037 CCAGCAGGTTGTGC 3-8-3 MOE 562
    327204 1025 1038 CCCAGCAGGTTGTG 3-8-3 MOE 563
    327205 1026 1039 GCCCAGCAGGTTGT 3-8-3 MOE 564
    327206 1027 1040 GGCCCAGCAGGTTG 3-8-3 MOE 565
    327207 1028 1041 AGGCCCAGCAGGTT 3-8-3 MOE 566
    338491 1160 1175 TGTCATTGCTGGTCCA 3-10-3 MOE 567
    338562 1160 1173 TCATTGCTGGTCCA 3-8-3 MOE 568
    338498 1307 1322 TGGCCAGCCGGAACTT 3-10-3 MOE 569
    338569 1307 1320 GCCAGCCGGAACTT 3-8-3 MOE 570
    338499 1329 1344 GGGATGAGGGTCAGCG 3-10-3 MOE 571
    338570 1329 1342 GATGAGGGTCAGCG 3-8-3 MOE 572
    385067 1364 1377 AAGGCAAAGACCAC 3-8-3 MOE 573
    338573 1401 1414 GGAGCGCAGGGTGC 3-8-3 MOE 574
    338580 1487 1500 TGCACCTCCTTGTT 3-8-3 MOE 575
  • TABLE 13
    Short antisense compounds targeted to
    SEQ ID NO: 1 and having 1 or 2 mismatches
    5′ Target 5′ Target SEQ ID
    ISIS NO. Site Site Sequence (5′-3′) Gapmer Motif NO
    338577 158 171 CAGCAGACCCTGGA 3-8-3 MOE 576
    338458 237 252 ACATCTGGCAGAGGTT 3-10-3 MOE 577
    338529 237 250 ATCTGGCAGAGGTT 3-8-3 MOE 578
    338466 318 333 CAGGCCAGCAGGAGTA 3-10-3 MOE 579
    338537 318 331 GGCCAGCAGGAGTA 3-8-3 MOE 580
    338533 364 377 CAAACAAAAAGTCC 3-8-3 MOE 582
    338462 364 379 CTCAAACAAAAAGTCC 3-10-3 MOE 581
    338535 397 410 GGTGACATTGGTCA 3-8-3 MOE 584
    338464 397 412 GTGGTGACATTGGTCA 3-10-3 MOE 583
    338466 470 485 CAGGCCAGCAGGAGTA 3-10-3 MOE 579
    338537 470 483 GGCCAGCAGGAGTA 3-8-3 MOE 580
    385048 497 510 TTGGCAGTGGTGTT 3-8-3 MOE 587
    385049 500 513 ATGTTGGCAGTGGT 3-8-3 MOE 588
    338467 503 518 AGGAAATGTTGGCAGT 3-10-3 MOE 589
    338538 503 516 GAAATGTTGGCAGT 3-8-3 MOE 590
    385050 506 519 CAGGAAATGTTGGC 3-8-3 MOE 591
    385051 509 522 GGGCAGGAAATGTT 3-8-3 MOE 592
    385052 523 536 AAGGTAGGTACCAG 3-8-3 MOE 593
    385053 526 539 ACCAAGGTAGGTAC 3-8-3 MOE 594
    385056 535 548 CTTTGTGGCACCAA 3-8-3 MOE 595
    385057 538 551 GCACTTTGTGGCAC 3-8-3 MOE 596
    338539 539 552 TGCACTTTGTGGCA 3-8-3 MOE 597
    385058 541 554 GCTGCACTTTGTGG 3-8-3 MOE 598
    385059 544 557 GGTGCTGCACTTTG 3-8-3 MOE 599
    385060 547 560 GGCGGTGCTGCACT 3-8-3 MOE 600
    385063 556 569 TGAACACTAGGCGG 3-8-3 MOE 601
    385064 559 572 TCITGAACACTAGG 3-8-3 MOE 602
    338469 561 576 CACCTCTTGAACACTA 3-10-3 MOE 603
    338540 561 574 CCTCTTGAACACTA 3-8-3 MOE 604
    385065 562 575 ACCTCTTGAACAGT 3-8-3 MOE 605
    385066 565 578 CACACCTCTTGAAC 3-8-3 MOE 606
    338541 590 603 CCTCGAACCCACTG 3-8-3 MOE 607
    338473 658 673 CTTCTGGACCTCGATC 3-10-3 MOE 608
    338544 658 671 TCTGGACCTCGATC 3-8-3 MOE 609
    338474 681 696 CTGCTATACATCTTGG 3-10-3 MOE 610
    338545 681 694 GCTATACATCTTGG 3-8-3 MOE 611
    338475 703 718 CACGGTGTACATCACC 3-10-3 MOE 612
    338546 703 716 CGGTGTACATCACC 3-8-3 MOE 613
    338547 718 731 ACAGACTGTAGCCC 3-8-3 MOE 615
    338476 718 733 GGACAGACTGTAGCCC 3-10-3 MOE 614
    338550 889 902 CATCGCCAATCTTC 3-8-3 MOE 617
    338479 889 904 GTCATCGCCAATCTTC 3-10-3 MOE 616
    338551 899 912 ACACTGAGGTCATC 3-8-3 MOE 619
    338480 899 914 TCACACTGAGGTCATC 3-10-3 MOE 618
    338552 924 937 CGCCCCGTCACTGA 3-8-3 MOE 620
    338555 992 1005 AGCAACCAGCAATA 3-8-3 MOE 622
    338484 992 1007 CCAGCAACCAGCAATA 3-10-3 MOE 621
    338485 101 81033 CAGGCTGTACAGGTAC 3-10-3 MOE 623
    338556 101 81031 GGCTGTAGAGGTAC 3-8-3 MOE 624
    338558 105 11064 AGCTCCTCTCAGAG 3-8-3 MOE 626
    338487 105 11066 GAAGCTCCTCTCAGAG 3-10-3 MOE 625
    338559 107 91092 CAGCCAATGCCCAG 3-8-3 MOE 628
    338488 107 91094 CCCAGCCAATGCCCAG 3-10-3 MOE 627
    338560 113 11144 AAACAGACACTTGA 3-8-3 MOE 630
    338489 113 11146 TCAAACAGACACTTGA 3-10-3 MOE 629
    338490 114 51160 AGCACTGAACATTCTC 3-10-3 MOE 631
    338561 114 51158 CACTGAACATTCTC 3-8-3 MOE 632
    338563 118 11194 ATCCACCAGAATCC 3-8-3 MOE 634
    338492 118 11196 GGATCCACCAGAATCG 3-10-3 MOE 633
    338564 121 61229 TGATCAGTAAGGCC 3-8-3 MOE 635
    338565 123 21245 ACAAAGATGAAAAA 3-8-3 MOE 637
    338494 123 21247 GGACAAAGATGAAAAA 3-10-3 MOE 636
    338566 126 71280 CACGCAGCTTGGCC 3-8-3 MOE 639
    338495 126 71282 GGCACGCAGCTTGGCC 3-10-3 MOE 638
    338571 134 41357 GACCCCCAGCAGAG 3-8-3 MOE 641
    338500 134 41359 TGGACCCCCAGCAGAG 3-10-3 MOE 640
    385068 136 61379 CAAAGGCAAAGACC 3-8-3 MOE 642
    385069 136 91382 TCACAAAGGCAAAG 3-8-3 MOE 643
    385070 137 21385 CAGTCACAAAGGCA 3-8-3 MOE 644
    385071 137 51388 CGTCAGTCACAAAG 3-8-3 MOE 645
    385072 137 81391 GCTCGTCAGTCACA 3-8-3 MOE 646
    385073 138 11394 CATGCTCGTCAGTC 3-8-3 MOE 647
    386608 138 41397 GGGCATGCTCGTCA 1-12-1 MOE 648
    386593 138 41397 GGGCATGCTCGTCA 2-10-2 MOE 648
    396146 138 41397 GGGCATGCTCGTCA 2-10-2 MOE 648
    338572 138 41397 GGGCATGCTCGTCA 3-8-3 MOE 648
    396149 138 41397 GGGCATGCTCGTCA 1-1-10-2 2′- 648
    (butylacetamido)-
    palmitamide/OMe/
    OMe
    386627 138 41397 GGGCATGCTCGTCA 2-10-2 648
    Methyleneoxy
    BNA
    386610 1387 1400 CTTGGGCATGCTCG 1-12-1 MOE 654
    386595 1387 1400 CTTGGGCATGCTCG 2-10-2 MOE 654
    385074 1387 1400 CTTGGGCATGCTCG 3-8-3 MOE 654
    385075 1390 1403 TGCCTTGGGCATGC 3-8-3 MOE 657
    385076 1393 1406 GGGTGCCTTGGGCA 3-8-3 MOE 648
    385077 1396 1409 GCAGGGTGCCTTGG 3-8-3 MOE 659
    385078 1399 1412 AGCGCAGGGTGCCT 3-8-3 MOE 660
    338502 1401 1416 GTGGAGCGCAGGGTGC 3-10-3 MOE 661
    385079 1402 1415 TGGAGCGCAGGGTG 3-8-3 MOE 662
    385080 1405 1418 TGGTGGAGCGCAGG 3-8-3 MOE 663
    385081 1408 1421 GCTTGGTGGAGCGC 3-8-3 MOE 664
    385082 1411 1424 AGAGCTTGGTGGAG 3-8-3 MOE 665
    338503 1412 1427 AAAAGAGCTTGGTGGA 3-10-3 MOE 666
    338574 1412 1425 AAGAGCTTGGTGGA 3-8-3 MOE 667
    385083 1414 1427 AAAAGAGCTTGGTG 3-8-3 MOE 668
    385084 1417 1430 CAAAAAAGAGCTTG 3-8-3 MOE 669
    338504 1434 1449 AAGGAGCTGAGGAACA 3-10-3 MOE 670
    338575 1434 1447 GGAGCTGAGGAACA 3-8-3 MOE 671
    327167 1441 1454 CCTGGAAGCTGCTG 3-8-3 MOE 526
    338576 1445 1458 AGACGCTGGAAGGA 3-8-3 MOE 673
    338505 1445 1460 GCAGACCCTGGAAGGA 3-10-3 MOE 672
    338506 1449 1464 ACCAGCAGACCCTGGA 3-10-3 MOE 674
    338577 1449 1462 CAGCAGACCCTGGA 3-8-3 MOE 576
    338507 1464 1479 CAGTAGAGAACAGCCA 3-10-3 MOE 676
    338578 1464 1477 GTAGAGAACAGCCA 3-8-3 MOE 677
    338508 1475 1490 TGTTGAGGAAACAGTA 3-10-3 MOE 678
    338579 1475 1488 TTGAGGAAACAGTA 3-8-3 MOE 679
    338509 1487 1502 CCTGCACCTCCTTGTT 3-10-3 MOE 680
    338580 1610 1623 TGCACCTCCTTGTT 3-8-3 MOE 575
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 378-391 of SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 378-391 of SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 378-391 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 486 or 487. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 378-391 of SEQ ID NO: 9 is selected from Isis No 338463 or 338534.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 499-521 of SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 499-521 of SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 499-521 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 488, 489, 490, 491, 492, 493, 494, 495, 496, or 497. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 499-521 of SEQ ID NO: 9 is selected from Isis No 327130, 327131, 327132, 327133, 327134, 327135, 327136, 327137, 327138, or 327139.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 531-553 of SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 531-553 of SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 531-553 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 498, 499, 500, 501, 502, 503, 504, 505, 506, or 507. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 531-553 of SEQ ID NO: 9 is selected from Isis No 327140, 327141, 327142, 327143, 327144, 327145, 327146, 327147, 327148, or 327149.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 545-567 of SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 545-567 of SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 545-567 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 508, 509, 510, 511, 512, 513, 514, 515, 516, or 517. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 545-567 of SEQ ID NO: 9 is selected from Isis No 327150, 327151, 327152, 327153, 327154, 327155, 327156, 327157, 327158, or 327159.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 531-567 of SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 531-567 of SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 531-567 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 498, 499, 500, 501, 502, 503, 504, 505, 506, 507, 508, 509, 510, 511, 512, 513, 514, 515, 516, or 517. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 531-567 of SEQ ID NO: 9 is selected from Isis No 327140, 327141, 327142, 327143, 327144, 327145, 327146, 327147, 327148, 327149, 327150, 327151, 327152, 327153, 327154, 327155, 327156, 327157, 327158, or 327159.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 684-714 of SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 684-714 of SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 684-714 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 518, 520, 521, 522, 523, 524, 525, 526, 527, 528, 529, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534, 535, or 536. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 684-714 of SEQ ID NO: 9 is selected from Isis No 345897, 327160, 327161, 327162, 327163, 327164, 327165, 327166, 327167, 327168, 327169, 327170, 327171, 327172, 327173, 327174, 327175, 327176, or 327177.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 869-891 of SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 869-891 of SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 869-891 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 537, 538, 539, 540, 541, 542, 543, 544, 545, or 546. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 869-891 of SEQ ID NO: 9 is selected from Isis No 327178, 327179, 327180, 327181, 327182, 327183, 327184, 327185, 327186, or 327187.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 955-977 of SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 955-977 of SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 955-977 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 547, 548, 549, 550, 551, 552, 553, 554, 555, or 556. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 955-977 of SEQ ID NO: 9 is selected from Isis No 327188, 327189, 327190, 327191, 327192, 327193, 327194, 327195, 327196, or 327197.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1019-1041 of SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1019-1041 of SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1019-1041 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 557, 558, 559, 560, 561, 562, 563, 564, 565, or 566. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1019-1041 of SEQ ID NO: 9 is selected from Isis No 327198, 327199, 327200, 327201, 327202, 327203, 327204, 327205, 327206, or 327207.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1160-1175 of SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1160-1175 of SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1160-1175 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 567 or 568. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1160-1175 of SEQ ID NO: 9 is selected from Isis No 338491 or 338562.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1307-1377 of SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1307-1377 of SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1307-1377 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 569, 570, 571, 572, or 573. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1307-1377 of SEQ ID NO: 9 is selected from Isis No 338498, 338569, 338499, 338570, or 385067.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1307-1414 of SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1307-1414 of SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1307-1414 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 569, 570, 571, 572, 573, or 574. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1307-1414 of SEQ ID NO: 9 is selected from Isis No 338498, 338569, 338499, 338570, 385067, or 338573.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid are 8 to 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid are 9 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid are 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, such short antisense compounds are short antisense oligonucleotides.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid are short gapmers. In certain such embodiments, short gapmers targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid comprise at least one high affinity modification in one or more wings of the compound. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid comprise 1 to 3 high-affinity modifications in each wing. In certain such embodiments, the nucleosides or nucleotides of the wing comprise a 2′ modification. In certain such embodiments, the monomers of the wing are BNA's. In certain such embodiments, the monomers of the wing are selected from α-L-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA, β-D-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA, Ethyleneoxy (4′-(CH2)2—O-2′) BNA, Aminooxy (4′-CH2—O—N(R)-2′) BNA and Oxyamino (4′-CH2—N(R)—O-2′) BNA. In certain embodiments, the monomers of a wing comprise a substituent at the 2′ position selected from allyl, amino, azido, thio, O-allyl, O—C1-C10 alkyl, —OCF3, O—(CH2)2—O—CH3, 2′-O(CH2)2SCH3, O —(CH2)2—O—N(Rm)(Rn), and O—CH2—C(═O)—N(Rm)(Rn), where each Rm and Rn is, independently, H or substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl. In certain embodiments, the monomers of a wing are 2′MOE nucleotides.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid comprise a gap between the 5′ wing and the 3′ wing. In certain embodiments the gap comprises five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, or fourteen monomers. In certain embodiments, the monomers of the gap are unmodified deoxyribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, the monomers of the gap are unmodified ribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, gap modifications (if any) gap result in an antisense compound that, when bound to its target nucleic acid, supports cleavage by an RNase, including, but not limited to, RNase H.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid have uniform monomeric linkages. In certain such embodiments, those linkages are all phosphorothioate linkages. In certain embodiments, the linkages are all phosphodiester linkages. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid have mixed backbones.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid are 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid are 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid are 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid are 11 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid are monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid are 13 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid are 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid are 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid are 16 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid comprise 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid comprise 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.
  • In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods of modulating expression of GCGR. In certain embodiments, such methods comprise use of one or more short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid, wherein the short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid is from about 8 to about 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 monomers (i.e. from about 8 to about 16 linked monomers). One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this comprehends methods of modulating expression of GCGR using one or more short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 monomers.
  • In certain embodiments, methods of modulating GCGR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid that is 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating GCGR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid that is 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating GCGR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid that is 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating GCGR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid that is 11 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating GCGR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid that is 12 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating GCGR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid that is 13 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating GCGR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid that is 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating GCGR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid that is 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating GCGR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid that is 16 monomers in length.
  • In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of GCGR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid comprising 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of GCGR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid comprising 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of GCGR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid comprising 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of GCGR comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid comprising 12 or 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.
  • 8. DGAT2
  • Diacylglycerol transferase 2 (also known as DGAT2, diacylglycerol O-transferase 2, acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2), Diacylglycerol transferase 2 has been shown to be implicated in the absorption process of triglycerides (also called triacylglycerols) from food.
  • The absorption of triglycerides from food is a very efficient process which occurs by a series of steps wherein the dietary triacylglycerols are hydrolyzed in the intestinal lumen and then resynthesized within enterocytes. The resynthesis of triacylglycerols can occur via the monoacylglycerol pathway which commences with monoacylglycerol acyltransferase (MGAT) catalyzing the synthesis of diacylglycerol from monoacylglycerol and fatty acyl-CoA. An alternative synthesis of diacylglycerols is provided by the glycerol-phosphate pathway which describes the coupling of two molecules of fatty acyl-CoA to glycerol-3-phosphate. In either case, diacylglycerol is then acylated with another molecule of fatty acyl-CoA in a reaction catalyzed by one of two diacylglycerol acyltransferase enzymes to form the triglyceride (Farese et al., Curr. Opin. Lipidol., 2000, 11, 229-234).
  • The reaction catalyzed by diacylglycerol acyltransferase is the final and only committed step in triglyceride synthesis. As such, diacylglycerol acyltransferase is involved in intestinal fat absorption, lipoprotein assembly, regulating plasma triglyceride concentrations, and fat storage in adipocytes. The first diacylglycerol acyltransferase, diacylglycerol transferase 1, was identified in 1960 and the human and mouse genes encoding this protein were isolated in 1998 (Cases et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 1998, 95, 13018-13023; Oelkers et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1998, 273, 26765-26771). Mice lacking diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 are viable and can still synthesize triglycerides through other biological routes, suggesting the existence of multiple mechanisms for triglyceride synthesis (Smith et al., Nat. Genet., 2000, 25, 87-90).
  • A second diacylglycerol transferase, diacylglycerol transferase 2 (also known as DGAT2, diacylglycerol O-transferase 2, acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2), was subsequently identified in the fungus Mortierella, humans and mice (Cases et al., J. Biol. Chem., 2001, 276, 38870-38876; Lardizabal et al., J. Biol. Chem., 2001, 276, 38862-38869). Enzymatic assays indicate that this recently identified protein does possess diacylglycerol transferase activity that utilizes a broad range of long chain fatty acyl-CoA substrates (Cases et al., J. Biol. Chem., 2001, 276, 38870-38876).
  • Diacylglycerol transferase 2 is a member of a family of genes whose sequences are unrelated to diacylglycerol transferase 1. In addition to differing in sequence compared to diacylglycerol transferase 1, in vitro assays illustrate that diacylglycerol transferase 2 has higher activity at lower concentrations of magnesium chloride and oleoyl-CoA (Cases et al., J. Biol. Chem., 2001, 276, 38870-38876). The predicted protein sequence of diacylglycerol transferase 2 contains at least one putative transmembrane domain, three potential N-linked glycosylation sites, six potential protein kinase C phosphorylation consensus sites, as well as sequences in common with a putative glycerol phosphorylation site found in acyltransferase enzymes (Cases et al., J. Biol. Chem., 2001, 276, 38870-38876). The International Radiation Hybrid Mapping Consortium has mapped human diacylglycerol transferase 2 to chromosome 11q13.3.
  • In human tissues, the highest levels of diacylglycerol transferase 2 are detected in liver and white adipose tissues, with lower levels found in mammary gland, testis and peripheral blood leukocytes (Cases et al., J. Biol. Chem., 2001, 276, 38870-38876). Two mRNA species of 2.4 and 1.8 kilobases are detected in human tissues, whereas the major diacylglycerol transferase 2 mRNA species in mouse tissues is 2.4 kilobases. In addition to liver and white adipose tissues, diacylglycerol transferase 2 is expressed in all segments of the small intestine in mice, with higher expression in the proximal intestine and lower expression in the distal intestine (Cases et al., J. Biol. Chem., 2001, 276, 38870-38876).
  • Diacylglycerol transferase activity exhibits distinct patterns during postnatal development of the rat liver. As there is no correlation between the mRNA expression and activity patterns, post-translational modifications may participate in the regulation of diacylglycerol transferase 2 activity during rat development (Waterman et al., J. Lipid. Res., 2002, 43, 1555-1562).
  • Diacylglycerol transferase 2 mRNA is preferentially upregulated by insulin treatment, as shown by in vitro assays measuring the diacylglycerol activity from the membrane fraction of cultured mouse adipocytes (Meegalla et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2002, 298, 317-323). In fasting mice, diacylglycerol transferase 2 expression is greatly reduced, and dramatically increases upon refeeding. The expression patterns of two enzymes that participate in fatty acid synthesis, acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase, respond to fasting and refeeding in a similar fashion. These results, combined with the observation that diacylglycerol transferase 2 is abundantly expressed in liver, suggest that diacylglycerol transferase 2 is tightly linked to the endogenous fatty acid synthesis pathway (Meegalla et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2002, 298, 317-323).
  • Studies of mice harboring a disruption in the diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 gene provide evidence that diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 contributes to triglyceride synthesis. Levels of diacylglycerol transferase 2 mRNA expression are similar in intestinal segments from both wild type and diacylglycerol transferase 1-deficient mice (Buhman et al., J. Biol. Chem., 2002, 277, 25474-25479). Using magnesium chloride to distinguish between diacylglycerol transferase 1 and 2 activity, Buhman, et al. observed that, in diacylglycerol transferase 1-deficient mice, diacylglycerol transferase activity is reduced to 50% in the proximal intestine and to 10-15% in the distal intestine (Buhman et al., J. Biol. Chem., 2002, 277, 25474-25479).
  • Additionally, diacylglycerol transferase 2 mRNA levels are not up-regulated the liver or adipose tissues of diacylglycerol transferase 1-deficient mice, even after weeks of high-fat diet (Cases et al., J. Biol. Chem., 2001, 276, 38870-38876; Chen et al., J. Clin. Invest., 2002, 109, 1049-1055). However, in ob/ob mice, which have a mutation in the leptin gene that results in obesity, diacylglycerol transferase 2 is more highly expressed than in wild type mice, suggesting that diacylglycerol transferase 2 may be partly responsible for the highly accumulated fat mass seen in these mice. Furthermore, the combined mutations of leptin and diacylglycerol transferase 1 leads to a three-fold elevation in diacylglycerol transferase 2 expression in white adipose tissue, compared to the levels in the same tissue from diacylglycerol transferase 1-deficient mice (Chen et al., J. Clin. Invest., 2002, 109, 1049-1055). Diacylglycerol transferase 2 mRNA is also upregulated in the skin of these mice (Chen et al., J. Clin. Invest., 2002, 109, 175-181). These data suggest leptin normally downregulates diacylglycerol transferase 2 expression, and that the upregulation of diacylglycerol transferase 2 in white adipose tissue in these mice may provide an alternate pathway for the triglyceride synthesis that still occurs in leptin deficient/diacylglycerol transferase 1-deficient mice (Chen et al., J. Clin. Invest., 2002, 109, 1049-1055).
  • Diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 knockout mice exhibit interesting phenotypes in that they are lean, resistant to diet-induce obesity, have decreased levels of tissue triglycerides and increased sensitivity to insulin and leptin (Chen et al., J. Clin. Invest., 2002, 109, 1049-1055; Smith et al., Nat. Genet., 2000, 25, 87-90). As diacylglycerol transferase 2 also participates in triglyceride synthesis, interfering with diacylglycerol transferase 2 may similarly lead to reduced body fat content.
  • Definitions
  • “DGAT2” means the gene product or protein of which expression is to be modulated by administration of a short antisense compound.
  • “DGAT2 nucleic acid” means any nucleic acid encoding DGAT2. For example, in certain embodiments, a DGAT2 nucleic acid includes, without limitation, a DNA sequence encoding DGAT2, an RNA sequence transcribed from DNA encoding DGAT2, and an mRNA sequence encoding DGAT2.
  • “DGAT2 mRNA” means an mRNA encoding DGAT2.
  • Therapeutic Indications
  • Antisense technology is an effective means for reducing DGAT2 expression and has proven to be uniquely useful in a number of therapeutic, diagnostic, and research applications. As such, in certain embodiments, the present invention provides compounds targeted to nucleic acid encoding DGAT2, which modulate the expression of DGAT2. Further provided herein are short antisense compounds capable of effectively inhibiting DGAT2 expression.
  • In certain embodiments, a subject, suspected of having a disease or associated with DGAT2 is treated by administering one or more short antisense compounds targeted to a nucleic acid encoding DGAT2. For example, in a non-limiting embodiment, such methods comprise the step of administering to an animal a therapeutically effective amount of a short antisense compound. In certain such embodiments, short antisense compounds effectively inhibit the activity of DGAT2 or inhibit the expression of DGAT2. In one embodiment, the activity or expression of DGAT2 in a subject is inhibited by at least 10%, by at least 20%, by at least 25%, by at least 30%, by at least 40%, by at least 50%, by at least 60%, by at least 70%, by at least 75%, by at least 80%, by at least 85%, by at least 90%, by at least 95%, by at least 98%, by at least 99%, or by 100%. In certain embodiments, the activity or expression of DGAT2 in a subject is inhibited by about 30%. More preferably, the activity or expression of DGAT2 in a subject is inhibited by 50% or more.
  • The reduction of the expression of DGAT2 may be measured, for example, in blood, plasma, serum, adipose tissue, liver or any other body fluid, tissue or organ of the animal. Preferably, the cells contained within said fluids, tissues or organs being analyzed contain a nucleic acid molecule encoding DGAT2 and/or the DGAT2 protein itself.
  • In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical and other compositions comprising the compounds of the invention are also provided. For example, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid can be utilized in pharmaceutical compositions by adding an effective amount of a compound to a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier.
  • Certain short antisense compounds targeting DGAT2 may have any one or more properties or characteristics of the short antisense compounds generally described herein. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeting a DGAT2 nucleic acid have a motif (wing-deoxy gap-wing) selected from 1-12-1, 1-1-10-2, 2-10-1-1, 3-10-3, 2-10-3, 2-10-2, 1-10-1, 1-10-2, 3-8-3, 2-8-2, 1-8-1, 3-6-3 or 1-6-1. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeting a DGAT2 nucleic acid have a motif (wing-deoxy gap-wing) selected from 1-10-1, 2-10-2 and 3-10-3.
  • Provided herein are methods of treating an individual by administering one or more short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid or a pharmaceutical composition comprising such compound. Further provided are methods of treating a subject having a disease or conditions associated with DGAT2 activity by administering a short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid. Diseases and conditions associated with DGAT2 include, but are not limited to, cardiovascular disorders, obesity, diabetes, cholesterolemia, and liver steatosis.
  • Certain Short Antisense Compounds Targeted to a DGAT2 Nucleic Acid
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid having the sequence of GENBANK® Accession No. NM032564.2, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 10 is at least 90% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 10 is at least 95% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 10 is 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 10 includes a nucleotide sequence selected from the nucleotide sequences set forth in Tables 14 and 15.
  • Each nucleotide sequence set forth in each Tables 14 and 15 is independent of any modification to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase. As such, short antisense compounds comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in Tables 14 and 15 may comprise, independently, one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase. Antisense compounds described by Isis Number (Isis NO.) indicate a combination of nucleobase sequence and one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase.
  • Tables 14 and 15 illustrate examples of short antisense compounds targeted to SEQ ID NO: 10. Table 14 illustrates short antisense compounds that are 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 10. Table 15 illustrates short antisense compounds that have one or two mismatches with respect to SEQ ID NO: 10. The column labeled ‘gapmer motif’ indicates the wing-gap-wing motif of each short antisense compounds. The gap segment comprises 2′-deoxynucleotides and each nucleotide of each wing segment comprises a 2′-modified sugar. The particular 2′-modified sugar is also indicated in the ‘gapmer motif’ column. For example, ‘2-10-2 MOE’ means a 2-10-2 gapmer motif, where a gap segment of ten 2′-deoxynucleotides is flanked by wing segments of two nucleotides, where the nucleotides of the wing segments are 2′-MOE nucleotides. Internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate. The short antisense compounds comprise 5-methylcytidine in place of unmodified cytosine, unless “unmodified cytosine” is listed in the gapmer motif column, in which case the indicated cytosines are unmodified cytosines. For example, “5-mC in gap only” indicates that the gap segment has 5-methylcytosines, while the wing segments have unmodified cytosines.
  • TABLE 14
    Short Antisense Compounds
    targeted to SEQ ID NO: 10
    5′ 3′ SEQ
    ISIS Target Target Gapmer ID
    NO. Site Site Sequence (5′-3′) Motif NO
    372556 231 244 ATGAGGGTCTTCAT 2-10-2 MOE 681
    372557 249 262 ACCCCGGAGTAGGC 2-10-2 MOE 682
    382601 249 260 CCCGGAGTAGGC 1-10-1 MOE 683
    372480 251 266 CAGGACCCCGGAGTAG 3-10-3 MOE 684
    372481 252 267 GCAGGACCCCGGAGTA 3-10-3 MOE 685
    372558 252 265 AGGACCCCGGAGTA 2-10-2 MOE 686
    372559 253 266 CAGGACCCCGGAGT 2-10-2 MOE 687
    382603 331 342 CAGACCCCTCGC 1-10-1 MOE 688
    382604 361 372 AGAGGATGCTGG 1-10-1 MOE 689
    372485 392 407 GAGCCAGGTGACAGAG 3-10-3 MOE 690
    372563 393 406 AGCCAGGTGACAGA 2-10-2 MOE 691
    382605 397 408 TGAGCCAGGTGA 1-10-1 MOE 692
    372565 414 427 TTTTCCACCTTGGA 2-10-2 MOE 693
    382606 482 493 CTGCAGGCCACT 1-10-1 MOE 694
    372497 651 666 TCACCAGCTGGATGGG 3-10-3 MOE 695
    372498 652 667 TTCACCAGCTGGATGG 3-10-3 MOE 696
    372575 652 665 CACCAGCTGGATGG 2-10-2 MOE 697
    372576 653 666 TCACCAGCTGGATG 2-10-2 MOE 698
    382607 655 666 TCACCAGCTGGA 1-10-1 MOE 699
    372499 656 671 TGTCTTCACCAGCTGG 3-10-3 MOE 700
    372577 657 670 GTCTTCACCAGCTG 2-10-2 MOE 701
    372500 659 674 GTGTGTCTTCACCAGC 3-10-3 MOE 702
    372578 660 673 TGTGTCTTCACCAG 2-10-2 MOE 703
    372501 661 676 TTGTGTGTCTTCACCA 3-10-3 MOE 704
    372579 662 675 TGTGTGTCTTCACC 2-10-2 MOE 705
    372502 664 679 AGGTTGTGTGTCTTCA 3-10-3 MOE 706
    372580 665 678 GGTTGTGTGTCTTC 2-10-2 MOE 707
    372503 666 681 GCAGGTTGTGTGTCTT 3-10-3 MOE 708
    372581 667 680 CAGGTTGTGTGTCT 2-10-2 MOE 709
    372504 669 684 TCAGCAGGTTGTGTGT 3-10-3 MOE 710
    372582 670 683 CAGCAGGTTGTGTG 2-10-2 MOE 711
    372505 671 686 GGTCAGCAGGTTGTGT 3-10-3 MOE 712
    372506 672 687 TGGTCAGCAGGTTGTG 3-10-3 MOE 713
    372583 672 685 GTCAGCAGGTTGTG 2-10-2 MOE 714
    372584 673 686 GGTCAGCAGGTTGT 2-10-2 MOE 715
    372507 676 691 CTGGTGGTCAGCAGGT 3-10-3 MOE 716
    372585 677 690 TGGTGGTCAGCAGG 2-10-2 MOE 717
    382608 680 691 CTGGTGGTCAGC 1-10-1 MOE 718
    372508 681 696 AGTTCCTGGTGGTCAG 3-10-3 MOE 719
    372586 682 695 GTTCCTGGTGGTCA 2-10-2 MOE 720
    372509 684 699 TATAGTTCCTGGTGGT 3-10-3 MOE 721
    372587 685 698 ATAGTTCCTGGTGG 2-10-2 MOE 722
    372510 686 701 GATATAGTTCCTGGTG 3-10-3 MOE 723
    372588 687 700 ATATAGTTCCTGGT 2-10-2 MOE 724
    372511 691 706 CCAAAGATATAGTTCC 3-10-3 MOE 725
    372512 692 707 TGCAAAGATATAGTTC 3-10-3 MOE 726
    372589 692 705 CAAAGATATAGTTC 2-10-2 MOE 727
    372590 693 706 CCAAAGATATACTTCC 2-10-2 MOE 728
    382609 724 735 CCAGGCCCATGA 1-10-1 MOE 729
    372514 725 740 GGCACCCAGGCCCATG 3-10-3 MOE 730
    372592 726 739 GCACCCAGGCCCAT 2-10-2 MOE 731
    372515 730 745 CAGAAGGCACCCAGGC 3-10-3 MOE 732
    372593 731 744 AGAAGGCACCCAGG 2-10-2 MOE 733
    382610 851 862 CCAGACATCAGG 1-10-1 MOE 734
    382611 867 878 GACAGGGCAGAT 1-10-1 MOE 735
    382602 868 879 TGACAGGGCAGA 1-10-1 MOE 736
    382612 911 922 CCACTCCCATTG 1-10-1 MOE 737
    372524 965 980 GCCAGGCATGGAGCTC 3-10-3 MOE 738
    372602 966 979 CCAGGCATGGAGCT 2-10-2 MOE 739
    382613 968 979 CCAGGCATGGAG 1-10-1 MOE 740
    382614 987 998 CAGGGTGACTGC 1-10-1 MOE 741
    372525 989 1004 GTTCCGCAGGGTGACT 3-10-3 MOE 742
    372603 990 1003 TTCCGCAGGGTGAC 2-10-2 MOE 743
    372526 992 1007 GCGGTTCCGCAGGGTG 3-10-3 MOE 744
    372604 993 1006 CGGTTCCGCAGGGT 2-10-2 MOE 745
    372530 1106 1121 TCGGCCCCAGGAGCCC 3-10-3 MOE 746
    372608 1107 1120 CGGCCCCAGGAGCC 2-10-2 MOE 747
    372531 1109 1124 CCATCGGCCCCAGGAG 3-10-3 MOE 748
    372609 1110 1123 CATCGGCCCCAGGA 2-10-2 MOE 749
    372532 1112 1127 GACCCATCGGCCCCAG 3-10-3 MOE 750
    372610 1113 1126 ACCCATCGGCCCCA 2-10-2 MOE 751
    372533 1117 1132 TTCTGGACCCATCGGC 3-10-3 MOE 752
    382615 1117 1128 GGACCCATCGGC 1-10-1 MOE 753
    372611 1118 1131 TCTGGACCCATCGG 2-10-2 MOE 754
    372536 1199 1214 CACCAGCCCCCAGGTG 3-10-3 MOE 755
    372614 1200 1213 ACCAGCCCCCAGGT 2-10-2 MOE 756
    372537 1204 1219 TAGGGCACCAGCCCCC 3-10-3 MOE 757
    372615 1205 1218 AGGGCACCAGCCCC 2-10-2 MOE 758
    372538 1209 1224 TGGAGTAGGGCACCAG 3-10-3 MOE 759
    372616 1210 1223 GGAGTAGGGCACCA 2-10-2 MOE 760
    382616 1215 1226 CTTGGAGTAGGG 1-10-1 MOE 761
    372539 1218 1233 TGATGGGCTTGGAGTA 3-10-3 MOE 762
    372617 1219 1232 GATGGGCTTGGAGT 2-10-2 MOE 763
    372540 1293 1308 TGTGGTACAGGTCGAT 3-10-3 MOE 764
    372618 1294 1307 GTGGTACAGGTCGA 2-10-2 MOE 765
    382617 1294 1305 GGTACAGGTCGA 1-10-1 MOE 766
    372541 1295 1310 GGTGTGGTACAGGTCG 3-10-3 MOE 767
    372619 1296 1309 GTGTGGTACAGGTC 2-10-2 MOE 768
    372542 1298 1313 CATGGTGTGGTACAGG 3-10-3 MOE 769
    372620 1299 1312 ATGGTGTGGTACAG 2-10-2 MOE 770
    372543 1300 1315 TACATGGTGTGGTACA 3-10-3 MOE 771
    372621 1301 1314 ACATGGTGTGGTAC 2-10-2 MOE 772
    372544 1303 1318 ATGTACATGGTGTGGT 3-10-3 MOE 773
    372622 1304 1317 TGTACATGGTGTGG 2-10-2 MOE 774
    382618 1313 1324 GCCTCCATGTAC 1-10-1 MOE 775
    382619 1325 1336 AGCTTCACCAGG 1-10-1 MOE 776
    382620 1383 1394 GTTCACCTCCAG 1-10-1 MOE 777
  • TABLE 15
    Short antisense compounds targeted to
    SEQ ID NO: 10 and having 1 or 2 mismatches
    5′ 3′ SEQ
    ISIS Target Target Gapmer ID
    NO Site Site Sequence (5′-3′) Motif NO
    372608 151 164 CGGCCCCAGGAGCC 2-10-2 MOE 747
    372474 156 171 CATGCCCCAGCCGCCG 3-10-3 MOE 778
    372552 157 170 ATGCCCCAGCCGCC 2-10-2 MOE 779
    382609 167 178 CCAGGCCCATGA 1-10-1 MOE 729
    372478 230 245 GATGAGGGTCTTCATG 3-10-3 MOE 780
    372479 248 263 GACCCCGGAGTAGGCA 3-10-3 MOE 781
    382611 317 328 GACAGGGCAGAT 1-10-1 MOE 735
    372483 352 367 ATGCTGGAGCCAGTGC 3-10-3 MOE 782
    372561 353 366 TGCTGGAGCCAGTG 2-10-2 MOE 783
    372562 373 386 GTCTTGGAGGGCCG 2-10-2 MOE 784
    382602 388 399 TGACAGGGCAGA 1-10-1 MOE 736
    372613 392 405 CCCAGGTGTCAGAG 2-10-2 MOE 785
    372486 412 427 TTTTCCACCTTGGATC 3-10-3 MOE 786
    372564 413 426 TTTCCACCTTGGAT 2-10-2 MOE 787
    372487 413 428 TTTTTGCACCTTGGAT 3-10-3 MOE 788
    372488 418 433 AGGTGTTTTTCCACCT 3-10-3 MOE 789
    372566 419 432 GGTGTTTTTCCACC 2-10-2 MOE 790
    372489 459 474 CCAGGAAGGATAGGAC 3-10-3 MOE 791
    372567 460 473 CAGGAAGGATAGGA 2-10-2 MOE 792
    382612 475 486 CCACTCCCATTC 1-10-1 MOE 737
    372490 483 498 TGACACTGCAGGCCAC 3-10-3 MOE 793
    372568 484 497 GACACTGCAGGCCA 2-10-2 MOE 794
    372491 492 507 ACATGAGGATGACACT 3-10-3 MOE 795
    372569 493 506 CATGAGGATGACAC 2-10-2 MOE 796
    372492 503 518 GCAGAAGGTGTACATG 3-10-3 MOE 797
    372570 504 517 CAGAAGGTGTACAT 2-10-2 MOE 798
    372493 512 527 GCAGTCAGTGCAGAAG 3-10-3 MOE 799
    372571 513 526 CAGTCAGTGCAGAA 2-10-2 MOE 800
    372496 612 627 ACACGGCCCAGTTTCG 3-10-3 MOE 801
    372574 613 626 CACGGCCCAGTTTC 2-10-2 MOE 802
    372513 717 732 GGCCCATGATGCCATG 3-10-3 MOE 803
    372591 718 731 GCCCATGATGCCAT 2-10-2 MOE 804
    372516 732 747 TACAGAAGGCACCCAG 3-10-3 MOE 805
    372594 733 746 ACAGAAGGCACCCA 2-10-2 MOE 806
    372518 812 827 GAAGTTGCCAGCCAAT 3-10-3 MOE 807
    372596 813 826 AAGTTGCCAGCCAA 2-10-2 MOE 808
    372560 863 876 CAGGGCAGATCCTT 2-10-2 MOE 809
    372519 887 902 CAAGTAGTCTATGGTG 3-10-3 MOE 810
    372597 888 901 AAGTAGTCTATGGT 2-10-2 MOE 811
    372520 894 909 TGGAAAGCAAGTAGTC 3-10-3 MOE 812
    372598 895 908 GGAAAGCAAGTAGT 2-10-2 MOE 813
    372527 1013 1028 GGCCAGCTTTACAAAG 3-10-3 MOE 814
    372605 1014 1027 GCCAGCTITACAAA 2-10-2 MOE 815
    372606 1020 1033 CGCAGGGCCAGCTT 2-10-2 MOE 816
    372529 1052 1067 AAAGGAATAGGTGGGA 3-10-3 MOE 817
    372607 1053 1066 AAGGAATAGGTGGG 2-10-2 MOE 818
    372534 1144 1159 GCGAAACCAATATACT 3-10-3 MOE 819
    372612 1145 1158 CGAAACCAATATAC 2-10-2 MOE 820
    372535 1192 1207 CCCCAGGTGTCAGAGG 3-10-3 MOE 821
    372613 1193 1206 CCCAGGTGTCAGAG 2-10-2 MOE 822
    372545 1332 1347 GATTGTCAAAGAGCTT 3-10-3 MOE 823
    372623 1333 1346 ATTGTCAAAGAGCT 2-10-2 MOE 824
    372546 1342 1357 TTGGTCTTGTGATTGT 3-10-3 MOE 825
    372624 1343 1356 TGGTCTTGTGATTG 2-10-2 MOE 826
    372547 1352 1367 AAGGCCGAATTTGGTC 3-10-3 MOE 827
    372625 1353 1366 AGGCCGAATTTGGT 2-10-2 MOE 828
    382601 1617 1628 CCCGGAGTAGGC 1-10-1 MOE 683
    382606 1971 1982 CTGCAGGCCACT 1-10-1 MOE 694
    382612 1988 1999 CCACTCCCATTC 1-10-1 MOE 737
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 231-267 of SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 231-267 of SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 231-267 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 681, 682, 683, 684, 685, 686, or 687. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 231-267 of SEQ ID NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 372556, 372557, 382601, 372480, 372481, 372558, or 372559.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 249-267 of SEQ ID) NO: 10. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 249-267 of SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 249-267 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 683, 684, 685, 686, or 687. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 249-267 of SEQ ID NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 382601, 372480, 372481, 372558, or 372559.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 331-493 of SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 331-493 of SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 331-493 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 688, 689, 690, 691, 692, 693, or 694. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 331-493 of SEQ ID NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 382603, 382604, 372485, 372563, 382605, 372565, or 382606.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 331-427 of SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 331-427 of SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 331-427 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 688, 689, 690, 691, 692, or 693. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 331-427 of SEQ ID NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 382603, 382604, 372485, 372563, 382605, or 372565.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 392-408 of SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 392-408 of SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 392-408 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 690, 691, or 692. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 392-408 of SEQ ID NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 372485, 372563, or 382605.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 651-707 of SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 651-707 of SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 651-707 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 695, 696, 697, 698, 699, 700, 701, 702, 703, 704, 705, 706, 707, 708, 709, 710, 711, 712, 713, 714, 715, 716, 717, 718, 719, 720, 721, 722, 723, 724, 725, 726, 727, or 728. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 651-707 of SEQ ID NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 372497, 372498, 372575, 372576, 382607, 372499, 372577, 372500, 372578, 372501, 372579, 372502, 372580, 372503, 372581, 372504, 372582, 372505, 372506, 372583, 372584, 372507, 372585, 382608, 372508, 372586, 372509, 372587, 372510, 372588, 372511, 372512, 372589, or 372590.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 724-745 of SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 724-745 of SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 724-745 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 729, 730, 731, 732, or 733. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 724-745 of SEQ ID NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 382609, 372514, 372592, 372515, or 372593.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 651-745 of SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 651-745 of SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 651-745 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 695, 696, 697, 698, 699, 700, 701, 702, 703, 704, 705, 706, 707, 708, 709, 710, 711, 712, 713, 714, 715, 716, 717, 718, 719, 720, 721, 722, 723, 724, 725, 726, 727, 728, 729, 730, 731, 732, or 733. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 651-745 of SEQ ID NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 372497, 372498, 372575, 372576, 382607, 372499, 372577, 372500, 372578, 372501, 372579, 372502, 372580, 372503, 372581, 372504, 372582, 372505, 372506, 372583, 372584, 372507, 372585, 382608, 372508, 372586, 372509, 372587, 372510, 372588, 372511, 372512, 372589, 372590, 382609, 372514, 372592, 372515, or 372593.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 851-922 of SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 851-922 of SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 851-922 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 734, 735, 736, or 737. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 851-922 of SEQ ID NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 382610, 382611, 382602, or 382612.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 851-879 of SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 851-879 of SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 851-879 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 734, 735, or 736. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 851-879 of SEQ ID NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 382610, 382611, or 382602.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 965-1007 of SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 965-1007 of SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 965-1007 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 738, 739, 740, 741, 742, 743, 744, or 745. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 965-1007 of SEQ ID NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 372524, 372602, 382613, 382614, 372525, 372603, 372526, or 372604.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 965-979 of SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 965-979 of SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 965-979 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 738, 739, or 740. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 965-979 of SEQ ID NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 372524, 372602, or 382613.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 987-1007 of SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 987-1007 of SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 987-1007 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 741, 742, 743, 744, or 745. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 987-1007 of SEQ ID NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 382614, 372525, 372603, 372526, or 372604.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1106-1132 of SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1106-1132 of SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1106-1132 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 746, 747, 748, 749, 750, 751, 752, 753, or 754. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1106-1132 of SEQ ID NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 372530, 372608, 372531, 372609, 372532, 372610, 372533, 382615, or 372611.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1199-1233 of SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1199-1233 of SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1199-1233 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 755, 756, 757, 758, 759, 760, 761, 762, or 763. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1199-1233 of SEQ ID NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 372536, 372614, 372537, 372615, 372538, 372616, 382616, 372539, or 372617.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1293-1394 of SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1293-1394 of SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1293-1394 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 764, 765, 766, 767, 768, 769, 770, 771, 772, 773, 774, 775, 776, or 777. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1293-1394 of SEQ ID NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 372540, 372618, 382617, 372541, 372619, 372542, 372620, 372543, 372621, 372544, 372622, 382618, 382619, or 382620.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1293-1336 of SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1293-1336 of SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1293-1336 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 764, 765, 766, 767, 768, 769, 770, 771, 772, 773, 774, 775, or 776. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1293-1336 of SEQ ID NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 372540, 372618, 382617, 372541, 372619, 372542, 372620, 372543, 372621, 372544, 372622, 382618, or 382619.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1293-1324 of SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1293-1324 of SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1293-1324 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 764, 765, 766, 767, 768, 769, 770, 771, 772, 773, 774, or 775. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1293-1324 of SEQ ID NO: 10 is selected from Isis No 372540, 372618, 382617, 372541, 372619, 372542, 372620, 372543, 372621, 372544, 372622, or 382618.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid are 8 to 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid are 9 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid are 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, such short antisense compounds are short antisense oligonucleotides.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid are short gapmers. In certain such embodiments, short gapmers targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid comprise at least one high affinity modification in one or more wings of the compound. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid comprise 1 to 3 high-affinity modifications in each wing. In certain such embodiments, the nucleosides or nucleotides of the wing comprise a 2′ modification. In certain such embodiments, the monomers of the wing are BNA's. In certain such embodiments, the monomers of the wing are selected from α-L-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA, β-D-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA, Ethyleneoxy (4′-(CH2)2—O-2′) BNA, Aminooxy (4′-CH2—O—N(R)-2′) BNA and Oxyamino (4′-CH2—N(R)—O-2′) BNA. In certain embodiments, the monomers of a wing comprise a substituent at the 2′ position selected from allyl, amino, azido, thio, O-allyl, O—C1-C10 alkyl, —OCF3, O—(CH2)2—O—CH3, 2′-O(CH2)2SCH3, O—(CH2)2—O—N(Rm)(Rn), and O—CH2—C(═O)—N(Rm)(Rn), where each Rm and Rn is, independently, H or substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl. In certain embodiments, the monomers of a wing are 2′MOE nucleotides.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid comprise a gap between the 5′ wing and the 3′ wing. In certain embodiments the gap comprises five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, or fourteen monomers. In certain embodiments, the monomers of the gap are unmodified deoxyribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, the monomers of the gap are unmodified ribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, gap modifications (if any) gap result in a short antisense compound that, when bound to its target nucleic acid, supports cleavage by an RNase, including, but not limited to, RNase H.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid have uniform monomeric linkages. In certain such embodiments, those linkages are all phosphorothioate linkages. In certain embodiments, the linkages are all phosphodiester linkages. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid have mixed backbones.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid are 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid are 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid are 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid are 11 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid are monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid are 13 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid are 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid are 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid are 16 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid comprise 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid comprise 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.
  • In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods of modulating expression of DGAT2. In certain embodiments, such methods comprise use of one or more short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid, wherein the short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid is from about 8 to about 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 monomers (i.e. from about 8 to about 16 linked monomers). One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this comprehends methods of modulating expression of DGAT2 using one or more short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 monomers.
  • In certain embodiments, methods of modulating DGAT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid that is 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating DGAT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid that is 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating DGAT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid that is 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating DGAT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid that is 11 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating DGAT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid that is 12 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating DGAT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid that is 13 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating DGAT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid that is 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating DGAT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid that is 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating DGAT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid that is 16 monomers in length.
  • In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of DGAT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid comprising 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of DGAT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid comprising 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of DGAT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid comprising 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of DGAT2 comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid comprising 12 or 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.
  • 9. PTP1B
  • PTP1B (also known as protein phosphatase 1B and PTPN1) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated enzyme originally isolated as the major protein tyrosine phosphatase of the human placenta (Tonks et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1988, 263, 6731-6737; Tonks et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1988, 263, 6722-6730).
  • An essential regulatory role in signaling mediated by the insulin receptor has been established for PTP1B. In certain instances, PTP1B interacts with and dephosphorylates the activated insulin receptor both in vitro and in intact cells resulting in the downregulation of the signaling pathway (Goldstein et al., Mol. Cell. Biochem., 1998, 182, 91-99; Seely et al., Diabetes, 1996, 45, 1379-1385). In addition, PTP1B modulates the mitogenic actions of insulin (Goldstein et al., Mol. Cell. Biochem., 1998, 182, 91-99). In rat adipose cells overexpressing PTP1B, the translocation of the GLUT4 glucose transporter was inhibited, implicating PTP1B as a negative regulator of glucose transport as well (Chen et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1997, 272, 8026-8031).
  • Mouse knockout models lacking the PTP1B gene also point toward the negative regulation of insulin signaling by PTP1B. Mice harboring a disrupted PTP1B gene showed increased insulin sensitivity and increased phosphorylation of the insulin receptor. When placed on a high-fat diet, PTP1B −/− mice were resistant to weight gain and remained insulin sensitive (Elchebly et al., Science, 1999, 283, 1544-1548). These studies clearly establish PTP1B as a therapeutic target in the treatment of diabetes and obesity.
  • Diabetes and obesity (sometimes now collectively referred to as “diabesity”) are interrelated. Most human obesity is associated with insulin resistance and leptin resistance. In fact obesity may have an even greater impact on insulin action than does diabetes itself (Sindelka et al., Physiol Res., 2002, 51, 85-91). Syndrome X or metabolic syndrome is a new term for a cluster of conditions, that, when occurring together, may indicate a predisposition to diabetes and cardiovascular disease. These symptoms, including high blood pressure, high triglycerides, decreased HDL and obesity, tend to appear together in some individuals. Because of its role in both diabetes and obesity, PTP1B is believed to be a therapeutic target for a range of metabolic conditions, including diabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome. By improving blood glucose control, inhibitors of PTP1B may also be useful in slowing, preventing, delaying or ameliorating the sequelae of diabetes, which include retinopathy, neuropathy, cardiovascular complications and nephropathy.
  • PTP1B, which is differentially regulated during the cell cycle (Schievella et al., Cell. Growth Differ., 1993, 4, 239-246), is expressed in insulin sensitive tissues as two different isoforms that arise from alternate splicing of the pre-mRNA (Shifrin and Neel, J. Biol. Chem., 1993, 268, 25376-25384). The ratio of the alternatively spliced products is affected by growth factors, such as insulin, and differs in various tissues examined (Sell and Reese, Mol. Genet. Metab., 1999, 66, 189-192). In these studies the levels of the variants correlated with the plasma insulin concentration and percentage body fat. These variants may therefore be used as a biomarker for patients with chronic hyperinsulinemia or type 2 diabetes.
  • Definitions
  • “Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B” is the gene product or protein of which expression is to be modulated by administration of a short antisense compound. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B is generally referred to as PTP1B but may also be referred to as protein tyrosine phosphatase; PTPN1; RKPTP; protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 1.
  • “PTP1B nucleic acid” means any nucleic acid encoding PTP1B. For example, in certain embodiments, a PTP1B nucleic acid includes, without limitation, a DNA sequence encoding PTP1B, an RNA sequence transcribed from DNA encoding PTP1B, and an mRNA sequence encoding PTP1B. “PTP1B mRNA” means an mRNA encoding a PTP1B protein.
  • Therapeutic Indications
  • Antisense technology is an effective means for reducing PTP1B expression and has proven to be uniquely useful in a number of therapeutic, diagnostic, and research applications. As such, in certain embodiments, the present invention provides compounds targeted to a nucleic acid encoding PTP1B, which modulate the expression of PTP1B. Further provided herein are short antisense compounds capable of effectively inhibiting PTP1B expression.
  • In certain therapeutics, a subject, suspected of having a disease or disorder which can be treated by modulating the expression of PTP1B is treated by administering one or more short antisense compounds targeted to a nucleic acid encoding PTP1B. For example, in one non-limiting embodiment, the methods comprise the step of administering to an animal a therapeutically effective amount of a short antisense compound. The short antisense compounds of the present invention effectively inhibit the activity of PTP1B or inhibit the expression of PTP1B. In one embodiment, the activity or expression of PTP1B in a subject is inhibited by at least 10%, by at least 20%, by at least 25%, by at least 30%, by at least 40%, by at least 50%, by at least 60%, by at least 70%, by at least 75%, by at least 80%, by at least 85%, by at least 90%, by at least 95%, by at least 98%, by at least 99%, or by 100%. In certain embodiments, activity or expression of PTP1B in a subject is inhibited by about 30%. In certain embodiments, the activity or expression of PTP1B in a subject is inhibited by 50% or more.
  • The reduction of the expression of PTP1B may be measured, for example, in blood, plasma, serum, adipose tissue, liver or any other body fluid, tissue or organ of the animal. Preferably, the cells contained within said fluids, tissues or organs being analyzed contain a nucleic acid molecule encoding PTP1B and/or the PTP1B protein itself.
  • Certain pharmaceutical and other compositions comprising the compounds of the invention are also provided. In certain embodiments short antisense compounds targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid are utilized in pharmaceutical compositions by adding an effective amount of a compound to a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier.
  • The short antisense compounds targeting PTP1B may have any one or more properties or characteristics of the short antisense compounds generally described herein. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeting a PTP1B nucleic acid have a motif (wing-deoxy gap-wing) selected from 1-12-1, 1-1-10-2, 2-10-1-1, 3-10-3, 2-10-3, 2-10-2, 1-10-1, 1-10-2, 3-8-3, 2-8-2, 1-8-1, 3-6-3 or 1-6-1, more preferably 1-10-1, 2-10-2, 3-10-3, and 1-9-2.
  • In certain embodiments provided herein are methods of treating an individual by administering one or more short antisense compound targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid or a pharmaceutical composition comprising such compound. Further provided are methods of treating a subject having a disease or conditions associated with PTP1B activity by administering a short antisense compound targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid. Diseases and conditions associated with PTP1B include but are not limited to high blood glucose or hyperglycemia, prediabetes, diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, obesity and insulin resistance. Therefore, provided herein are methods of treating to high blood glucose or hyperglycemia, prediabetes, diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, obesity and insulin resistance by administering a short antisense compound targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid.
  • In certain embodiments the present invention provides compositions and methods for decreasing blood glucose levels in a subject or for preventing or delaying the onset of a rise in blood glucose levels in a subject, by administering to the subject a short antisense inhibitor of PTP1B expression.
  • In certain embodiments, the present invention provides compositions and methods for improving insulin sensitivity in a subject or for preventing or delaying the onset of insulin resistance in a subject, by administering to the subject a short antisense inhibitor of PTP1B expression.
  • In certain embodiments, the present invention provides compositions and methods for treating a metabolic condition in a subject or for preventing or delaying the onset of a metabolic condition in a subject, by administering to the subject a short antisense compound targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid. Such metabolic condition may be any metabolic condition associated with PTP1B expression, including but not limited to diabetes and obesity. Also provided are methods of reducing adiposity. Also provided is a method of treating obesity wherein metabolic rate is increased.
  • In certain embodiments, the subject has Type 2 diabetes. In certain embodiments the subject exhibits elevated HbA1c levels In certain embodiments, HbA1c levels are at least about 6%, at least about 7%, at least about 8%, at least about 9%, at least about 10% or at least about 11%. In preferred embodiments, HbA1c levels are reduced to about 7% or below about 7%. In certain embodiments, the subject exhibits an elevated body mass index In certain embodiments, the elevated body mass index is greater than 25 kg/m2. In certain embodiments, the subject exhibits hyperglycemia or elevated blood glucose levels. In a particular embodiment, the blood glucose levels are fasting blood glucose levels. In certain embodiments, the elevated fasting blood glucose levels are at least 130 mg/dL. In certain embodiments, the subject exhibits hyperglycemia prior to the start of treatment or exhibits fasting blood glucose levels above about 130 mg/dL, baseline HbA1c levels of at least about 7%, or body mass index of greater than 25 kg/m2 or any combination thereof.
  • In certain embodiments a method of reducing one or more such levels by administering a short antisense compound targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid is provided. For example, provided is a method of reducing fasting glucose levels, HbA1c levels or, body mass index levels or any combination thereof in a subject by administering to a subject a short antisense compound targeting PTP1B. Fasting glucose may be fasting blood glucose, fasting serum glucose, or fasting plasma glucose. In some embodiments, fasting plasma glucose levels are reduced by at least about 25 mg/dL or by at least about 10 mg/dL. In a certain embodiments, said subject does not achieve normal glucose levels on a therapeutic regimen of a glucose-lowering agent such as insulin, sulfonylurea, or metformin.
  • In certain embodiments the invention provides methods of altering lipid levels. Certain such methods reduce cholesterol, LDL and/or VLDL levels or any combination thereof in a subject by administering to the subject a short antisense compound targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid. In certain embodiments HDL levels in a subject are increased by administering to the subject a short antisense compound targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, LDL:HDL ratio and/or total cholesterol:HDL ratio in a subject is reduced by administering to the subject a short antisense compound targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid. In certain embodiments HDL:LDL ratio and/or HDL:total cholesterol ratio in a subject's increased by administering to the subject a short antisense compound targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid. In certain embodiments lipid profile in a subject is improved by increasing HDL, lowering LDL, lowering VLDL, lowering triglycerides, lowering apolipoprotein B levels, or lowering total cholesterol levels, or a combination thereof, by administering to the subject a short antisense compound targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid. In such embodiments, the subject is an animal, including a human.
  • Combination Therapy
  • In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions comprising a short antisense compound targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid are co-administered with one or more other pharmaceutical agents. In certain embodiments, such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat the same disease or condition as the one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. In certain embodiments, such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat a different disease or condition as the one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. In certain embodiments, such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat an undesired effect of one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention are co-administered with another pharmaceutical agent to treat an undesired effect of that other pharmaceutical agent. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are administered at the same time. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are administered at different times. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are prepared together in a single formulation. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are prepared separately.
  • In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical agents that may be co-administered with a pharmaceutical composition comprising a short antisense compound targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid include glucose-lowering agents and therapies. In some embodiments, the glucose-lowering agent is a PPAR agonist (gamma, dual, or pan), a dipeptidyl peptidase (IV) inhibitor, a GLP-1 analog, insulin or an insulin analog, an insulin secretagogue, a SGLT2 inhibitor, a human amylin analog, a biguanide, an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, a meglitinide, a thiazolidinedione, or a sulfonylurea.
  • In some embodiments, the glucose-lowering therapeutic is a GLP-1 analog. In some embodiments, the GLP-1 analog is exendin-4 or liraglutide.
  • In other embodiments, the glucose-lowering therapeutic is a sulfonylurea. In some embodiments, the sulfonylurea is acetohexamide, chlorpropamide, tolbutamide, tolazamide, glimepiride, a glipizide, a glyburide, or a gliclazide.
  • In some embodiments, the glucose lowering drug is a biguanide. In some embodiments, the biguanide is metformin, and in some embodiments, blood glucose levels are decreased without increased lactic acidosis as compared to the lactic acidosis observed after treatment with metformin alone.
  • In some embodiments, the glucose lowering drug is a meglitinide. In some embodiments, the meglitinide is nateglinide or repaglinide.
  • In some embodiments, the glucose-lowering drug is a thiazolidinedione. In some embodiments, the thiazolidinedione is pioglitazone, rosiglitazone, or troglitazone. In some embodiments, blood glucose levels are decreased without greater weight gain than observed with rosiglitazone treatment alone.
  • In some embodiments, the glucose-lowering drug is an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor. In some embodiments, the alpha-glucosidase inhibitor is acarbose or miglitol.
  • In a certain embodiment, a co-administered glucose-lowering agent is ISIS 113715.
  • In a certain embodiment, glucose-lowering therapy is therapeutic lifestyle change.
  • In certain such embodiments, the glucose-lowering agent is administered prior to administration of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. In certain such embodiments, the glucose-lowering agent is administered following administration of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. In certain such embodiments the glucose-lowering agent is administered at the same time as a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. In certain such embodiments the dose of a co-administered glucose-lowering agent is the same as the dose that would be administered if the glucose-lowering agent was administered alone. In certain such embodiments the dose of a co-administered glucose-lowering agent is lower than the dose that would be administered if the glucose-lowering agent was administered alone. In certain such embodiments the dose of a co-administered glucose-lowering agent is greater than the dose that would be administered if the glucose-lowering agent was administered alone.
  • In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical agents that may be co-administered with a pharmaceutical composition comprising a short antisense compound targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid include lipid-lowering agents. Such lipid lowering agents are discussed elsewhere in the application and are included here with respect to PTP1B. Such lipid lowering agents may be administered as described above for glucose lowering agents.
  • In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical agents that may be co-administered with a pharmaceutical composition comprising a short antisense compound targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid include anti-obesity agents therapeutics. Such anti-obesity agents therapeutics may be administered as described above for glucose lowering agents.
  • Further provided is a method of administering a short antisense compound targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid via injection and further including administering a topical steroid at the injection site.
  • Medicaments
  • Also provided herein are uses of a short antisense compound which is targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid for the preparation of a medicament for reducing blood glucose levels including fasting glucose levels, and HbA1c levels, body mass index levels or any combination thereof. The medicament can be administered during a loading period and a maintenance period. In some embodiments, the medicament is administered subcutaneously or intravenously. In other embodiments, the administration of said medicament occurs at least once daily, at least once weekly, or at least once monthly. In a particular embodiment the short antisense compound present in the medicament is administered in a dose lower than a short antisense compound with a longer sequence and particularly a sequence 20 or more nucleobases. The medicament may be administered to a subject that exhibits high blood glucose or hyperglycemia, prediabetes, diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, obesity and insulin resistance.
  • Other aspects and advantages of short antisense compounds are provided herein. All aspect and advantages disclosed herein and specifically with regard to other targets is applicable with regard to compositions including short antisense compounds targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid and methods of their use.
  • Certain Short Antisense Compounds Targeted to a PTP1B Nucleic Acid
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid having the sequence of GENBANK® Accession No. NM002827.2, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 11 or the nucleotides 14178000 to 1425600 of the sequence of GENBANK® Accession No. NT011362.9, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 12. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 11 is at least 90% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 11 is at least 95% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 12 is 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 12. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 12 is at least 90% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 12. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 12 is at least 95% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 12. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 12 is 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 12.
  • In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 11 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the nucleotide sequences set forth in Tables 16 and 17. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 12 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the nucleotide sequences set forth in Tables 18 and 19.
  • Each nucleotide sequence set forth in each Tables 16, 17, 18, and 19 is independent of any modification to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase. As such, short antisense compounds comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in Tables 16, 17, 18, and 19 may comprise, independently, one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase. Antisense compounds described by Isis Number (Isis NO.) indicate a combination of nucleobase sequence and one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase.
  • Tables 16 and 17 illustrate examples of short antisense compounds targeted to SEQ ID NO: 11. Table 16 illustrates short antisense compounds that are 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 11. Table 17 illustrates short antisense compounds that have one or two mismatches with respect to SEQ ID NO: 11. Table 18 illustrates short antisense compounds that are 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 12. Table 19 illustrates short antisense compounds that have 1 or 2 mismatches with respect to SEQ ID NO: 12. The column labeled ‘gapmer motif’ indicates the wing-gap-wing motif of each short antisense compounds. The gap segment comprises 2′-deoxynucleotides and each nucleotide of each wing segment comprises a 2′-modified sugar. The particular 2′-modified sugar is also indicated in the ‘gapmer motif’ column. For example, ‘2-10-2 MOE’ means a 2-10-2 gapmer motif, where a gap segment of ten 2′-deoxynucleotides is flanked by wing segments of two nucleotides, where the nucleotides of the wing segments are 2′-MOE nucleotides. Internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate. The short antisense compounds comprise 5-methylcytidine in place of unmodified cytosine, unless “unmodified cytosine” is listed in the gapmer motif column, in which case the indicated cytosines are unmodified cytosines. For example, “5-mC in gap only” indicates that the gap segment has 5-methylcytosines, while the wing segments have unmodified cytosines.
  • TABLE 16
    Short Antisense Compounds
    targeted to SEQ ID NO: 11
    5′ 3′ SEQ
    ISIS Target Target Sequence Gapmer ID
    NO. Site Site (5′-3′) Motif NO
    147022 177 188 TTGTCGATCTCC 1-10-1 MOE 886
    147023 178 189 CTTGTCGATCTC 1-10-1 MOE 859
    147024 179 190 CCTTGTCGATCT 1-10-1 MOE 853
    147019 195 206 TCGATCTCCTCG 1-10-1 MOE 877
    147020 196 207 GTCGATCTCCTC 1-10-1 MOE 868
    147021 197 208 TGTCGATCTCCT 1-10-1 MOE 882
    147022 198 209 TTGTCGATCTCC 1-10-1 MOE 886
    147023 199 210 CTTGTCGATCTC 1-10-1 MOE 859
    147024 200 211 CCTTGTCGATCT 1-10-1 MOE 853
    147025 201 212 GCCTTGTCGATC 1-10-1 MOE 865
    147026 202 213 AGCCTTGTCGAT 1-10-1 MOE 835
    147027 203 214 CAGCCTTGTCGA 1-10-1 MOE 843
    147028 204 215 CCAGCCTTGTCG 1-10-1 MOE 846
    147073 204 215 CACTGATCCTGC 1-10-1 MOE 842
    147029 205 216 CCCAGCCTTGTC 1-10-1 MOE 848
    147030 206 217 TCCCAGCCTTGT 1-10-1 MOE 874
    147036 212 223 CCCAGTTCCCAG 1-10-1 MOE 849
    147037 213 224 GCCCAGTTCCCA 1-10-1 MOE 863
    147038 214 225 CGCCCAGTTCCC 1-10-1 MOE 855
    147039 215 226 CCGCCCAGTTCC 1-10-1 MOE 850
    147040 216 227 GCCGCCCAGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 864
    147041 217 228 AGCCGCCCAGTT 1-10-1 MOE 834
    147073 311 322 CACTGATCCTGC 1-10-1 MOE 842
    147042 323 334 GGTCAAAAGGGC 1-10-1 MOE 866
    147043 324 335 TGGTCAAAAGGG 1-10-1 MOE 881
    147044 325 336 GTGGTCAAAAGG 1-10-1 MOE 869
    147045 326 337 TGTGGTCAAAAG 1-10-1 MOE 883
    147046 327 338 CTGTGGTCAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 858
    147047 328 339 ACTGTGGTCAAA 1-10-1 MOE 833
    147051 332 343 TCCGACTGTGGT 1-10-1 MOE 875
    147052 333 344 ATCCGACTGTGG 1-10-1 MOE 837
    147053 334 345 AATCCGACTGTG 1-10-1 MOE 829
    147054 335 346 TAATCCGACTGT 1-10-1 MOE 871
    147055 336 347 TTAATCCGACTG 1-10-1 MOE 884
    147056 337 348 TTTAATCCGACT 1-10-1 MOE 887
    147057 338 349 ATTTAATCCGAC 1-10-1 MOE 839
    147058 339 350 AATTTAATCCGA 1-10-1 MOE 830
    147059 340 351 CAATTTAATCCG 1-10-1 MOE 840
    147060 341 352 GCAATTTAATCC 1-10-1 MOE 861
    147061 342 353 TGCAATTTAATC 1-10-1 MOE 879
    147045 679 690 TGTGGTCAAAAG 1-10-1 MOE 883
    147046 680 691 CTGTGGTCAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 858
    147045 787 798 TGTGGTCAAAAG 1-10-1 MOE 883
    147046 788 799 CTGTGGTCAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 858
    147066 816 827 CCTGCACTGACG 1-10-1 MOE 851
    404131 992 1005 ACCTTCGATCACAG 2-10-2 MOE 831
    147062 1024 1035 CACTGACGAGTC 1-10-1 MOE 841
    147063 1025 1036 GCACTGACGAGT 1-10-1 MOE 862
    147064 1026 1037 TGCACTGACGAG 1-10-1 MOE 880
    147065 1027 1038 CTGCACTGACGA 1-10-1 MOE 857
    147066 1028 1039 CCTGCACTGACG 1-10-1 MOE 851
    147067 1029 1040 TCCTGCACTGAC 1-10-1 MOE 876
    147068 1030 1041 ATCCTGCACTGA 1-10-1 MOE 838
    147069 1031 1042 GATCCTGCACTG 1-10-1 MOE 860
    147070 1032 1043 TGATCCTGCACT 1-10-1 MOE 878
    147071 1033 1044 CTGATCCTGCAC 1-10-1 MOE 856
    147072 1034 1045 ACTGATCCTGCA 1-10-1 MOE 832
    147073 1035 1046 CACTGATCCTGC 1-10-1 MOE 842
    147067 1199 1210 TCCTGCACTGAC 1-10-1 MOE 876
    147040 1288 1299 GCCGCCCAGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 864
    147040 1396 1407 GCCGCCCAGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 864
    147022 1868 1879 TTGTCGATCTCC 1-10-1 MOE 886
    147023 1869 1880 CTTGTCGATCTC 1-10-1 MOE 859
    147024 1870 1881 CCITGTCGATCT 1-10-1 MOE 853
    147019 1886 1897 TCGATCTCCTCG 1-10-1 MOE 877
    147020 1887 1898 GTCGATCTCCTC 1-10-1 MOE 868
    147021 1888 1899 TGTCGATCTCCT 1-10-1 MOE 882
    147022 1889 1900 TTGTCGATCTCC 1-10-1 MOE 886
    147023 1890 1901 CTTGTCGATCTC 1-10-1 MOE 859
    147025 1892 1903 GCCTTGTCGATC 1-10-1 MOE 865
    147027 1894 1905 CAGCCTTGTCGA 1-10-1 MOE 843
    147028 1895 1906 CCAGCCTTGTCG 1-10-1 MOE 846
    147030 1897 1908 TCCCAGCCTTGT 1-10-1 MOE 874
    147037 1904 1915 GCCCAGTTCCCA 1-10-1 MOE 863
    147038 1905 1916 CGCCCAGTTCCC 1-10-1 MOE 855
    147040 1907 1918 GCCGCCCAGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 864
    147041 1908 1919 AGCCGCCCAGTT 1-10-1 MOE 834
    147022 1976 1987 TTGTCGATCTCC 1-10-1 MOE 886
    147023 1977 1988 CTTGTCGATCTC 1-10-1 MOE 859
    147024 1978 1989 CCTTGTCGATCT 1-10-1 MOE 853
    147020 1995 2006 GTCGATCTCCTC 1-10-1 MOE 868
    147021 1996 2007 TGTCGATCTCCT 1-10-1 MOE 882
    147022 1997 2008 TTGTCGATCTCC 1-10-1 MOE 886
    147023 1998 2009 CTTGTCGATCTC 1-10-1 MOE 859
    147024 1999 2010 CCTTGTCGATCT 1-10-1 MOE 853
    147025 2000 2011 GCCTTGTCGATC 1-10-1 MOE 865
    147026 2001 2012 AGCCTTGTCGAT 1-10-1 MOE 835
    147027 2002 2013 CAGCCTTGTCGA 1-10-1 MOE 843
    147028 2003 2014 CCAGCCTTGTCG 1-10-1 MOE 846
    147029 2004 2015 GCCAGCCTTGTC 1-10-1 MOE 848
    147030 2005 2016 TCCCAGCCTTGT 1-10-1 MOE 874
    147036 2011 2022 CCCAGTTCCCAG 1-10-1 MOE 849
    147037 2012 2023 GCCCAGTTCCCA 1-10-1 MOE 863
    147038 2013 2024 CGCCCAGTTCCC 1-10-1 MOE 855
    147039 2014 2025 CCGCCCAGTTCC 1-10-1 MOE 850
    147040 2015 2026 GCCGCCCAGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 864
    147041 2016 2027 AGCCGCCCAGTT 1-10-1 MOE 834
    404199 2366 2379 GGTCATGCACAGGC 2-10-2 MOE 867
    404134 2369 2382 TCAGGTCATGCACA 2-10-2 MOE 873
    404132 2548 2561 CCTTGGAATGTCTG 2-10-2 MOE 852
    147020 2613 2624 GTCGATCTCCTC 1-10-1 MOE 868
    147020 2721 2732 GTCGATCTCCTC 1-10-1 MOE 868
    404133 3289 3302 TATTCCATGGCCAT 2-10-2 MOE 872
    147032 6220 6231 GTTCCCAGCCTT 1-10-1 MOE 870
    147033 6221 6232 AGTTCCCAGCCT 1-10-1 MOE 836
    147034 6222 6233 CAGTTCCCAGCC 1-10-1 MOE 844
    147044 6288 6299 GTGGTCAAAAGG 1-10-1 MOE 869
    147045 6289 6300 TGTGGTCAAAAG 1-10-1 MOE 883
    147032 6329 6340 GTTCCCAGCCTT 1-10-1 MOE 870
    147033 6330 6341 AGTTCCCAGCCT 1-10-1 MOE 836
    147034 6331 6342 CAGTTCCCAGCC 1-10-1 MOE 844
    147044 6397 6408 GTGGTCAAAAGG 1-10-1 MOE 869
    147045 6398 6409 TGTGGTCAAAAG 1-10-1 MOE 883
    147058 7057 7068 AATTTAATCCGA 1-10-1 MOE 830
    147059 7058 7069 CAATTTAATCCG 1-10-1 MOE 840
    147060 7059 7070 GCAATTTAATCC 1-10-1 MOE 861
    147058 7166 7177 AATTTAATCCGA 1-10-1 MOE 830
    147059 7167 7178 CAATTTAATCCG 1-10-1 MOE 840
    147041 8084 8095 AGCCGCCCAGTT 1-10-1 MOE 834
    147041 8192 8203 AGCCGCCCAGTT 1-10-1 MOE 834
    147027 8630 8641 CAGCCTTGTCGA 1-10-1 MOE 843
    147028 8631 8642 CCAGCCTTGTCG 1-10-1 MOE 846
    147027 8738 8749 CAGCCTTGTCGA 1-10-1 MOE 843
    147028 8739 8750 CCAGCCTTGTCG 1-10-1 MOE 846
    147043 10957 10968 TGGTCAAAAGGG 1-10-1 MOE 881
    147044 10958 10969 GTGGTCAAAAGG 1-10-1 MOE 869
    147043 11065 11076 TGGTCAAAAGGG 1-10-1 MOE 881
    147044 11066 11077 GTGGTCAAAAGG 1-10-1 MOE 869
    147071 11605 11616 CTGATCCTGCAC 1-10-1 MOE 856
    147070 11611 11622 TGATCCTGCACT 1-10-1 MOE 878
    147071 11612 11623 CTGATCCTGCAC 1-10-1 MOE 856
    147072 12294 12305 ACTGATCCTGCA 1-10-1 MOE 832
    147072 12299 12310 ACTGATCCTGCA 1-10-1 MOE 832
    147030 12805 12816 TCCCAGCCTTGT 1-10-1 MOE 874
    147031 12806 12817 TTCCCAGCCTTG 1-10-1 MOE 885
    147053 12939 12950 AATCCGACTGTG 1-10-1 MOE 829
    147030 12986 12997 TCCCAGCCTTGT 1-10-1 MOE 874
    147031 12987 12998 TTCCCAGCCTTG 1-10-1 MOE 885
    147053 13120 13131 AATCCGACTGTG 1-10-1 MOE 829
    147051 13162 13173 TCCGACTGTGGT 1-10-1 MOE 875
    147061 13316 13327 TGCAATTTAATC 1-10-1 MOE 879
    147047 13339 13350 ACTGTGGTCAAA 1-10-1 MOE 833
    147029 14058 14069 CCCAGCCTTGTC 1-10-1 MOE 848
    147029 14239 14250 CCCAGCCTTGTC 1-10-1 MOE 848
    147067 15560 15571 TCCTGCACTGAC 1-10-1 MOE 876
    147068 15561 15572 ATCCTGCACTGA 1-10-1 MOE 838
    147067 15742 15753 TCCTGCACTGAC 1-10-1 MOE 876
    147069 15744 15755 GATCCTGCACTG 1-10-1 MOE 860
    147042 16561 16572 GGTCAAAAGGGC 1-10-1 MOE 866
    147042 16727 16738 GGTCAAAAGGGC 1-10-1 MOE 866
    147030 17619 17630 TCCCAGCCTTGT 1-10-1 MOE 874
    147064 17762 17773 TGCACTGACGAG 1-10-1 MOE 880
    147030 17787 17798 TCCCAGCCTTGT 1-10-1 MOE 874
    147064 17930 17941 TGCACTGACGAG 1-10-1 MOE 880
    147042 19201 19212 GGTCAAAAGGGC 1-10-1 MOE 866
    147042 19369 19380 GGTCAAAAGGGC 1-10-1 MOE 866
    147027 21190 21201 CAGCCTTGTCGA 1-10-1 MOE 843
    147028 21191 21202 CCAGCCTTGTCG 1-10-1 MOE 846
    147027 21358 21369 CAGCCTTGTCGA 1-10-1 MOE 843
    147028 21359 21370 CCAGCCTTGTCG 1-10-1 MOE 846
    147070 22021 22032 TGATCCTGCACT 1-10-1 MOE 878
    147070 22189 22200 TGATCCTGCACT 1-10-1 MOE 878
    147047 22606 22617 ACTGTGGTCAAA 1-10-1 MOE 833
    147043 24318 24329 TGGTCAAAAGGG 1-10-1 MOE 881
    147044 24319 24330 GTGGTCAAAAGG 1-10-1 MOE 869
    147045 24320 24331 TGTGGTCAAAAG 1-10-1 MOE 883
    147046 24321 24332 CTGTGGTCAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 858
    147043 24486 24497 TGGTCAAAAGGG 1-10-1 MOE 881
    147044 24487 24498 GTGGTCAAAAGG 1-10-1 MOE 869
    147046 24489 24500 CTGTGGTCAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 858
    147047 24490 24501 ACTGTGGTCAAA 1-10-1 MOE 833
    147040 25065 25076 GCCGCCCAGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 864
    147041 25066 25077 AGCCGCCCAGTT 1-10-1 MOE 834
    147046 25160 25171 CTGTGGTCAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 858
    147039 25232 25243 CCGCCCAGTTCC 1-10-1 MOE 850
    147040 25233 25244 GCCGCCCAGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 864
    147041 25234 25245 AGCCGCCCAGTT 1-10-1 MOE 834
    147046 25328 25339 CTGTGGTCAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 858
    147057 25508 25519 ATTTAATCCGAC 1-10-1 MOE 839
    147061 25512 25523 TGCAATTTAATC 1-10-1 MOE 879
    147057 25676 25687 ATTTAATCCGAC 1-10-1 MOE 839
    147069 28878 28889 GATCCTGCACTG 1-10-1 MOE 860
    147070 28879 28890 TGATCCTGCACT 1-10-1 MOE 878
    147053 30133 30144 AATCCGACTGTG 1-10-1 MOE 829
    147053 30278 30289 AATCCGACTGTG 1-10-1 MOE 829
    147054 30864 30875 TAATCCGACTGT 1-10-1 MOE 871
    147043 30985 30996 TGGTCAAAAGGG 1-10-1 MOE 881
    147054 31011 31022 TAATCCGACTGT 1-10-1 MOE 871
    147043 31133 31144 TGGTCAAAAGGG 1-10-1 MOE 881
    147036 32233 32244 CCCAGTTCCCAG 1-10-1 MOE 849
    147072 32372 32383 ACTGATCCTGCA 1-10-1 MOE 832
    147072 32520 32531 ACTGATCCTGCA 1-10-1 MOE 832
    147069 33056 33067 GATCCTGCACTG 1-10-1 MOE 860
    147070 33057 33068 TGATCCTGCACT 1-10-1 MOE 878
    147071 33058 33069 CTGATCCTGCAC 1-10-1 MOE 856
    147051 33126 33137 TCCGACTGTGGT 1-10-1 MOE 875
    147070 33205 33216 TGATCCTGCACT 1-10-1 MOE 878
    147071 33206 33217 CTGATCCTGCAC 1-10-1 MOE 856
    147051 33274 33285 TCCGACTGTGGT 1-10-1 MOE 875
    147046 33318 33329 CTGTGGTCAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 858
    147049 33321 33332 CGACTGTGGTCA 1-10-1 MOE 854
    147051 33323 33334 TCCGACTGTGGT 1-10-1 MOE 875
    147046 33466 33477 CTGTGGTCAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 858
    147047 33467 33478 ACTGTGGTCAAA 1-10-1 MOE 833
    147051 33471 33482 TCCGACTGTGGT 1-10-1 MOE 875
    147046 33640 33651 CTGTGGTCAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 858
    147051 33645 33656 TCCGACTGTGGT 1-10-1 MOE 875
    147046 33788 33799 CTGTGGTCAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 858
    147051 33793 33804 TCCGACTGTGGT 1-10-1 MOE 875
    147059 35437 35448 CAATTTAATCCG 1-10-1 MOE 840
    147060 35438 35449 GCAATTTAATCC 1-10-1 MOE 861
    147060 35586 35597 GCAATTTAATCC 1-10-1 MOE 861
    147021 36093 36104 TGTCGATCTCCT 1-10-1 MOE 882
    147061 36250 36261 TGCAATTTAATC 1-10-1 MOE 879
    147061 36398 36409 TGCAATTTAATC 1-10-1 MOE 879
    147073 37485 37496 CACTGATCCTGC 1-10-1 MOE 842
    147073 37633 37644 CACTGATCCTGC 1-10-1 MOE 842
    147043 40214 40225 TGGTCAAAAGGG 1-10-1 MOE 881
    147061 40353 40364 TGCAATTTAATC 1-10-1 MOE 879
    147043 40362 40373 TGGTCAAAAGGG 1-10-1 MOE 881
    147061 40501 40512 TGCAATTTAATC 1-10-1 MOE 879
    147031 42527 42538 TTCCCAGCCTTG 1-10-1 MOE 885
    147032 42528 42539 GTTCCCAGCCTT 1-10-1 MOE 870
    147034 42530 42541 CAGTTCCCAGCC 1-10-1 MOE 844
    147031 42675 42686 TTCCCAGCCTTG 1-10-1 MOE 885
    147032 42676 42687 GTTCCCAGCCTT 1-10-1 MOE 870
    147033 42677 42688 AGTTCCCAGCCT 1-10-1 MOE 836
    147034 42678 42689 CAGTTCCCAGCC 1-10-1 MOE 844
    147074 43848 43859 CCACTGATCCTG 1-10-1 MOE 845
    147074 43996 44007 CCACTGATCCTG 1-10-1 MOE 845
    147051 45402 45413 TCCGACTGTGGT 1-10-1 MOE 875
    147051 45550 45561 TCCGACTGTGGT 1-10-1 MOE 875
    147074 46125 46136 CCACTGATCCTG 1-10-1 MOE 845
    147057 46313 46324 ATTTAATCCGAC 1-10-1 MOE 839
    147058 46314 46325 AATTTAATCCGA 1-10-1 MOE 830
    147059 46315 46326 CAATTTAATCCG 1-10-1 MOE 840
    147061 46317 46328 TGCAATTTAATC 1-10-1 MOE 879
    147057 46461 46472 ATTTAATCCGAC 1-10-1 MOE 839
    147059 46463 46474 CAATTTAATCCG 1-10-1 MOE 840
    147061 46465 46476 TGCAATTTAATC 1-10-1 MOE 879
    147058 47413 47424 AATTTAATCCGA 1-10-1 MOE 830
    147073 48221 48232 CACTGATCCTGC 1-10-1 MOE 842
    147073 48369 48380 CACTGATCCTGC 1-10-1 MOE 842
    147074 48370 48381 CCACTGATCCTG 1-10-1 MOE 845
    147027 48566 48577 CAGCCTTGTCGA 1-10-1 MOE 843
    147027 48714 48725 CAGCCTTGTCGA 1-10-1 MOE 843
    147028 48715 48726 CCAGCCTTGTCG 1-10-1 MOE 846
    147067 49050 49061 TCCTGCACTGAC 1-10-1 MOE 876
    147068 49051 49062 ATCCTGCACTGA 1-10-1 MOE 838
    147067 49198 49209 TCCTGCACTGAC 1-10-1 MOE 876
    147073 49524 49535 CACTGATCCTGC 1-10-1 MOE 842
    147073 49672 49683 CACTGATCCTGC 1-10-1 MOE 842
    147074 49673 49684 CCACTGATCCTG 1-10-1 MOE 845
    147036 50421 50432 CCCAGTTCCCAG 1-10-1 MOE 849
    147036 52292 52303 CCCAGTTCCCAG 1-10-1 MOE 849
    147037 52293 52304 GCCCAGTTCCCA 1-10-1 MOE 863
    147036 52438 52449 CCCAGTTCCCAG 1-10-1 MOE 849
    147037 52439 52450 GCCCAGTTCCCA 1-10-1 MOE 863
    147034 53148 53159 CAGTTCCCAGCC 1-10-1 MOE 844
    147034 53294 53305 CAGTTCCCAGCC 1-10-1 MOE 844
    147042 53445 53456 GGTCAAAAGGGC 1-10-1 MOE 866
    147043 53446 53457 TGGTCAAAAGGG 1-10-1 MOE 881
    147044 53447 53458 GTGGTCAAAAGG 1-10-1 MOE 869
    147042 53591 53602 GGTCAAAAGGGC 1-10-1 MOE 866
    147030 53592 53603 TCCCAGCCTTGT 1-10-1 MOE 874
    147043 53592 53603 TGGTCAAAAGGG 1-10-1 MOE 881
    147031 53593 53604 TTCCCAGCCTTG 1-10-1 MOE 885
    147044 53593 53604 GTGGTCAAAAGG 1-10-1 MOE 869
    147030 53738 53749 TCCCAGCCTTGT 1-10-1 MOE 874
    147031 53739 53750 TTCCCAGCCTTG 1-10-1 MOE 885
    147040 53783 53794 GCCGCCCAGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 864
    147041 53784 53795 AGCCGCCCAGTT 1-10-1 MOE 834
    147041 53930 53941 AGCCGCCCAGTT 1-10-1 MOE 834
    147042 55008 55019 GGTCAAAAGGGC 1-10-1 MOE 866
    147043 55009 55020 TGGTCAAAAGGG 1-10-1 MOE 881
    147042 55154 55165 GGTCAAAAGGGC 1-10-1 MOE 866
    147043 55155 55166 TGGTCAAAAGGG 1-10-1 MOE 881
    147058 55281 55292 AATTTAATCCGA 1-10-1 MOE 830
    147058 55427 55438 AATTTAATCCGA 1-10-1 MOE 830
    147019 55682 55693 TCGATCTCCTCG 1-10-1 MOE 877
    147021 55684 55695 TGTCGATCTCCT 1-10-1 MOE 882
    147021 55830 55841 TGTCGATCTCCT 1-10-1 MOE 882
    147054 56275 56286 TAATCCGACTGT 1-10-1 MOE 871
    147055 56276 56287 TTAATCCGACTG 1-10-1 MOE 884
    147056 56277 56288 TTTAATCCGACT 1-10-1 MOE 887
    147058 56279 56290 AATTTAATCCGA 1-10-1 MOE 830
    147059 56280 56291 CAATTTAATCCG 1-10-1 MOE 840
    147060 56281 56292 GCAATTTAATCC 1-10-1 MOE 861
    147061 56282 56293 TGCAATTTAATC 1-10-1 MOE 879
    147051 56418 56429 TCCGACTGTGGT 1-10-1 MOE 875
    147053 56420 56431 AATCCGACTGTG 1-10-1 MOE 829
    147054 56421 56432 TAATCCGACTGT 1-10-1 MOE 871
    147055 56422 56433 TTAATCCGACTG 1-10-1 MOE 884
    147056 56423 56434 TTTAATCCGACT 1-10-1 MOE 887
    147057 56424 56435 ATTTAATCCGAC 1-10-1 MOE 839
    147058 56425 56436 AATTTAATCCGA 1-10-1 MOE 830
    147061 56428 56439 TGCAATTTAATC 1-10-1 MOE 879
    147045 57118 57129 TGTGGTCAAAAG 1-10-1 MOE 883
    147045 57264 57275 TGTGGTCAAAAG 1-10-1 MOE 883
    147046 57265 57276 CTGTGGTCAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 858
    147071 58028 58039 CTGATCCTGCAC 1-10-1 MOE 856
    147071 58174 58185 CTGATCCTGCAC 1-10-1 MOE 856
    147043 61111 61122 TGGTCAAAAGGG 1-10-1 MOE 881
    147071 61130 61141 CTGATCCTGCAC 1-10-1 MOE 856
    147020 61226 61237 GTCGATCTCCTC 1-10-1 MOE 868
    147043 61257 61268 TGGTCAAAAGGG 1-10-1 MOE 881
    147071 61276 61287 CTGATCCTGCAC 1-10-1 MOE 856
    147035 61277 61288 CCAGTTCCCAGC 1-10-1 MOE 847
    147036 61278 61289 CCCAGTTCCCAG 1-10-1 MOE 849
    147037 61279 61290 GCCCAGTTCCCA 1-10-1 MOE 863
    147038 61280 61291 CGCCCAGTTCCC 1-10-1 MOE 855
    147039 61281 61292 CCGCCCAGTTCC 1-10-1 MOE 850
    147040 61282 61293 GCCGCCCAGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 864
    147071 61309 61320 CTGATCCTGCAC 1-10-1 MOE 856
    147020 61372 61383 GTCGATCTCCTC 1-10-1 MOE 868
    147034 61422 61433 CAGTTCCCAGCC 1-10-1 MOE 844
    147035 61423 61434 CCAGTTCCCAGC 1-10-1 MOE 847
    147036 61424 61435 CCCAGTTCCCAG 1-10-1 MOE 849
    147037 61425 61436 GCCCAGTTCCCA 1-10-1 MOE 863
    147038 61426 61437 CGCCCAGTTCCC 1-10-1 MOE 855
    147040 61428 61439 GCCGCCCAGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 864
    147071 61455 61466 CTGATCCTGCAC 1-10-1 MOE 856
    147073 62003 62014 CACTGATCCTGC 1-10-1 MOE 842
    147073 62149 62160 CACTGATCCTGC 1-10-1 MOE 842
    147066 63065 63076 CCTGCACTGACG 1-10-1 MOE 851
    147068 63067 63078 ATCCTGCACTGA 1-10-1 MOE 838
    147069 63146 63157 GATCCTGCACTG 1-10-1 MOE 860
    147062 63207 63218 CACTGACGAGTC 1-10-1 MOE 841
    147066 63211 63222 CCTGCACTGACG 1-10-1 MOE 851
    147057 64054 64065 ATTTAATCCGAC 1-10-1 MOE 839
    147036 64538 64549 CCCAGTTCCCAG 1-10-1 MOE 849
    147037 64539 64550 GCCCAGTTCCCA 1-10-1 MOE 863
    147037 64685 64696 GCCCAGTTCCCA 1-10-1 MOE 863
    147066 64864 64875 CCTGCACTGACG 1-10-1 MOE 851
    147067 64865 64876 TCCTGCACTGAC 1-10-1 MOE 876
    147066 65010 65021 CCTGCACTGACG 1-10-1 MOE 851
    147067 65011 65022 TCCTGCACTGAC 1-10-1 MOE 876
    147045 65017 65028 TGTGGTCAAAAG 1-10-1 MOE 883
    147045 65163 65174 TGTGGTCAAAAG 1-10-1 MOE 883
    147046 65164 65175 CTGTGGTCAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 858
    147068 65408 65419 ATCCTGCACTGA 1-10-1 MOE 838
    147071 65411 65422 CTGATCCTGCAC 1-10-1 MOE 856
    147069 65549 65560 GATCCTGCACTG 1-10-1 MOE 860
    147068 65554 65565 ATCCTGCACTGA 1-10-1 MOE 838
    147071 65557 65568 CTGATCCTGCAC 1-10-1 MOE 856
    147029 67741 67752 CCCAGCCTTGTC 1-10-1 MOE 848
    147030 67742 67753 TCCCAGCCTTGT 1-10-1 MOE 874
    147031 67743 67754 TTCCCAGCCTTG 1-10-1 MOE 885
    147028 67886 67897 CCAGCCTTGTCG 1-10-1 MOE 846
    147029 67887 67898 CCCAGCCTTGTC 1-10-1 MOE 848
    147030 67888 67899 TCCCAGCCTTGT 1-10-1 MOE 874
    147031 67889 67900 TTCCCAGCCTTG 1-10-1 MOE 885
    147043 68867 68878 TGGTCAAAAGGG 1-10-1 MOE 881
    147044 68868 68879 GTGGTCAAAAGG 1-10-1 MOE 869
    147045 68869 68880 TGTGGTCAAAAG 1-10-1 MOE 883
    147043 69013 69024 TGGTCAAAAGGG 1-10-1 MOE 881
    147044 69014 69025 GTGGTCAAAAGG 1-10-1 MOE 869
    147045 69015 69026 TGTGGTCAAAAG 1-10-1 MOE 883
    147046 69016 69027 CTGTGGTCAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 858
    147071 69519 69530 CTGATCCTGCAC 1-10-1 MOE 856
    147072 69520 69531 ACTGATCCTGCA 1-10-1 MOE 832
    147073 69521 69532 CACTGATCCTGC 1-10-1 MOE 842
    147071 69665 69676 CTGATCCTGCAC 1-10-1 MOE 856
    147072 69666 69677 ACTGATCCTGCA 1-10-1 MOE 832
    147073 69667 69678 CACTGATCCTGC 1-10-1 MOE 842
    147074 69668 69679 CCACTGATCCTG 1-10-1 MOE 845
    147066 69869 69880 CCTGCACTGACG 1-10-1 MOE 851
    147066 70015 70026 CCTGCACTGACG 1-10-1 MOE 851
    147023 70465 70476 CTTGTCGATCTC 1-10-1 MOE 859
    147023 70611 70622 CTTGTCGATCTC 1-10-1 MOE 859
    147062 70615 70626 CACTGACGAGTC 1-10-1 MOE 841
    147063 70616 70627 GCACTGACGAGT 1-10-1 MOE 862
    147064 70617 70628 TGCACTGACGAG 1-10-1 MOE 880
    147065 70618 70629 CTGCACTGACGA 1-10-1 MOE 857
    147066 70619 70630 CCTGCACTGACG 1-10-1 MOE 851
    147063 70762 70773 GCACTGACGAGT 1-10-1 MOE 862
    147064 70763 70774 TGCACTGACGAG 1-10-1 MOE 880
    147065 70764 70775 CTGCACTGACGA 1-10-1 MOE 857
    147066 70765 70776 CCTGCACTGACG 1-10-1 MOE 851
    147072 70998 71009 ACTGATCCTGCA 1-10-1 MOE 832
    147073 70999 71010 CACTGATCCTGC 1-10-1 MOE 842
    147072 71144 71155 ACTGATCCTGCA 1-10-1 MOE 832
    147073 71145 71156 CACTGATCCTGC 1-10-1 MOE 842
    147074 71146 71157 CCACTGATCCTG 1-10-1 MOE 845
    147037 71351 71362 GCCCAGTTCCCA 1-10-1 MOE 863
    147038 71352 71363 CGCCCAGTTCCC 1-10-1 MOE 855
    147039 71353 71364 CCGCCCAGTTCC 1-10-1 MOE 850
    147037 71497 71508 GCCCAGTTCCCA 1-10-1 MOE 863
    147038 71498 71509 CGCCCAGTTCCC 1-10-1 MOE 855
    147039 71499 71510 CCGCCCAGTTCC 1-10-1 MOE 850
    147061 71641 71652 TGCAATTTAATC 1-10-1 MOE 879
    147061 71787 71798 TGCAATTTAATC 1-10-1 MOE 879
  • TABLE 17
    Short antisense compounds targeted to
    SEQ ID NO: 11 and having 1 or 2 mismatches
    5′ 3′ SEQ
    ISIS Target Target Sequence Gapmer ID
    NO. Site Site (5′-3′) Motif NO
    147022 177 188 TTGTCGATCTCC 1-10-1 MOE 886
    147023 178 189 CTTGTCGATCTC 1-10-1 MOE 859
    147020 196 207 GTCGATCTCCTC 1-10-1 MOE 868
    147022 198 209 TTGTCGATCTCC 1-10-1 MOE 886
    147024 200 211 CCTTGTCGATCT 1-10-1 MOE 853
    147026 202 213 AGCCTTGTCGAT 1-10-1 MOE 835
    147028 204 215 CCAGCCTTGTCG 1-10-1 MOE 846
    147029 205 216 CCCAGCCTTGTC 1-10-1 MOE 848
    147030 206 217 TCCCAGCCTTGT 1-10-1 MOE 874
    147036 212 223 CCCAGTTCCCAG 1-10-1 MOE 849
    147073 311 322 CACTGATCCTGC 1-10-1 MOE 842
    147046 327 338 CTGTGGTCAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 858
    147047 328 339 ACTGTGGTCAAA 1-10-1 MOE 833
    147048 329 340 GACTGTGGTCAA 1-10-1 MOE 888
    147049 330 341 CGACTGTGGTCA 1-10-1 MOE 854
    147050 331 342 CCGACTGTGGTC 1-10-1 MOE 889
    147051 332 343 TCCGACTGTGGT 1-10-1 MOE 875
    147052 333 344 ATCCGACTGTGG 1-10-1 MOE 837
    147053 334 345 AATCCGACTGTG 1-10-1 MOE 829
    147054 335 346 TAATCCGACTGT 1-10-1 MOE 871
    147055 336 347 TTAATCCGACTG 1-10-1 MOE 884
    147056 337 348 TTTAATCCGACT 1-10-1 MOE 887
    147057 338 349 ATTTAATCCGAC 1-10-1 MOE 839
    147058 339 350 AATTTAATCCGA 1-10-1 MOE 830
    147060 341 352 GCAATTTAATCC 1-10-1 MOE 861
    147061 342 353 TGCAATTTAATC 1-10-1 MOE 879
    147062 1024 1035 CACTGACGAGTC 1-10-1 MOE 841
    147063 1025 1036 GCACTGACGAGT 1-10-1 MOE 862
    147068 1030 1041 ATCCTGCACTGA 1-10-1 MOE 838
    147071 1033 1044 CTGATCCTGCAC 1-10-1 MOE 856
    147073 1035 1046 CACTGATCCTGC 1-10-1 MOE 842
    147074 1036 1047 CCACTGATCCTG 1-10-1 MOE 845
    147067 1091 1102 TCCTGCACTGAC 1-10-1 MOE 876
    147024 1891 1902 CCTTGTCGATCT 1-10-1 MOE 853
    147026 1893 1904 AGCCTTGTCGAT 1-10-1 MOE 835
    147029 1896 1907 CCCAGCCTTGTC 1-10-1 MOE 848
    147036 1903 1914 CCCAGTTCCCAG 1-10-1 MOE 849
    147039 1906 1917 CCGCCCAGTTCC 1-10-1 MOE 850
    147019 1994 2005 TCGATCTCCTCG 1-10-1 MOE 877
    401385 2815 2828 CCCAGTGGGTTTGA 2-10-2 MOE 890
    147033 5265 5276 AGTTCCCAGCCT 1-10-1 MOE 836
    147033 5373 5384 AGTTCCCAGCCT 1-10-1 MOE 836
    147060 7168 7179 GCAATTTAATCC 1-10-1 MOE 861
    147053 10527 10538 AATCCGACTGTG 1-10-1 MOE 829
    147053 10635 10646 AATCCGACTGTG 1-10-1 MOE 829
    147070 11604 11615 TGATCCTGCACT 1-10-1 MOE 878
    147071 11612 11623 CTGATCCTGCAC 1-10-1 MOE 856
    147072 12294 12305 ACTGATCCTGCA 1-10-1 MOE 832
    147072 12299 12310 ACTGATCCTGCA 1-10-1 MOE 832
    147052 12938 12949 ATCCGACTGTGG 1-10-1 MOE 837
    147052 13119 13130 ATCCGACTGTGG 1-10-1 MOE 837
    147047 13158 13169 ACTGTGGTCAAA 1-10-1 MOE 833
    147048 13159 13170 GACTGTGGTCAA 1-10-1 MOE 888
    147049 13160 13171 CGACTGTGGTCA 1-10-1 MOE 854
    147048 13340 13351 GACTGTGGTCAA 1-10-1 MOE 888
    147049 13341 13352 CGACTGTGGTCA 1-10-1 MOE 854
    147051 13343 13354 TCCGACTGTGGT 1-10-1 MOE 875
    147061 13497 13508 TGCAATTTAATC 1-10-1 MOE 879
    147069 15562 15573 GATCCTGCACTG 1-10-1 MOE 860
    147068 15743 15754 ATCCTGCACTGA 1-10-1 MOE 838
    147049 17181 17192 CGACTGTGGTCA 1-10-1 MOE 854
    147049 17349 17360 CGACTGTGGTCA 1-10-1 MOE 854
    147047 22438 22449 ACTGTGGTCAAA 1-10-1 MOE 833
    147047 24322 24333 ACTGTGGTCAAA 1-10-1 MOE 833
    147045 24488 24499 TGTGGTCAAAAG 1-10-1 MOE 883
    147039 25064 25075 CCGCCCAGTTCC 1-10-1 MOE 850
    147057 25508 25519 ATTTAATCCGAC 1-10-1 MOE 839
    147057 25676 25687 ATTTAATCCGAC 1-10-1 MOE 839
    147061 25680 25691 TGCAATTTAATC 1-10-1 MOE 879
    147069 28731 28742 GATCCTGCACTG 1-10-1 MOE 860
    147052 30132 30143 ATCCGACTGTGG 1-10-1 MOE 837
    147052 30277 30288 ATCCGACTGTGG 1-10-1 MOE 837
    147036 32085 32096 CCCAGTTCCCAG 1-10-1 MOE 849
    147072 32520 32531 ACTGATCCTGCA 1-10-1 MOE 832
    147071 33058 33069 CTGATCCTGCAC 1-10-1 MOE 856
    147050 33125 33136 CCGACTGTGGTC 1-10-1 MOE 889
    147069 33204 33215 GATCCTGCACTG 1-10-1 MOE 860
    147050 33273 33284 CCGACTGTGGTC 1-10-1 MOE 889
    147047 33319 33330 ACTGTGGTCAAA 1-10-1 MOE 833
    147050 33322 33333 CCGACTGTGGTC 1-10-1 MOE 889
    147052 33324 33335 ATCCGACTGTGG 1-10-1 MOE 837
    147049 33469 33480 CGACTGTGGTCA 1-10-1 MOE 854
    147050 33470 33481 CCGACTGTGGTC 1-10-1 MOE 889
    147052 33472 33483 ATCCGACTGTGG 1-10-1 MOE 837
    147047 33641 33652 ACTGTGGTCAAA 1-10-1 MOE 833
    147047 33789 33800 ACTGTGGTCAAA 1-10-1 MOE 833
    147059 35585 35596 CAATTTAATCCG 1-10-1 MOE 840
    147021 36241 36252 TGTCGATCTCCT 1-10-1 MOE 882
    147073 37633 37644 CACTGATCCTGC 1-10-1 MOE 842
    147033 42529 42540 AGTTCCCAGCCT 1-10-1 MOE 836
    147050 45401 45412 CCGACTGTGGTC 1-10-1 MOE 889
    147050 45549 45560 CCGACTGTGGTC 1-10-1 MOE 889
    147074 46125 46136 CCACTGATCCTG 1-10-1 MOE 845
    147057 46313 46324 ATTTAATCCGAC 1-10-1 MOE 839
    147058 46462 46473 AATTTAATCCGA 1-10-1 MOE 830
    147058 47413 47424 AATTTAATCCGA 1-10-1 MOE 830
    147058 47561 47572 AATTTAATCCGA 1-10-1 MOE 830
    147073 48221 48232 CACTGATCCTGC 1-10-1 MOE 842
    147073 48369 48380 CACTGATCCTGC 1-10-1 MOE 842
    147028 48567 48578 CCAGCCTTGTCG 1-10-1 MOE 846
    147068 49199 49210 ATCCTGCACTGA 1-10-1 MOE 838
    147036 50273 50284 CCCAGTTCCCAG 1-10-1 MOE 849
    147040 53929 53940 GCCGCCCAGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 864
    147047 54769 54780 ACTGTGGTCAAA 1-10-1 MOE 833
    147048 54770 54781 GACTGTGGTCAA 1-10-1 MOE 888
    147047 54915 54926 ACTGTGGTCAAA 1-10-1 MOE 833
    147048 54916 54927 GACTGTGGTCAA 1-10-1 MOE 888
    147019 55828 55839 TCGATCTCCTCG 1-10-1 MOE 877
    147047 56268 56279 ACTGTGGTCAAA 1-10-1 MOE 833
    147048 56269 56280 GACTGTGGTCAA 1-10-1 MOE 888
    147049 56270 56281 CGACTGTGGTCA 1-10-1 MOE 854
    147050 56271 56282 CCGACTGTGGTC 1-10-1 MOE 889
    147051 56272 56283 TCCGACTGTGGT 1-10-1 MOE 875
    147052 56273 56284 ATCCGACTGTGG 1-10-1 MOE 837
    147053 56274 56285 AATCCGACTGTG 1-10-1 MOE 829
    147056 56277 56288 TTTAATCCGACT 1-10-1 MOE 887
    147057 56278 56289 ATTTAATCCGAC 1-10-1 MOE 839
    147047 56414 56425 ACTGTGGTCAAA 1-10-1 MOE 833
    147048 56415 56426 GACTGTGGTCAA 1-10-1 MOE 888
    147049 56416 56427 CGACTGTGGTCA 1-10-1 MOE 854
    147050 56417 56428 CCGACTGTGGTC 1-10-1 MOE 889
    147052 56419 56430 ATCCGACTGTGG 1-10-1 MOE 837
    147057 56424 56435 ATTTAATCCGAC 1-10-1 MOE 839
    147058 56425 56436 AATTTAATCCGA 1-10-1 MOE 830
    147059 56426 56437 CAATTTAATCCG 1-10-1 MOE 840
    147060 56427 56438 GCAATTTAATCC 1-10-1 MOE 861
    147046 57119 57130 CTGTGGTCAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 858
    147071 58174 58185 CTGATCCTGCAC 1-10-1 MOE 856
    147071 61130 61141 CTGATCCTGCAC 1-10-1 MOE 856
    147034 61276 61287 CAGTTCCCAGCC 1-10-1 MOE 844
    147071 61309 61320 CTGATCCTGCAC 1-10-1 MOE 856
    147039 61427 61438 CCGCCCAGTTCC 1-10-1 MOE 850
    147071 61455 61466 CTGATCCTGCAC 1-10-1 MOE 856
    147073 62003 62014 CACTGATCCTGC 1-10-1 MOE 842
    147062 63061 63072 CACTGACGAGTC 1-10-1 MOE 841
    147068 63213 63224 ATCCTGCACTGA 1-10-1 MOE 838
    147069 63292 63303 GATCCTGCACTG 1-10-1 MOE 860
    147057 64054 64065 AITTAATCCGAC 1-10-1 MOE 839
    147057 64200 64211 A1TTAATCCGAC 1-10-1 MOE 839
    147070 64427 64438 TGATCCTGCACT 1-10-1 MOE 878
    147070 64573 64584 TGATCCTGCACT 1-10-1 MOE 878
    147036 64684 64695 CCCAGTTCCCAG 1-10-1 MOE 849
    147046 65018 65029 CTGTGGTCAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 858
    147071 65557 65568 CTGATCCTGCAC 1-10-1 MOE 856
    147069 65695 65706 GATCCTGCACTG 1-10-1 MOE 860
    147047 66163 66174 ACTGTGGTCAAA 1-10-1 MOE 833
    147047 66309 66320 ACTGTGGTCAAA 1-10-1 MOE 833
    147028 67740 67751 CCAGCCTTGTCG 1-10-1 MOE 846
    147046 68870 68881 CTGTGGTCAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 858
    147047 68871 68882 ACTGTGGTCAAA 1-10-1 MOE 833
    147048 68872 68883 GACTGTGGTCAA 1-10-1 MOE 888
    147049 68873 68884 CGACTGTGGTCA 1-10-1 MOE 854
    147047 69017 69028 ACTGTGGTCAAA 1-10-1 MOE 833
    147048 69018 69029 GACTGTGGTCAA 1-10-1 MOE 888
    147049 69019 69030 CGACTGTGGTCA 1-10-1 MOE 854
    147071 69519 69530 CTGATCCTGCAC 1-10-1 MOE 856
    147073 69521 69532 CACTGATCCTGC 1-10-1 MOE 842
    147071 69665 69676 CTGATCCTGCAC 1-10-1 MOE 856
    147072 69666 69677 ACTGATCCTGCA 1-10-1 MOE 832
    147024 70466 70477 CCTTGTCGATCT 1-10-1 MOE 853
    147024 70612 70623 CCTTGTCGATCT 1-10-1 MOE 853
    147062 70761 70772 CACTGACGAGTC 1-10-1 MOE 841
    147072 70998 71009 ACTGATCCTGCA 1-10-1 MOE 832
    147073 70999 71010 CACTGATCCTGC 1-10-1 MOE 842
    147072 71144 71155 ACTGATCCTGCA 1-10-1 MOE 832
    147073 71145 71156 CACTGATCCTGC 1-10-1 MOE 842
    147048 71366 71377 GACTGTGGTCAA 1-10-1 MOE 888
    147048 71512 71523 GACTGTGGTCAA 1-10-1 MOE 888
  • TABLE 18
    Short Antisense Compounds
    targeted to SEQ ID NO: 12
    5′ Target 5′ Target Seq
    ISIS NO. Site Site Sequence (5′-3′) Gapmer Motif ID NO
    398163 20 31 ATGTCAACCGGC 1-10-1 MOE 908
    384545 23 34 CAAGTAGGATGT 1-10-1 MOE 951
    147705 159 170 CGGTTTTTGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1002
    147703 245 256 TGGCTTCATGTC 1-10-1 MOE 971
    398090 283 296 TTGTTCTTAGGAAG 2-10-2 MOE 972
    147704 285 296 TTGTTCTTAGGA 1-10-1 MOE 1012
    147705 291 302 CGGTTTTTGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1002
    147709 311 322 CCATTTTTATCA 1-10-1 MOE 978
    147733 349 360 TTCTTGATGTCC 1-10-1 MOE 891
    147707 360 371 TAGTCATTATCT 1-10-1 MOE 977
    147708 366 377 TTGATATAGTCA 1-10-1 MOE 997
    390030 381 392 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    147709 386 397 CCATTTTTATCA 1-10-1 MOE 978
    147081 393 404 GCTCCTTCCACT 1-10-1 MOE 1006
    398091 393 406 GGGCTTCTTCCATT 2-10-2 MOE 979
    398166 395 406 GGGCTTCTTCCA 1-10-1 MOE 1070
    147709 418 429 CCATTTTTATCA 1-10-1 MOE 978
    147711 425 436 AAGGGCCCTGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1040
    147712 461 472 ACACCATCTCCC 1-10-1 MOE 1005
    147713 466 477 CTCCCACACCAT 1-10-1 MOE 985
    147714 471 482 TTCTGCTCCCAC 1-10-1 MOE 986
    147715 496 507 GTTGAGCATGAC 1-10-1 MOE 1077
    147716 521 532 TTAACGAGCCTT 1-10-1 MOE 949
    147717 574 585 ATCTTCAGAGAT 1-10-1 MOE 996
    147717 607 618 ATCTTCAGAGAT 1-10-1 MOE 996
    147708 612 623 TTGATATAGTCA 1-10-1 MOE 997
    147718 621 632 TAATATGACTTG 1-10-1 MOE 998
    147746 625 636 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    398167 704 715 CAGGCCATGTGG 1-10-1 MOE 1059
    398092 705 718 AGTCAGGCCATGTG 2-10-2 MOE 1060
    147723 715 726 GACTCCAAAGTC 1-10-1 MOE 892
    398093 758 771 TCGGACTTTGAAAA 2-10-2 MOE 1009
    398168 760 771 TCGGACTTTGAA 1-10-1 MOE 1008
    147738 780 791 TGGGTGGCCGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1069
    398094 848 861 ATCAGCCAGACAGA 2-10-2 MOE 1010
    398169 849 860 TCAGCCAGAGAG 1-10-1 MOE 909
    398164 873 884 TTGTCGATCTGC 1-10-1 MOE 1014
    147735 973 984 GGAGAAGCGCAG 1-10-1 MOE 1016
    147737 984 995 ACAGCCAGGTAG 1-10-1 MOE 1067
    368369 1025 1040 TCCTGCACTGACGAGT 3-10-3 MOE 893
    368372 1031 1046 CACTGATCCTGCACTG 3-10-3 MOE 894
    368353 1033 1046 CACTGATCCTGCAC 2-10-2 MOE 1007
    368354 1035 1048 TCCACTGATCCTGC 2-10-2 MOE 1024
    368388 1035 1050 CTTCCACTGATCCTTA 3-10-3 MOE 895
    368355 1036 1049 TTCCACTGATCCTG 2-10-2 MOE 1025
    368356 1037 1050 CTTCCACTGATCCT 2-10-2 MOE 1027
    368376 1037 1052 TCCTTCCACTGATCCT 3-10-3 MOE 1028
    147076 1038 1049 TTCCACTGATCC 1-10-1 MOE 1029
    368357 1038 1051 CCTTCCACTGATCC 2-10-2 MOE 1046
    147077 1039 1050 CTTCCACTGATC 1-10-1 MOE 1047
    368358 1039 1052 TCCTTCCACTGATC 2-10-2 MOE 1031
    368378 1039 1054 GCTCCTTCCACTGATC 3-10-3 MOE 1032
    368359 1041 1054 GCTCCTTCCACTGA 2-10-2 MOE 1033
    147080 1042 1053 CTCCTTCCACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1021
    147081 1043 1054 GCTCCTTCCACT 1-10-1 MOE 1006
    368360 1043 1056 AAGCTCCTTCCACT 2-10-2 MOE 1035
    368380 1043 1058 GAAAGCTCCTTCCACT 3-10-3 MOE 896
    147082 1044 1055 AGCTCCTTCCAC 1-10-1 MOE 1036
    368381 1045 1060 GGGAAAGCTCCTTCCA 3-10-3 MOE 1037
    147739 1107 1118 CGTTTGGGTGGC 1-10-1 MOE 1023
    147741 1165 1176 CACCCACTGGTG 1-10-1 MOE 1055
    398097 1194 1207 GGCAGTCTTTATCC 2-10-2 MOE 897
    147742 1273 1284 AACTTCAGTGTC 1-10-1 MOE 1041
    147743 1388 1399 AGGGCTTCCAGT 1-10-1 MOE 1042
    147744 1392 1403 AGGAAGGGCTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1043
    147745 1398 1409 TTGACCAGGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 1058
    398157 1455 1468 GGAAACATACCCTG 2-10-2 MOE 1045
    398167 1475 1486 CAGGCCATGTGG 1-10-1 MOE 1059
    398092 1476 1489 AGTCAGGCCATGTG 2-10-2 MOE 1060
    368357 1596 1609 CCTTCCACTGATCC 2-10-2 MOE 1046
    398160 1691 1704 GAATAGGTTAAGGC 2-10-2 MOE 1048
    398163 1711 1722 ATGTCAACCGGC 1-10-1 MOE 908
    147746 1750 1761 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    389949 1777 1788 GCGCGAGCCCGA 1-10-1 MOE 1061
    398161 1790 1803 AACAATGTGTTGTA 2-10-2 MOE 1049
    147746 1799 1810 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    398163 1819 1830 ATGTCAACCGGC 1-10-1 MOE 908
    389950 1848 1859 CCCTGAAGGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1063
    398164 1889 1900 TTGTCGATCTGC 1-10-1 MOE 1014
    147702 1917 1928 CTGGTAAATAGC 1-10-1 MOE 898
    147088 1971 1982 CCCTCTACACCA 1-10-1 MOE 1050
    398102 2003 2016 CTACCTGAGGATTT 2-10-2 MOE 899
    398103 2010 2023 CCCAGTACTACCTG 2-10-2 MOE 900
    147737 2386 2397 ACAGCCAGGTAG 1-10-1 MOE 1067
    398095 2407 2420 CATCAGCAAGAGGC 2-10-2 MOE 1011
    398106 2441 2454 TGGAAAACTGCACC 2-10-2 MOE 1068
    147745 2497 2508 TTGACCAGGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 1058
    147712 2499 2510 ACACCATCTCCC 1-10-1 MOE 1005
    147712 2607 2618 ACACCATCTCCC 1-10-1 MOE 1005
    147745 2689 2700 TTGACCAGGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 1058
    398167 2706 2717 CAGGCCATGTGG 1-10-1 MOE 1059
    398092 2707 2720 AGTCAGGCCATGTG 2-10-2 MOE 1060
    398166 2966 2977 GGGCTTCTTGCA 1-10-1 MOE 1070
    147091 2992 3003 GTTCCCTCTACA 1-10-1 MOE 1004
    147092 2993 3004 TGTTCCCTCTAC 1-10-1 MOE 901
    389949 3008 3019 GCGCGAGCCCGA 1-10-1 MOE 1061
    147087 3149 3160 CCTCTACACCAG 1-10-1 MOE 982
    147088 3150 3161 CCCTCTACACCA 1-10-1 MOE 1050
    398113 3160 3173 AGGAGGTTAAACCA 2-10-2 MOE 905
    147087 3257 3268 CCTCTACACCAG 1-10-1 MOE 982
    147088 3258 3269 CCCTCTACACCA 1-10-1 MOE 1050
    147737 3591 3602 ACAGCCAGGTAG 1-10-1 MOE 1067
    147737 3617 3628 ACAGCCAGGTAG 1-10-1 MOE 1067
    147079 3637 3648 TCCTTCCACTGA 1-10-1 MOE 1001
    147080 3638 3649 CTCCTTCCACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1021
    398095 3638 3651 CATCAGCAAGAGGC 2-10-2 MOE 1011
    398106 3672 3685 TGGAAAACTGCACC 2-10-2 MOE 1068
    398107 3678 3691 TATTCCTGGAAAAC 2-10-2 MOE 902
    147691 3806 3817 GAGGTGGGAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 966
    147683 3848 3859 GCTTACGATTGT 1-10-1 MOE 922
    147738 3853 3864 TGGGTGGCCGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1069
    398167 3926 3937 CAGGCCATGTGG 1-10-1 MOE 1059
    398109 3945 3958 CAAGAAGTGTGGTT 2-10-2 MOE 903
    398167 4034 4045 CAGGCCATGTGG 1-10-1 MOE 1059
    398110 4083 4096 GTTCCCTTTGCAGG 2-10-2 MOE 952
    398111 4168 4181 GTGAAAATGCTGGC 2-10-2 MOE 904
    147706 4238 4249 GCTGACATCTCG 1-10-1 MOE 1071
    398112 4282 4295 CAGCCTGGCACCTA 2-10-2 MOE 1072
    147746 4315 4326 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    398113 4391 4404 AGGAGGTTAAACCA 2-10-2 MOE 905
    398115 4484 4497 AGTAAATATTGGCT 2-10-2 MOE 1076
    390030 4491 4502 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    390030 4537 4548 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    147703 5034 5045 TGGCTTCATGTC 1-10-1 MOE 971
    147684 5035 5046 ACCCAGTCAGGG 1-10-1 MOE 964
    398125 5075 5088 CAGTAAGGAATTTT 2-10-2 MOE 913
    147696 5083 5094 TGGATGATTGGC 1-10-1 MOE 906
    147684 5143 5154 ACCCAGTCAGGG 1-10-1 MOE 964
    147712 5366 5377 ACACCATCTCCC 1-10-1 MOE 1005
    147714 5416 5427 TTCTGCTCCCAC 1-10-1 MOE 986
    398128 5443 5456 CTAAATTTAGTTCA 2-10-2 MOE 911
    147712 5474 5485 ACACCATCTCCC 1-10-1 MOE 1005
    147746 5498 5509 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147714 5524 5535 TTCTGCTCCCAC 1-10-1 MOE 986
    147736 5600 5611 AGGTAGGAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 963
    147085 5762 5773 TCTACACCAGGT 1-10-1 MOE 961
    147679 5825 5836 CAAAAGGATCCC 1-10-1 MOE 907
    390030 6803 6814 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    398142 6885 6898 CCAGCACACTGGAA 2-10-2 MOE 923
    398142 6994 7007 CCAGCACACTGGAA 2-10-2 MOE 923
    398166 7306 7317 GGGCTTCTTCCA 1-10-1 MOE 1070
    147684 7551 7562 ACCCAGTCAGGG 1-10-1 MOE 964
    147085 8308 8319 TCTACACCAGGT 1-10-1 MOE 961
    147085 8416 8427 TCTACACCAGGT 1-10-1 MOE 961
    398163 8473 8484 ATGTCAACCGGC 1-10-1 MOE 908
    147718 8523 8534 TAATATGACTTG 1-10-1 MOE 998
    147718 8631 8642 TAATATGACTTG 1-10-1 MOE 998
    147691 8806 8817 GAGGTGGGAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 966
    147728 8835 8846 GCCAGACAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 1013
    147728 8943 8954 GCCAGACAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 1013
    398169 8946 8957 TCAGCCAGACAG 1-10-1 MOE 909
    147742 9060 9071 AACTTCAGTGTC 1-10-1 MOE 1041
    404136 9162 9175 TAAGTGTCCCTTTG 2-10-2 MOE 910
    147746 9963 9974 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147746 9966 9977 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147746 9969 9980 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147746 9991 10002 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147746 10071 10082 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147746 10074 10085 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147746 10077 10088 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    390030 10170 10181 TTTATAAAAGTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    147084 10220 10231 CTACACCAGGTC 1-10-1 MOE 993
    390030 10278 10289 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    147085 10329 10340 TCTACACCAGGT 1-10-1 MOE 961
    147711 10684 10695 AAGGGCCCTGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1040
    147711 10792 10803 AAGGGCCCTGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1040
    398128 11333 11346 CTAAATTTAGTTCA 2-10-2 MOE 911
    147707 11960 11971 TAGTCATTATCT 1-10-1 MOE 977
    147707 11965 11976 TAGTCATTATCT 1-10-1 MOE 977
    147090 12013 12024 TTCCCTCTACAC 1-10-1 MOE 955
    398096 12146 12159 GGAGAAGCGCAGCT 2-10-2 MOE 1015
    398166 12214 12225 GGGCTTCTTCCA 1-10-1 MOE 1070
    398135 12308 12321 GACTACATTTTACA 2-10-2 MOE 912
    147741 12389 12400 CACCCACTGGTG 1-10-1 MOE 1055
    398125 12431 12444 CAGTAAGGAATTTT 2-10-2 MOE 913
    147714 12585 12596 TTCTGCTCCCAC 1-10-1 MOE 986
    147718 12594 12605 TAATATGACTTG 1-10-1 MOE 998
    398125 12612 12625 CAGTAAGGAATTTT 2-10-2 MOE 913
    147737 12803 12814 ACAGCCAGGTAG 1-10-1 MOE 1067
    147746 12876 12887 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147691 12900 12911 GAGGTGGGAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 966
    398137 13111 13124 TGTGTCCCTCAGTC 2-10-2MOE 914
    398138 13254 13267 AACATCAAGCTTGA 2-10-2 MOE 931
    398137 13292 13305 TGTGTCCCTCAGTC 2-10-2 MOE 914
    398138 13435 13448 AACATCAAGCTTGA 2-10-2 MOE 931
    389764 14020 14031 CTGCAACATGAT 1-9-2 MOE 1018
    389948 14067 14078 CCGTTGGACCCC 1-10-1 MOE 915
    389948 14248 14259 CCGTTGGACCCC 1-10-1 MOE 915
    147738 14279 14290 TGGGTGGCCGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1069
    147698 14572 14583 CCCGCCACCACC 1-10-1 MOE 928
    147717 14750 14761 ATCTTCAGAGAT 1-10-1 MOE 996
    147717 14932 14943 ATCTTCAGAGAT 1-10-1 MOE 996
    398167 15374 15385 CAGGCCATGTGG 1-10-1 MOE 1059
    147736 16444 16455 AGGTAGGAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 963
    147746 16510 16521 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147738 16590 16601 TGGGTGGCCGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1069
    147746 16676 16687 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    398167 16797 16808 CAGGCCATGTGG 1-10-1 MOE 1059
    398144 16911 16924 GACAGCTTCTATAA 2-10-2 MOE 916
    389764 17096 17107 CTGCAACATGAT 1-9-2 MOE 1018
    147709 17238 17249 CCATTTTTATCA 1-10-1 MOE 978
    147709 17406 17417 CCATTTTTATCA 1-10-1 MOE 978
    147695 17466 17477 TCATTCCCCACT 1-10-1 MOE 984
    147746 17497 17508 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147088 17539 17550 CCCTCTACACCA 1-10-1 MOE 1050
    147711 17808 17819 AAGGGCCCTGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1040
    147711 17976 17987 AAGGGCCCTGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1040
    398139 18049 18062 AGTGACTGACCACA 2-10-2 MOE 917
    398139 18217 18230 AGTGACTGACCACA 2-10-2 MOE 917
    398140 18596 18609 GTAGCATAGAGCCT 2-10-2 MOE 918
    398140 18764 18777 GTAGCATAGAGCCT 2-10-2 MOE 918
    398167 18927 18938 CAGGCCATGTGG 1-10-1 MOE 1059
    398141 18947 18960 CAGATCTTGTCAAG 2-10-2 MOE 919
    398167 19095 19106 CAGGCCATGTGG 1-10-1 MOE 1059
    398141 19115 19128 CAGATCTTGTCAAG 2-10-2 MOE 919
    147746 19207 19218 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147711 19508 19519 AAGGGCCCTGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1040
    147729 19554 19565 GTAAGAGGCAGG 1-10-1 MOE 920
    147718 19617 19628 TAATATGACTTG 1-10-1 MOE 998
    390030 19618 19629 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    147701 19671 19682 CCATGGCGGGAC 1-10-1 MOE 921
    147711 19676 19687 AAGGGCCCTGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1040
    147718 19785 19796 TAATATGACTTG 1-10-1 MOE 998
    147079 20515 20526 TCCITCCACTGA 1-10-1 MOE 1001
    389764 20620 20631 CTGCAACATGAT 1-9-2 MOE 1018
    398142 20653 20666 CCAGCACACTGGAA 2-10-2 MOE 923
    147078 20682 20693 CCTTCCAGTGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1044
    147079 20683 20694 TCCTTCCACTGA 1-10-1 MOE 1001
    147080 20704 20715 CTCCTTCCACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1021
    147081 20705 20716 GCTCCTTCCACT 1-10-1 MOE 1006
    389965 20788 20799 CTGCAACATGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1018
    147746 20870 20881 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147746 21038 21049 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147717 21080 21091 ATCTTCAGAGAT 1-10-1 MOE 996
    147076 21222 21233 TTCCACTGATCC 1-10-1 MOE 1029
    398094 21441 21454 ATCAGCCAGACAGA 2-10-2 MOE 1010
    147746 21633 21644 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147738 21884 21895 TGGGTGGCCGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1069
    147683 21939 21950 GCTTACGATTGT 1-10-1 MOE 922
    147743 22213 22224 AGGGCTTCCAGT 1-10-1 MOE 1042
    147736 22759 22770 AGGTAGGAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 963
    147736 22927 22938 AGGTAGGAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 963
    398142 23008 23021 CCAGCACACTGGAA 2-10-2 MOE 923
    398147 23784 23797 CTACAGGACAATAC 2-10-2 MOE 957
    398147 23952 23965 CTACAGGACAATAC 2-10-2 MOE 957
    147713 24434 24445 CTCCCACACCAT 1-10-1 MOE 985
    389965 24543 24554 CTGCAACATGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1018
    147713 24602 24613 CTCCCACACCAT 1-10-1 MOE 985
    389965 24711 24722 CTGCAACATGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1018
    147746 25384 25395 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    398143 25505 25518 GTCAGTCCCAGCTA 2-10-2 MOE 924
    147691 25610 25621 GAGGTGGGAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 966
    398130 25672 25685 TTAGTATGACAGCT 2-10-2 MOE 925
    147746 25810 25821 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147746 25978 25989 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147746 26172 26183 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    398151 26718 26731 TCAGTGTAGGAAGA 2-10-2 MOE 926
    147728 26917 26928 GCCAGACAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 1013
    398152 27708 27721 TGAATATACAGATG 2-10-2 MOE 927
    147698 28629 28640 CCCGCCACCACC 1-10-1 MOE 928
    389965 28714 28725 CTGCAACATGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1018
    389764 28714 28725 CTGCAACATGAT 1-9-2 MOE 1018
    389764 28861 28872 CTGCAACATGAT 1-9-2 MOE 1018
    390030 29945 29956 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    147744 30654 30665 AGGAAGGGCTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1043
    147093 30836 30847 TTGTTCCCTCTA 1-10-1 MOE 929
    147746 30957 30968 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147746 31105 31116 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    390030 31477 31488 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    384545 31829 31840 CAAGTAGGATGT 1-10-1 MOE 951
    384545 31977 31988 CAAGTAGGATGT 1-10-1 MOE 951
    401382 32094 32107 TCTACCTGAGTCCA 2-10-2 MOE 930
    147089 32387 32398 TCCCTCTACACC 1-10-1 MOE 956
    389950 32949 32960 CCCTGAAGGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1063
    398165 33002 33013 GTTCTTAGGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 968
    147081 33073 33084 GCTCCTTCCACT 1-10-1 MOE 1006
    147082 33074 33085 AGCTCCTTCCAC 1-10-1 MOE 1036
    389950 33097 33108 CCCTGAAGGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1063
    147736 33160 33171 AGGTAGGAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 963
    147081 33221 33232 GCTCCTTCCACT 1-10-1 MOE 1006
    368360 33221 33234 AAGCTCCTTCCACT 2-10-2 MOE 1035
    147082 33222 33233 AGCTCCTTCCAC 1-10-1 MOE 1036
    398138 33244 33257 AACATCAAGCTTGA 2-10-2 MOE 931
    147746 33250 33261 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    398138 33392 33405 AACATCAAGCTTGA 2-10-2 MOE 931
    401383 33588 33601 GATCACCTTCAGAG 2-10-2 MOE 932
    147746 33886 33897 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147746 34606 34617 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    398165 34704 34715 GTTCTTAGGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 968
    147717 34745 34756 ATCTTCAGAGAT 1-10-1 MOE 996
    147746 34754 34765 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    398165 34852 34863 GTTCTTAGGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 968
    147717 34893 34904 ATCTTCAGAGAT 1-10-1 MOE 996
    401384 34905 34918 TGAACACATCACTA 2-10-2 MOE 933
    147738 35391 35402 TGGGTGGCCGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1069
    147736 35396 35407 AGGTAGGAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 963
    147738 35539 35550 TGGGTGGCCGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1069
    147691 35554 35565 GAGGTGGGAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 966
    147691 35702 35713 GAGGTGGGAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 966
    147746 35814 35825 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    401385 36109 36122 CCCAGTGGGTTTGA 2-10-2 MOE 890
    147691 36360 36371 GAGGTGGGAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 966
    147746 36416 36427 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147731 36620 36631 TTTCCTCTTGTC 1-10-1 MOE 934
    147714 37881 37892 TTCTGCTCCCAC 1-10-1 MOE 986
    147714 38029 38040 TTCTGCTCCCAC 1-10-1 MOE 986
    147681 38512 38523 ATGTCATTAAAC 1-10-1 MOE 965
    401386 38516 38529 TAATTGATGTCAAT 2-10-2 MOE 935
    401387 38518 38531 AGTAATTGATGTCA 2-10-2 MOE 936
    401388 38520 38533 ACAGTAATTGATGT 2-10-2 MOE 937
    401389 38522 38535 TTACAGTAATTGAT 2-10-2 MOE 938
    401390 38524 38537 ACTTACAGTAATTG 2-10-2 MOE 939
    401391 38526 38539 AGACTTACAGTAAT 2-10-2 MOE 940
    401392 38528 38541 TCAGACTTACAGTA 2-10-2 MOE 941
    401393 38530 38543 AATCAGACTTACAG 2-10-2 MOE 942
    401394 38532 38545 TGAATCAGACTTAC 2-10-2 MOE 943
    401395 38534 38547 AATGAATCAGACTT 2-10-2 MOE 944
    147738 38909 38920 TGGGTGGCCGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1069
    147738 39057 39068 TGGGTGGCCGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1069
    390030 39249 39260 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    390030 39397 39408 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    401396 39488 39501 TGCAGGATGTTGAG 2-10-2 MOE 945
    147717 39545 39556 ATCITCAGAGAT 1-10-1 MOE 996
    147746 39641 39652 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147717 39693 39704 ATCTTCAGAGAT 1-10-1 MOE 996
    147746 39729 39740 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147746 39877 39888 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147746 40185 40196 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147746 40478 40489 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    398166 40589 40600 GGGCTTCTTCCA 1-10-1 MOE 1070
    147735 40662 40673 GGAGAAGCGCAG 1-10-1 MOE 1016
    147746 40706 40717 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    398166 40737 40748 GGGCTTCTTCCA 1-10-1 MOE 1070
    147746 40854 40865 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    401397 41012 41025 CTGGTCAGCATTGA 2-10-2 MOE 946
    147718 41070 41081 TAATATGACTTG 1-10-1 MOE 998
    147718 41218 41229 TAATATGACTTG 1-10-1 MOE 998
    147717 41221 41232 ATCTTCAGAGAT 1-10-1 MOE 996
    147717 41369 41380 ATCTTCAGAGAT 1-10-1 MOE 996
    147717 41599 41610 ATCTTCAGAGAT 1-10-1 MOE 996
    147717 41747 41758 ATCTTCAGAGAT 1-10-1 MOE 996
    401398 41768 41781 CAAAGTCCCTTAGC 2-10-2 MOE 947
    390030 42056 42067 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    398153 42157 42170 ATTTCTCTTACAGG 2-10-2 MOE 948
    398153 42305 42318 ATTTCTCTTACAGG 2-10-2 MOE 948
    147710 42691 42702 TATAGCTCCTCT 1-10-1 MOE 994
    147079 43322 43333 TCCTTCCACTGA 1-10-1 MOE 1001
    147080 43323 43334 CTCCTTCCACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1021
    147716 43477 43488 TTAACGAGCCTT 1-10-1 MOE 949
    147746 43992 44003 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147736 44137 44148 AGGTAGGAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 963
    384545 44242 44253 CAAGTAGGATGT 1-10-1 MOE 951
    147687 44354 44365 CGACACGGGAAC 1-10-1 MOE 950
    384545 44390 44401 CAAGTAGGATGT 1-10-1 MOE 951
    398110 44713 44726 GTTCCCTTTGCAGG 2-10-2 MOE 952
    147705 45092 45103 CGGTTTTTGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1002
    147705 45240 45251 CGGTTTTTGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1002
    147074 45977 45988 CCACTGATCCTG 1-10-1 MOE 845
    147075 45978 45989 TCCACTGATCCT 1-10-1 MOE 1026
    147076 45979 45990 TTCCACTGATCC 1-10-1 MOE 1029
    147076 46127 46138 TTCCACTGATCC 1-10-1 MOE 1029
    401399 46247 46260 ATTAGCCATATCTC 2-10-2 MOE 953
    147705 46555 46566 CGGTTTTTGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1002
    147714 46685 46696 TTCTGCTCCCAC 1-10-1 MOE 986
    147705 46703 46714 CGGTTTTTGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1002
    390030 46859 46870 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    390030 46933 46944 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    147681 46984 46995 ATGTCATTAAAC 1-10-1 MOE 965
    390030 47007 47018 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    147746 47023 47034 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    390030 47081 47092 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    147681 47132 47143 ATGTCATTAAAC 1-10-1 MOE 965
    147746 47171 47182 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    401400 47411 47424 AGCATTCAGCAGTG 2-10-2 MOE 954
    147746 47461 47472 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147086 47608 47619 CTCTACACCAGG 1-10-1 MOE 969
    147087 47609 47620 CCTCTACACCAG 1-10-1 MOE 982
    147088 47610 47621 CCCTCTACACCA 1-10-1 MOE 1050
    147090 47612 47623 TTCCCTCTACAC 1-10-1 MOE 955
    147691 47729 47740 GAGGTGGGAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 966
    147086 47756 47767 CTCTACACCAGG 1-10-1 MOE 969
    147088 47758 47769 CCCTCTACACCA 1-10-1 MOE 1050
    147089 47759 47770 TCCCTCTACACC 1-10-1 MOE 956
    390030 47847 47858 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    390030 47995 48006 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    147691 48393 48404 GAGGTGGGAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 966
    398147 48887 48900 CTACAGGACAATAC 2-10-2 MOE 957
    147706 49133 49144 GCTGACATCTCG 1-10-1 MOE 1071
    147706 49281 49292 GCTGACATCTCG 1-10-1 MOE 1071
    398168 49742 49753 TCGGACTTTGAA 1-10-1 MOE 1008
    401401 49791 49804 AACTGGGTTAAGTA 2-10-2 MOE 958
    147689 49936 49947 CAGAGAAGGTCT 1-10-1 MOE 987
    401402 50192 50205 TGAACACGCTATCC 2-10-2 MOE 959
    398117 50241 50254 TTTCCACTTGGGTG 2-10-2 MOE 960
    147736 50582 50593 AGGTAGGAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 963
    398168 50703 50714 TCGGACTTTGAA 1-10-1 MOE 1008
    398168 50849 50860 TCGGACTTTGAA 1-10-1 MOE 1008
    147746 51019 51030 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147708 51101 51112 TTGATATAGTCA 1-10-1 MOE 997
    147746 51178 51189 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147708 51247 51258 TTGATATAGTCA 1-10-1 MOE 997
    147083 51281 51292 TACACCAGGTCA 1-10-1 MOE 973
    147081 51287 51298 GCTCCTTCCACT 1-10-1 MOE 1006
    147082 51288 51299 AGCTCCTTCCAC 1-10-1 MOE 1036
    147746 51331 51342 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147085 51416 51427 TCTACACCAGGT 1-10-1 MOE 961
    147083 51427 51438 TACACCAGGTCA 1-10-1 MOE 973
    147081 51433 51444 GCTCCTTCCACT 1-10-1 MOE 1006
    147082 51434 51445 AGCTCCTTCCAC 1-10-1 MOE 1036
    147728 51522 51533 GCCAGACAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 1013
    147085 51562 51573 TCTACACCAGGT 1-10-1 MOE 961
    147081 51633 51644 GCTCCTTCCACT 1-10-1 MOE 1006
    368360 51633 51646 AAGCTCCTTCCACT 2-10-2 MOE 1035
    147082 51634 51645 AGCTCCTTCCAC 1-10-1 MOE 1036
    368361 51635 51648 GAAAGCTCCTTCCA 2-10-2 MOE 962
    368360 51779 51792 AAGCTCCTTTCCACT 2-10-2 MOE 1035
    147082 51780 51791 AGCTCCTTCCAC 1-10-1 MOE 1036
    147736 51859 51870 AGGTAGGAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 963
    147684 51867 51878 ACCCAGTCAGGG 1-10-1 MOE 964
    147746 51918 51929 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147077 51988 51999 CTTCCACTGATC 1-10-1 MOE 1047
    147746 52064 52075 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147084 52125 52136 CTACACCAGGTC 1-10-1 MOE 993
    147079 52136 52147 TCCTTCCACTGA 1-10-1 MOE 1001
    147681 52231 52242 ATGTCATTAAAC 1-10-1 MOE 965
    147084 52271 52282 CTACACCAGGTC 1-10-1 MOE 993
    147691 52312 52323 GAGGTGGGAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 966
    401403 52318 52331 TTTCCTAGGAGGTG 2-10-2 MOE 967
    398167 52527 52538 CAGGCCATGTGG 1-10-1 MOE 1059
    147703 52670 52681 TGGCTTCATGTC 1-10-1 MOE 971
    398167 52673 52684 CAGGCCATGTGG 1-10-1 MOE 1059
    398165 52708 52719 GTTCTTAGGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 968
    398090 52708 52721 TTGTTCTTAGGAAG 2-10-2 MOE 972
    147705 52716 52727 CGGTTTTTGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1002
    147682 52717 52728 CGGGTACTATGG 1-10-1 MOE 992
    398167 52762 52773 CAGGCCATGTGG 1-10-1 MOE 1059
    147703 52816 52827 TGGCTTCATGTC 1-10-1 MOE 971
    398090 52854 52867 TTGTTCTTAGGAAG 2-10-2 MOE 972
    147704 52856 52867 TTGTTCTTAGGA 1-10-1 MOE 1012
    147705 52862 52873 CGGTTTTTGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1002
    398167 52908 52919 CAGGCCATGTGG 1-10-1 MOE 1059
    147084 53704 53715 CTACACCAGGTC 1-10-1 MOE 993
    147088 53708 53719 CCCTCTACACCA 1-10-1 MOE 1050
    147083 53849 53860 TACACCAGGTCA 1-10-1 MOE 973
    147084 53850 53861 CTACACCAGGTC 1-10-1 MOE 993
    147086 53852 53863 CTCTACACCAGG 1-10-1 MOE 969
    147088 53854 53865 CCCTCTACACCA 1-10-1 MOE 1050
    398167 53870 53881 CAGGCCATGTGG 1-10-1 MOE 1059
    147703 54137 54148 TGGCTTCATGTC 1-10-1 MOE 971
    398155 54172 54185 TGTTTTTACACAGA 2-10-2 MOE 970
    390030 54263 54274 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    147705 54275 54286 CGGTTTTTGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1002
    147703 54283 54294 TGGCTTCATGTC 1-10-1 MOE 971
    390030 54409 54420 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    147704 54965 54976 TTGTTCTTAGGA 1-10-1 MOE 1012
    147705 54971 54982 CGGTTTTTGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1002
    398090 55109 55122 TTGTTCTTAGGAAG 2-10-2 MOE 972
    147705 55117 55128 CGGTTTTTGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1002
    147083 55206 55217 TACACCAGGTCA 1-10-1 MOE 973
    147084 55207 55218 CTACACCAGGTC 1-10-1 MOE 993
    147084 55353 55364 CTACACCAGGTC 1-10-1 MOE 993
    147705 55524 55535 CGGTTTTTGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1002
    147685 55602 55613 GGCTGACATTCA 1-10-1 MOE 975
    401404 55638 55651 TGAGCTACAGTAGG 2-10-2 MOE 974
    147685 55748 55759 GGCTGACATTCA 1-10-1 MOE 975
    147712 55819 55830 ACACCATCTCCC 1-10-1 MOE 1005
    147712 55965 55976 ACACCATCTCCC 1-10-1 MOE 1005
    147707 56300 56311 TAGTCATTATCT 1-10-1 MOE 977
    147708 56306 56317 TTGATATAGTCA 1-10-1 MOE 997
    390030 56321 56332 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    147709 56326 56337 CCATTTTTATCA 1-10-1 MOE 978
    398091 56333 56346 GGGCTTCTTCCATT 2-10-2 MOE 979
    401405 56408 56421 TGGTCAACTGAAAG 2-10-2 MOE 976
    147707 56446 56457 TAGTCATTATCT 1-10-1 MOE 977
    147708 56452 56463 TTGATATAGTCA 1-10-1 MOE 997
    147709 56472 56483 CCATTTTTATCA 1-10-1 MOE 978
    398091 56479 56492 GGGCTTCTTCCATT 2-10-2 MOE 979
    401406 56570 56583 GGTGTGGATAACAG 2-10-2 MOE 980
    368366 56664 56677 CTGATCCTTAGAAG 2-10-2 MOE 1019
    398148 57157 57170 TCATAACTATTAAG 2-10-2 MOE 981
    147082 57220 57231 AGCTCCTTCCAC 1-10-1 MOE 1036
    398148 57303 57316 TCATAACTATTAAG 2-10-2 MOE 981
    147082 57366 57377 AGCTCCTTCCAC 1-10-1 MOE 1036
    147743 57758 57769 AGGGCTTCCAGT 1-10-1 MOE 1042
    398093 57963 57976 TCGGACTTTGAAAA 2-10-2 MOE 1009
    398093 58109 58122 TCGGACTTTGAAAA 2-10-2 MOE 1009
    147735 58279 58290 GGAGAAGCGCAG 1-10-1 MOE 1016
    147087 58821 58832 CCTCTACACCAG 1-10-1 MOE 982
    147087 58967 58978 CCTCTACACCAG 1-10-1 MOE 982
    390030 59180 59191 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    390030 59326 59337 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    147711 59357 59368 AAGGGCCCTGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1040
    147743 59382 59393 AGGGCTTCCAGT 1-10-1 MOE 1042
    147711 59503 59514 AAGGGCCCTGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1040
    147711 59675 59686 AAGGGCCCTGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1040
    401407 59710 59723 CAGCTTAGGCAGAG 2-10-2 MOE 983
    147712 59711 59722 ACACCATCTCCC 1-10-1 MOE 1005
    147713 59716 59727 CTCCCACACCAT 1-10-1 MOE 985
    147714 59721 59732 TTCTGCTCCCAC 1-10-1 MOE 986
    147695 59722 59733 TCATTCCCCACT 1-10-1 MOE 984
    147715 59746 59757 GTTGAGCATGAC 1-10-1 MOE 1077
    147711 59821 59832 AAGGGCCCTGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1040
    390030 59847 59858 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    147712 59857 59868 ACACCATCTCCC 1-10-1 MOE 1005
    147713 59862 59873 CTCCCACACCAT 1-10-1 MOE 985
    147714 59867 59878 TTCTGCTCGCAC 1-10-1 MOE 986
    390030 59993 60004 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    389949 60471 60482 GCGCGAGCCCGA 1-10-1 MOE 1061
    147746 60619 60630 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147689 61113 61124 CAGAGAAGGTCT 1-10-1 MOE 987
    398105 61267 61280 TGCACAGGCAGGTT 2-10-2 MOE 1066
    147680 61473 61484 GTATGCACTGCT 1-10-1 MOE 988
    147080 61757 61768 CTCCTTCCACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1021
    147078 61901 61912 CCTTCCACTGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1044
    147079 61902 61913 TCCTTCCACTGA 1-10-1 MOE 1001
    147088 62215 62226 CCCTCTACACCA 1-10-1 MOE 1050
    401408 62600 62613 CAATGAAGCACAGG 2-10-2 MOE 989
    147688 62843 62854 TCCCAAACAAAT 1-10-1 MOE 990
    147746 63102 63113 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147746 63248 63259 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    401409 63430 63443 ATTCTTAACACAGA 2-10-2 MOE 991
    147682 63483 63494 CGGGTACTATGG 1-10-1 MOE 992
    147084 63677 63688 CTACACCAGGTC 1-10-1 MOE 993
    147710 64847 64858 TATAGCTCCTCT 1-10-1 MOE 994
    147710 64993 65004 TATAGCTCCTCT 1-10-1 MOE 994
    147746 65151 65162 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    401410 65263 65276 CATTTAGGGTCTAA 2-10-2 MOE 995
    147717 65862 65873 ATCTTCAGAGAT 1-10-1 MOE 996
    147717 65895 65906 ATCTTCAGAGAT 1-10-1 MOE 996
    147708 65900 65911 TTGATATAGTCA 1-10-1 MOE 997
    147718 65909 65920 TAATATGACTTG 1-10-1 MOE 998
    147717 66008 66019 ATCTTCAGAGAT 1-10-1 MOE 996
    147717 66041 66052 ATCTTCAGAGAT 1-10-1 MOE 996
    147708 66046 66057 TTGATATAGTCA 1-10-1 MOE 997
    147718 66055 66066 TAATATGACTTG 1-10-1 MOE 998
    401411 66123 66136 AGCCGCCTGAAGTG 2-10-2 MOE 999
    147697 66497 66508 CCCCAGCAGCGG 1-10-1 MOE 1000
    368377 66562 66577 CTCCTTCCACTGATCC 3-10-3 MOE 1030
    147077 66563 66574 CTTCCACTGATC 1-10-1 MOE 1047
    368358 66563 66576 TCCTTCCACTGATC 2-10-2 MOE 1031
    147078 66564 66575 CCTTCCACTGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1044
    147079 66565 66576 TCCTTCCACTGA 1-10-1 MOE 1001
    147080 66566 66577 CTCCTTCCACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1021
    147697 66643 66654 CCCCAGCAGCGG 1-10-1 MOE 1000
    368358 66709 66722 TCCTTCCACTGATC 2-10-2 MOE 1031
    147078 66710 66721 CCTTCCACTGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1044
    147079 66711 66722 TCCTTCCACTGA 1-10-1 MOE 1001
    147075 66999 67010 TCCAGTGATCCT 1-10-1 MOE 1026
    147705 67067 67078 CGGTTTTTGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1002
    147088 67409 67420 CCCTCTACACCA 1-10-1 MOE 1050
    147080 67430 67441 CTCCTTCCACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1021
    147082 67432 67443 AGCTCCTTCCAC 1-10-1 MOE 1036
    147737 67455 67466 ACAGCCAGGTAG 1-10-1 MOE 1067
    147088 67555 67566 CCCTCTACACCA 1-10-1 MOE 1050
    147082 67578 67589 AGCTCCTTCCAC 1-10-1 MOE 1036
    401412 67637 67650 TAAATCCTCTAGCA 2-10-2 MOE 1003
    147091 67729 67740 GTTCCCTCTACA 1-10-1 MOE 1004
    147742 67737 67748 AACTTCAGTGTC 1-10-1 MOE 1041
    147712 68527 68538 ACACCATCTCCC 1-10-1 MOE 1005
    147712 68673 68684 ACACCATCTCCC 1-10-1 MOE 1005
    147711 68760 68771 AAGGGCCCTGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1040
    147711 68906 68917 AAGGGCCCTGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1040
    389965 69271 69282 CTGCAACATGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1018
    389965 69417 69428 CTGCAACATGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1018
    368353 69519 69532 CACTGATCCTGCAC 2-10-2 MOE 1007
    147080 69630 69641 CTCCTTCCACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1021
    147081 69631 69642 GCTCCTTCCACT 1-10-1 MOE 1006
    368353 69665 69678 CACTGATCCTGCAC 2-10-2 MOE 1007
    398167 69757 69768 CAGGCCATGTGG 1-10-1 MOE 1059
    398092 69758 69771 AGTCAGGCCATGTG 2-10-2 MOE 1060
    398093 69811 69824 TCGGACTTTGAAAA 2-10-2 MOE 1009
    398168 69813 69824 TCGGACTTTGAA 1-10-1 MOE 1008
    398167 69903 69914 CAGGCCATGTGG 1-10-1 MOE 1059
    398093 69957 69970 TCGGACTTTGAAAA 2-10-2 MOE 1009
    398094 70047 70060 ATCAGCCAGACAGA 2-10-2 MOE 1010
    398095 70065 70078 CATCAGCAAGAGGC 2-10-2 MOE 1011
    147704 70137 70148 TTGTTCTTAGGA 1-10-1 MOE 1012
    147728 70450 70461 GCCAGACAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 1013
    398164 70464 70475 TTGTCGATCTGC 1-10-1 MOE 1014
    398096 70562 70575 GGAGAAGCGCAGCT 2-10-2 MOE 1015
    147735 70564 70575 GGAGAAGCGCAG 1-10-1 MOE 1016
    147737 70575 70586 ACAGCCAGGTAG 1-10-1 MOE 1067
    147735 70710 70721 GGAGAAGCGCAG 1-10-1 MOE 1016
    147737 70721 70732 ACAGCCAGGTAG 1-10-1 MOE 1067
    404131 70729 70742 ACCTTCGATCACAG 2-10-2 MOE 831
    368349 70762 70775 CTGCACTGACGAGT 2-10-2 MOE 1017
    389965 70930 70941 CTGCAACATGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1018
    368366 70995 71008 CTGATCCITAGAAG 2-10-2 MOE 1019
    368354 70999 71012 TCCACTGATCCTGC 2-10-2 MOE 1024
    368375 71000 71015 CCTTCCACTGATCCTG 3-10-3 MOE 1020
    368356 71001 71014 CTTCCACTGATCCT 2-10-2 MOE 1027
    368376 71001 71016 TCCTTCCACTGATCCT 3-10-3 MOE 1028
    368357 71002 71015 CCTTCCACTGATCC 2-10-2 MOE 1046
    368377 71002 71017 CTCCTTCCACTGATCC 3-10-3 MOE 1030
    147077 71003 71014 CTTCCACTGATC 1-10-1 MOE 1047
    368358 71003 71016 TCCTTCCACTGATC 2-10-2 MOE 1031
    368378 71003 71018 GCTCCTTGCACTGATC 3-10-3 MOE 1032
    147078 71004 71015 CCTTCCACTGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1044
    368359 71005 71018 GCTCCTTCCACTGA 2-10-2 MOE 1033
    368379 71005 71020 AAGCTCCTTCCACTGA 3-10-3 MOE 1034
    147080 71006 71017 CTCCTTCCACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1021
    147082 71008 71019 AGCTCCTTCCAC 1-10-1 MOE 1036
    401413 71019 71032 TGCAGCCATGTACT 2-10-2 MOE 1022
    147738 71067 71078 TGGGTGGCCGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1069
    147739 71071 71082 CGTTTGGGTGGC 1-10-1 MOE 1023
    147741 71129 71140 CACCCACTGGTG 1-10-1 MOE 1055
    368354 71145 71158 TCCACTGATCCTGC 2-10-2 MOE 1024
    368355 71146 71159 TTCCACTGATCCTG 2-10-2 MOE 1025
    147075 71147 71158 TCCACTGATCCT 1-10-1 MOE 1026
    368356 71147 71160 CTTCCACTGATCCT 2-10-2 MOE 1027
    368376 71147 71162 TCCTTCCACTGATCCT 3-10-3 MOE 1028
    147076 71148 71159 TTCCACTGATCC 1-10-1 MOE 1029
    368357 71148 71161 CCITCCACTGATCC 2-10-2 MOE 1046
    368377 71148 71163 CTCCTTCCACTGATCC 3-10-3 MOE 1030
    147077 71149 71160 CITCCACTGATC 1-10-1 MOE 1047
    368358 71149 71162 TCCTTCCACTGATC 2-10-2 MOE 1031
    368378 71149 71164 GCTCCTTCCACTGATC 3-10-3 MOE 1032
    147078 71150 71161 CCTTCCAGTGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1044
    368359 71151 71164 GCTCCTTCCACTGA 2-10-2MOE 1033
    368379 71151 71166 AAGCTCCTTCCACTGA 3-10-3 MOE 1034
    368360 71153 71166 AAGCTCCTTCCACT 2-10-2 MOE 1035
    147082 71154 71165 AGCTCCTTCCAC 1-10-1 MOE 1036
    368381 71155 71170 GGGAAAGCTCCTTCCA 3-10-3 MOE 1037
    390030 71986 71997 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    390030 72132 72143 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    147711 72300 72311 AAGGGCCCTGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1040
    401414 72347 72360 TTGCAATGTCTGGC 2-10-2 MOE 1038
    147741 72400 72411 CACCCACTGGTG 1-10-1 MOE 1055
    401415 72415 72428 GATTTATCTGGCTG 2-10-2 MOE 1039
    147711 72446 72457 AAGGGCCCTGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1040
    147742 72575 72586 AACTTCAGTGTC 1-10-1 MOE 1041
    147743 72690 72701 AGGGCTTCCAGT 1-10-1 MOE 1042
    147744 72694 72705 AGGAAGGGCTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1043
    147745 72700 72711 TTGACCAGGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 1058
    147742 72721 72732 AACTTCAGTGTC 1-10-1 MOE 1041
    147743 72836 72847 AGGGCTTCCAGT 1-10-1 MOE 1042
    147744 72840 72851 AGGAAGGGCTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1043
    368357 72898 72911 CCTTCCACTGATCC 2-10-2 MOE 1046
    147078 72900 72911 CCTTCCACTGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1044
    398157 72903 72916 GGAAACATACCCTG 2-10-2 MOE 1045
    368357 73044 73057 CCTTCCACTGATCC 2-10-2 MOE 1046
    147077 73045 73056 CTTCCACTGATC 1-10-1 MOE 1047
    147746 73052 73063 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147746 73101 73112 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    398160 73139 73152 GAATAGGTTAAGGC 2-10-2 MOE 1048
    147746 73198 73209 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    398161 73238 73251 AACAATGTGITGTA 2-10-2 MOE 1049
    147088 73419 73430 CCCTCTACACCA 1-10-1 MOE 1050
    404140 73457 73470 GCACACAGCTGAGG 2-10-2 MOE 1051
    404139 73459 73472 GTGCACACAGCTGA 2-10-2 MOE 1052
    399301 73461 73474 GTGTGCACACAGCT 2-10-2 MOE 1542
    404137 73463 73476 CAGTGTGCACACAG 2-10-2 MOE 1053
    404138 73465 73478 CTCAGTGTGCACAC 2-10-2 MOE 1054
    147741 73705 73716 CACCCACTGGTG 1-10-1 MOE 1055
    404135 73858 73871 CATTTCCATGGCCA 2-10-2 MOE 1056
    398167 74008 74019 CAGGCCATGTGG 1-10-1 MOE 1059
    398092 74009 74022 AGTCAGGCCATGTG 2-10-2 MOE 1060
    398162 74114 74127 ACCAAACAGTTCAG 2-10-2 MOE 1057
    147745 74137 74148 TTTGACCAGGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 1058
    398167 74154 74165 CAGGCCATGTGG 1-10-1 MOE 1059
    398092 74155 74168 AGTCAGGCCATGTG 2-10-2 MOE 1060
    389949 74310 74321 GCGCGAGCCCGA 1-10-1 MOE 1061
    147740 74485 74496 TGTGAGGCTCCA 1-10-1 MOE 1062
    389950 74527 74538 CCCTGAAGGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1063
    398101 74656 74669 TTTGATAAAGCCCT 2-10-2 MOE 1064
    398104 74805 74818 CAAGAAGACCTTAC 2-10-2 MOE 1065
    147737 74893 74904 ACAGCCAGGTAG 1-10-1 MOE 1067
    398105 74894 74907 TGCAGAGGCAGGTT 2-10-2 MOE 1066
    147737 74919 74930 ACAGCCAGGTAG 1-10-1 MOE 1067
    398106 74974 74987 TGGAAAACTGCACC 2-10-2 MOE 1068
    404199 75045 75058 GGTCATGCACAGGC 2-10-2 MOE 867
    404134 75048 75061 TCAGGTCATGCACA 2-10-2 MOE 873
    398106 75120 75133 TGGAAAACTGCACC 2-10-2 MOE 1068
    147738 75155 75166 TGGGTGGCCGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1069
    404132 75227 75240 CCTTGGAATGTCTG 2-10-2 MOE 852
    147738 75301 75312 TGGGTGGCCGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1069
    398166 75499 75510 GGGCTTCTTCCA 1-10-1 MOE 1070
    147746 75617 75628 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147706 75686 75697 GCTGACATCTCG 1-10-1 MOE 1071
    398112 75730 75743 CAGCCTGGGACCTA 2-10-2 MOE 1072
    147746 75763 75774 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    398115 75786 75799 AGTAAATATTGGCT 2-10-2 MOE 1076
    390030 75839 75850 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    398114 75916 75929 AGGCATATAGCAGA 2-10-2 MOE 1075
    398115 75932 75945 AGTAAATATTGGCT 2-10-2 MOE 1076
    404133 75968 75981 TATTCCATGGCCAT 2-10-2 MOE 872
    147715 77045 77056 GTTGAGCATGAC 1-10-1 MOE 1077
    147715 77190 77201 GTTGAGCATGAC 1-10-1 MOE 1077
    147693 77385 77396 GTGCGCTCCCAT 1-10-1 MOE 1078
    398173 40201 40212 CAGCCTGGGCAC 1-10-1 MOE 1543
    398173 72764 72775 CAGCGTGGGCAC 1-10-1 MOE 1543
    399096 1986 1999 TGCTCGAACTCCTT 2-10-2 MOE 1544
    399102 52822 52835 GAAGTCACTGGCTT 2-10-2 MOE 1545
    399103 52824 52837 GGGAAGTCACTGGC 2-10-2 MOE 1546
    399113 59827 59840 GTTAGGCAAAGGGC 2-10-2 MOE 1547
    399132 69977 69990 GGGCTGAGTGACCC 2-10-2 MOE 1548
    399173 74592 74605 ATGCTAGTGCACTA 2-10-2 MOE 1549
    399208 75900 75913 AGCTCGCTACCTCT 2-10-2 MOE 1550
    399276 27559 27572 GAGGTATCCCATCT 2-10-2 MOE 1551
    399315 74039 74052 GGCAACTTCAAGCT 2-10-2 MOE 1552
  • TABLE 19
    Short antisense compounds targeted to
    SEQ ID NO: 12 and having 1 or 2 mismatches
    5′ Target 3′ Target Seq ID
    ISIS NO. Site Site Sequence (5′-3′) Gamper Motif NO
    398163 20 31 ATGTCAACCGGC 1-10-1 MOE 908
    384545 23 34 CAAGTAGGATGT 1-10-1 MOE 951
    147733 26 37 TTCTTGATGTCC 1-10-1 MOE 891
    147721 59 70 AATGCAGGATCT 1-10-1 MOE 1118
    147700 110 121 GCGCTAGGCCGC 1-10-1 MOE 1110
    384545 130 141 CAAGTAGGATGT 1-10-1 MOE 951
    147705 159 170 CGGTTTTTGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1002
    147701 167 178 CCATGGCGGGAC 1-10-1 MOE 921
    398164 198 209 TTGTCGATCTGC 1-10-1 MOE 1014
    147730 199 210 CUGTCCATCAG 1-10-1 MOE 1121
    147702 226 237 CTGGTAAATAGC 1-10-1 MOE 898
    147703 245 256 TGGCTTCATGTC 1-10-1 MOE 971
    147705 266 277 CGGTTTTTGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1002
    398165 283 294 GTTCTTAGGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 968
    147704 285 296 TTGTTCTTAGGA 1-10-1 MOE 1012
    147705 291 302 CGGTTTTTGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1002
    147709 311 322 CCATITITATCA 1-10-1 MOE 978
    147733 349 360 TTCTTGATGTCC 1-10-1 MOE 891
    147707 360 371 TAGTCATTATCT 1-10-1 MOE 977
    147708 366 377 TTGATATAGTCA 1-10-1 MOE 997
    390030 381 392 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    147709 386 397 CCATTTTTATCA 1-10-1 MOE 978
    147081 393 404 GCTCCTTCCACT 1-10-1 MOE 1006
    398091 393 406 GGGCTTCTTTCCATT 2-10-2 MOE 979
    398166 395 406 GGGCTTCTTCCA 1-10-1 MOE 1070
    147712 461 472 ACACCATCTCCC 1-10-1 MOE 1005
    147713 466 477 CTCCCACACCAT 1-10-1 MOE 985
    147714 471 482 TTCTGCTCCCAC 1-10-1 MOE 986
    147710 502 513 TATAGCTCCTCT 1-10-1 MOE 994
    147736 551 562 AGGTAGGAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 963
    147717 574 585 ATCTTCAGAGAT 1-10-1 MOE 996
    147717 607 618 ATCTTCAGAGAT 1-10-1 MOE 996
    147710 609 620 TATAGCTCCTCT 1-10-1 MOE 994
    147708 612 623 TTGATATAGTCA 1-10-1 MOE 997
    147718 621 632 TAATATGACTTG 1-10-1 MOE 998
    147746 625 636 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147736 658 669 AGGTAGGAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 963
    147720 676 687 GATCTCTCGAGT 1-10-1 MOE 1117
    147721 683 694 AATGCAGGATCT 1-10-1 MOE 1118
    398167 704 715 CAGGCCATGTGG 1-10-1 MOE 1059
    398092 705 718 AGTCAGGCCATGTG 2-10-2 MOE 1060
    147722 709 720 AAAGTCAGGCCA 1-10-1 MOE 1130
    147723 715 726 GACTCCAAAGTC 1-10-1 MOE 892
    147746 733 744 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    398093 758 771 TCGGACTTTGAAAA 2-10-2 MOE 1009
    398168 760 771 TCGGACTTTGAA 1-10-1 MOE 1008
    147725 761 772 CTCGGACTTTGA 1-10-1 MOE 1119
    147726 766 777 TGACTCTCGGAC 1-10-1 MOE 1120
    147738 780 791 TGGGTGGCCGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1069
    147727 807 818 CAGTGGACCACA 1-10-1 MOE 1128
    147728 846 857 GCCAGACAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 1013
    398094 848 861 ATCAGCCAGACAGA 2-10-2 MOE 1010
    398169 849 860 TCAGCCAGACAG 1-10-1 MOE 909
    147729 863 874 GTAAGAGGCAGG 1-10-1 MOE 920
    398095 866 879 CATCAGCAAGAGGC 2-10-2 MOE 1011
    398164 873 884 TTTGTCGATCTGC 1-10-1 MOE 1014
    147730 874 885 CTTGTCCATCAG 1-10-1 MOE 1121
    147731 880 891 TTTCCTCTTGTC 1-10-1 MOE 934
    147732 885 896 GGGTCTTTCCTC 1-10-1 MOE 1122
    147738 888 899 TGGGTGGCCGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1069
    147733 906 917 TTCTTGATGTCC 1-10-1 MOE 891
    398096 971 984 GGAGAAGCGCAGCT 2-10-2 MOE 1015
    147735 973 984 GGAGAAGCGCAG 1-10-1 MOE 1016
    147736 978 989 AGGTAGGAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 963
    147729 979 990 GTAAGAGGCAGG 1-10-1 MOE 920
    147737 984 995 ACAGCCAGGTAG 1-10-1 MOE 1067
    368349 1025 1038 CTGCACTGACGAGT 2-10-2 MOE 1017
    368369 1025 1040 TCCTGCACTGAGGAGT 3-10-3 MOE 893
    368350 1027 1040 TCCTGCACTGACGA 2-10-2 MOE 1079
    368370 1027 1042 GATCCTGCACTGACGA 3-10-3 MOE 1080
    368351 1029 1042 GATCCTGCACTGAC 2-10-2 MOE 1081
    368371 1029 1044 CTGATCCTGCACTGAC 3-10-3 MOE 1082
    368352 1031 1044 CTGATCCTGCACTG 2-10-2 MOE 1105
    368372 1031 1046 CACTGATCCTGCACTG 3-10-3 MOE 894
    368353 1033 1046 CACTGATCCTGCAC 2-10-2 MOE 1007
    368373 1033 1048 TCCACTGATCCTGCAC 3-10-3 MOE 1083
    368354 1035 1048 TCCACTGATCCTGC 2-10-2 MOE 1024
    368368 1035 1048 TCCACTGATCCTTA 2-10-2 MOE 1127
    368374 1035 1050 CITCCACTGATCCTGC 3-10-3 MOE 1126
    368388 1035 1050 CTTCCACTGATCCTTA 3-10-3 MOE 895
    147074 1036 1047 CCACTGATCCTG 1-10-1 MOE 845
    368355 1036 1049 TTCCACTGATCCTG 2-10-2 MOE 1025
    368375 1036 1051 CCTTCCACTGATCCTG 3-10-3 MOE 1020
    147075 1037 1048 TCCACTGATCCT 1-10-1 MOE 1026
    368356 1037 1050 CTTCCACTGATCCT 2-10-2 MOE 1027
    368376 1037 1052 TCCTTCCACTGATCCT 3-10-3 MOE 1028
    147076 1038 1049 TTCCACTGATCC 1-10-1 MOE 1029
    368357 1038 1051 CCTTCCACTGATCC 2-10-2 MOE 1046
    368377 1038 1053 CTCCTTCCACTGATCC 3-10-3 MOE 1030
    147077 1039 1050 CTTCCACTGATC 1-10-1 MOE 1047
    368358 1039 1052 TCCTTCCACTGATC 2-10-2 MOE 1031
    368378 1039 1054 GCTCCTTCCACTGATC 3-10-3 MOE 1032
    147078 1040 1051 CCTTCCACTGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1044
    147079 1041 1052 TCCTTCCACTGA 1-10-1 MOE 1001
    368359 1041 1054 GCTCCTTCCACTGA 2-10-2 MOE 1033
    368379 1041 1056 AAGCTCCTTCCACTGA 3-10-3 MOE 1034
    147080 1042 1053 CTCCTTCCACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1021
    147081 1043 1054 GCTCCTTCCACT 1-10-1 MOE 1006
    368360 1043 1056 AAGCTCCTTCCACT 2-10-2 MOE 1035
    368380 1043 1058 GAAAGCTCCTTCCACT 3-10-3 MO E896
    147082 1044 1055 AGCTCCTTCCAC 1-10-1 MOE 1036
    368361 1045 1058 GAAAGCTCCTTCCA 2-10-2 MOE 962
    368381 1045 1060 GGGAAAGCTCCTTCCA 3-10-3 MOE 1037
    147729 1087 1098 GTAAGAGGCAGG 1-10-1 MOE 920
    147738 1103 1114 TGGGTGGCCGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1069
    147739 1107 1118 CGTTTGGGTGGC 1-10-1 MOE 1023
    147740 1124 1135 TGTGAGGCTCCA 1-10-1 MOE 1062
    398117 1164 1177 TTTCCACTTGGGTG 2-10-2 MOE 960
    147741 1165 1176 CACCCACTGGTG 1-10-1 MOE 1055
    398097 1194 1207 GGCAGTCTTTATCC 2-10-2 MOE 897
    398098 1272 1285 TAACTTCAGTGTCT 2-10-2 MOE 1131
    398117 1272 1285 TTTCCACTTGGGTG 2-10-2 MOE 960
    147742 1273 1284 AACTTCAGTGTC 1-10-1 MOE 1041
    147698 1293 1304 CCCGCCACCACC 1-10-1 MOE 928
    147743 1388 1399 AGGGCTTCCAGT 1-10-1 MOE 1042
    398099 1388 1401 GAAGGGCTTCCAGT 2-10-2 MOE 1132
    147744 1392 1403 AGGAAGGGCTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1043
    398100 1395 1408 TGACCAGGAAGGGC 2-10-2 MOE 1133
    147745 1398 1409 TTGACCAGGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 1058
    398157 1455 1468 GGAAACATACCCTG 2-10-2 MOE 1045
    147745 1458 1469 TTGACCAGGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 1058
    398167 1475 1486 CAGGCCATGTGG 1-10-1 MOE 1059
    398118 1564 1577 CGCGAGATATCTAA 2-10-2 MOE 1084
    147697 1575 1586 CCCCAGCAGCGG 1-10-1 MOE 1000
    147076 1596 1607 TTCCACTGATCC 1-10-1 MOE 1029
    368357 1596 1609 CCTTCCACTGATCC 2-10-2 MOE 1046
    147077 1597 1608 CTTCCACTGATC 1-10-1 MOE 1047
    147078 1598 1609 CCTTCCACTGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1044
    398118 1672 1685 CGCGAGATATCTAA 2-10-2 MOE 1084
    398158 1681 1694 AGGCGCTGAGATTA 2-10-2 MOE 1134
    147697 1683 1694 CCCCAGCAGCGG 1-10-1 MOE 1000
    398159 1686 1699 GGTTAAGGCCCTGA 2-10-2 MOE 1135
    398160 1691 1704 GAATAGGTTAAGGC 2-10-2 MOE 1048
    398163 1711 1722 ATGTCAACCGGC 1-10-1 MOE 908
    147733 1717 1728 TTCTTGATGTCC 1-10-1 MOE 891
    147089 1747 1758 TCCCTCTACACC 1-10-1 MOE 956
    147090 1748 1759 ITCCCTCTACAC 1-10-1 MOE 955
    147746 1750 1761 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    389949 1777 1788 GCGCGAGCCCGA 1-10-1 MOE 1061
    398161 1790 1803 AACAATGTGTTGTA 2-10-2 MOE 1049
    147746 1799 1810 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147700 1801 1812 GCGCTAGGCCGC 1-10-1 MOE 1110
    147740 1806 1817 TGTGAGGCTCCA 1-10-1 MOE 1062
    398163 1819 1830 ATGTCAACCGGC 1-10-1 MOE 908
    147733 1825 1836 TTCTTGATGTCC 1-10-1 MOE 891
    389950 1848 1859 CCCTGAAGGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1063
    147701 1858 1869 CCATGGCGGGAC 1-10-1 MOE 921
    398164 1889 1900 TTGTCGATCTGC 1-10-1 MOE 1014
    147730 1890 1901 CTTGTCCATCAG 1-10-1 MOE 1121
    147700 1909 1920 GCGCTAGGCCGC 1-10-1 MOE 1110
    398119 1920 1933 CGCACCTGGTAAAT 2-10-2 MOE 1085
    147685 1957 1968 GGCTGACATTCA 1-10-1 MOE 975
    147701 1966 1977 CCATGGCGGGAC 1-10-1 MOE 921
    398120 1966 1979 GTTCAAGCGGCCTA 2-10-2 MOE 1086
    398101 1977 1990 TTTGATAAAGCCCT 2-10-2 MOE 1064
    398164 1997 2008 TTGTCGATCTGC 1-10-1 MOE 1014
    147730 1998 2009 CTTGTCCATCAG 1-10-1 MOE 1121
    147702 2025 2036 CTGGTAAATAGC 1-10-1 MOE 898
    398119 2028 2041 CGCACCTGGTAAAT 2-10-2 MOE 1085
    398120 2074 2087 GTTCAAGCGGCCTA 2-10-2 MOE 1086
    398105 2099 2112 TGCACAGGCAGGTT 2-10-2 MOE 1066
    147736 2204 2215 AGGTAGGAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 963
    147741 2257 2268 CACCCACTGGTG 1-10-1 MOE 1055
    398104 2272 2285 CAAGAAGACCTTAC 2-10-2 MOE 1065
    147737 2360 2371 ACAGCCAGGTAG 1-10-1 MOE 1067
    398105 2361 2374 TGCACAGGCAGGTT 2-10-2 MOE 1066
    147737 2386 2397 ACAGCCAGGTAG 1-10-1 MOE 1067
    398095 2407 2420 CATCAGCAAGAGGC 2-10-2 MOE 1011
    398106 2441 2454 TGGAAAACTGCACC 2-10-2 MOE 1068
    398107 2447 2460 TATTCCTGGAAAAC 2-10-2 MOE 902
    398121 2474 2487 GTGCCTAGCACAGA 2-10-2 MOE 1097
    147745 2497 2508 TTGACCAGGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 1058
    147712 2499 2510 ACACCATCTCCC 1-10-1 MOE 1005
    398108 2544 2557 GGAATGTCTGAGTT 2-10-2 MOE 1136
    147691 2575 2586 GAGGTGGGAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 966
    398121 2582 2595 GTGCCTAGCACAGA 2-10-2 MOE 1097
    147738 2622 2633 TGGGTGGCCGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1069
    398162 2666 2679 ACCAAACAGTTCAG 2-10-2 MOE 1057
    147745 2689 2700 TTGACCAGGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 1058
    398167 2706 2717 CAGGCCATGTGG 1-10-1 MOE 1059
    398092 2707 2720 AGTCAGGCCATGTG 2-10-2 MOE 1060
    398109 2714 2727 CAAGAAGTGTGGTT 2-10-2 MOE 903
    398110 2852 2865 GTTCCCTTTGCAGG 2-10-2 MOE 952
    147091 2854 2865 GTTCCCTCTACA 1-10-1 MOE 1004
    147723 2924 2935 GACTCCAAAGTC 1-10-1 MOE 892
    398111 2937 2950 GTGAAAATGCTGGC 2-10-2 MOE 904
    398166 2966 2977 GGGCTTCTTCCA 1-10-1 MOE 1070
    147089 2978 2989 TCCCTCTACACC 1-10-1 MOE 956
    147090 2979 2990 TTCCCTCTACAC 1-10-1 MOE 955
    147706 3007 3018 GCTGACATCTCG 1-10-1 MOE 1071
    389949 3008 3019 GCGCGAGCCCGA 1-10-1 MOE 1061
    147723 3032 3043 GACTCCAAAGTC 1-10-1 MOE 892
    147740 3037 3048 TGTGAGGCTCCA 1-10-1 MOE 1062
    398112 3051 3064 CAGCCTGGCACCTA 2-10-2 MOE 1072
    389950 3079 3090 CCCTGAAGGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1063
    147746 3084 3095 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    398122 3148 3161 CCCTTTACACAAGT 2-10-2 MOE 1087
    147089 3151 3162 TCCCTCTACACC 1-10-1 MOE 956
    147090 3152 3163 TTCCCTCTACAC 1-10-1 MOE 955
    398113 3160 3173 AGGAGGTTAAACCA 2-10-2 MOE 905
    147685 3188 3199 GGCTGACATTCA 1-10-1 MOE 975
    398101 3208 3221 TTTGATAAAGCCCT 2-10-2 MOE 1064
    398102 3234 3247 CTACCTGAGGATTT 2-10-2 MOE 899
    398123 3235 3248 CTCAAAATAGATTT 2-10-2 MOE 1088
    398114 3237 3250 AGGCATATAGCAGA 2-10-2 MOE 1075
    398103 3241 3254 CCCAGTACTACCTG 2-10-2 MOE 900
    398115 3253 3266 AGTAAATATTGGCT 2-10-2 MOE 1076
    398122 3256 3269 CCCTTTACACAAGT 2-10-2 MOE 1087
    147089 3259 3270 TCCCTCTACACC 1-10-1 MOE 956
    147090 3260 3271 TTCCCTCTACAC 1-10-1 MOE 955
    398116 3266 3279 TAATGACCTGATGA 2-10-2 MOE 1137
    390030 3306 3317 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    398123 3343 3356 CTCAAAATAGATTT 2-10-2 MOE 1088
    147736 3435 3446 AGGTAGGAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 963
    398104 3503 3516 CAAGAAGACCTTAC 2-10-2 MOE 1065
    147737 3591 3602 ACAGCCAGGTAG 1-10-1 MOE 1067
    398105 3592 3605 TGCACAGGCAGGTT 2-10-2 MOE 1066
    147719 3608 3619 CCAACTCCAACT 1-10-1 MOE 1116
    147737 3617 3628 ACAGCCAGGTAG 1-10-1 MOE 1067
    401398 3621 3634 CAAAGTCCCTTAGC 2-10-2 MOE 947
    147079 3637 3648 TCCTTCCACTGA 1-10-1 MOE 1001
    147080 3638 3649 CTCCTTCCACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1021
    398095 3638 3651 CATCAGCAAGAGGC 2-10-2 MOE 1011
    398106 3672 3685 TGGAAAACTGCACC 2-10-2 MOE 1068
    147733 3687 3698 TTCTTGATGTCC 1-10-1 MOE 891
    147731 3688 3699 TTTCCTCTTGTC 1-10-1 MOE 934
    147719 3716 3727 CCAACTCCAACT 1-10-1 MOE 1116
    147745 3728 3739 TTGACCAGGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 1058
    147683 3740 3751 GCTTACGATTGT 1-10-1 MOE 922
    147079 3745 3756 TCCTTCCACTGA 1-10-1 MOE 1001
    147080 3746 3757 CTCCTTCCACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1021
    398108 3775 3788 GGAATGTCTGAGTT 2-10-2 MOE 1136
    147733 3795 3806 TTTCTTGATGTCC 1-10-1 MOE 891
    147731 3796 3807 TTTCCTCTTGTC 1-10-1 MOE 934
    147691 3806 3817 GAGGTGGGAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 966
    147738 3853 3864 TGGGTGGCCGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1069
    398167 3926 3937 CAGGCCATGTGG 1-10-1 MOE 1059
    147691 3978 3989 GAGGTGGGAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 966
    398167 4034 4045 CAGGCCATGTGG 1-10-1 MOE 1059
    147091 4085 4096 GTTCCCTCTACA 1-10-1 MOE 1004
    147691 4086 4097 GAGGTGGGAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 966
    398111 4168 4181 GTGAAAATGCTGGC 2-10-2 MOE 904
    398166 4197 4208 GGGCTTCTTCCA 1-10-1 MOE 1070
    147091 4223 4234 GTTCCCTCTACA 1-10-1 MOE 1004
    147092 4224 4235 TGTTCCCTCTAC 1-10-1 MOE 901
    398112 4282 4295 CAGCCTGGCACCTA 2-10-2 MOE 1072
    147746 4315 4326 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    398113 4391 4404 AGGAGGTTAAACCA 2-10-2 MOE 905
    147723 4422 4433 GACTCCAAAGTC 1-10-1 MOE 892
    398114 4468 4481 AGGCATATAGCAGA 2-10-2 MOE 1075
    398115 4484 4497 AGTAAATATTGGCT 2-10-2 MOE 1076
    390030 4491 4502 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    398116 4497 4510 TAATGACCTGATGA 2-10-2 MOE 1137
    147723 4530 4541 GACTCCAAAGTC 1-10-1 MOE 892
    390030 4599 4610 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    398124 4761 4774 CACATGAGCTATTC 2-10-2 MOE 1089
    398124 4869 4882 CACATGAGCTATTC 2-10-2 MOE 1089
    147703 4926 4937 TGGCTTCATGTC 1-10-1 MOE 971
    147692 4928 4939 CTCACCTTCATG 1-10-1 MOE 1113
    147696 4975 4986 TGGATGATTGGC 1-10-1 MOE 906
    147703 5034 5045 TGGCTTCATGTC 1-10-1 MOE 971
    147692 5036 5047 CTCACCTTCATG 1-10-1 MOE 1113
    147098 5173 5184 AGTTGTTGTTGC 1-10-1 MOE 1112
    398125 5183 5196 CAGTAAGGAATTIT 2-10-2 MOE 913
    398126 5216 5229 GTGAAGTGAGTCAT 2-10-2 MOE 1090
    147098 5281 5292 AGTTGTTGTTCC 1-10-1 MOE 1112
    398127 5283 5296 GGTCACTCAAGATG 2-10-2 MOE 1091
    398126 5324 5337 GTGAAGTGAGTCAT 2-10-2 MOE 1090
    398128 5335 5348 CTAAATTTAGTTCA 2-10-2 MOE 911
    398127 5391 5404 GGTCACTCAAGATG 2-10-2 MOE 1091
    398128 5443 5456 CTAAATTTAGTTCA 2-10-2 MOE 911
    147712 5474 5485 ACACCATCTCCC 1-10-1 MOE 1005
    147736 5600 5611 AGGTAGGAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 963
    147746 5606 5617 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    398129 5628 5641 TTTGAGGAGCTATT 2-10-2 MOE 1106
    147085 5654 5665 TCTACACCAGGT 1-10-1 MOE 961
    147736 5708 5719 AGGTAGGAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 963
    398129 5736 5749 TTTTGAGGAGCTATT 2-10-2 MOE 1106
    147679 5934 5945 CAAAAGGATCCC 1-10-1 MOE 907
    147723 6229 6240 GACTCCAAAGTC 1-10-1 MOE 892
    147723 6338 6349 GACTCCAAAGTC 1-10-1 MOE 892
    390030 6803 6814 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    398142 6885 6898 CCAGCACACTGGAA 2-10-2 MOE 923
    390030 6912 6923 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    398142 6994 7007 CCAGCACACTGGAA 2-10-2 MOE 923
    147695 7054 7065 TCATTCCCCACT 1-10-1 MOE 984
    147695 7163 7174 TCATTCCCCACT 1-10-1 MOE 984
    398166 7197 7208 GGGCTTCTTCCA 1-10-1 MOE 1070
    398166 7306 7317 GGGCTTCTTCCA 1-10-1 MOE 1070
    147684 7442 7453 ACCCAGTCAGGG 1-10-1 MOE 964
    398130 7694 7707 TTTAGTATGACAGCT 2-10-2 MOE 925
    398131 7711 7724 GGACTCACTCAGCA 2-10-2 MOE 1092
    398130 7802 7815 TTTAGTATGACAGCT 2-10-2 MOE 925
    398125 7804 7817 CAGTAAGGAATTTT 2-10-2 MOE 913
    398131 7819 7832 GGACTCACTCAGCA 2-10-2 MOE 1092
    390030 7877 7888 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    398125 7912 7925 CAGTAAGGAATTTT 2-10-2 MOE 913
    390030 7985 7996 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    398132 8031 8044 TCAGGGCTACTCAT 2-10-2 MOE 1093
    398132 8139 8152 TCAGGGCTACTCAT 2-10-2 MOE 1093
    147684 8148 8159 ACCCAGTCAGGG 1-10-1 MOE 964
    147684 8256 8267 ACCCAGTCAGGG 1-10-1 MOE 964
    398163 8365 8376 ATGTCAACCGGC 1-10-1 MOE 908
    398166 8447 8458 GGGCTTCTTCCA 1-10-1 MOE 1070
    398163 8473 8484 ATGTCAACCGGC 1-10-1 MOE 908
    398166 8555 8566 GGGCTTCTTCCA 1-10-1 MOE 1070
    147718 8631 8642 TAATATGACTTG 1-10-1 MOE 998
    147691 8698 8709 GAGGTGGGAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 966
    147691 8806 8817 GAGGTGGGAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 966
    147728 8835 8846 GCCAGACAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 1013
    147727 8876 8887 CAGTGGACCACA 1-10-1 MOE 1128
    147728 8943 8954 GCCAGACAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 1013
    398169 8946 8957 TCAGCCAGACAG 1-10-1 MOE 909
    147727 8984 8995 CAGTGGACCACA 1-10-1 MOE 1128
    147742 9060 9071 AACTTCAGTGTC 1-10-1 MOE 1041
    398133 9112 9125 CAGCACTAGATTCA 2-10-2 MOE 1094
    384545 9135 9146 CAAGTAGGATGT 1-10-1 MOE 951
    147742 9168 9179 AACTTCAGTGTC 1-10-1 MOE 1041
    398133 9220 9233 CAGCACTAGATTCA 2-10-2 MOE 1094
    384545 9243 9254 CAAGTAGGATGT 1-10-1 MOE 951
    398125 9368 9381 CAGTAAGGAATTTT 2-10-2 MOE 913
    398125 9476 9489 CAGTAAGGAATTTT 2-10-2 MOE 913
    401409 9516 9529 ATTCTTAACACAGA 2-10-2 MOE 991
    147096 9594 9605 TTGTTGTTCCCT 1-10-1 MOE 1107
    147733 9597 9608 TTCTTGATGTCC 1-10-1 MOE 891
    147720 9689 9700 GATCTCTCGAGT 1-10-1 MOE 1117
    147096 9702 9713 TTGTTGTTCCCT 1-10-1 MOE 1107
    147733 9705 9716 TTCTTGATGTCC 1-10-1 MOE 891
    147720 9797 9808 GATCTCTCGAGT 1-10-1 MOE 1117
    147746 9963 9974 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147746 9966 9977 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147746 9969 9980 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147746 9991 10002 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147746 10071 10082 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147746 10074 10085 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147746 10077 10088 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147746 10099 10110 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1MOE 1073
    398134 10153 10166 TAGCTTAATGTAAC 2-10-2 MOE 1095
    147085 10221 10232 TCTACAGCAGGT 1-10-1 MOE 961
    398134 10261 10274 TAGCTTAATGTAAC 2-10-2 MOE 1095
    390030 10278 10289 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    147084 10328 10339 CTACACCAGGTC 1-10-1 MOE 993
    147711 10684 10695 AAGGGCCCTGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1040
    398128 11333 11346 CTAAATTTAGTTCA 2-10-2 MOE 911
    398128 11340 11353 CTAAATTTAGTTCA 2-10-2 MOE 911
    147730 11783 11794 CTTGTCCATCAG 1-10-1 MOE 1121
    147731 11789 11800 TTTCCTCTTGTC 1-10-1 MOE 934
    147730 11790 11801 CTTGTCCATCAG 1-10-1 MOE 1121
    147731 11796 11807 TTTCCTCTTGTC 1-10-1 MOE 934
    147707 11960 11971 TAGTCATTATCT 1-10-1 MOE 977
    147090 12008 12019 TTCCCTCTACAC 1-10-1 MOE 955
    147091 12009 12020 GTTCCCTCTACA 1-10-1 MOE 1004
    147091 12014 12025 GTTCCCTCTACA 1-10-1 MOE 1004
    398096 12141 12154 GGAGAAGCGCAGCT 2-10-2 MOE 1015
    147735 12143 12154 GGAGAAGCGCAG 1-10-1 MOE 1016
    398096 12146 12159 GGAGAAGCGCAGCT 2-10-2 MOE 1015
    147735 12148 12159 GGAGAAGCGCAG 1-10-1 MOE 1016
    398166 12209 12220 GGGCTTCTTCCA 1-10-1 MOE 1070
    398166 12214 12225 GGGCTTCTTCCA 1-10-1 MOE 1070
    398135 12303 12316 GACTACATTTTACA 2-10-2 MOE 912
    147741 12389 12400 CACCCACTGGTG 1-10-1 MOE 1055
    147741 12394 12405 CACCCACTGGTG 1-10-1 MOE 1055
    398125 12431 12444 CAGTAAGGAATTTT 2-10-2 MOE 913
    147714 12585 12596 TTCTGCTCCCAC 1-10-1 MOE 986
    147718 12594 12605 TAATATGACTTG 1-10-1 MOE 998
    398125 12612 12625 CAGTAAGGAATTTT 2-10-2 MOE 913
    147737 12803 12814 ACAGCCAGGTAG 1-10-1 MOE 1067
    147746 12876 12887 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147691 12900 12911 GAGGTGGGAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 966
    398136 12915 12928 TTGTGACATCTAGG 2-10-2 MOE 1096
    147737 12984 12995 ACAGCCAGGTAG 1-10-1 MOE 1067
    147746 13057 13068 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147691 13081 13092 GAGGTGGGAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 966
    398136 13096 13109 TTGTGACATCTAGG 2-10-2 MOE 1096
    398138 13254 13267 AACATCAAGCTTGA 2-10-2 MOE 931
    398138 13435 13448 AACATCAAGCTTGA 2-10-2 MOE 931
    147691 13488 13499 GAGGTGGGAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 966
    147681 13659 13670 ATGTCATTAAAC 1-10-1 MOE 965
    147691 13669 13680 GAGGTGGGAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 966
    389965 13839 13850 CTGCAACATGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1018
    389764 13839 13850 CTGCAACATGAT 1-9-2 MOE 1018
    147681 13840 13851 ATGTCATTAAAC 1-10-1 MOE 965
    389965 14020 14031 CTGCAACATGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1018
    389764 14020 14031 CTGCAACATGAT 1-9-2 MOE 1018
    389948 14067 14078 CCGTTGGACCCC 1-10-1 MOE 915
    147736 14123 14134 AGGTAGGAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 963
    389948 14248 14259 CCGTTGGACCCC 1-10-1 MOE 915
    147738 14279 14290 TGGGTGGCCGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1069
    147736 14304 14315 AGGTAGGAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 963
    147731 14411 14422 TTTCCTCTTGTC 1-10-1 MOE 934
    147738 14461 14472 TGGGTGGCCGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1069
    147692 14475 14486 CTCACCTTCATG 1-10-1 MOE 1113
    147731 14593 14604 TTTCCTCTTGTC 1-10-1 MOE 934
    389950 14614 14625 CCCTGAAGGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1063
    147692 14657 14668 CTCACCTTCATG 1-10-1 MOE 1113
    147717 14750 14761 ATCTTCAGAGAT 1-10-1 MOE 996
    147698 14754 14765 CCCGCCACCACC 1-10-1 MOE 928
    389950 14796 14807 CCCTGAAGGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1063
    398112 14863 14876 CAGCCTGGCACCTA 2-10-2 MOE 1072
    398121 14875 14888 GTGCCTAGCACAGA 2-10-2 MOE 1097
    147717 14932 14943 ATCTTCAGAGAT 1-10-1 MOE 996
    398112 15045 15058 CAGCCTGGCACCTA 2-10-2 MOE 1072
    398121 15057 15070 GTGCCTAGCACAGA 2-10-2 MOE 1097
    147730 15117 15128 CTTGTCCATCAG 1-10-1 MOE 1121
    147730 15299 15310 CTTGTCCATCAG 1-10-1 MOE 1121
    401407 15339 15352 CAGCTTAGGCAGAG 2-10-2 MOE 983
    398167 15556 15567 CAGGCCATGTGG 1-10-1 MOE 1059
    147736 16444 16455 AGGTAGGAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 963
    147746 16510 16521 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147738 16590 16601 TGGGTGGCCGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1069
    147736 16610 16621 AGGTAGGAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 963
    398167 16631 16642 CAGGCCATGTGG 1-10-1 MOE 1059
    401411 16657 16670 AGCCGCCTGAAGTG 2-10-2 MOE 999
    147746 16676 16687 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    398144 16745 16758 GACAGCTTCTATAA 2-10-2 MOE 916
    147738 16756 16767 TGGGTGGCCGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1069
    398167 16797 16808 CAGGCCATGTGG 1-10-1 MOE 1059
    398144 16911 16924 GACAGCTTCTATAA 2-10-2 MOE 916
    389965 17096 17107 CTGCAACATGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1018
    389764 17096 17107 CTGCAACATGAT 1-9-2 MOE 1018
    389965 17264 17275 CTGCAACATGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1018
    389764 17264 17275 CTGCAACATGAT 1-9-2 MOE 1018
    147709 17406 17417 CCATTTTTATCA 1-10-1 MOE 978
    147745 17443 17454 TTGACCAGGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 1058
    147746 17497 17508 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147720 17589 17600 GATCTCTCGAGT 1-10-1 MOE 1117
    147745 17611 17622 TTGACCAGGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 1058
    147695 17634 17645 TCATTCCCCACT 1-10-1 MOE 984
    147746 17665 17676 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147088 17707 17718 CCCTCTACACCA 1-10-1 MOE 1050
    147720 17757 17768 GATCTCTCGAGT 1-10-1 MOE 1117
    147711 17808 17819 AAGGGCCCTGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1040
    147711 17976 17987 AAGGGCCCTGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1040
    398139 18049 18062 AGTGACTGACCACA 2-10-2 MOE 917
    398139 18217 18230 AGTGACTGACCACA 2-10-2 MOE 917
    398140 18596 18609 GTAGCATAGAGCCT 2-10-2 MOE 918
    398140 18764 18777 GTAGCATAGAGCCT 2-10-2 MOE 918
    398167 18927 18938 CAGGCCATGTGG 1-10-1 MOE 1059
    398167 19095 19106 CAGGCCATGTGG 1-10-1 MOE 1059
    147724 19147 19158 GAAATTGAGGAA 1-10-1 MOE 1139
    147746 19207 19218 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147724 19315 19326 GAAATTGAGGAA 1-10-1 MOE 1139
    147740 19348 19359 TGTGAGGCTCCA 1-10-1 MOE 1062
    147746 19375 19386 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147729 19386 19397 GTAAGAGGCAGG 1-10-1 MOE 920
    147701 19503 19514 CCATGGCGGGAC 1-10-1 MOE 921
    147711 19508 19519 AAGGGCCCTGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1040
    147740 19516 19527 TGTGAGGCTCCA 1-10-1 MOE 1062
    147718 19617 19628 TAATATGACTTG 1-10-1 MOE 998
    390030 19618 19629 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    147679 19635 19646 CAAAAGGATCCC 1-10-1 MOE 907
    147711 19676 19687 AAGGGCCCTGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1040
    147694 19747 19758 CAGCCTACCAGT 1-10-1 MOE 1098
    147718 19785 19796 TAATATGACTTG 1-10-1 MOE 998
    390030 19786 19797 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    147679 19803 19814 CAAAAGGATCCC 1-10-1 MOE 907
    147698 19852 19863 CCCGCCACCACC 1-10-1 MOE 928
    147694 19915 19926 GAGCCTACCAGT 1-10-1 MOE 1098
    147704 20011 20022 TTGTTCTTAGGA 1-10-1 MOE 1012
    147698 20020 20031 CCCGCCACCACC 1-10-1 MOE 928
    398142 20485 20498 CCAGCACACTGGAA 2-10-2 MOE 923
    147078 20514 20525 CCTTCCACTGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1044
    147079 20515 20526 TCCTTCCACTGA 1-10-1 MOE 1001
    147080 20516 20527 CTCCTTCCACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1021
    398143 20561 20574 GTCAGTCCCAGCTA 2-10-2 MOE 924
    389965 20620 20631 CTGCAACATGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1018
    389764 20620 20631 CTGCAACATGAT 1-9-2 MOE 1018
    398142 20653 20666 GCAGCACACTGGAA 2-10-2 MOE 923
    147078 20682 20693 CCTTCCACTGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1044
    147079 20683 20694 TCCTTCCACTGA 1-10-1 MOE 1001
    147080 20684 20695 CTCCTTCCACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1021
    147080 20704 20715 CTCCTTCCACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1021
    147081 20705 20716 GCTCCTTGCACT 1-10-1 MOE 1006
    398143 20729 20742 GTCAGTCCCAGCTA 2-10-2 MOE 924
    389965 20788 20799 CTGCAACATGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1018
    389764 20788 20799 CTGCAACATGAT 1-9-2 MOE 1018
    147746 20870 20881 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147080 20872 20883 CTCCTTCCACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1021
    147081 20873 20884 GCTCCTTCCACT 1-10-1 MOE 1006
    147746 21038 21049 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147717 21080 21091 ATCTTGAGAGAT 1-10-1 MOE 996
    147076 21222 21233 TTCCACTGATCC 1-10-1 MOE 1029
    147076 21390 21401 TTCCACTGATCC 1-10-1 MOE 1029
    398094 21441 21454 ATCAGCCAGACAGA 2-10-2 MOE 1010
    147746 21465 21476 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1MOE 1073
    398094 21609 21622 ATCAGCCAGACAGA 2-10-2 MOE 1010
    398169 21610 21621 TCAGCCAGACAG 1-10-1MOE 909
    147746 21633 21644 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147738 21884 21895 TGGGTGGCCGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1069
    147743 22045 22056 AGGGCTTCCAGT 1-10-1 MOE 1042
    147738 22052 22063 TGGGTGGCCGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1069
    147683 22107 22118 GCTTACGATTGT 1-10-1 MOE 922
    147743 22213 22224 AGGGCTTCCAGT 1-10-1 MOE 1042
    147681 22566 22577 ATGTCATTAAAC 1-10-1 MOE 965
    389950 22619 22630 CCCTGAAGGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1063
    147681 22734 22745 ATGTCATTAAAC 1-10-1 MOE 965
    147736 22759 22770 AGGTAGGAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 963
    389950 22787 22798 CCCTGAAGGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1063
    389949 22794 22805 GCGCGAGCCCGA 1-10-1 MOE 1061
    147736 22927 22938 AGGTAGGAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 963
    389949 22962 22973 GCGCGAGCCCGA 1-10-1 MOE 1061
    398144 22962 22975 GACAGCTTCTATAA 2-10-2 MOE 916
    398142 23008 23021 CCAGCACACTGGAA 2-10-2 MOE 923
    147727 23019 23030 CAGTGGACCACA 1-10-1 MOE 1128
    398169 23064 23075 TCAGCCAGACAG 1-10-1 MOE 909
    398144 23130 23143 GACAGCTTCTATAA 2-10-2 MOE 916
    398145 23154 23167 ACATGTCAGTAATT 2-10-2 MOE 1099
    398142 23176 23189 CCAGCACACTGGAA 2-10-2 MOE 923
    147727 23187 23198 CAGTGGACCACA 1-10-1MOE 1128
    147735 23243 23254 GGAGAAGCGCAG 1-10-1 MOE 1016
    398145 23322 23335 ACATGTCAGTAATT 2-10-2 MOE 1099
    147735 23411 23422 GGAGAAGCGCAG 1-10-1 MOE 1016
    398146 23478 23491 CTCATGGACACAAA 2-10-2 MOE 1100
    398146 23646 23659 CTCATGGACACAAA 2-10-2 MOE 1100
    398147 23784 23797 CTACAGGACAATAC 2-10-2 MOE 957
    398114 23853 23866 AGGCATATAGCAGA 2-10-2 MOE 1075
    398147 23952 23965 CTACAGGACAATAC 2-10-2 MOE 957
    398114 24021 24034 AGGCATATAGCAGA 2-10-2 MOE 1075
    147702 24319 24330 CTGGTAAATAGC 1-10-1 MOE 898
    147702 24487 24498 CTGGTAAATAGC 1-10-1 MOE 898
    389965 24543 24554 CTGCAACATGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1018
    389764 24543 24554 CTGCAAGATGAT 1-9-2 MOE 1018
    147713 24602 24613 CTCCCACACCAT 1-10-1 MOE 985
    389965 24711 24722 CTGCAACATGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1018
    389764 24711 24722 CTGCAACATGAT 1-9-2 MOE 1018
    147684 24918 24929 ACCCAGTCAGGG 1-10-1 MOE 964
    147684 25086 25097 ACCCAGTCAGGG 1-10-1 MOE 964
    398148 25152 25165 TCATAACTATTAAG 2-10-2 MOE 981
    398144 25192 25205 GACAGCTTCTATAA 2-10-2 MOE 916
    147746 25216 25227 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147736 25313 25324 AGGTAGGAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 963
    398148 25320 25333 TCATAACTATTAAG 2-10-2 MOE 981
    398143 25337 25350 GTCAGTCCCAGCTA 2-10-2 MOE 924
    398144 25360 25373 GACAGCTTCTATAA 2-10-2 MOE 916
    147746 25384 25395 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147691 25442 25453 GAGGTGGGAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 966
    147736 25481 25492 AGGTAGGAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 963
    398130 25504 25517 TTAGTATGACAGCT 2-10-2 MOE 925
    147691 25610 25621 GAGGTGGGAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 966
    147721 25662 25673 AATGCAGGATCT 1-10-1 MOE 1118
    398130 25672 25685 TTAGTATGACAGCT 2-10-2 MOE 925
    147688 25750 25761 TCCCAAACAAAT 1-10-1 MOE 990
    147746 25810 25821 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147721 25830 25841 AATGCAGGATCT 1-10-1MOE 1118
    147688 25918 25929 TCCCAAACAAAT 1-10-1 MOE 990
    147746 25978 25989 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147746 26172 26183 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147746 26340 26351 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    398149 26492 26505 GGAAGTTTTCAAGT 2-10-2 MOE 1101
    398150 26526 26539 GAATCTGGAGGTAA 2-10-2 MOE 1102
    398149 26641 26654 GGAAGTTTTCAAGT 2-10-2 MOE 1101
    398150 26675 26688 GAATCTGGAGGTAA 2-10-2 MOE 1102
    147729 26712 26723 GTAAGAGGCAGG 1-10-1 MOE 920
    398151 26718 26731 TCAGTGTAGGAAGA 2-10-2 MOE 926
    147729 26861 26872 GTAAGAGGCAGG 1-10-1 MOE 920
    398151 26867 26880 TCAGTGTAGGAAGA 2-10-2 MOE 926
    147728 26917 26928 GCCAGACAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 1013
    147728 27066 27077 GCCAGACAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 1013
    147076 27258 27269 TTCCACTGATCC 1-10-1 MOE 1029
    147731 27267 27278 TTTCCTCTTGTC 1-10-1 MOE 934
    147076 27407 27418 TTCCACTGATCC 1-10-1 MOE 1029
    147731 27416 27427 TTTCCTCTTGTC 1-10-1 MOE 934
    398152 27559 27572 TGAATATACAGATG 2-10-2 MOE 927
    398152 27708 27721 TGAATATACAGATG 2-10-2 MOE 927
    147696 28265 28276 TGGATGATTGGC 1-10-1 MOE 906
    147696 28414 28425 TGGATGATTGGC 1-10-1 MOE 906
    147698 28481 28492 CCCGCCACCACC 1-10-1 MOE 928
    147720 28662 28673 GATCTCTCGAGT 1-10-1 MOE 1117
    389965 28714 28725 CTGCAACATGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1018
    389764 28714 28725 CTGCAACATGAT 1-9-2 MOE 1018
    389965 28861 28872 CTGCAACATGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1018
    389764 28861 28872 CTGCAACATGAT 1-9-2 MOE 1018
    398153 28980 28993 ATTTCTCTTACAGG 2-10-2 MOE 948
    398153 29126 29139 ATTTCTCTTACAGG 2-10-2 MOE 948
    147719 29570 29581 CCAACTCCAAGT 1-10-1 MOE 1116
    398154 29692 29705 AGCCCCTTGGCCGT 2-10-2 MOE 1103
    147719 29715 29726 CCAACTCCAACT 1-10-1 MOE 1116
    398155 29785 29798 TGTTTTTACACAGA 2-10-2 MOE 970
    398154 29837 29850 AGCCCCTTGGCCGT 2-10-2 MOE 1103
    401384 29905 29918 TGAACACATCACTA 2-10-2 MOE 933
    398155 29930 29943 TGTTTTTACACAGA 2-10-2 MOE 970
    390030 29945 29956 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    390030 30090 30101 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    398156 30141 30154 GAATACTTGAAATC 2-10-2 MOE 1104
    398156 30286 30299 GAATACTTCAAATC 2-10-2 MOE 1104
    389948 30384 30395 CCGTTGGACCCC 1-10-1 MOE 915
    389948 30530 30541 CCGTTGGACCCC 1-10-1 MOE 915
    398142 30591 30604 CCAGCACACTGGAA 2-10-2 MOE 923
    147744 30654 30665 AGGAAGGGCTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1043
    147093 30689 30700 TTGTTGCCTCTA 1-10-1 MOE 929
    398142 30738 30751 CCAGCACACTGGAA 2-10-2 MOE 923
    147744 30801 30812 AGGAAGGGCTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1043
    398168 31082 31093 TCGGACTTTGAA 1-10-1 MOE 1008
    147746 31105 31116 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    398168 31230 31241 TCGGACTTTGAA 1-10-1 MOE 1008
    390030 31329 31340 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    147736 31458 31469 AGGTAGGAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 963
    390030 31477 31488 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    147736 31606 31617 AGGTAGGAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 963
    147698 31713 31724 CCCGCCACCACC 1-10-1 MOE 928
    384545 31829 31840 CAAGTAGGATGT 1-10-1 MOE 951
    147698 31861 31872 CCCGCCACCACC 1-10-1 MOE 928
    147723 31941 31952 GACTCCAAAGTC 1-10-1 MOE 892
    384545 31977 31988 CAAGTAGGATGT 1-10-1 MOE 951
    147692 32061 32072 CTCACCTTCATG 1-10-1 MOE 1113
    147723 32089 32100 GACTCCAAAGTC 1-10-1 MOE 892
    147692 32209 32220 CTCACCTTCATG 1-10-1 MOE 1113
    147089 32535 32546 TCCCTCTACACC 1-10-1 MOE 956
    401396 32569 32582 TGCAGGATGTTGAG 2-10-2 MOE 945
    147730 32714 32725 CTTGTCCATCAG 1-10-1 MOE 1121
    398165 32854 32865 GTTCTTAGGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 968
    147730 32862 32873 CTTGTCCATCAG 1-10-1 MOE 1121
    389950 32949 32960 CCCTGAAGGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1063
    398165 33002 33013 GTTCTTAGGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 968
    147736 33012 33023 AGGTAGGAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 963
    368352 33056 33069 CTGATCCTGCACTG 2-10-2 MOE 1105
    147081 33073 33084 GCTCCTTCCACT 1-10-1 MOE 1006
    368360 33073 33086 AAGCTCCTTCCACT 2-10-2 MOE 1035
    147082 33074 33085 AGCTCCTTCCAC 1-10-1 MOE 1036
    389950 33097 33108 CCCTGAAGGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1063
    147736 33160 33171 AGGTAGGAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 963
    368352 33204 33217 CTGATCCTGCACTG 2-10-2 MOE 1105
    147081 33221 33232 GCTCCTTCCACT 1-10-1 MOE 1006
    147082 33222 33233 AGCTCCTTCCAC 1-10-1 MOE 1036
    398138 33244 33257 AACATCAAGCTTGA 2-10-2 MOE 931
    147746 33250 33261 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    398138 33392 33405 AACATCAAGCTTGA 2-10-2 MOE 931
    147746 33398 33409 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147732 33652 33663 GGGTCTTTCCTC 1-10-1 MOE 1122
    147724 33733 33744 GAAATTGAGGAA 1-10-1 MOE 1139
    147732 33800 33811 GGGTCTTTCCTC 1-10-1 MOE 1122
    147724 33881 33892 GAAATTGAGGAA 1-10-1 MOE 1139
    147719 33976 33987 CCAACTCCAACT 1-10-1 MOE 1116
    147746 34034 34045 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    398129 34045 34058 TTTGAGGAGCTATT 2-10-2 MOE 1106
    147719 34124 34135 CCAACTCCAACT 1-10-1 MOE 1116
    147721 34156 34167 AATGCAGGATCT 1-10-IMOE 1118
    398129 34193 34206 TTTGAGGAGCTATT 2-10-2 MOE 1106
    147721 34304 34315 AATGCAGGATCT 1-10-1 MOE 1118
    147746 34606 34617 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    398165 34704 34715 GTTCTTAGGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 968
    147746 34754 34765 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    398165 34852 34863 GTTCTTAGGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 968
    147717 34893 34904 ATCTTCAGAGAT 1-10-1 MOE 996
    147719 34976 34987 CCAACTCCAACT 1-10-1 MOE 1116
    147092 34987 34998 TGTTCCCTCTAC 1-10-1 MOE 901
    147719 35124 35135 CCAACTCCAACT 1-10-1 MOE 1116
    147092 35135 35146 TGTTCCCTCTAC 1-10-1 MOE 901
    147736 35248 35259 AGGTAGGAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 963
    147738 35391 35402 TGGGTGGCCGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1069
    147736 35396 35407 AGGTAGGAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 963
    147738 35539 35550 TGGGTGGCCGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1069
    147691 35554 35565 GAGGTGGGAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 966
    147691 35702 35713 GAGGTGGGAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 966
    147746 35814 35825 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147733 35889 35900 TTCTTGATGTCC 1-10-1 MOE 891
    147733 35923 35934 TTCTTGATGTCC 1-10-1 MOE 891
    147746 35962 35973 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147726 35978 35989 TGACTCTCGGAC 1-10-1 MOE 1120
    147733 36037 36048 TTCTTGATGTCC 1-10-1 MOE 891
    147733 36071 36082 TTCTTGATGTCC 1-10-1 MOE 891
    147726 36126 36137 TGACTCTCGGAC 1-10-1 MOE 1120
    147736 36359 36370 AGGTAGGAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 963
    147691 36360 36371 GAGGTGGGAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 966
    147736 36507 36518 AGGTAGGAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 963
    147691 36508 36519 GAGGTGGGAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 966
    147746 36564 36575 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147723 36575 36586 GACTCCAAAGTC 1-10-1 MOE 892
    147731 36620 36631 TTTCCTCTTGTC 1-10-1 MOE 934
    147723 36723 36734 GACTCCAAAGTC 1-10-1 MOE 892
    147731 36768 36779 TTTCCTCTTGTC 1-10-1 MOE 934
    398169 37174 37185 TCAGCCAGACAG 1-10-1 MOE 909
    147688 37380 37391 TCCCAAACAAAT 1-10-1 MOE 990
    147688 37528 37539 TCCCAAACAAAT 1-10-1 MOE 990
    147714 37881 37892 TTCTGCTCCCAC 1-10-1 MOE 986
    147714 38029 38040 TTCTGCTCCCAC 1-10-1 MOE 986
    147681 38364 38375 ATGTCATTAAAC 1-10-1 MOE 965
    147736 38766 38777 AGGTAGGAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 963
    147738 38909 38920 TGGGTGGCCGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1069
    147736 38914 38925 AGGTAGGAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 963
    147738 39057 39068 TGGGTGGCGGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1069
    390030 39249 39260 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    390030 39397 39408 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    147717 39545 39556 ATCTTCAGAGAT 1-10-1 MOE 996
    147717 39693 39704 ATCTTCAGAGAT 1-10-1 MOE 996
    147746 39729 39740 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147746 39789 39800 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147691 39829 39840 GAGGTGGGAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 966
    147746 39877 39888 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    47691 39977 39988G AGGTGGGAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 966
    147727 39983 39994 CAGTGGACCACA 1-10-1 MOE 1128
    147727 40131 40142 CAGTGGACCACA 1-10-1 MOE 1128
    147746 40333 40344 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147719 40457 40468 CCAACTCCAACT 1-10-1 MOE 1116
    147679 40467 40478 CAAAAGGATCCC 1-10-1 MOE 907
    147746 40478 40489 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147741 40565 40576 CACCCACTGGTG 1-10-1 MOE 1055
    398166 40589 40600 GGGCTTCTTCCA 1-10-1 MOE 1070
    147719 40605 40616 CCAACTCCAACT 1-10-1 MOE 1116
    147679 40615 40626 CAAAAGGATCCC 1-10-1 MOE 907
    147746 40626 40637 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147735 40662 40673 GGAGAAGCGCAG 1-10-1 MOE 1016
    147746 40706 40717 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147741 40713 40724 CACCCACTGGTG 1-10-1 MOE 1055
    398166 40737 40748 GGGCTTCTTCCA 1-10-1 MOE 1070
    147735 40810 40821 GGAGAAGCGCAG 1-10-1 MOE 1016
    147746 40854 40865 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147718 41218 41229 TAATATGACTTG 1-10-1 MOE 998
    147717 41221 41232 ATCTTCAGAGAT 1-10-1 MOE 996
    147717 41369 41380 ATCTTCAGAGAT 1-10-1 MOE 996
    147723 41627 41638 GACTCCAAAGTC 1-10-1 MOE 892
    147717 41747 41758 ATCTTCAGAGAT 1-10-1 MOE 996
    147723 41775 41786 GACTCCAAAGTC 1-10-1 MOE 892
    390030 41908 41919 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    390030 42056 42067 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    398153 42157 42170 ATTTCTCTTACAGG 2-10-2 MOE 948
    398153 42305 42318 ATTTCTCTTACAGG 2-10-2 MOE 948
    147690 42423 42434 TGAAGTTAATTC 1-10-1 MOE 1138
    147695 42521 42532 TCATTCCCCACT 1-10-1 MOE 984
    147710 42543 42554 TATAGCTCCTCT 1-10-1 MOE 994
    147690 42571 42582 TGAAGTTAATTC 1-10-1 MOE 1138
    147695 42669 42680 TCATTCCCCACT 1-10-1 MOE 984
    147078 43321 43332 CCTTCCACTGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1044
    147079 43322 43333 TCCTTCCACTGA 1-10-1 MOE 1001
    147716 43329 43340 TTAACGAGCCTT 1-10-1 MOE 949
    147078 43469 43480 CCTTCCACTGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1044
    147079 43470 43481 TCCTTCCACTGA 1-10-1 MOE 1001
    147080 43471 43482 CTCCTTCCACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1021
    398102 43837 43850 CTACCTGAGGATTT 2-10-2 MOE 899
    147074 43848 43859 CCACTGATCCTG 1-10-1 MOE 845
    401408 43871 43884 CAATGAAGCACAGG 2-10-2 MOE 989
    398102 43985 43998 CTACCTGAGGATTT 2-10-2 MOE 899
    147736 44137 44148 AGGTAGGAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 963
    147746 44140 44151 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147687 44206 44217 CGACACGGGAAC 1-10-1 MOE 950
    147743 44223 44234 AGGGCTTCCAGT 1-10-1 MOE 1042
    384545 44242 44253 CAAGTAGGATGT 1-10-1 MOE 951
    147736 44285 44296 AGGTAGGAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 963
    147743 44371 44382 AGGGCTTCCAGT 1-10-1 MOE 1042
    384545 44390 44401 CAAGTAGGATGT 1-10-1 MOE 951
    147728 44589 44600 GCCAGACAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 1013
    389948 44628 44639 CCGTTGGACCCC 1-10-1 MOE 915
    147720 44703 44714 GATCTCTCGAGT 1-10-1 MOE 1117
    147728 44729 44740 GCCAGACAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 1013
    147728 44737 44748 GCCAGACAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 1013
    389948 44776 44787 CCGTTGGACCCC 1-10-1 MOE 915
    147720 44851 44862 GATCTCTCGAGT 1-10-1 MOE 1117
    398110 44861 44874 GTTCCCTTTGCAGG 2-10-2 MOE 952
    147728 44877 44888 GCCAGACAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 1013
    147705 45092 45103 CGGTTTTTGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1002
    147705 45240 45251 CGGTTTTTGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1002
    147681 45337 45348 ATGTCATTAAAC 1-10-1 MOE 965
    147681 45485 45496 ATGTCATTAAAC 1-10-1 MOE 965
    147096 45660 45671 TTGTTGTTCCCT 1-10-1 MOE 1107
    147096 45808 45819 TTGTTGTTCCCT 1-10-1 MOE 1107
    368368 45976 45989 TCCACTGATCCTTA 2-10-2 MOE 1127
    147074 45977 45988 CCACTGATCCTG 1-10-1 MOE 845
    147075 45978 45989 TCCACTGATCCT 1-10-1 MOE 1026
    147076 45979 45990 TTCCACTGATCC 1-10-1 MOE 1029
    368368 46124 46137 TCCACTGATCCTTA 2-10-2 MOE 1127
    147075 46126 46137 TCCACTGATCGT 1-10-1 MOE 1026
    147076 46127 46138 TTCCACTGATCC 1-10-1 MOE 1029
    147705 46555 46566 CGGTTTTTGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1002
    147714 46685 46696 TTCTGCTCCCAC 1-10-1 MOE 986
    147705 46703 46714 CGGTTTTTGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1002
    147714 46833 46844 TTCTGCTCCCAC 1-10-1 MOE 986
    390030 47007 47018 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    147746 47023 47034 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147746 47171 47182 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147085 47607 47618 TCTACACCAGGT 1-10-1 MOE 961
    147746 47609 47620 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147089 47611 47622 TCCCTCTACACC 1-10-1 MOE 956
    147091 47613 47624 GTTCCCTCTACA 1-10-1 MOE 1004
    401384 47689 47702 TGAACACATCACTA 2-10-2 MOE 933
    147691 47729 47740 GAGGTGGGAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 966
    147085 47755 47766 TCTACACCAGGT 1-10-1 MOE 961
    147087 47757 47768 CCTCTACACCAG 1-10-1 MOE 982
    147090 47760 47771 TTCCCTCTACAC 1-10-1 MOE 955
    147091 47761 47772 GTTCCCTCTACA 1-10-1 MOE 1004
    147099 47770 47781 GAGTTGTTGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1108
    147100 47771 47782 CGAGTTGTTGTT 1-10-1 MOE 1109
    390030 47847 47858 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    147691 47877 47888 GAGGTGGGAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 966
    147099 47918 47929 GAGTTGTTGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1108
    147100 47919 47930 CGAGTTGTTGTT 1-10-1 MOE 1109
    390030 47995 48006 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    147074 48222 48233 CCACTGATCCTG 1-10-1 MOE 845
    147731 48340 48351 TTTCCTCTTGTC 1-10-1 MOE 934
    147691 48393 48404 GAGGTGGGAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 966
    147731 48488 48499 TTTCCTCTTGTC 1-10-1 MOE 934
    147691 48541 48552 GAGGTGGGAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 966
    398147 48887 48900 CTACAGGACAATAC 2-10-2 MOE 957
    398147 49035 49048 CTACAGGACAATAC 2-10-2 MOE 957
    147074 49525 49536 CCACTGATCCTG 1-10-1 MOE 845
    398168 49742 49753 TCGGACTTTGAA 1-10-1 MOE 1008
    384545 49858 49869 CAAGTAGGATGT 1-10-1 MOE 951
    398168 49890 49901 TCGGACTTTGAA 1-10-1 MOE 1008
    147724 49974 49985 GAAATTGAGGAA 1-10-1 MOE 1139
    384545 50006 50017 CAAGTAGGATGT 1-10-1 MOE 951
    147689 50084 50095 CAGAGAAGGTCT 1-10-1 MOE 987
    147687 50102 50113 CGACACGGGAAC 1-10-1 MOE 950
    147724 50122 50133 GAAATTGAGGAA 1-10-1 MOE 1139
    147687 50250 50261 CGACACGGGAAC 1-10-1 MOE 950
    398117 50389 50402 TTTCCACTTGGGTG 2-10-2 MOE 960
    147736 50436 50447 AGGTAGGAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 963
    147736 50582 50593 AGGTAGGAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 963
    398168 50703 50714 TCGGACTTTGAA 1-10-1 MOE 1008
    401397 50822 50835 CTGGTCAGCATTGA 2-10-2 MOE 946
    147746 51019 51030 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147708 51101 51112 TTGATATAGTCA 1-10-1 MOE 997
    147746 51165 51176 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147746 51185 51196 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147708 51247 51258 TTGATATAGTCA 1-10-1 MOE 997
    147081 51287 51298 GCTCCTTCCACT 1-10-1 MOE 1006
    147082 51288 51299 AGCTCCTTCCAC 1-10-1 MOE 1036
    147746 51324 51335 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147746 51331 51342 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147728 51376 51387 GCCAGACAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 1013
    147729 51406 51417 GTAAGAGGCAGG 1-10-1 MOE 920
    147081 51433 51444 GCTCCTTCCACT 1-10-1 MOE 1006
    147082 51434 51445 AGCTCCTTCCAC 1-10-1 MOE 1036
    147728 51492 51503 GCCAGACAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 1013
    147728 51522 51533 GCCAGACAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 1013
    147729 51552 51563 GTAAGAGGCAGG 1-10-1 MOE 920
    368360 51633 51646 AAGCTCCTTCCACT 2-10-2 MOE 1035
    147082 51634 51645 AGCTCCTTCCAC 1-10-1 MOE 1036
    368361 51635 51648 GAAAGCTCCTTCCA 2-10-2 MOE 962
    147728 51638 51649 GCCAGACAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 1013
    147695 51644 51655 TCATTCCCCACT 1-10-1 MOE 984
    147736 51713 51724 AGGTAGGAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 963
    147684 51721 51732 ACCCAGTCAGGG 1-10-1 MOE 964
    147081 51779 51790 GCTCCTTCCACT 1-10-1 MOE 1006
    368360 51779 51792 AAGCTCCTTCCACT 2-10-2 MOE 1035
    147082 51780 51791 AGCTCCTTCCAC 1-10-1 MOE 1036
    368361 51781 51794 GAAAGCTCCTTCCA 2-10-2 MOE 962
    147695 51790 51801 TCATTCCCCACT 1-10-1 MOE 984
    147736 51859 51870 AGGTAGGAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 963
    147077 51988 51999 CTTCCACTGATC 1-10-1 MOE 1047
    147079 51990 52001 TCCTTCCACTGA 1-10-1 MOE 1001
    147746 52064 52075 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147681 52085 52096 ATGTCATTAAAC 1-10-1 MOE 965
    147077 52134 52145 CTTCCACTGATC 1-10-1 MOE 1047
    147079 52136 52147 TCCTTCCACTGA 1-10-1 MOE 1001
    147691 52166 52177 GAGGTGGGAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 966
    147719 52252 52263 CCAACTCCAACT 1-10-1 MOE 1116
    147691 52312 52323 GAGGTGGGAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 966
    147719 52398 52409 CCAACTCCAACT 1-10-1 MOE 1116
    147728 52428 52439 GCCAGACAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 1013
    147729 52483 52494 GTAAGAGGCAGG 1-10-1 MOE 920
    398167 52527 52538 CAGGCCATGTGG 1-10-1 MOE 1059
    147682 52571 52582 CGGGTACTATGG 1-10-1 MOE 992
    147728 52574 52585 GCCAGACAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 1013
    147724 52615 52626 GAAATTGAGGAA 1-10-1 MOE 1139
    147729 52629 52640 GTAAGAGGCAGG 1-10-1 MOE 920
    147703 52670 52681 TGGCTTCATGTC 1-10-1 MOE 971
    398167 52673 52684 CAGGCCATGTGG 1-10-1 MOE 1059
    398165 52708 52719 GTTCTTAGGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 968
    147704 52710 52721 TTGTTCTTAGGA 1-10-1 MOE 1012
    147705 52716 52727 CGGTTTTTGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1002
    147724 52761 52772 GAAATTGAGGAA 1-10-1 MOE 1139
    398167 52762 52773 CAGGCCATGTGG 1-10-1 MOE 1059
    147703 52816 52827 TGGCTTCATGTC 1-10-1 MOE 971
    398165 52854 52865 GTTCTTAGGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 968
    147704 52856 52867 TTGTTCTTAGGA 1-10-1 MOE 1012
    147705 52862 52873 CGGTTTTTGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1002
    398167 52908 52919 CAGGCCATGTGG 1-10-1 MOE 1059
    147689 53063 53074 CAGAGAAGGTCT 1-10-1 MOE 987
    147727 53111 53122 CAGTGGACCACA 1-10-1 MOE 1128
    147727 53158 53169 CAGTGGACCACA 1-10-1 MOE 1128
    147689 53209 53220 CAGAGAAGGTCT 1-10-1 MOE 987
    147727 53257 53268 CAGTGGACCACA 1-10-1 MOE 1128
    147727 53304 53315 CAGTGGACCACA 1-10-1 MOE 1128
    147680 53638 53649 GTATGCACTGCT 1-10-1 MOE 988
    147722 53650 53661 AAAGTCAGGCCA 1-10-1 MOE 1130
    147083 53703 53714 TACACCAGGTCA 1-10-1 MOE 973
    147085 53705 53716 TCTACACCAGGT 1-10-1 MOE 961
    147086 53706 53717 CTCTACACCAGG 1-10-1 MOE 969
    398167 53724 53735 CAGGCCATGTGG 1-10-1 MOE 1059
    147684 53747 53758 ACCCAGTCAGGG 1-10-1 MOE 964
    147680 53784 53795 GTATGCACTGCT 1-10-1 MOE 988
    147722 53796 53807 AAAGTCAGGCCA 1-10-1 MOE 1130
    147085 53851 53862 TCTACACCAGGT 1-10-1 MOE 961
    398167 53870 53881 CAGGCCATGTGG 1-10-1 MOE 1059
    147684 53893 53904 ACCCAGTCAGGG 1-10-1 MOE 964
    398155 54026 54039 TGTTTTTACACAGA 2-10-2 MOE 970
    147703 54137 54148 TGGCTTCATGTC 1-10-1 MOE 971
    398155 54172 54185 TGTTTTTACACAGA 2-10-2 MOE 970
    147705 54275 54286 CGGTTTTTGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1002
    147703 54283 54294 TGGCTTCATGTC 1-10-1 MOE 971
    147705 54421 54432 CGGTTTTTGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1002
    147727 54853 54864 CAGTGGACCACA 1-10-1 MOE 1128
    398165 54963 54974 GTTCTTAGGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 968
    398090 54963 54976 TTGTTCTTAGGAAG 2-10-2 MOE 972
    147704 54965 54976 TTGTTCTTAGGA 1-10-1 MOE 1012
    147705 54971 54982 CGGTTTTTGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1002
    147727 54999 55010 CAGTGGACCACA 1-10-1 MOE 1128
    398165 55109 55120 GTTCTTAGGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 968
    147704 55111 55122 TTGTTCTTAGGA 1-10-1 MOE 1012
    147705 55117 55128 CGGTTTTTGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1002
    147083 55352 55363 TACACCAGGTCA 1-10-1 MOE 973
    147705 55378 55389 CGGTTTTTGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1002
    147705 55524 55535 CGGTTTTTGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1002
    147712 55819 55830 ACACCATCTCCC 1-10-1 MOE 1005
    147712 55965 55976 ACACCATCTCCC 1-10-1 MOE 1005
    147733 56289 56300 TTCTTGATGTCC 1-10-1 MOE 891
    147707 56300 56311 TAGTCATTATCT 1-10-1 MOE 977
    147708 56306 56317 TTGATATAGTCA 1-10-1 MOE 997
    390030 56321 56332 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    147081 56333 56344 GCTCCTTCCACT 1-10-1 MOE 1006
    398166 56335 56346 GGGCTTCTTCCA 1-10-1 MOE 1070
    147733 56435 56446 TTCTTGATGTCC 1-10-1 MOE 891
    147707 56446 56457 TAGTCATTATCT 1-10-1 MOE 977
    147708 56452 56463 TTGATATAGTCA 1-10-1 MOE 997
    390030 56467 56478 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    147081 56479 56490 GCTCCTTCCACT 1-10-1 MOE 1006
    398091 56479 56492 GGGGTTCTTCCATT 2-10-2 MOE 979
    398166 56481 56492 GGGCTTCTTCCA 1-10-1 MOE 1070
    368366 56518 56531 GTGATCCTTAGAAG 2-10-2 MOE 1019
    147743 57612 57623 AGGGCTTCCAGT 1-10-1 MOE 1042
    147700 57709 57720 GCGCTAGGCCGC 1-10-1 MOE 1110
    147743 57758 57769 AGGGCTTCCAGT 1-10-1 MOE 1042
    147700 57855 57866 GCGCTAGGCCGC 1-10-1 MOE 1110
    398093 57963 57976 TCGGACTTTGAAAA 2-10-2 MOE 1009
    398168 57965 57976 TCGGACTTTGAA 1-10-1 MOE 1008
    147698 58105 58116 CCCGCCACCACC 1-10-1 MOE 928
    398093 58109 58122 TCGGACTTTGAAAA 2-10-2 MOE 1009
    398168 58111 58122 TCGGACTTTGAA 1-10-1 MOE 1008
    147698 58251 58262 CCCGCCACCACC 1-10-1 MOE 928
    147735 58279 58290 GGAGAAGCGCAG 1-10-1 MOE 1016
    147735 58425 58436 GGAGAAGCGCAG 1-10-1 MOE 1016
    404135 58946 58959 CATTTCCATGGCCA 2-10-2 MOE 1056
    390030 59326 59337 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    147711 59357 59368 AAGGGCCCTGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1040
    147743 59382 59393 AGGGCTTCCAGT 1-10-1 MOE 1042
    147711 59503 59514 AAGGGCCCTGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1040
    147743 59528 59539 AGGGCTTCCAGT 1-10-1 MOE 1042
    147695 59576 59587 TCATTCCCCACT 1-10-1 MOE 984
    147713 59716 59727 CTCCCACACCAT 1-10-1 MOE 985
    147714 59721 59732 TTCTGCTCCCAC 1-10-1 MOE 986
    147715 59746 59757 GTTGAGCATGAC 1-10-1 MOE 1077
    147716 59771 59782 TTAACGAGCCTT 1-10-1 MOE 949
    147712 59857 59868 ACACCATCTCCC 1-10-1 MOE 1005
    147714 59867 59878 TTCTGCTCCCAC 1-10-1 MOE 986
    147715 59892 59903 GTTGAGCATGAC 1-10-1 MOE 1077
    147716 59917 59928 TTAACGAGCCTT 1-10-1 MOE 949
    390030 59993 60004 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    147690 60270 60281 TGAAGTTAATTC 1-10-1 MOE 1138
    389949 60325 60336 GCGCGAGCCCGA 1-10-1 MOE 1061
    147690 60416 60427 TGAAGTTAATTC 1-10-1 MOE 1138
    389949 60471 60482 GCGCGAGCCCGA 1-10-1 MOE 1061
    147746 60619 60630 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    384545 60676 60687 CAAGTAGGATGT 1-10-1 MOE 951
    147746 60765 60776 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    384545 60822 60833 CAAGTAGGATGT 1-10-1 MOE 951
    147689 60967 60978 CAGAGAAGGTCT 1-10-1 MOE 987
    147689 61008 61019 CAGAGAAGGTCT 1-10-1 MOE 987
    147689 61049 61060 CAGAGAAGGTCT 1-10-1 MOE 987
    398105 61121 61134 TGCACAGGCAGGTT 2-10-2 MOE 1066
    147689 61154 61165 CAGAGAAGGTCT 1-10-1 MOE 987
    147689 61195 61206 CAGAGAAGGTCT 1-10-1 MOE 987
    398105 61267 61280 TGCACAGGCAGGTT 2-10-2 MOE 1066
    147692 61365 61376 CTCACCTTCATG 1-10-1 MOE 1113
    147692 61511 61522 CTCACCTTCATG 1-10-1 MOE 1113
    147680 61619 61630 GTATGCACTGCT 1-10-1 MOE 988
    147078 61755 61766 CCTTCCACTGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1044
    147079 61756 61767 TCCTTCCACTGA 1-10-1 MOE 1001
    147080 61757 61768 CTCCTTCCACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1021
    147078 61901 61912 CCTTCCACTGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1044
    147079 61902 61913 TCCTTCCACTGA 1-10-1 MOE 1001
    147080 61903 61914 CTCCTTCCACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1021
    147088 62361 62372 CCCTCTACACCA 1-10-1 MOE 1050
    401384 62573 62586 TGAACACATCACTA 2-10-2 MOE 933
    147688 62697 62708 TCCCAAACAAAT 1-10-1 MOE 990
    147746 63102 63113 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147721 63225 63236 AATGCAGGATCT 1-10-1 MOE 1118
    147742 63226 63237 AACTTCAGTGTC 1-10-1 MOE 1041
    147746 63248 63259 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147682 63337 63348 CGGGTACTATGG 1-10-1 MOE 992
    147721 63371 63382 AATGCAGGATCT 1-10-1 MOE 1118
    147742 63372 63383 AACTTCAGTGTC 1-10-1 MOE 1041
    147688 63401 63412 TCCCAAACAAAT 1-10-1 MOE 990
    147097 63449 63460 GTTGTTGTTCCC 1-10-1 MOE 1111
    147098 63450 63461 AGTTGTTGTTCC 1-10-1 MOE 1112
    401409 63458 63471 ATTCTTAACACAGA 2-10-2 MOE 991
    147084 63531 63542 CTACACCAGGTC 1-10-1 MOE 993
    147688 63547 63558 TCCCAAACAAAT 1-10-1 MOE 990
    147097 63595 63606 GTTGTTGTTCGC 1-10-1 MOE 1111
    147098 63596 63607 AGTTGTTGTTCC 1-10-1 MOE 1112
    147721 64086 64097 AATGCAGGATCT 1-10-1 MOE 1118
    147721 64232 64243 AATGCAGGATCT 1-10-1 MOE 1118
    147692 64233 64244 CTCACCTTCATG 1-10-1 MOE 1113
    147692 64379 64390 CTCACCTTCATG 1-10-1 MOE 1113
    147729 64633 64644 GTAAGAGGCAGG 1-10-1 MOE 920
    401403 64746 64759 TTTCCTAGGAGGTG 2-10-2 MOE 967
    147729 64779 64790 GTAAGAGGCAGG 1-10-1 MOE 920
    147746 65151 65162 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147746 65297 65308 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147689 65302 65313 CAGAGAAGGTCT 1-10-1 MOE 987
    147689 65448 65459 CAGAGAAGGTCT 1-10-1 MOE 987
    147717 65862 65873 ATCTTCAGAGAT 1-10-1 MOE 996
    147717 65895 65906 ATCTTCAGAGAT 1-10-1 MOE 996
    147729 66000 66011 GTAAGAGGCAGG 1-10-1 MOE 920
    147717 66008 66019 ATCTTCAGAGAT 1-10-1 MOE 996
    147717 66041 66052 ATCTTCAGAGAT 1-10-1 MOE 996
    147708 66046 66057 TTGATATAGTCA 1-10-1 MOE 997
    147718 66055 66066 TAATATGACTTG 1-10-1 MOE 998
    147729 66146 66157 GTAAGAGGCAGG 1-10-1 MOE 920
    147089 66236 66247 TCCCTCTACACC 1-10-1 MOE 956
    368363 66281 66294 CTTAGAAGGCAGCA 2-10-2 MOE 1114
    147727 66293 66304 CAGTGGACCACA 1-10-1 MOE 1128
    147093 66319 66330 TTGTTCCCTCTA 1-10-1 MOE 929
    147094 66320 66331 GTTGTTCCCTCT 1-10-1 MOE 1115
    147089 66382 66393 TCCCTCTACACC 1-10-1 MOE 956
    368363 66427 66440 CTTAGAAGGCAGCA 2-10-2 MOE 1114
    147727 66439 66450 CAGTGGACCACA 1-10-1 MOE 1128
    147719 66441 66452 CCAACTCCAACT 1-10-1 MOE 1116
    147093 66465 66476 TTGTTCCCTCTA 1-10-1 MOE 929
    147094 66466 66477 GTTGTTCCCTCT 1-10-1 MOE 1115
    147075 66561 66572 TCCACTGATCCT 1-10-1 MOE 1026
    368357 66562 66575 CCTTCCACTGATCC 2-10-2 MOE 1046
    147076 66562 66573 TTCCACTGATCC 1-10-1 MOE 1029
    368377 66562 66577 CTCCTTCCACTGATCC 3-10-3 MOE 1030
    147077 66563 66574 CTTCCACTGATC 1-10-1 MOE 1047
    368358 66563 66576 TCCTTCCACTGATC 2-10-2 MOE 1031
    147078 66564 66575 CCTTCCACTGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1044
    147079 66565 66576 TCCTTCCACTGA 1-10-1 MOE 1001
    147080 66566 66577 CTCCTTCCACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1021
    147081 66567 66578 GCTCCTTCCACT 1-10-1 MOE 1006
    147719 66587 66598 CCAACTCCAACT 1-10-1 MOE 1116
    147075 66707 66718 TCCACTGATCCT 1-10-1 MOE 1026
    368377 66708 66723 CTCCTTCCACTGATCC 3-10-3 MOE 1030
    147076 66708 66719 TTCCACTGATCC 1-10-1 MOE 1029
    368357 66708 66721 CCITCCACTGATCC 2-10-2 MOE 1046
    147077 66709 66720 CTTCCACTGATC 1-10-1 MOE 1047
    147078 66710 66721 CCTTCCACTGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1044
    147079 66711 66722 TCCTTCCACTGA 1-10-1 MOE 1001
    147080 66712 66723 CTCCTTCCACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1021
    147081 66713 66724 GCTCCTTCCACT 1-10-1 MOE 1006
    147089 66842 66853 TCCCTCTACACC 1-10-1 MOE 956
    147089 66988 66999 TCCCTCTACACC 1-10-1 MOE 956
    147075 66999 67010 TCCACTGATCCT 1-10-1 MOE 1026
    147075 67145 67156 TCCACTGATCCT 1-10-1 MOE 1026
    147705 67213 67224 CGGTTTTTGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1002
    401413 67301 67314 TGCAGCCATGTACT 2-10-2 MOE 1022
    147737 67309 67320 ACAGCCAGGTAG 1-10-1 MOE 1067
    147080 67430 67441 CTCCTTCCACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1021
    147737 67455 67466 ACAGCCAGGTAG 1-10-1 MOE 1067
    147080 67576 67587 CTCCTTCCACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1021
    147082 67578 67589 AGCTCCTTCCAC 1-10-1 MOE 1036
    147090 67582 67593 TTCCCTCTACAC 1-10-1 MOE 955
    147091 67583 67594 GTTCCCTCTACA 1-10-1 MOE 1004
    147742 67591 67602 AACTTCAGTGTC 1-10-1 MOE 1041
    147090 67728 67739 TTCCCTCTACAC 1-10-1 MOE 955
    147698 68036 68047 CCCGCCACCACC 1-10-1 MOE 928
    147698 68182 68193 CCCGCCACCACC 1-10-1 MOE 928
    147681 68267 68278 ATGTCATTAAAC 1-10-1 MOE 965
    147721 68386 68397 AATGCAGGATCT 1-10-1 MOE 1118
    147681 68413 68424 ATGTCATTAAAC 1-10-1 MOE 965
    147712 68527 68538 ACACCATCTCCC 1-10-1 MOE 1005
    147721 68532 68543 AATGCAGGATCT 1-10-1 MOE 1118
    147711 68760 68771 AAGGGCCCTGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1040
    147711 68906 68917 AAGGGCCCTGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1040
    147696 69045 69056 TGGATGATTGGC 1-10-1 MOE 906
    147696 69191 69202 TGGATGATTGGC 1-10-1 MOE 906
    147723 69194 69205 GACTCCAAAGTC 1-10-1 MOE 892
    147723 69210 69221 GACTCCAAAGTC 1-10-1 MOE 892
    389965 69271 69282 CTGCAACATGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1018
    389764 69271 69282 CTGCAACATGAT 1-9-2 MOE 1018
    147723 69340 69351 GACTCCAAAGTC 1-10-1 MOE 892
    147723 69356 69367 GACTCCAAAGTC 1-10-1 MOE 892
    398101 69357 69370 TTTGATAAAGCCCT 2-10-2 MOE 1064
    389965 69417 69428 CTGCAACATGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1018
    389764 69417 69428 CTGCAACATGAT 1-9-2 MOE 1018
    398101 69503 69516 TTTGATAAAGCCCT 2-10-2 MOE 1064
    368353 69519 69532 CACTGATCCTGCAC 2-10-2 MOE 1007
    147074 69522 69533 CCACTGATCCTG 1-10-1 MOE 845
    147081 69631 69642 GCTCCTTCCACT 1-10-1 MOE 1006
    368353 69665 69678 CACTGATCCTGCAG 2-10-2 MOE 1007
    147720 69729 69740 GATCTCTCGAGT 1-10-1 MOE 1117
    147721 69736 69747 AATGCAGGATCT 1-10-1 MOE 1118
    398167 69757 69768 CAGGCCATGTGG 1-10-1 MOE 1059
    147722 69762 69773 AAAGTCAGGCCA 1-10-1 MOE 1130
    147723 69768 69779 GACTCCAAAGTC 1-10-1 MOE 892
    147080 69776 69787 CTCCTTCCACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1021
    147081 69777 69788 GCTCCTTCCACT 1-10-1 MOE 1006
    398093 69811 69824 TCGGACTTTGAAAA 2-10-2 MOE 1009
    398168 69813 69824 TCGGACTTTGAA 1-10-1 MOE 1008
    147725 69814 69825 CTCGGACTTTGA 1-10-1 MOE 1119
    147726 69819 69830 TGACTCTCGGAC 1-10-1 MOE 1120
    147727 69860 69871 CAGTGGACCACA 1-10-1 MOE 1128
    147720 69875 69886 GATCTCTCGAGT 1-10-1 MOE 1117
    147721 69882 69893 AATGCAGGATCT 1-10-1 MOE 1118
    147728 69899 69910 GCCAGACAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 1013
    398094 69901 69914 ATCAGCCAGACAGA 2-10-2 MOE 1010
    398167 69903 69914 CAGGCCATGTGG 1-10-1 MOE 1059
    398092 69904 69917 AGTCAGGCCATGTG 2-10-2 MOE 1060
    147722 69908 69919 AAAGTCAGGCCA 1-10-1 MOE 1130
    147723 69914 69925 GACTCCAAAGTC 1-10-1 MOE 892
    147729 69916 69927 GTAAGAGGCAGG 1-10-1 MOE 920
    398095 69919 69932 CATCAGCAAGAGGC 2-10-2 MOE 1011
    398093 69957 69970 TCGGACTTTGAAAA 2-10-2 MOE 1009
    398168 69959 69970 TCGGACTTTGAA 1-10-1 MOE 1008
    147725 69960 69971 CTCGGACTTTGA 1-10-1 MOE 1119
    147726 69965 69976 TGACTCTCGGAC 1-10-1 MOE 1120
    147704 69991 70002 TTGTTCTTAGGA 1-10-1 MOE 1012
    147727 70006 70017 CAGTGGACCACA 1-10-1 MOE 1128
    147728 70045 70056 GCCAGACAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 1013
    398094 70047 70060 ATCAGCCAGACAGA 2-10-2 MOE 1010
    398169 70048 70059 TCAGCCAGACAG 1-10-1 MOE 909
    147729 70062 70073 GTAAGAGGCAGG 1-10-1 MOE 920
    398095 70065 70078 CATCAGCAAGAGGC 2-10-2 MOE 1011
    147704 70137 70148 TTGTTCTTAGGA 1-10-1 MOE 1012
    147697 70161 70172 CCCCAGCAGCGG 1-10-1 MOE 1000
    147697 70307 70318 CCCCAGCAGCGG 1-10-1 MOE 1000
    147728 70450 70461 GCCAGACAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 1013
    398164 70464 70475 TTGTCGATCTGC 1-10-1 MOE 1014
    147730 70465 70476 CTTGTCCATCAG 1-10-1 MOE 1121
    147731 70471 70482 TTTCCTCTTGTC 1-10-1 MOE 934
    147732 70476 70487 GGGTCTTTCCTC 1-10-1 MOE 1122
    147733 70497 70508 TTCTTGATGTCC 1-10-1 MOE 891
    398096 70562 70575 GGAGAAGCGCAGCT 2-10-2 MOE 1015
    147735 70564 70575 GGAGAAGCGCAG 1-10-1 MOE 1016
    147736 70569 70580 AGGTAGGAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 963
    147737 70575 70586 ACAGCCAGGTAG 1-10-1 MOE 1067
    147728 70596 70607 GCCAGACAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 1013
    398164 70610 70621 TTGTCGATCTGC 1-10-1 MOE 1014
    147730 70611 70622 CTTGTCCATCAG 1-10-1 MOE 1121
    368349 70616 70629 CTGCACTGACGAGT 2-10-2 MOE 1017
    147731 70617 70628 TTTCCTCTTGTC 1-10-1 MOE 934
    147732 70622 70633 GGGTCTTTCCTC 1-10-1 MOE 1122
    147733 70643 70654 TTCTTGATGTCC 1-10-1 MOE 891
    398096 70708 70721 GGAGAAGCGCAGCT 2-10-2 MOE 1015
    147735 70710 70721 GGAGAAGCGCAG 1-10-1 MOE 1016
    147736 70715 70726 AGGTAGGAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 963
    147737 70721 70732 ACAGCCAGGTAG 1-10-1 MOE 1067
    389764 70784 70795 CTGCAACATGAT 1-9-2 MOE 1018
    389965 70784 70795 CTGCAACATGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1018
    389965 70930 70941 CTGCAACATGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1018
    389764 70930 70941 CTGCAACATGAT 1-9-2 MOE 1018
    368386 70995 71010 CACTGATCCTTAGAAG 3-10-3 MOE 1123
    368367 70997 71010 CACTGATCCTTAGA 2-10-2 MOE 1124
    368387 70997 71012 TCCACTGATCCTTAGA 3-10-3 MOE 1125
    368354 70999 71012 TCCACTGATCCTGC 2-10-2 MOE 1024
    368374 70999 71014 CTTCCACTGATCCTGC 3-10-3 MOE 1126
    368368 70999 71012 TCCACTGATCCTTA 2-10-2 MOE 1127
    368388 70999 71014 CTTCCACTGATCCTTA 3-10-3 MOE 895
    368355 71000 71013 TTCCACTGATCCTG 2-10-2 MOE 1025
    147074 71000 71011 CCACTGATCCTG 1-10-1 MOE 845
    368375 71000 71015 CCTTCCACTGATCCTG 3-10-3 MOE 1020
    147075 71001 71012 TCCACTGATCCT 1-10-1 MOE 1026
    368376 71001 71016 TCCTTCCACTGATCCT 3-10-3 MOE 1028
    147076 71002 71013 TTCCACTGATCC 1-10-1 MOE 1029
    368357 71002 71015 CCTTCCACTGATCC 2-10-2 MOE 1046
    368377 71002 71017 CTCCTTCCACTGATCC 3-10-3 MOE 1030
    147077 71003 71014 CTTCCACTGATC 1-10-1 MOE 1047
    368378 71003 71018 GCTCCTTCCACTGATC 3-10-3 MOE 1032
    147078 71004 71015 CCTTCCACTGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1044
    368359 71005 71018 GCTCCTTCCACTGA 2-10-2 MOE 1033
    368379 71005 71020 AAGCTCCTTCCACTGA 3-10-3 MOE 1034
    147079 71005 71016 TCCTTCCACTGA 1-10-1 MOE 1001
    147080 71006 71017 CTCCTTCCACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1021
    368360 71007 71020 AAGCTCCTTCCACT 2-10-2 MOE 1035
    368380 71007 71022 GAAAGCTCCTTCCACT 3-10-3 MOE 896
    147081 71007 71018 GCTCCTTCCACT 1-10-1 MOE 1006
    147082 71008 71019 AGCTCCTTCCAC 1-10-1 MOE 1036
    368361 71009 71022 GAAAGCTCCTTCCA 2-10-2 MOE 962
    368381 71009 71024 GGGAAAGCTCCTTCCA 3-10-3 MOE 1037
    147738 71067 71078 TGGGTGGCCGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1069
    147739 71071 71082 CGTTTGGGTGGC 1-10-1 MOE 1023
    147740 71088 71099 TGTGAGGCTCCA 1-10-1 MOE 1062
    147741 71129 71140 CACCCACTGGTG 1-10-1 MOE 1055
    368366 71141 71154 CTGATCCTTAGAAG 2-10-2 MOE 1019
    368386 71141 71156 CACTGATCCTTAGAAG 3-10-3 MOE 1123
    368367 71143 71156 CACTGATCCTTAGA 2-10-2 MOE 1124
    368387 71143 71158 TCCACTGATCCTTAGA 3-10-3 MOE 1125
    368374 71145 71160 CTTCCACTGATCCTGC 3-10-3 MOE 1126
    368354 71145 71158 TCCACTGATCCTGC 2-10-2 MOE 1024
    368368 71145 71158 TCCACTGATCCTTA 2-10-2 MOE 1127
    368388 71145 71160 CTTCCACTGATCCTTA 3-10-3 MOE 895
    368355 71146 71159 TTCCACTGATCCTG 2-10-2 MOE 1025
    368375 71146 71161 CC1TCCACTGATCCTG 3-10-3 MOE 1020
    147075 71147 71158 TCCACTGATCCT 1-10-1 MOE 1026
    368356 71147 71160 CTTCCACTGATCCT 2-10-2 MOE 1027
    368376 71147 71162 TCCTTCCACTGATCCT 3-10-3 MOE 1028
    147076 71148 71159 TTCCAGTGATCC 1-10-1 MOE 1029
    368357 71148 71161 CCTTCCACTGATCC 2-10-2 MOE 1046
    368377 71148 71163 CTCCTCCACTGATCC 3-10-3 MOE 1030
    147077 71149 71160 CTTCCACTGATC 1-10-1 MOE 1047
    368358 71149 71162 TCCTTCCACTGATC 2-10-2 MOE 1031
    368378 71149 71164 GCTCCTTCCACTGATC 3-10-3 MOE 1032
    147078 71150 71161 CCTTCCACTGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1044
    368359 71151 71164 GCTCCTTCCACTGA 2-10-2 MOE 1033
    147079 71151 71162 TCCTTCCACTGA 1-10-1 MOE 1001
    368379 71151 71166 AAGCTCCTTCCACTGA 3-10-3 MOE 1034
    147080 71152 71163 CTCCTTCCACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1021
    368380 71153 71168 GAAAGCTCGTTCCACT 3-10-3 MOE 896
    147081 71153 71164 GCTCCTTCCACT 1-10-1 MOE 1006
    368360 71153 71166 AAGCTCCTTCCACT 2-10-2 MOE 1035
    147082 71154 71165 AGCTCCTTCCAC 1-10-1 MOE 1036
    368381 71155 71170 GGGAAAGCTCCTTCCA 3-10-3 MOE 1037
    368361 71155 71168 GAAAGCTCCTTCCA 2-10-2 MOE 962
    398097 71158 71171 GGCAGTCTTTATCC 2-10-2 MOE 897
    147738 71213 71224 TGGGTGGCCGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1069
    147739 71217 71228 CGTTTGGGTGGC 1-10-1 MOE 1023
    147740 71234 71245 TGTGAGGCTCCA 1-10-1 MOE 1062
    147741 71275 71286 CACCCACTGGTG 1-10-1 MOE 1055
    398097 71304 71317 GGCAGTCTTTATCC 2-10-2 MOE 897
    147727 71702 71713 CAGTGGACCACA 1-10-1 MOE 1128
    147727 71848 71859 CAGTGGACCACA 1-10-1 MOE 1128
    390030 71986 71997 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    147102 72015 72026 TGCGAGTTGTTG 1-10-1 MOE 1129
    390030 72132 72143 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    147102 72161 72172 TGCGAGTTGTTG 1-10-1 MOE 1129
    147722 72199 72210 AAAGTCAGGCCA 1-10-1 MOE 1130
    147696 72232 72243 TGGATGATTGGC 1-10-1 MOE 906
    147741 72254 72265 CACCCACTGGTG 1-10-1 MOE 1055
    147722 72345 72356 AAAGTCAGGCCA 1-10-1 MOE 1130
    147696 72378 72389 TGGATGATTGGC 1-10-1 MOE 906
    147741 72400 72411 CACCCACTGGTG 1-10-1 MOE 1055
    147711 72446 72457 AAGGGCCCTGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1040
    398098 72574 72587 TAACTTCAGTGTCT 2-10-2 MOE 1131
    147742 72575 72586 AACTTCAGTGTC 1-10-1 MOE 1041
    147698 72595 72606 CCCGCCACCACC 1-10-1 MOE 928
    147743 72690 72701 AGGGCTTCCAGT 1-10-1 MOE 1042
    398099 72690 72703 GAAGGGCTTCCAGT 2-10-2 MOE 1132
    147744 72694 72705 AGGAAGGGCTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1043
    398100 72697 72710 TGACCAGGAAGGGC 2-10-2 MOE 1133
    147745 72700 72711 TTGACCAGGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 1058
    398098 72720 72733 TAACTTCAGTGTCT 2-10-2 MOE 1131
    147742 72721 72732 AACTTCAGTGTC 1-10-1 MOE 1041
    147698 72741 72752 CCCGCCACCACC 1-10-1 MOE 928
    398157 72757 72770 GGAAACATACCCTG 2-10-2 MOE 1045
    147743 72836 72847 AGGGCTTCCAGT 1-10-1 MOE 1042
    398099 72836 72849 GAAGGGCTTCCAGT 2-10-2 MOE 1132
    147744 72840 72851 AGGAAGGGCTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1043
    398100 72843 72856 TGACCAGGAAGGGC 2-10-2 MOE 1133
    147745 72846 72857 TTGACCAGGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 1058
    147076 72898 72909 TTCCACTGATCC 1-10-1 MOE 1029
    368357 72898 72911 CCTTCCACTGATCC 2-10-2 MOE 1046
    147077 72899 72910 CTTCCACTGATC 1-10-1 MOE 1047
    147078 72900 72911 CCTTCCACTGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1044
    398157 72903 72916 GGAAACATACCCTG 2-10-2 MOE 1045
    398158 72983 72996 AGGCCCTGAGATTA 2-10-2 MOE 1134
    398159 72988 73001 GGTTAAGGCCCTGA 2-10-2 MOE 1135
    398160 72993 73006 GAATAGGTTAAGGC 2-10-2 MOE 1048
    147076 73044 73055 TTCCACTGATCC 1-10-1 MOE 1029
    368357 73044 73057 CCTTCCACTGATCC 2-10-2 MOE 1046
    147077 73045 73056 CTTCCACTGATC 1-10-1 MOE 1047
    147078 73046 73057 CCTTCCACTGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1044
    147746 73052 73063 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    398161 73092 73105 AACAATGTGTTGTA 2-10-2 MOE 1049
    147746 73101 73112 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    398158 73129 73142 AGGCCCTGAGATTA 2-10-2 MOE 1134
    398159 73134 73147 GGTTAAGGCCCTGA 2-10-2 MOE 1135
    398160 73139 73152 GAATAGGTTAAGGC 2-10-2 MOE 1048
    147746 73198 73209 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    398161 73238 73251 AACAATGTGTTGTA 2-10-2 MOE 1049
    147746 73247 73258 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    147088 73273 73284 CCCTCTACACCA 1-10-1 MOE 1050
    398105 73401 73414 TGCACAGGCAGGTT 2-10-2 MOE 1066
    398105 73547 73560 TGCACAGGCAGGTT 2-10-2 MOE 1066
    147741 73559 73570 CACCCACTGGTG 1-10-1 MOE 1055
    147741 73705 73716 CACCCACTGGTG 1-10-1 MOE 1055
    398162 73968 73981 ACCAAACAGTTCAG 2-10-2 MOE 1057
    147745 73991 74002 TTGACCAGGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 1058
    398167 74008 74019 CAGGCCATGTGG 1-10-1 MOE 1059
    398092 74009 74022 AGTCAGGCCATGTG 2-10-2 MOE 1060
    398162 74114 74127 ACCAAACAGTTCAG 2-10-2 MOE 1057
    147745 74137 74148 TTGACCAGGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 1058
    398167 74154 74165 CAGGCCATGTGG 1-10-1 MOE 1059
    147089 74280 74291 TCCCTCTACACC 1-10-1 MOE 956
    147090 74281 74292 TTCCCTCTACAC 1-10-1 MOE 955
    389949 74310 74321 GCGCGAGCCCGA 1-10-1 MOE 1061
    147740 74339 74350 TGTGAGGCTCCA 1-10-1 MOE 1062
    389950 74381 74392 CCCTGAAGGTTC 1-10-1 MOE 1063
    147089 74426 74437 TCCCTCTACACC 1-10-1 MOE 956
    147090 74427 74438 TTCCCTCTACAC 1-10-1 MOE 955
    389949 74456 74467 GCGCGAGCCCGA 1-10-1 MOE 1061
    147685 74490 74501 GGCTGACATTCA 1-10-1 MOE 975
    398101 74510 74523 TTTGATAAAGCCCT 2-10-2 MOE 1064
    398102 74536 74549 CTACCTGAGGATTT 2-10-2 MOE 899
    398103 74543 74556 CCCAGTACTACCTG 2-10-2 MOE 900
    147685 74636 74647 GGCTGACATTGA 1-10-1 MOE 975
    398102 74682 74695 CTACCTGAGGATTT 2-10-2 MOE 899
    398103 74689 74702 CCCAGTACTACCTG 2-10-2 MOE 900
    147736 74737 74748 AGGTAGGAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 963
    398104 74805 74818 CAAGAAGACCTTAC 2-10-2 MOE 1065
    147736 74883 74894 AGGTAGGAGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 963
    147737 74893 74904 ACAGCCAGGTAG 1-10-1 MOE 1067
    398105 74894 74907 TGCACAGGCAGGTT 2-10-2 MOE 1066
    147737 74919 74930 ACAGCCAGGTAG 1-10-1 MOE 1067
    398095 74940 74953 CATCAGCAAGAGGC 2-10-2 MOE 1011
    398104 74951 74964 CAAGAAGACCTTAC 2-10-2 MOE 1065
    398106 74974 74987 TGGAAAACTGCACC 2-10-2 MOE 1068
    398107 74980 74993 TATTCCTGGAAAAC 2-10-2 MOE 902
    147745 75030 75041 TTGACCAGGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 1058
    147737 75039 75050 ACAGCCAGGTAG 1-10-1 MOE 1067
    398105 75040 75053 TGCACAGGCAGGTT 2-10-2 MOE 1066
    147737 75065 75076 ACAGCCAGGTAG 1-10-1 MOE 1067
    398108 75077 75090 GGAATGTCTGAGTT 2-10-2 MOE 1136
    398095 75086 75099 CATGAGCAAGAGGC 2-10-2 MOE 1011
    147691 75108 75119 GAGGTGGGAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 966
    398106 75120 75133 TGGAAAACTGCACC 2-10-2 MOE 1068
    398107 75126 75139 TATTCCTGGAAAAC 2-10-2 MOE 902
    147738 75155 75166 TGGGTGGCCGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1069
    147745 75176 75187 TTGACCAGGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 1058
    398108 75223 75236 GGAATGTCTGAGTT 2-10-2 MOE 1136
    398109 75247 75260 CAAGAAGTGTGGTT 2-10-2 MOE 903
    147691 75254 75265 GAGGTGGGAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 966
    147738 75301 75312 TGGGTGGCCGGG 1-10-1 MOE 1069
    398110 75385 75398 GTTCCCTTTGCAGG 2-10-2 MOE 952
    147091 75387 75398 GTTCCCTCTACA 1-10-1 MOE 1004
    398109 75393 75406 CAAGAAGTGTGGTT 2-10-2 MOE 903
    398111 75470 75483 GTGAAAATGCTGGC 2-10-2 MOE 904
    401385 75494 75507 CCCAGTGGGTTTGA 2-10-2 MOE 890
    398166 75499 75510 GGGCTTCTTCCA 1-10-1 MOE 1070
    147091 75525 75536 GTTCCCTCTACA 1-10-1 MOE 1004
    147092 75526 75537 TGTTCCCTCTAC 1-10-1 MOE 901
    398110 75531 75544 GTTCCCTTTGCAGG 2-10-2 MOE 952
    147091 75533 75544 GTTCCCTCTACA 1-10-1 MOE 1004
    147706 75540 75551 GCTGACATCTCG 1-10-1 MOE 1071
    398112 75584 75597 CAGCCTGGCACCTA 2-10-2 MOE 1072
    398111 75616 75629 GTGAAAATGCTGGC 2-10-2 MOE 904
    147746 75617 75628 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    398166 75645 75656 GGGCTTCTTCCA 1-10-1 MOE 1070
    147091 75671 75682 GTTCCCTCTACA 1-10-1 MOE 1004
    147092 75672 75683 TGTTCCCTCTAC 1-10-1 MOE 901
    398113 75693 75706 AGGAGGTTAAACCA 2-10-2 MOE 905
    398112 75730 75743 CAGCCTGGCACCTA 2-10-2 MOE 1072
    147746 75763 75774 TAAAAACAACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1073
    398114 75770 75783 AGGCATATAGCAGA 2-10-2 MOE 1075
    398115 75786 75799 AGTAAATATTGGCT 2-10-2 MOE 1076
    398116 75799 75812 TAATGACCTGATGA 2-10-2 MOE 1137
    398113 75839 75852 AGGAGGTTAAACCA 2-10-2 MOE 905
    390030 75839 75850 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    398115 75932 75945 AGTAAATATTGGCT 2-10-2 MOE 1076
    398116 75945 75958 TAATGACCTGATGA 2-10-2 MOE 1137
    398106 75982 75995 TGGAAAACTGCACC 2-10-2 MOE 1068
    390030 75985 75996 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    398106 76127 76140 TGGAAAACTGCACC 2-10-2 MOE 1068
    147690 76196 76207 TGAAGTTAATTC 1-10-1 MOE 1138
    147690 76341 76352 TGAAGTTAATTC 1-10-1 MOE 1138
    147724 76740 76751 GAAATTGAGGAA 1-10-1 MOE 1139
    147089 76873 76884 TCCCTCTACACC 1-10-1 MOE 956
    147679 76881 76892 CAAAAGGATCCC 1-10-1 MOE 907
    147724 76885 76896 GAAATTGAGGAA 1-10-1 MOE 1139
    147089 77018 77029 TCCCTCTACACC 1-10-1 MOE 956
    147679 77026 77037 CAAAAGGATCCC 1-10-1 MOE 907
    147693 77240 77251 GTGCGCTCCCAT 1-10-1 MOE 1078
    147697 77759 77770 CCCCAGCAGCGG 1-10-1 MOE 1000
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 177-190 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 177-190 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 177-190 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 886, 859, or 853. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 177-190 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147022, 147023, or 147024.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 195-228 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 195-228 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 195-228 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 877, 868, 882, 886, 859, 853, 865, 835, 843, 846, 842, 848, 874, 849, 863, 855, 850, 864, or 834. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 195-228 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147019, 147020, 147021, 147022, 147023, 147024, 147025, 147026, 147027, 147028, 147073, 147029, 147030, 147036, 147037, 147038, 147039, 147040, or 147041.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 323-353 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 323-353 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 323-353 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 866, 881, 869, 883, 858, 833, 875, 837, 829, 871, 884, 887, 839, 830, 840, 861, or 879. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 323-353 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147042, 147043, 147044, 147045, 147046, 147047, 147051, 147052, 147053, 147054, 147055, 147056, 147057, 147058, 147059, 147060, or 147061.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 322-353 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 322-353 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 322-353 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 842, 866, 881, 869, 883, 858, 833, 875, 837, 829, 871, 884, 887, 839, 830, 840, 861, or 879. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 322-353 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147073, 147042, 147043, 147044, 147045, 147046, 147047, 147051, 147052, 147053, 147054, 147055, 147056, 147057, 147058, 147059, 147060, or 147061.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 679-799 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 679-799 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 679-799 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 883, 858, 883, or 858. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 679-799 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147045, 147046, 147045, or 147046.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 679-827 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 679-827 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 679-827 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 883, 858, 883, 858, or 851. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 679-827 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147045, 147046, 147045, 147046, or 147066.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1024-1046 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1024-1046 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1024-1046 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 841, 862, 880, 857, 851, 876, 838, 860, 878, 856, 832, or 842. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1024-1046 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147062, 147063, 147064, 147065, 147066, 147067, 147068, 147069, 147070, 147071, 147072, or 147073.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 992-1046 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 992-1046 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 992-1046 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 831, 841, 862, 880, 857, 851, 876, 838, 860, 878, 856, 832, or 842. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 992-1046 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 404131, 147062, 147063, 147064, 147065, 147066, 147067, 147068, 147069, 147070, 147071, 147072, or 147073.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1868-1881 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1868-1881 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1868-1881 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 886, 859, or 853. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1868-1881 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147022, 147023, or 147024.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1886-1919 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1886-1919 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1886-1919 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 877, 868, 882, 886, 859, 865, 843, 846, 874, 863, 855, 864, or 834. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1886-1919 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147019, 147020, 147021, 147022, 147023, 147025, 147027, 147028, 147030, 147037, 147038, 147040, or 147041.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1869-1919 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1869-1919 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1869-1919 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 859, 853, 877, 868, 882, 886, 859, 865, 843, 846, 874, 863, 855, 864, or 834. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1869-1919 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147023, 147024, 147019, 147020, 147021, 147022, 147023, 147025, 147027, 147028, 147030, 147037, 147038, 147040, or 147041.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1976-1989 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1976-1989 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1976-1989 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 886, 859, or 853. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1976-1989 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147022, 147023, or 147024.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 1995-2027 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 1995-2027 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1995-2027 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 868, 882, 886, 859, 853, 865, 835, 843, 846, 848, 874, 849, 863, 855, 850, 864, or 834. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 1995-2027 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147020, 147021, 147022, 147023, 147024, 147025, 147026, 147027, 147028, 147029, 147030, 147036, 147037, 147038, 147039, 147040, or 147041.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 2366-2382 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 2366-2382 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 2366-2382 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 867 or 873. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 2366-2382 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 404199 or 404134.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 6220-6233 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 6220-6233 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 6220-6233 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 870, 836, or 844. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 6220-6233 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147032, 147033, or 147034.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 6288-6300 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 6288-6300 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 6288-6300 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 869 or 883. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 6288-6300 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147044 or 147045.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 6329-6342 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 6329-6342 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 6329-6342 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 870, 836, or 844. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 6329-6342 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147032, 147033, or 147034.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 6397-6409 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 6397-6409 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 6397-6409 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 869 or 883. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 6397-6409 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147044 or 147045.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 7057-7178 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 7057-7178 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to 7057-7178 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 830, 840, 861, 830, or 840. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 7057-7178 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147058, 147059, 147060, 147058, or 147059.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 8630-8750 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 8630-8750 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to 8630-8750 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ D) NO 843, 846, 843, or 846. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 8630-8750 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147027, 147028, 147027, or 147028.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 10957-11077 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 10957-11077 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to 10957-11077 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 881, 869, 881, or 869. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 10957-11077 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147043, 147044, 147043, or 147044.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 11605-11623 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 11605-11623 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to 11605-11623 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 856, 878, or 856. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 11605-11623 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147071, 147070, or 147071.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 12805-12817 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 12805-12817 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to 12805-12817 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 874 or 885. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 12805-12817 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147030 or 147031.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 12986-12998 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 12986-12998 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to 12986-12998 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 874 or 885. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 12986-12998 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147030 or 147031.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 15560-15572 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 15560-15572 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to 15560-15572 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 876 or 838. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 15560-15572 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147067 or 147068.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 17787-17941 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 17787-17941 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to 17787-17941 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 874 or 880. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 17787-17941 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147030 or 147064.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 21190-21202 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 21190-21202 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to 21190-21202 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 843 or 846. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 21190-21202 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147027 or 147028.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 21358-21370 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 21358-21370 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to 21358-21370 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 843 or 846. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 21358-21370 of SEQ iD NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 017027 or 147028.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 24318-24332 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 24318-24332 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to 24318-24332 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 881, 869, 883, or 858. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 24318-24332 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147043, 147044, 147045, or 147046.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 24486-24501 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 24486-24501 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to 24486-24501 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 881, 869, 858, or 833. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 24486-24501 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147043, 147044, 147046, or 147047.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 25065-25077 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 25065-25077 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to 25065-25077 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 864 or 834. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 25065-25077 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147040 or 147041.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 25232-25245 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 25232-25245 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to 25232-25245 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 850, 864, or 834. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 25232-25245 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147039, 147040, or 147041.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 25508-25523 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 25508-25523 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to 25508-25523 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 839 or 879. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 25508-25523 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147057 or 147061.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 25676-28890 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 25676-28890 of SEQ ID NO:11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to 25676-28890 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 839, 860, or 878. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 25676-28890 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147057, 147069, or 147070.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 33056-33069 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 33056-33069 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to 33056-33069 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 860, 878, or 856. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 33056-33069 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147069, 147070, or 147071.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 33205-33217 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 33205-33217 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to 33205-33217 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 878 or 856. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 33205-33217 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 14707 or 147071.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 33318-33334 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 33318-33334 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to 33318-33334 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 858, 854, or 875. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 33318-33334 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147046, 147049, or 147051.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 33466-33482 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 33466-33482 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 33466-33482 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 858, 833, or 875. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 33466-33482 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147046, 147047, or 147051.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 33640-33656 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 33640-33656 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 33640-33656 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 858 or 875. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 33640-33656 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147046 or 147051.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 33788-33804 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 33788-33804 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 33788-33804 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 858 or 875. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 33788-33804 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147046 or 147051.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 35437-35449 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 35437-35449 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 35437-35449 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 840 or 861. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 35437-35449 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147059 or 147060.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 40353-40373 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 40353-40373 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 40353-40373 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 879 or 881. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 40353-40373 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147061 or 147043.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 42527-42541 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 4252742541 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 42527-42541 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 885, 870, or 844. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 42527-42541 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147031, 147032, or 147034.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 42675-42689 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 42675-42689 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 42675-42689 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 885, 870, 836, or 844. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 42675-42689 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147031, 147032, 147033, or 147034.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 46313-46328 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 46313-46328 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 46313-46328 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 839, 830, 840, or 879. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 46313-46328 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147057, 147058, 147059, or 147061.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 46461-46476 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 46461-46476 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 46461-46476 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 839, 840, or 879. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 46461-46476 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147057, 147059, or 147061.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 48369-48381 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 48369-48381 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 48369-48381 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 842 or 845. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 48369-48381 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147073 or 147074.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 48714-48726 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 48714-48726 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 48714-48726 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 843 or 846. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 48714-48726 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147027 or 147028.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 49050-49062 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 49050-49062 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 49050-49062 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 876 or 838. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 49050-49062 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147067 or 147068.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 49672-49684 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 49672-49684 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 49672-49684 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 842 or 845. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 49672-49684 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147073 or 147074.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 52292-52304 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 52292-52304 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 52292-52304 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 849 or 863. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 52292-52304 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147036 or 147037.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 52438-52450 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 52438-52450 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 52438-52450 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 849 or 863. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 52438-52450 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147036 or 147037.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 53445-53458 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 53445-53458 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 53445-53458 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 866, 881, or 869. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 53445-53458 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147042, 147043, or 147044.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 53591-53604 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 53591-53604 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 53591-53604 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 866, 874, 881, 885, or 869. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 53591-53604 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147042, 147030, 147043, 147031, or 147044.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 53738-53750 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 53738-53750 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 53738-53750 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 874 or 885. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 53738-53750 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147030 or 147031.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 53783-53795 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 53783-53795 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 53783-53795 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 864 or 834. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 53783-53795 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147040 or 147041.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 55008-55020 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 55008-55020 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 55008-55020 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 866 or 881. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 55008-55020 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147042 or 147043.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 55154-55166 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 55154-55166 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 55154-55166 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 866 or 881. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 55154-55166 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147042 or 147043.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 55682-55695 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 55682-55695 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 55682-55695 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 877 or 882. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 55682-55695 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147019 or 147021.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 56275-56293 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 56275-56293 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 56275-56293 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 871, 884, 887, 830, 840, 861, or 879. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 56275-56293 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147054, 147055, 147056, 147058, 147059, 147060, or 147061.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 56418-56439 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 56418-56439 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 56418-56439 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 875, 829, 871, 884, 887, 839, 830, or 879. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 56418-56439 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147051, 147053, 147054, 147055, 147056, 147057, 147058, or 147061.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 57264-57276 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 57264-57276 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 57264-57276 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 883 or 858. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 57264-57276 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147045 or 147046.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 61276-61293 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 61276-61293 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 61276-61293 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 856, 847, 849, 863, 855, 850, or 864. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 61276-61293 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147071, 147035, 147036, 147037, 147038, 147039, or 147040.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 61257-61320 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 61257-61320 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 61257-61320 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 881, 856, 847, 849, 863, 855, 850, 864, or 886. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 61257-61320 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147043, 147071, 147035, 147036, 147037, 147038, 147039, 147040, or 147071.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 61422-61439 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 61422-61439 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 61422-61439 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 844, 847, 849, 863, 855, or 864. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 61422-61439 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147034, 147035, 147036, 147037, 147038, or 147040.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 61422-61466 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 61422-61466 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 61422-61466 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 844, 847, 849, 863, 855, 864, or 856. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 61422-61466 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147034, 147035, 147036, 147037, 147038, 147040, or 147071.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 63065-63078 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 63065-63078 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 63065-63078 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 851 or 838. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 63065-63078 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147066 or 147068.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 63207-63222 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 63207-63222 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 63207-63222 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 841 or 851. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 63207-63222 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147062 or 147066.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 64538-64550 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 64538-64550 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 64538-64550 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 849 or 863. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 64538-64550 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147036 or 147037.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 64864-64876 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 64864-64876 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 64864-64876 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 851 or 876. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 64864-64876 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147066 or 147067.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 65010-65028 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 65010-65028 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 65010-65028 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 851, 876, or 883. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 65010-65028 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147066, 147067, or 147045.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 65163-65175 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 65163-65175 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 65163-65175 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 883 or 858. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 65163-65175 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147045 or 147046.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 65408-65422 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 65408-65422 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 65408-65422 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 883 or 856. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 65408-65422 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147068 or 147071.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 65549-65568 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 65549-65568 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 65549-65568 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 860, 838, or 856. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 65549-65568 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147069, 147068, or 147071.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 67741-67754 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 67741-67754 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 67741-67754 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 848, 874, or 885. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 67741-67754 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147029, 147030, or 147031.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 67886-67900 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 67886-67900 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 67886-67900 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 846, 848, 874, or 885. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 67886-67900 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147028, 147029, 147030, or 147031.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 68867-68880 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 68867-68880 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 68867-68880 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 881, 869, or 883. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 68867-68880 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147043, 147044, or 147045.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 69013-69532 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 69013-69532 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 69013-69532 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 881, 869, 883, 858, 856, 832, or 842. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 69013-69532 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147043, 147044, 147045, 147046, 147071, 147072, or 147073.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 69665-69880 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 69665-69880 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 69665-69880 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 856, 832, 842, 845, or 851. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 69665-69880 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147071, 147072, 147073, 147074, or 147066.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 70611-70630 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 70611-70630 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 70611-70630 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 859, 841, 862, 880, 857, or 851. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 70611-70630 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147023, 147062, 147063, 147064, 147065, or 147066.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 70762-70776 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 70762-70776 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 70762-70776 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 862, 880, 857, or 851. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 70762-70776 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147063, 147064, 147065, or 147066.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 70998-71010 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 70998-71010 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 70998-71010 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 832 or 842. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 70998-71010 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147072 or 147073.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 71144-714364 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 71144-714364 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 71144-714364 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 832, 842, 845, 863, 855, or 850. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 71144-714364 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147072, 147073, 147074, 147037, 147038, or 147039.
  • In certain embodiments, a target region is nucleotides 71497-71652 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound is targeted to nucleotides 71497-71652 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted 71497-71652 of comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 863, 855, 850, or 879. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to nucleotides 71497-71652 of SEQ ID NO: 11 is selected from Isis No 147037, 147038, 147039, or 147061.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid are 8 to 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid are 9 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid are 10 to 14 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, such short antisense compounds are short antisense oligonucleotides.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid are short gapmers. In certain such embodiments, short gapmers targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid comprise at least one high affinity modification in one or more wings of the compound. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid comprise 1 to 3 high-affinity modifications in each wing. In certain such embodiments, the nucleosides or nucleotides of the wing comprise a 2′ modification. In certain such embodiments, the monomers of the wing are BNA's. In certain such embodiments, the monomers of the wing are selected from α-L-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA, β-D-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA, Ethyleneoxy (4′-(CH2)2—O-2′) BNA, Aminooxy (4′-CH2—O—N(R)-2′) BNA and Oxyamino (4′-CH2—N(R)—O-2′) BNA. In certain embodiments, the monomers of a wing comprise a substituent at the 2′ position selected from allyl, amino, azido, thio, O-allyl, O—C1-C10 alkyl, —OCF3, O—(CH2)2—O—CH3, 2′-O(CH2)2SCH3, O —(CH2)2—O—N(Rm)(Rn), and O—CH2—C(═O)—N(Rm)(Rn), where each Rm and Rn is, independently, H or substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl. In certain embodiments, the monomers of a wing are 2′MOE nucleotides.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid comprise a gap between the 5′ wing and the 3′ wing. In certain embodiments the gap comprises five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, or fourteen monomers. In certain embodiments, the monomers of the gap are unmodified deoxyribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, the monomers of the gap are unmodified ribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, gap modifications (if any) gap result in an antisense compound that, when bound to its target nucleic acid, supports cleavage by an RNase, including, but not limited to, RNase H.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid have uniform monomeric linkages. In certain such embodiments, those linkages are all phosphorothioate linkages. In certain embodiments, the linkages are all phosphodiester linkages. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid have mixed backbones.
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid are 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid are 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid are 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid are 11 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid are monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid are 13 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid are 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid are 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid are 16 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid comprise 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid comprise 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid comprise 12 to 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.
  • In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods of modulating expression of PTP1B. In certain embodiments, such methods comprise use of one or more short antisense compound targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid, wherein the short antisense compound targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid is from about 8 to about 16, preferably 9 to 15, more preferably 9 to 14, more preferably 10 to 14 monomers (i.e. from about 8 to about 16 linked monomers). One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this comprehends methods of modulating expression of PTP1B using one or more short antisense compounds targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 monomers.
  • In certain embodiments, methods of modulating PTP1B comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid that is 8 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating PTP1B comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid that is 9 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating PTP1B comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid that is 10 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating PTP1B comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid that is 11 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating PTP1B comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid that is 12 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating PTP1B comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid that is 13 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating PTP1B comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid that is 14 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating PTP1B comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid that is 15 monomers in length. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating PTP1B comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid that is 16 monomers in length.
  • In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of PTP1B comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid comprising 9 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of PTP1B comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid comprising 10 to 15 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of PTP1B comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid comprising 12 to 14 monomers. In certain embodiments, methods of modulating expression of PTP1B comprise use of a short antisense compound targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid comprising 12 or 14 nucleotides or nucleosides.
  • 10. PTEN
  • In certain embodiments, the invention provides short antisense compounds targeted to a nucleic acid encoding PTEN. In certain embodiments, such compounds are used to modulate PTEN expression if cells. In certain such embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PTEN nucleic acid are administered to an animal. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to a PTEN nucleic acid are useful for studying PTEN, for studying certain nucleases and/or for assessing antisense activity. In certain such embodiments, short antisense compounds targeted to PTEN nucleic acids are useful for assessing certain motifs and/or chemical modifications. In certain embodiments, administration of a short antisense compound targeted to PTEN nucleic acid to an animal results in a measurable phenotypic change.
  • The short antisense compounds targeting PTEN may have any one or more properties or characteristics of the short antisense compounds generally described herein. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds targeting a PTP1B nucleic acid have a motif (wing-deoxy gap-wing) selected from 1-12-1, 1-1-10-2, 2-10-1-1, 3-10-3, 2-10-3, 2-10-2, 1-10-1, 1-10-2, 3-8-3, 2-8-2, 1-8-1, 3-6-3 or 1-6-1, more preferably 1-10-1, 2-10-2, 3-10-3, and 1-9-2.
  • Certain Short Antisense Compounds Targeted to a PTEN Nucleic Acid
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are targeted to a PTEN nucleic acid having the sequence of GENBANK® Accession No. NM000314.4, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 14. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are targeted to a PTEN nucleic acid having the sequence of nucleotides 8063255 to 8167140 of the sequence of GENBANK® Accession No. NT033890.3, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 15. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 14 is at least 90% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 14. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 14 is at least 95% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 14. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 15 is 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 15. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 15 is at least 90% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 15. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 15 is at least 95% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 15. In certain such embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 15 is 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 15.
  • In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 14 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the nucleotide sequences set forth in Tables 20 and 21. In certain embodiments, a short antisense compound targeted to SEQ ID NO: 15 comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the nucleotide sequences set forth in Tables 22 and 23.
  • Each nucleotide sequence set forth in Tables 20, 21, 22, and 23 is independent of any modification to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase. As such, short antisense compounds comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in Tables 20, 21, 22, and 23 may comprise, independently, one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase. Antisense compounds described by Isis Number (Isis NO.) indicate a combination of nucleobase sequence and one or more modifications to a sugar moiety, an internucleoside linkage, or a nucleobase.
  • Table 20 illustrates short antisense compounds that are 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 14. Table 22 illustrates short antisense compounds that are 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 15. The column labeled ‘gapmer motif’ indicates the wing-gap-wing motif of each short antisense compounds. The gap segment comprises 2′-deoxynucleotides and each nucleotide of each wing segment comprises a 2′-modified sugar. The particular 2′-modified sugar is also indicated in the ‘gapmer motif’ column. For example, ‘2-10-2 MOE’ means a 2-10-2 gapmer motif, where a gap segment of ten 2′-deoxynucleotides is flanked by wing segments of two nucleotides, where the nucleotides of the wing segments are 2′-MOE nucleotides. Internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate. The short antisense compounds comprise 5-methylcytidine in place of unmodified cytosine, unless “unmodified cytosine” is listed in the gapmer motif column, in which case the indicated cytosines are unmodified cytosines. For example, “5-mC in gap only” indicates that the gap segment has 5-methylcytosines, while the wing segments have unmodified cytosines.
  • The 2′-modified nucleotides and abbreviations include: 2′-O-methoxyethyl (MOE); 2′-O-methyl (OMe); 2′-O-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl) (PentaF); 2′-O-[(2-methoxy)ethyl]-4′-thio (2′-MOE-4′-thio). (R)-CMOE-BNA. As illustrated in Tables 20 and 22, a wing may comprise monomers comprising more than type of 2′ substituent. For example, 1-2-10-2 MOE/PentaF/MOE indicates one MOE-modified nucleotide, followed by two PentaF-modified nucleotides, followed by a gap of ten deoxynucleotides, followed by two PentaF-modified nucleotides. For example, 1-1-10-22′-(butylacetomido)-palmitamide Methyleneoxy BNA/Methyleneoxy BNA indicates that the 5′-most nucleotide is 2′-(butylacetomide)-palmitamide, the second nucleotide is a methyleneoxy BNA nucleotide, and the 3′ wing is methyleneoxy BNA. Unless otherwise indicated, cytosines are 5-methylcytosines and internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate.
  • TABLE 20
    Short Antisense Compounds Targeted to SEQ ID NO: 14
    5′ 3′ SEQ
    ISIS Target Target ID
    No Site Site Sequence (5′-3′) Gapmer Motif NO
    390092 5530 5541 AGAATGAGACTT 1-10-1 MOE 1514
    390091 5435 5446 TGAGGCATTATC 1-10-1 MOE 1522
    390090 5346 5357 AGAGTATCTGAA 1-10-1 MOE 1227
    390088 5162 5173 CACATTAACAGT 1-10-1 MOE 1511
    390087 5126 5137 GTGGCAACCACA 1-10-1 MOE 1501
    390085 5031 5042 ATTTGATGCTGC 1-10-1 MOE 1505
    390084 4982 4993 CAAAGAATGGTG 1-10-1 MOE 1215
    390082 4910 4921 AGGACTTGGGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1503
    390080 4833 4844 TGCTGCACATCC 1-10-1 MOE 1150
    392067 4832 4845 CTGCTGCACATCCA 2-10-2 Methyleneoxy BNA 1510
    Unmodified cytosines in gap
    390078 4714 4725 CTTTCAGTCATA 1-10-1 MOE 1520
    390077 4693 4704 GTCAAATTCTAT 1-10-1 MOE 1252
    390076 4599 4610 TTCCAATGACTA 1-10-1 MOE 1506
    390075 4576 4587 GTAAGCAAGGCT 1-10-1 MOE #N/A
    390074 4533 4544 ACCCTCATTCAG 1-10-1 MOE 1513
    390068 4191 4202 GTAAATCCTAAG 1-10-1 MOE 1515
    390064 4001 4012 ACCACAGCTAGT 1-10-1 MOE 1498
    390063 3977 3988 CACCAATAAGTT 1-10-1 MOE 1219
    390058 3828 3839 AGTAGTTGTACT 1-10-1 MOE 1192
    390056 3793 3804 GGGCATATCAAA 1-10-1 MOE 1521
    390054 3705 3716 AACACTGCACAT 1-10-1 MOE 1493
    390052 3623 3634 GACAATTTCTAC 1-10-1 MOE 1492
    390050 3503 3514 GTATTCAAGTAA 1-10-1 MOE 1140
    390049 3479 3490 GTTAATGACATT 1-10-1 MOE 1491
    390047 3428 3439 TGTGTAAGGTCA 1-10-1 MOE 1490
    390041 3175 3186 TTAGCACTGGCC 1-10-1 MOE 1489
    398076 3171 3182 CACTGGCCTTGA 1-10-1 MOE 1488
    398009 3170 3183 GCACTGGCCTTGAT 2-10-2 MOE 1487
    398075 3111 3122 AAATCATTGTCA 1-10-1 MOE 1233
    398008 3110 3123 TAAATCATTGTCAA 2-10-2 MOE 1486
    398074 2913 2924 GCACCAATATGC 1-10-1 MOE 1248
    398007 2912 2925 AGCACCAATATGCT 2-10-2 MOE 1247
    398073 2681 2692 TTAGCCAACTGC 1-10-1 MOE 1485
    398006 2680 2693 CTTAGCCAACTGCA 2-10-2 MOE 1484
    390033 2679 2690 AGCCAACTGCAA 1-10-1 MOE 1483
    398072 2671 2682 GCAAACTTATCT 1-10-1 MOE 1482
    398005 2670 2683 TGCAAACTTATCTG 2-10-2 MOE 1481
    390030 2534 2545 TTTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    398071 2533 2544 TTATAAAACTGG 1-10-1 MOE 1480
    398004 2532 2545 TTTATAAAACTGGA 2-10-2 MOE 1479
    390029 2510 2521 AAAGTGCCATCT 1-10-1 MOE 1478
    390028 2491 2502 TCCTAATTGAAT 1-10-1 MOE 1477
    398070 2481 2492 ATTTTAAATGTC 1-10-1 MOE 1476
    398003 2480 2493 AATTTTAAATGTCC 2-10-2 MOE 1475
    390027 2455 2466 AGGTATATACAT 1-10-1 MOE 1206
    398069 2451 2462 ATATACATGACA 1-10-1 MOE 1474
    398002 2450 2463 TATATACATGACAC 2-10-2 MOE 1473
    398068 2440 2451 ACAGCTACACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1472
    398001 2439 2452 CACAGCTACACAAC 2-10-2 MOE 1471
    390026 2438 2449 AGCTACACAACC 1-10-1 MOE 1470
    390025 2406 2417 GTGTCAAAACCC 1-10-1 MOE 1211
    398067 2405 2416 TGTCAAAACCCT 1-10-1 MOE 1210
    398000 2404 2417 GTGTCAAAACCCTG 2-10-2 MOE 1469
    398066 2372 2383 AGATTGGTCAGG 1-10-1 MOE 1468
    397999 2371 2384 AAGATTGGTCAGGA 2-10-2 MOE 1467
    398065 2349 2360 GTTCCTATAACT 1-10-1 MOE 1466
    397998 2348 2361 TGTTCCTATAACTG 2-10-2 MOE 1465
    398064 2331 2342 CTGACACAATGT 1-10-1 MOE 1464
    397997 2330 2343 TCTGACACAATGTC 2-10-2 MOE 1463
    398063 2321 2332 GTCCTATTGCCA 1-10-1 MOE 1205
    397996 2320 2333 TGTCCTATTGCCAT 2-10-2 MOE 1462
    390022 2286 2297 CAGTTTATTCAA 1-10-1 MOE 1142
    336221 2230 2243 TCAGACTTTTGTAA 3-8-3 MOE 1461
    336220 2224 2237 TTTTGTAATTTGTG 3-8-3 MOE 1460
    336219 2209 2222 ATGCTGATCTTCAT 3-8-3 MOE 1459
    390021 2203 2214 CTTCATCAAAAG 1-10-1 MOE 1458
    336218 2201 2214 CTTCATCAAAAGGT 3-8-3 MOE 1457
    389779 2201 2212 TCATCAAAAGGT 1-9-2 MOE 1176
    389979 2201 2212 TCATCAAAAGGT 1-10-1 MOE 1176
    397995 2200 2213 TTCATCAAAAGGTT 2-10-2 MOE 1456
    336217 2192 2205 AAGGTTCATTCTCT 3-8-3 MOE 1455
    390020 2183 2194 TCTGGATCAGAG 1-10-1 MOE 1149
    336216 2182 2195 CTCTGGATCAGAGT 3-8-3 MOE 1454
    336215 2169 2182 TCAGTGGTGTCAGA 3-8-3 MOE 1453
    398062 2166 2177 GGTGTCAGAATA 1-10-1 MOE 1255
    397994 2165 2178 TGGTGTCAGAATAT 2-10-2 MOE 1452
    390019 2163 2174 GTCAGAATATCT 1-10-1 MOE 1173
    336214 2157 2170 GAATATCTATAATG 3-8-3 MOE 1573
    398061 2151 2162 ATAATGATCAGG 1-10-1 MOE 1451
    397993 2150 2163 TATAATGATCAGGT 2-10-2 MOE 1450
    336213 2146 2159 ATGATCAGGTTCAT 3-8-3 MOE 1449
    389778 2144 2155 TCAGGTTCATTG 1-9-2 MOE 1448
    389978 2144 2155 TCAGGTTCATTG 1-10-1 MOE 1448
    398060 2137 2148 CATTGTCACTAA 1-10-1 MOE 1447
    336212 2136 2149 TCATTGTCACTAAC 3-8-3 MOE 1446
    397992 2136 2149 TCATTGTCACTAAC 2-10-2 MOE 1446
    336211 2112 2125 ACAGAAGTTGAACT 3-8-3 MOE 1445
    390017 2111 2122 GAAGTTGAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1444
    398059 2108 2119 GTTGAACTGCTA 1-10-1 MOE 1443
    397991 2107 2120 AGTTGAACTGCTAG 2-10-2 MOE 1442
    336210 2104 2117 TGAACTGCTAGCCT 3-8-3 MOE 1441
    335340 2104 2118 TTGAACTGCTAGCCT 1-10-4 MOE 1440
    335339 2103 2117 TGAACTGCTAGCCTC 1-10-4 MOE 1439
    335338 2102 2116 GAACTGCTAGCCTCT 1-10-4 MOE 1438
    335337 2101 2115 AACTGCTAGCCTCTG 1-10-4 MOE 1437
    335336 2100 2114 ACTGCTAGCCTCTGG 1-10-4 MOE 1436
    390430 2099 2111 GCTAGCCTCTGGA 1-10-2 MOE 1163
    Unmodified cytosines
    390431 2099 2111 GCTAGCCTCTGGA 1-10-2 MOE 1163
    Unmodified cytosines
    C in wing 9-
    (aminoethoxy)phenoxazine
    390432 2099 2111 GCTAGCCTCTGGA 1-10-2 MOE 1163
    390433 2099 2111 GCTAGCCTCTGGA 1-10-2 MOE 1163
    Unmodified cytosines
    Nt 6 is 9-(aminoethoxy)phenoxazine
    390434 2099 2111 GCTAGCCTCTGGA 1-10-2 MOE 1163
    Unmodified cytosines
    Nt 7 is 9-(aminoethoxy)phenoxazine
    390435 2099 2111 GCTAGCCTCTGGA 1-10-2 MOE 1163
    Unmodified cytosines
    Nt 9 is 9-(aminoethoxy)phenoxazine
    335335 2099 2113 CTGCTAGCCTCTGGA 1-10-4 MOE 1435
    389777 2098 2109 TAGCCTCTGGAT 1-9-2 MOE 1434
    389954 2098 2109 TAGCCTCTGGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1434
    335334 2098 2112 TGCTAGCCTCTGGAT 1-10-4 MOE 1433
    331429 2097 2110 CTAGCCTCTGGATT 2-10-2 MOE 1431
    335349 2097 2110 CTAGCCTCTGGATT 2-10-2 MOE 1431
    335367 2097 2110 CTAGCCTCTGGATT 2-10-2 Methyleneoxy BNA 1431
    335378 2097 2110 CTAGCCTCTGGATT 2-10-2 Methyleneoxy BNA 1431
    392061 2097 2110 CTAGCCTCTGGATT 2-10-2 Methyleneoxy BNA 1431
    Unmodified cytosines in gap
    383991 2097 2109 TAGCCTCTGGATT 1-10-2 1432
    2′-(acetylamino-butyl-acetamido)-
    cholesterol/MOE
    383992 2097 2109 TAGCCTCTGGATT 1-10-2 1432
    2′-(acetylamino-butyl-acetamido)-
    cholic acid/MOE
    386970 2097 2109 TAGCCTCTGGATT 1-10-2 MOE 1432
    390578 2097 2109 TAGCCTCTGGATT 1-10-2 MOE 1432
    Unmodified cytosines
    Ts in wings are 2-thiothymines
    390614 2097 2109 TAGCCTCTGGATT 1-10-2PentaF 1432
    335333 2097 2111 GCTAGCCTCTGGATT 1-10-4 MOE 1430
    386683 2097 2109 TAGCCTCTGGATT 1-10-2 2′-(butylacetamido)- 1432
    palmitamide/MOE
    371975 2096 2110 CTAGCCTCTGGATTT 3-10-2 MOE 1429
    335341 2096 2111 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 3-10-3 MOE 1428
    335350 2096 2111 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 3-10-3 MOE 1428
    335368 2096 2111 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 3-10-3 Methyleneoxy BNA 1428
    Phosphodiester linkages in wings
    335379 2096 2111 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 3-10-3 Methyleneoxy BNA 1428
    383739 2096 2111 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 3-10-3 MOE 1428
    5-methylcytosine in gap
    384071 2096 2111 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 3-10-3 OMe 1428
    5-methylcytosine in gap
    384073 2096 2111 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 3-10-3 Methyleneoxy BNA 1428
    5-methylcytosine in gap
    390576 2096 2111 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 3-10-3 MOE 1428
    5-methylcytosine in gap
    T's inwings are 2-thiothymines
    390580 2096 2111 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 3-10-3 MOE 1428
    Pyrimidines in wings are 5-thiazole
    Unmodified cytosines in gap
    390581 2096 2111 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 3-10-3 MOE 1428
    Unmodified cytosines in gap
    391863 2096 2111 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 3-10-3 MOE 1428
    Unmodified cytosines
    391864 2096 2111 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 3-10-3 Methyleneoxy BNA 1428
    Unmodified cytosines in gap
    391865 2096 2111 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 3-10-3 Methyleneoxy BNA 1428
    Unmodified cytosines
    375560 2096 2110 CTAGCCTCTGGATTT 2-10-3 MOE 1429
    391172 2096 2110 CTAGCCTCTGGATTT 2-10-2 Methyleneoxy BNA 1429
    Unmodified cytosines
    391175 2096 2110 CTAGCCTCTGGATTT 2-10-3 Methyleneoxy BNA 1429
    391449 2096 2110 CTAGCCTCTGGATTT 2-10-3 MOE 1429
    Unmodified cytosines
    392054 2096 2110 CTAGCCTCTGGATTT 2-10-3 Methyleneoxy BNA 1429
    Unmodified cytosines in gap
    392055 2096 2110 CTAGCCTCTGGATTT 2-10-3 MOE 1429
    Unmodified cytosines in gap
    362977 2096 2111 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 2-12-2 MOE 1428
    386770 2096 2109 TAGCCTCTGGATTT 1-11-2 MOE 1427
    390577 2096 2109 TAGCCTCTGGATTT 1-10-3 MOE 1427
    Unmodified cytosines
    T's in wings are 2-thiothymines
    335332 2096 2110 CTAGCCTCTGGATTT 1-10-4 MOE 1429
    390579 2096 2111 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 1-1-1-10-3 MOE/4′-thio/2′-O-[(2- 1428
    methoxy)ethyl]-4′-thio/2′-O-[(2-
    methoxy)ethyl]-4′-thio
    Unmodified cytosines in wings
    Phosphorodiester linkage in wings
    391173 2096 2110 CTAGCCTCTGGATTT 2-10-3 (5′R)-5′-methyl- 1429
    Methyleneoxy BNA
    Unmodified cytosines
    391174 2096 2110 CTAGCCTCTGGATTT 2-10-3 (5′S)-5′-methyl- 1429
    Methyleneoxy BNA
    Unmodified cytosines
    390607 2096 2111 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 3-10-3 MOE/pentaF 1428
    Unmodified cytosines in wing
    390609 2096 2111 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 3-10-2-1 MOE/MOE/pentaF 1428
    Unmodified cytosines in wing
    384072 2096 2111 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 1-2-10-3 MOE/pentaF/pentaF 1428
    Unmodified cytosines in wings
    390606 2096 2111 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 1-2-10-3 MOE/pentaF/pentaF 1428
    Unmodified cytosines in wing
    390608 2096 2111 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 1-2-10-3 MOE/pentaF/pentaF 1428
    Unmodified cytosines in wing
    391869 2096 2111 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 1-2-10-3 Methyleneoxy BNA 1(5′S)- 1428
    5′-methyl-Methyleneoxy BNA/
    (5′S)-5′-methyl-Methyleneoxy
    BNA
    Unmodified cytosines
    385036 2096 2111 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 1-2-10-3 OMe/2′-O-methyl-4′- 1428
    thio/2′-O-methyl-4′-thio
    Unmodified cytosines in wing
    385871 2096 2111 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 1-2-10-3 OMe/2′-O-[(2- 1428
    methoxy)ethyl]-4′-thio/2′-O-[(2-
    methoxy)ethyl]-4′-thio
    Unmodified cytosines in wing
    386682 2096 2111 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 1-2-10-3 2′-(butylacetamido)- 1428
    palmitamide/MOE/MOE
    390582 2096 2111 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 1-2-10-3 MOE/2′-O-[(2- 1428
    methoxy)ethyl]-4′-thio/2′-O-[(2-
    methoxy)ethyl]-4′-thio
    Unmodified cytosines in wings
    Phosphodiester linkage in wings
    391868 2096 2111 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 1-2-10-3 (5′R)-5′-methyl- 1428
    Methyleneoxy BNA/Methyleneoxy
    BNA/(5′R)-5′-methyl-
    Methyleneoxy BNA
    Unmodified cytosines
    336209 2095 2108 AGCCTCTGGATTTG 3-8-3 MOE 1425
    335331 2095 2109 TAGCCTCTGGATTTG 1-10-4 MOE 1426
    335376 2095 2109 TAGCCTCTGGATTTG 1-10-4 Methyleneoxy BNA 1426
    335377 2095 2109 TAGCCTCTGGATTTG 1-10-4 Methyleneoxy BNA 1426
    Phosphodiester in 3′ wing
    335330 2094 2108 AGCCTCTGGATTTGA 1-10-4 MOE 1424
    336208 2079 2092 GGCTCCTCTACTGT 3-8-3 MOE 1423
    336207 2073 2086 TCTACTGTTTTTGT 3-8-3 MOE 1422
    336206 2047 2060 CACCTTAAAATTTG 3-8-3 MOE 1518
    389776 2046 2057 CTTAAAATTTGG 1-9-2 MOE 1421
    389977 2046 2057 CTTAAAATTTGG 1-10-1 MOE 1421
    397990 2045 2058 CCTTAAAATTTGGA 2-10-2 MOE 1420
    336205 2043 2056 TTAAAATTTGGAGA 3-8-3 MOE 1419
    398058 2029 2040 AGTATCGGTTGG 1-10-1 MOE 1418
    336204 2028 2041 AAGTATCGGTTGGC 3-8-3 MOE 1417
    397989 2028 2041 AAGTATCGGTTGGC 2-10-2 MOE 1417
    336203 2002 2015 TGCTTTGTCAAGAT 3-8-3 MOE 1416
    389775 2002 2013 CTTTGTCAAGAT 1-9-2 MOE 1177
    389976 2002 2013 CTTTGTCAAGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1177
    397988 2001 2014 GCTTTGTCAAGATC 2-10-2 MOE 1415
    336202 1959 1972 TCCTTGTCATTATC 3-8-3 MOE 1414
    389774 1945 1956 CACGCTCTATAC 1-9-2 MOE 1413
    389975 1945 1956 CACGCTCTATAC 1-10-1 MOE 1413
    336201 1944 1957 GCACGCTCTATACT 3-8-3 MOE 1412
    336200 1929 1942 CAAATGCTATCGAT 3-8-3 MOE 1411
    389773 1904 1915 AGACTTCCATTT 1-9-2 MOE 1410
    389974 1904 1915 AGACTTCCATTT 1-10-1 MOE 1410
    336199 1902 1915 AGACTTCCATTTTC 3-8-3 MOE 1409
    336198 1884 1897 TTTTCTGAGGTTTC 3-8-3 MOE 1408
    398057 1878 1889 GGTTTCCTCTGG 1-10-1 MOE 1407
    397987 1877 1890 AGGTTTCCTCTGGT 2-10-2 MOE 1406
    336197 1873 1886 TTCCTCTGGTCCTG 3-8-3 MOE 1405
    390015 1868 1879 GGTCCTGGTATG 1-10-1 MOE 1404
    398056 1865 1876 CCTGGTATGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 1403
    336196 1864 1877 TCCTGGTATGAAGA 3-8-3 MOE 1402
    397986 1864 1877 TCCTGGTATGAAGA 2-10-2 MOE 1402
    398055 1849 1860 TATTTACCCAAA 1-10-1 MOE 1401
    397985 1848 1861 GTATTTACCCAAAA 2-10-2 MOE 1400
    336195 1847 1860 TATTTACCCAAAAG 3-8-3 MOE 1399
    389772 1846 1857 TTACCCAAAAGT 1-9-2 MOE 1398
    389973 1846 1857 TTACCCAAAAGT 1-10-1 MOE 1398
    336194 1838 1851 AAAAGTGAAACATT 3-8-3 MOE 1145
    398054 1836 1847 GTGAAACATTTT 1-10-1 MOE 1144
    397984 1835 1848 AGTGAAACATTTTG 2-10-2 MOE 1397
    336193 1828 1841 CATTTTGTCCTTTT 3-8-3 MOE 1182
    336192 1810 1823 CATCTTGTTCTGTT 3-8-3 MOE 1396
    336191 1800 1813 TGTTTGTGGAAGAA 3-8-3 MOE 1395
    398053 1796 1807 TGGAAGAACTCT 1-10-1 MOE 1394
    397983 1795 1808 GTGGAAGAACTCTA 2-10-2 MOE 1393
    389771 1794 1805 GAAGAACTCTAC 1-9-2 MOE 1392
    389972 1794 1805 GAAGAACTCTAC 1-10-1 MOE 1392
    336190 1789 1802 GAACTCTACTTTGA 3-8-3 MOE 1391
    336189 1773 1786 TCACCACACACAGG 3-8-3 MOE 1390
    336188 1754 1767 GCTGAGGGAACTCA 3-8-3 MOE 1389
    398052 1751 1762 GGGAACTCAAAG 1-10-1 MOE 1388
    389770 1750 1761 GGAACTCAAAGT 1-9-2 MOE 1386
    389971 1750 1761 GGAACTCAAAGT 1-10-1 MOE 1386
    397982 1750 1763 AGGGAACTCAAAGT 2-10-2 MOE 1387
    336187 1747 1760 GAACTCAAAGTACA 3-8-3 MOE 1385
    390012 1745 1756 TCAAAGTACATG 1-10-1 MOE 1384
    336186 1688 1701 TCTTCACCTTTAGC 3-8-3 MOE 1383
    398051 1684 1695 CCTTTAGCTGGC 1-10-1 MOE 1220
    397981 1683 1696 ACCTTTAGCTGGCA 2-10-2 MOE 1382
    336185 1677 1690 AGCTGGCAGACCAC 3-8-3 MOE 1381
    389769 1676 1687 TGGCAGACCACA 1-9-2 MOE 1249
    389970 1676 1687 TGGCAGACCACA 1-10-1 MOE 1249
    392060 1675 1688 CTGGCAGACCACAA 2-10-2 Methyleneoxy BNA 1380
    Unmodified cytosines in gap
    398050 1672 1683 AGACCACAAACT 1-10-1 MOE 1379
    397980 1671 1684 CAGACCACAAACTG 2-10-2 MOE 1378
    390011 1658 1669 GGATTGCAAGTT 1-10-1 MOE 1238
    336184 1655 1668 GATTGCAAGTTCCG 3-8-3 MOE 1508
    336183 1644 1657 CCGCCACTGAACAT 3-8-3 MOE 1377
    390010 1643 1654 CCACTGAACATT 1-10-1 MOE 1240
    398049 1641 1652 ACTGAACATTGG 1-10-1 MOE 1376
    397979 1640 1653 CACTGAACATTGGA 2-10-2 MOE 1375
    336182 1633 1646 CATTGGAATAGTTT 3-8-3 MOE 1374
    389768 1630 1641 GAATAGTTTCAA 1-9-2 MOE 1373
    389969 1630 1641 GAATAGTTTCAA 1-10-1 MOE 1373
    398048 1626 1637 AGTTTCAAACAT 1-10-1 MOE 1372
    397978 1625 1638 TAGTTTCAAACATC 2-10-2 MOE 1371
    336181 1623 1636 GTTTCAAACATCAT 3-8-3 MOE 1370
    398047 1614 1625 CATCTTGTGAAA 1-10-1 MOE 1369
    336180 1613 1626 TCATCTTGTGAAAC 3-8-3 MOE 1368
    390009 1613 1624 ATCTTGTGAAAC 1-10-1 MOE 1175
    397977 1613 1626 TCATCTTGTGAAAC 2-10-2 MOE 1368
    390007 1563 1574 CAGGTAGCTATA 1-10-1 MOE 1367
    336179 1561 1574 CAGGTAGCTATAAT 3-8-3 MOE 1366
    336178 1541 1554 CATAGCGCCTCTGA 3-8-3 MOE 1365
    336177 1534 1547 CCTCTGACTGGGAA 3-8-3 MOE 1364
    389767 1534 1545 TCTGACTGGGAA 1-9-2 MOE 1151
    389968 1534 1545 TCTGACTGGGAA 1-10-1 MOE 1151
    335344 1503 1516 TCTCTGGTCCTTAC 2-10-2 MOE 1363
    335355 1503 1516 TCTCTGGTCCTTAC 2-10-2 MOE 1363
    Phosphodiester linkage in wings
    335370 1503 1516 TCTCTGGTCCTTAC 2-10-2 Methyleneoxy BNA 1363
    Phosphodiester linkage in wings
    335381 1503 1516 TCTCTGGTCCTTAC 2-10-2 Methyleneoxy BNA 1363
    335411 1503 1516 TCTCTGGTCCTTAC 2-10-2 MOE 1363
    3′ C is 9-(aminoethoxy)phenoxazine
    335412 1503 1516 TCTCTGGTCCTTAC 2-10-2 MOE 1363
    C in 5′ wing is 9-
    (aminoethoxy)phenoxazine
    335413 1503 1516 TCTCTGGTCCTTAC 2-10-2 MOE 1363
    C in wings are
    9-(aminoethoxy)phenoxazine
    336176 1502 1515 CTCTGGTCCTTACT 3-8-3 MOE 1361
    335345 1502 1517 GTCTCTGGTCCTTACT 3-10-3 MOE 1362
    335356 1502 1517 GTCTCTGGTCCTTACT 3-10-3 MOE 1362
    Phosphodiester linkage in wings
    335371 1502 1517 GTCTCTGGTCCTTACT 3-10-3 Methyleneoxy BNA 1362
    Phosphodiester linkage in wings
    335382 1502 1517 GTCTCTGGTCCTTACT 3-10-3 Methyleneoxy BNA 1362
    335414 1502 1517 GTCTCTGGTCCTTACT 3-10-3 MOE 1362
    C in 3′ wing is 9-
    (aminoethoxy)phenoxazine
    335415 1502 1517 GTCTCTGGTCCTTACT 3-10-3 MOE 1362
    C in 5′ wing is 9-
    (aminoethoxy)phenoxazine
    335416 1502 1517 GTCTCTGGTCCTTACT 3-10-3 MOE 1362
    C's in wings are
    9-(aminoethoxy)phenoxazine
    336175 1495 1508 CCTTACTTCCCCAT 3-8-3 MOE 1360
    336174 1472 1485 GGGCCTCTTGTGCC 3-8-3 MOE 1359
    336173 1465 1478 TTGTGCCTTTAAAA 3-8-3 MOE 1358
    398046 1465 1476 GTGCCTTTAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 1199
    389766 1464 1475 TGCCTTTAAAAA 1-9-2 MOE 1217
    389967 1464 1475 TGCCTTTAAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 1217
    397976 1464 1477 TGTGCCTTTAAAAA 2-10-2 MOE 1357
    336172 1437 1450 AATAAATATGCACA 3-8-3 MOE 1356
    398045 1423 1434 TCATTACACCAG 1-10-1 MOE 1355
    336171 1422 1435 ATCATTACACCAGT 3-8-3 MOE 1354
    389765 1422 1433 CATTACACCAGT 1-9-2 MOE 1353
    389966 1422 1433 CATTACACCAGT 1-10-1 MOE 1353
    397975 1422 1435 ATCATTACACCAGT 2-10-2 MOE 1354
    390005 1400 1411 CCAGCTTTACAG 1-10-1 MOE 1352
    336170 1392 1405 TTACAGTGAATTGC 3-8-3 MOE 1351
    398044 1382 1393 GCTGCAACATGA 1-10-1 MOE 1350
    336169 1381 1394 TGCTGCAACATGAT 3-8-3 MOE 1349
    389764 1381 1392 CTGCAACATGAT 1-9-2 MOE 1018
    389965 1381 1392 CTGCAACATGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1018
    397974 1381 1394 TGCTGCAACATGAT 2-10-2 MOE 1349
    336168 1362 1375 TCTTCACTTAGCCA 3-8-3 MOE 1348
    390004 1362 1373 TTCACTTAGCCA 1-10-1 MOE 1208
    336167 1353 1366 AGCCATTGGTCAAG 3-8-3 MOE 1347
    398043 1345 1356 CAAGATCTTCAC 1-10-1 MOE 1244
    336166 1344 1357 TCAAGATCTTCACA 3-8-3 MOE 1346
    390003 1344 1355 AAGATCTTCACA 1-10-1 MOE 1243
    397973 1344 1357 TCAAGATCTTCACA 2-10-2 MOE 1346
    336165 1329 1342 AAGGGTTTGATAAG 3-8-3 MOE 1345
    390002 1322 1333 ATAAGTTCTAGC 1-10-1 MOE 1344
    336164 1318 1331 AAGTTCTAGCTGTG 3-8-3 MOE 1343
    398042 1305 1316 TGGGTTATGGTC 1-10-1 MOE 1214
    336163 1304 1317 GTGGGTTATGGTCT 3-8-3 MOE 1342
    397972 1304 1317 GTGGGTTATGGTCT 2-10-2 MOE 1342
    398089 1298 1309 TGGTCTTCAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 1341
    389763 1296 1307 GTCTTCAAAAGG 1-9-2 MOE 1197
    389964 1296 1307 GTCTTCAAAAGG 1-10-1 MOE 1197
    398041 1294 1305 CTTCAAAAGGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1196
    336162 1293 1306 TCTTCAAAAGGATA 3-8-3 MOE 1340
    397971 1293 1306 TCTTCAAAAGGATA 2-10-2 MOE 1340
    398040 1279 1290 GTGCAACTCTGC 1-10-1 MOE 1236
    336161 1278 1291 TGTGCAACTCTGCA 3-8-3 MOE 1235
    397970 1278 1291 TGTGCAACTCTGCA 2-10-2 MOE 1235
    398039 1264 1275 TAAATTTGGCGG 1-10-1 MOE 1339
    397969 1263 1276 TTAAATTTGGCGGT 2-10-2 MOE 1338
    336160 1261 1274 AAATTTGGCGGTGT 3-8-3 MOE 1337
    336159 1253 1266 CGGTGTCATAATGT 3-8-3 MOE 1336
    398038 1252 1263 TGTCATAATGTC 1-10-1 MOE 1200
    390000 1251 1262 GTCATAATGTCT 1-10-1 MOE 1194
    397968 1251 1264 GTGTCATAATGTCT 2-10-2 MOE 1195
    336158 1227 1240 AGATTGTATATCTT 3-8-3 MOE 1335
    389762 1220 1231 ATCTTGTAATGG 1-9-2 MOE 1334
    389963 1220 1231 ATCTTGTAATGG 1-10-1 MOE 1334
    336157 1215 1228 TTGTAATGGTTTTT 3-8-3 MOE 1333
    336156 1202 1215 TATGCTTTGAATCC 3-8-3 MOE 1332
    389998 1199 1210 TTTGAATCCAAA 1-10-1 MOE 1331
    397967 1198 1211 CTTTGAATCCAAAA 2-10-2 MOE 1330
    336155 1190 1203 CCAAAAACCTTACT 3-8-3 MOE 1500
    336154 1176 1189 ACATCATCAATATT 3-8-3 MOE 1329
    389761 1171 1182 CAATATTGTTCC 1-9-2 MOE 1328
    389962 1171 1182 CAATATTGTTCC 1-10-1 MOE 1328
    398037 1170 1181 AATATTGTTCCT 1-10-1 MOE 1202
    397966 1169 1182 CAATATTGTTCCTG 2-10-2 MOE 1327
    336153 1164 1177 TTGTTCCTGTATAC 3-8-3 MOE 1326
    336152 1149 1162 CCTTCAAGTCTTTC 3-8-3 MOE 1325
    389996 1141 1152 TTTCTGCAGGAA 1-10-1 MOE 1165
    336151 1138 1151 TTCTGCAGGAAATC 3-8-3 MOE 1324
    398036 1138 1149 CTGCAGGAAATC 1-10-1 MOE 1323
    397965 1137 1150 TCTGCAGGAAATCC 2-10-2 MOE 1322
    389760 1129 1140 ATCCCATAGCAA 1-9-2 MOE 1321
    389961 1129 1140 ATCCCATAGCAA 1-10-1 MOE 1321
    398035 1126 1137 CCATAGCAATAA 1-10-1 MOE 1320
    336150 1125 1138 CCCATAGCAATAAT 3-8-3 MOE 1319
    397964 1125 1138 CCCATAGCAATAAT 2-10-2 MOE 1319
    336149 1110 1123 TTTGGATAAATATA 3-8-3 MOE 1496
    389995 1106 1117 TAAATATAGGTC 1-10-1 MOE 1516
    336148 1100 1113 TATAGGTCAAGTCT 3-8-3 MOE 1495
    398034 1099 1110 AGGTCAAGTCTA 1-10-1 MOE 1300
    397963 1098 1111 TAGGTCAAGTCTAA 2-10-2 MOE 1494
    389994 1095 1106 CAAGTCTAAGTC 1-10-1 MOE 1299
    336147 1090 1103 GTCTAAGTCGAATC 3-8-3 MOE 1298
    389993 1083 1094 GAATCCATCCTC 1-10-1 MOE 1297
    336146 1080 1093 AATCCATCCTCTTG 3-8-3 MOE 1296
    398033 1077 1088 ATCCTCTTGATA 1-10-1 MOE 1198
    397962 1076 1089 CATCCTCTTGATAT 2-10-2 MOE 1295
    336145 1070 1083 CTTGATATCTCCTT 3-8-3 MOE 1294
    336144 1057 1070 TTTGTTTCTGCTAA 3-8-3 MOE 1293
    389759 1056 1067 GTTTCTGCTAAC 1-9-2 MOE 1292
    389960 1056 1067 GTTTCTGCTAAC 1-10-1 MOE 1292
    392059 1055 1068 TGTTTCTGCTAACG 2-10-2 Methyleneoxy BNA 1291
    Unmodified cytosines in gap
    336143 1044 1057 ACGATCTCTTTGAT 3-8-3 MOE 1290
    398032 1038 1049 TTTGATGATGGC 1-10-1 MOE 1222
    397961 1037 1050 CTTTGATGATGGCT 2-10-2 MOE 1289
    389992 1036 1047 TGATGATGGCTG 1-10-1 MOE 1288
    336142 1032 1045 ATGATGGCTGTCAT 3-8-3 MOE 1287
    389991 1021 1032 TGTCTGGGAGCC 1-10-1 MOE 1286
    392058 1020 1033 ATGTCTGGGAGCCT 2-10-2 Methyleneoxy BNA 1285
    Unmodified cytosines in gap
    397960 1020 1033 ATGTCTGGGAGCCT 2-10-2 MOE 1285
    389990 1007 1018 TGGCTGAAGAAA 1-10-1 MOE 1284
    397959 1006 1019 GTGGCTGAAGAAAA 2-10-2 MOE 1283
    398031  987  998 GAGAGATGGCAG 1-10-1 MOE 1282
    397958  986  999 AGAGAGATGGCAGA 2-10-2 MOE 1281
    389758  983  994 GATGGCAGAAGC 1-9-2 MOE 1280
    389959  983  994 GATGGCAGAAGC 1-10-1 MOE 1280
    398030  976  987 GAAGCTGCTGGT 1-10-1 MOE 1143
    397957  975  988 AGAAGCTGGTGGTG 2-10-2 MOE 1279
    389989  953  964 TTCTGCAGGATG 1-10-1 MOE 1170
    389757  941  952 GAAATGGCTCTG 1-9-2 MOE 1278
    389958  941  952 GAAATGGCTCTG 1-10-1 MOE 1278
    397956  940  953 GGAAATGGCTCTGG 2-10-2 MOE 1277
    398029  931  942 TGGACTTGGCGG 1-10-1 MOE 1186
    397955  930  943 CTGGACTTGGCGGT 2-10-2 MOE 1276
    398028  914  925 GATGCCCCTCGC 1-10-1 MOE 1275
    397954  913  926 TGATGCCCCTCGCT 2-10-2 MOE 1274
    398027  883  894 GGACCGCAGCCG 1-10-1 MOE 1155
    397953  882  895 TGGACCGCAGCCGG 2-10-2 MOE 1273
    389756  874  885 CCGGGTAATGGC 1-9-2 MOE 1272
    389957  874  885 CCGGGTAATGGC 1-10-1 MOE 1272
    398026  867  878 ATGGCTGCTGCG 1-10-1 MOE 1160
    397952  866  879 AATGGCTGCTGCGG 2-10-2 MOE 1271
    389987  848  859 CTGGATGGTTGC 1-10-1 MOE 1270
    389755  806  817 AGAGGCCTGGCA 1-9-2 MOE 1269
    389956  806  817 AGAGGCCTGGCA 1-10-1 MOE 1269
    389985  584  595 ATGGTGACAGGC 1-10-1 MOE 1268
    398025  581  592 GTGACAGGCGAC 1-10-1 MOE 1267
    397951  580  593 GGTGACAGGCGACT 2-10-2 MOE 1266
    389754  312  323 TGCTCACAGGCG 1-9-2 MOE 1158
    389955  312  323 TGCTCACAGGCG 1-10-1 MOE 1158
    398024  231  242 CAGCGGCTCAAC 1-10-1 MOE 1265
    397950  230  243 ACAGCGGCTCAACT 2-10-2 MOE 1264
    389982  205  216 CATGGCTGCAGC 1-10-1 MOE 1161
    392056  204  217 TCATGGCTGCAGCT 2-10-2 Methyleneoxy BNA 1263
    394424  204  217 TCATGGCTGCAGCT 2-10-2 MOE 1263
    396007  204  217 TCATGGCTGCAGCT 2-10-2 (R)-CMOE BNA 1263
    Unmodified cytosines
    396008  204  217 TCATGGCTGCAGCT 2-10-2 (S)-CMOE BNA 1263
    Unmodified cytosines
    396009  204  217 TCATGGCTGCAGCT 2-10-2 α-L-methyleneoxy BNA 1263
    Unmodified cytosines
    396566  204  217 TCATGGCTGCAGCT 2-10-2 Oxyamino BNA 1263
    Unmodified cytosines
    396567  204  217 TCATGGCTGCAGCT 2-10-2 N-Methyl-Oxyamino BNA 1263
    Unmodified cytosines
    396568  204  217 TCATGGCTGCAGCT 2-10-2 (6R)-6-Methyl 1263
    Methyleneoxy BNA
    Unmodified cytosines
    397913  204  217 TCATGGCTGCAGCT 2-10-2 OMe 1263
    Unmodified cytosines in gap
    401974  204  217 TCATGGCTGCAGCT 2-10-2 OMe 1263
    Unmodified cytosines
    403737  204  217 TCATGGCTGCAGCT 2-10-2 Methyleneoxy BNA 1263
    5-thiazole nucleobases in wings
    404121  204  217 TCATGGCTGCAGCT 2-10-2 Methyleneoxy BNA 1263
    5-methylcytosine in gaps
    3′ Terminal THF phosphorothioate
    404228  204  217 TCATGGCTGCAGCT 2-10-2 Methyleneoxy BNA 1263
    5-methylcytosinse in gaps
    5′-terminal reverse abasic
    396024  204  217 TCATGGCTGCAGCT 2-10-2 (6′S)-6′-methyl- 1263
    Methyleneoxy BNA
    Unmodified cytosines
    396569  204  217 TCATGGCTGCAGCT 2-10-2 (5′S)-5′-methyl- 1263
    Methyleneoxy BNA
    Unmodified cytosines
    396577  204  217 TCATGGCTGCAGCT 2-10-1-1 Methyleneoxy BNA/ 1263
    Methyleneoxy BNA/2′-
    (butylacetamido)-palmitamide/
    Unmodified cytosines in gap
    396576  204  217 TCATGGCTGCAGCT 1-1-10-2 2′-(butylacetamido)- 1263
    palmitamide/Methyleneoxy BNA/
    Methyleneoxy BNA
    Unmodified cytosines in gap
    398023  191  202 CCGAGAGGAGAG 1-10-1 MOE 1262
    397949  190  203 TCCGAGAGGAGAGA 2-10-2 MOE 1261
    398022  126  137 AAGAGTCCCGCC 1-10-1 MOE 1260
    397948  125  138 AAAGAGTCCCGCCA 2-10-2 MOE 1259
  • TABLE 22
    Short Antisense Compounds targeted to SEQ ID NO: 15
    ISIS 5′ Target 3′ Target SEQ
    No. Site Site Sequence (5′-3′) Gapmer Motif ID NO
    397948 525 538 AAAGAGTCCCGCCA 2-10-2 MOE 1259
    398022 526 537 AAGAGTCCCGCC 1-10-1 MOE 1260
    397949 590 603 TCCGAGAGGAGAGA 2-10-2 MOE 1261
    398023 591 602 CCGAGAGGAGAG 1-10-1 MOE 1262
    394424 604 617 TCATGGCTGCAGCT 2-10-2 MOE 1263
    397913 604 617 TCATGGCTGCAGCT 2-10-2 OMe 1263
    Unmodified cytosines in gap
    401974 604 617 TCATGGCTGCAGCT 2-10-2 Ome 1263
    Unmodified cytosines
    403737 604 617 TCATGGCTGCAGCT 2-10-2 Methyleneoxy BNA 1263
    5-thiazole nucleobases in
    wings
    392056 604 617 TCATGGCTGCAGCT 2-10-2 Methyleneoxy BNA 1263
    Unmodified cytosines in gap
    396576 604 617 TCATGGCTGCAGCT 1-1-10-2 2′- 1263
    (butylacetamido)-
    palmitamide/Methyleneoxy
    BNA/Methyleneoxy BNA
    Unmodified cytosines in gap
    396577 604 617 TCATGGCTGCAGCT 2-10-1-2 Methyleneoxy 1263
    BNA/Methyleneoxy BNA
    /2′-(butylacetamido)-
    palmitamide/
    Unmodified cytosines in gap
    404121 604 617 TCATGGCTGCAGCT 2-10-2 Methyleneoxy BNA 1263
    5-methylcytosine in gaps
    3′Terminal THF
    phosphorothioate
    404228 604 617 TCATGGCTGCAGCT 2-10-2 Methyleneoxy BNA 1263
    5-methylcytosinse in gaps
    5′-terminal reverse abasic
    396007 604 617 TCATGGCTGCAGCT 2-10-2 (R)-CMOE BNA 1263
    Unmodified cytosines
    396008 604 617 TCATGGCTGCAGCT 2-10-2 (S)-CMOE BNA 1263
    Unmodified cytosines
    396009 604 617 TCATGGCTGCAGCT 2-10-2 α-L-methyleneoxy 1263
    BNA
    Unmodified cytosines
    396024 604 617 TCATGGCTGCAGCT 2-10-2 (6′S)-6′-methyl- 1263
    Methyleneoxy BNA
    Unmodified cytosines
    396566 604 617 TCATGGCTGCAGCT 2-10-2 Oxyamino BNA 1263
    Unmodified cytosines
    396567 604 617 TCATGGCTGCAGCT 2-10-2 N-Methyl-Oxyamino 1263
    BNA
    Unmodified cytosines
    396568 604 617 TCATGGCTGCAGCT 2-10-2 (6R)-6-Methyl 1263
    Methyleneoxy BNA
    Unmodified cytosines
    396569 604 617 TCATGGCTGCAGCT 2-10-2 (5′S)-5′-methyl- 1263
    Methyleneoxy BNA
    Unmodified cytosines
    389982 605 616 CATGGCTGCAGC 1-10-1 MOE 1161
    397950 630 643 ACAGCGGCTCAACT 2-10-2 MOE 1264
    398024 631 642 CAGCGGCTCAAC 1-10-1 MOE 1265
    389955 712 723 TGCTCACAGGCG 1-10-1 MOE 1158
    389754 712 723 TGCTCACAGGCG 1-9-2 MOE 1158
    397951 980 993 GGTGACAGGCGACT 2-10-2 MOE 1266
    398025 981 992 GTGACAGGCGAC 1-10-1 MOE 1267
    389985 984 995 ATGGTGACAGGC 1-10-1 MOE 1268
    389956 1206 1217 AGAGGCCTGGCA 1-10-1 MOE 1269
    389755 1206 1217 AGAGGCCTGGCA 1-9-2 MOE 1269
    389987 1248 1259 CTGGATGGTTGC 1-10-1 MOE 1270
    397952 1266 1279 AATGGCTGCTGCGG 2-10-2 MOE 1271
    398026 1267 1278 ATGGCTGCTGCG 1-10-1 MOE 1160
    389957 1274 1285 CCGGGTAATGGC 1-10-1 MOE 1272
    389756 1274 1285 CCGGGTAATGGC 1-9-2 MOE 1272
    397953 1282 1295 TGGACCGCAGCCGG 2-10-2 MOE 1273
    398027 1283 1294 GGACCGCAGCCG 1-10-1 MOE 1155
    397954 1313 1326 TGATGCCCCTCGCT 2-10-2 MOE 1274
    398028 1314 1325 GATGCCCCTCGC 1-10-1 MOE 1275
    397955 1330 1343 CTGGACTTGGCGGT 2-10-2 MOE 1276
    398029 1331 1342 TGGACTTGGCGG 1-10-1 MOE 1186
    397956 1340 1353 GGAAATGGCTCTGG 2-10-2 MOE 1277
    389958 1341 1352 GAAATGGCTCTG 1-10-1 MOE 1278
    389757 1341 1352 GAAATGGCTCTG 1-9-2 MOE 1278
    389989 1353 1364 TTCTGCAGGATG 1-10-1 MOE 1170
    397957 1375 1388 AGAAGCTGCTGGTG 2-10-2 MOE 1279
    398030 1376 1387 GAAGCTGCTGGT 1-10-1 MOE 1143
    389959 1383 1394 GATGGCAGAAGC 1-10-1 MOE 1280
    389758 1383 1394 GATGGCAGAAGC 1-9-2 MOE 1280
    397958 1386 1399 AGAGAGATGGCAGA 2-10-2 MOE 1281
    398031 1387 1398 GAGAGATGGCAG 1-10-1 MOE 1282
    397959 1406 1419 GTGGCTGAAGAAAA 2-10-2 MOE 1283
    389990 1407 1418 TGGCTGAAGAAA 1-10-1 MOE 1284
    397960 1420 1433 ATGTCTGGGAGCCT 2-10-2 MOE 1285
    392058 1420 1433 ATGTCTGGGAGCCT 2-10-2 Methyleneoxy BNA 1285
    5-methylcytosine in wing
    389991 1421 1432 TGTCTGGGAGCC 1-10-1 MOE 1286
    336142 1432 1445 ATGATGGCTGTCAT 3-8-3 MOE 1287
    389992 1436 1447 TGATGATGGCTG 1-10-1 MOE 1288
    397961 1437 1450 CTTTGATGATGGCT 2-10-2 MOE 1289
    398032 1438 1449 TTTGATGATGGC 1-10-1 MOE 1222
    336143 1444 1457 ACGATCTCTTTGAT 3-8-3 MOE 1290
    392059 1455 1468 TGTTTCTGCTAACG 2-10-2 Methyleneoxy BNA 1291
    5-methylcytosine in wing
    389960 1456 1467 GTTTCTGCTAAC 1-10-1 MOE 1292
    389759 1456 1467 GTTTCTGCTAAC 1-9-2 MOE 1292
    336144 1457 1470 TTTGTTTCTGCTAA 3-8-3 MOE 1293
    336145 1470 1483 CTTGATATCTCCTT 3-8-3 MOE 1294
    397962 1476 1489 CATCCTCTTGATAT 2-10-2 MOE 1295
    398033 1477 1488 ATCCTCTTGATA 1-10-1 MOE 1198
    336146 1480 1493 AATCCATCCTCITG 3-8-3 MOE 1296
    389993 1483 1494 GAATCCATCCTC 1-10-1 MOE 1297
    336147 1490 1503 GTCTAAGTCGAATC 3-8-3 MOE 1298
    389994 1495 1506 CAAGTCTAAGTC 1-10-1 MOE 1299
    398034 1499 1510 AGGTCAAGTCTA 1-10-1 MOE 1300
    398010 1500 1513 TACAGGTCAAGTCT 2-10-2 MOE 1166
    398077 1501 1512 ACAGGTCAAGTC 1-10-1 MOE 1167
    398011 1512 1525 CGCAGAAATGGATA 2-10-2 MOE 1301
    398078 1513 1524 GCAGAAATGGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1302
    398012 1570 1583 TTCGCATCCGTCTA 2-10-2 MOE 1303
    398079 1571 1582 TCGCATCCGTCT 1-10-1 MOE 1304
    398013 1663 1676 CCCTAGGTTGAATA 2-10-2 MOE 1305
    398080 1664 1675 CCTAGGTTGAAT 1-10-1 MOE 1306
    398014 2025 2038 GTTATGCAAATCAG 2-10-2 MOE 1307
    398081 2026 2037 TTATGCAAATCA 1-10-1 MOE 1308
    398015 2620 2633 TGACTCAGTAAATT 2-10-2 MOE 1309
    398082 2621 2632 GACTCAGTAAAT 1-10-1 MOE 1310
    398016 2655 2668 TTAAAATTCTTGGG 2-10-2 MOE 1311
    398083 2656 2667 TAAAATTCTTGG 1-10-1 MOE 1312
    398017 2687 2700 CCTAACTTTTAGAC 2-10-2 MOE 1313
    398084 2688 2699 CTAACTTTTAGA 1-10-1 MOE 1314
    398018 2745 2758 ACCTGAAACTGCAA 2-10-2 MOE 1315
    398085 2746 2757 CCTGAAACTGCA 1-10-1 MOE 1157
    398019 13166 13179 GTGTCAAAACCACT 2-10-2 MOE 1316
    398086 13167 13178 TGTCAAAACCAC 1-10-1 MOE 1204
    398020 14675 14688 CCTATTCCCACTGA 2-10-2 MOE 1317
    398087 14676 14687 CTATTCCCACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1318
    390033 15351 15362 AGCCAACTGCAA 1-10-1 MOE 1483
    398021 30985 30998 TTGGATAAATATCT 2-10-2 MOE 1168
    398088 30986 30997 TGGATAAATATC 1-10-1 MOE 1169
    397964 31001 31014 CCCATAGCAATAAT 2-10-2 MOE 1319
    336150 31001 31014 CCCATAGCAATAAT 3-8-3 MOE 1319
    398035 31002 31013 CCATAGCAATAA 1-10-1 MOE 1320
    389961 31005 31016 ATCCCATAGCAA 1-10-1 MOE 1321
    389760 31005 31016 ATCCCATAGGAA 1-9-2 MOE 1321
    397965 31013 31026 TCTGCAGGAAATCC 2-10-2 MOE 1322
    398036 31014 31025 CTGCAGGAAATC 1-10-1 MOE 1323
    336151 31014 31027 TTCTGCAGGAAATC 3-8-3 MOE 1324
    389996 31017 31028 TTTCTGCAGGAA 1-10-1 MOE 1165
    336152 31025 31038 CCTTCAAGTCTTTC 3-8-3 MOE 1325
    336153 31040 31053 TTGTTCCTGTATAC 3-8-3 MOE 1326
    397966 31045 31058 CAATATTGTTCCTG 2-10-2 MOE 1327
    398037 31046 31057 AATATTGTTCCT 1-10-1 MOE 1202
    389962 31047 31058 CAATATTGTTCC 1-10-1 MOE 1328
    389761 31047 31058 CAATATTGTTCC 1-9-2 MOE 1328
    336154 31052 31065 ACATCATCAATATT 3-8-3 MOE 1329
    389977 31480 31491 CTTAAAATTTGG 1-10-1 MOE 1421
    389776 31480 31491 CTTAAAATTTGG 1-9-2 MOE 1421
    397967 62446 62459 CTTTGAATCCAAAA 2-10-2 MOE 1330
    389998 62447 62458 TTTGAATCCAAA 1-10-1 MOE 1331
    336156 62450 62463 TATGCTTTGAATCC 3-8-3 MOE 1332
    336157 62463 62476 TTGTAATGGTTTTT 3-8-3 MOE 1333
    389963 62468 62479 ATCTTGTAATGG 1-10-1 MOE 1334
    389762 62468 62479 ATCTTGTAATGG 1-9-2 MOE 1334
    336158 62475 62488 AGATTGTATATCTT 3-8-3 MOE 1335
    390000 67987 67998 GTCATAATGTCT 1-10-1 MOE 1194
    397968 67987 68000 GTGTCATAATGTCT 2-10-2 MOE 1195
    398038 67988 67999 TGTCATAATGTC 1-10-1 MOE 1200
    336159 67989 68002 CGGTGTCATAATGT 3-8-3 MOE 1336
    336160 67997 68010 AAATTTGGCGGTGT 3-8-3 MOE 1337
    397969 67999 68012 TTAAATTTGGCGGT 2-10-2 MOE 1338
    398039 68000 68011 TAAATTTGGCGG 1-10-1 MOE 1339
    397971 69952 69965 TCTTCAAAAGGATA 2-10-2 MOE 1340
    336162 69952 69965 TCTTCAAAAGGATA 3-8-3 MOE 1340
    398041 69953 69964 CTTCAAAAGGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1196
    389964 69955 69966 GTCTTCAAAAGG 1-10-1 MOE 1197
    389763 69955 69966 GTCTTCAAAAGG 1-9-2 MOE 1197
    398089 69957 69968 TGGTCTTCAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 1341
    397972 69963 69976 GTGGGTTATGGTCT 2-10-2 MOE 1342
    336163 69963 69976 GTGGGTTATGGTCT 3-8-3 MOE 1342
    398042 69964 69975 TGGGTTATGGTC 1-10-1 MOE 1214
    336164 69977 69990 AAGTTCTAGCTGTG 3-8-3 MOE 1343
    390002 69981 69992 ATAAGTTCTAGC 1-10-1 MOE 1344
    336165 69988 70001 AAGGGTTTTGATAAG 3-8-3 MOE 1345
    390003 70003 70014 AAGATCTTCACA 1-10-1 MOE 1243
    397973 70003 70016 TCAAGATCTTCACA 2-10-2 MOE 1346
    336166 70003 70016 TCAAGATCTTCACA 3-8-3 MOE 1346
    398043 70004 70015 CAAGATCTTCAC 1-10-1 MOE 1244
    336167 70012 70025 AGCCATTGGTCAAG 3-8-3 MOE 1347
    390004 70021 70032 TTCACTTAGCCA 1-10-1 MOE 1208
    336168 70021 70034 TCTTCACTTAGCCA 3-8-3 MOE 1348
    389965 70040 70051 CTGCAACATGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1018
    389764 70040 70051 CTGCAACATGAT 1-9-2 MOE 1018
    397974 70040 70053 TGCTGCAACATGAT 2-10-2 MOE 1349
    336169 70040 70053 TGCTGCAACATGAT 3-8-3 MOE 1349
    398044 70041 70052 GCTGCAACATGA 1-10-1 MOE 1350
    336170 70051 70064 TTACAGTGAATTGC 3-8-3 MOE 1351
    390005 70059 70070 CCAGCTTTACAG 1-10-1 MOE 1352
    389966 70081 70092 CATTACACCAGT 1-10-1 MOE 1353
    389765 70081 70092 CATTACACCAGT 1-9-2 MOE 1353
    397975 70081 70094 ATCATTACACCAGT 2-10-2 MOE 1354
    336171 70081 70094 ATCATTACACCAGT 3-8-3 MOE 1354
    398045 70082 70093 TCATTACACCAG 1-10-1 MOE 1355
    336172 70096 70109 AATAAATATGCACA 3-8-3 MOE 1356
    389967 70123 70134 TGCCTTTAAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 1217
    389766 70123 70134 TGCCTTTAAAAA 1-9-2 MOE 1217
    397976 70123 70136 TGTGCCTTTAAAAA 2-10-2 MOE 1357
    398046 70124 70135 GTGCCTTTAAAA 1-10-1 MOE 1199
    336173 70124 70137 TTGTGCCTTTAAAA 3-8-3 MOE 1358
    336174 70131 70144 GGGCCTCTTGTGCC 3-8-3 MOE 1359
    336175 70154 70167 CCTTACTTCCCCAT 3-8-3 MOE 1360
    335345 70161 70176 GTCTCTGGTCCTTACT 3-10-3 MOE 1362
    335356 70161 70176 GTCTCTGGTCCTTACT 3-10-3 MOE 1362
    Phosphodiester linkage in
    wings
    335414 70161 70176 GTCTCTGGTCCTTACT 3-10-3 MOE 1362
    Cin3′wing is 9-
    (aminoethoxy)phenoxazine
    335415 70161 70176 GTCTCTGGTCCTTACT 3-10-3 MOE 1362
    C in 5′wing is 9-
    (aminoethoxy)phenoxazine
    335416 70161 70176 GTCTCTGGTCCTTACT 3-10-3 MOE 1362
    C′s in wings are
    9-(aminoethoxy)phenoxazine
    336176 70161 70174 CTCTGGTCCTTACT 3-8-3 MOE 1361
    335371 70161 70176 GTCTCTGGTCCTTACT 3-10-3 Methyleneoxy BNA 1362
    Phosphodiester linkage in
    wings
    335382 70161 70176 GTCTCTGGTCCTTACT 3-10-3 Methyleneoxy BNA 1362
    335344 70162 70175 TCTCTGGTCCTTAC 2-10-2 MOE 1363
    335355 70162 70175 TCTCTGGTCCTTAC 2-10-2 MOE 1363
    Phosphodiester linkage in
    wings
    335411 70162 70175 TCTCTGGTCCTTAC 2-10-2 MOE 1363
    3′C is 9-
    (aminoethoxy)phenoxazine
    335412 70162 70175 TCTCTGGTCCTTAC 2-10-2 MOE 1363
    2nd C is 9-
    (aminoethoxy)phenoxazine
    335413 70162 70175 TCTCTGGTCCTTAC 2-10-2 MOE 1363
    2nd and 3′ terminal C's are
    9-(aminoethoxy)phenoxazine
    335370 70162 70175 TCTCTGGTCCTTAC 2-10-2 Methyleneoxy BNA 1363
    Phosphodiester linkage in
    wings
    335381 70162 70175 TCTCTGGTCCTTAC 2-10-2 Methyleneoxy BNA 1363
    398068 79799 79810 ACAGCTACACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1472
    389968 89056 89067 TCTGACTGGGAA 1-10-1 MOE 1151
    389767 89056 89067 TCTGACTGGGAA 1-9-2 MOE 1151
    336177 89056 89069 CCTCTGACTGGGAA 3-8-3 MOE 1364
    336178 89063 89076 CATAGCGCCTCTGA 3-8-3 MOE 1365
    336179 89083 89096 CAGGTAGCTATAAT 3-8-3 MOE 1366
    390007 89085 89096 CAGGTAGCTATA 1-10-1 MOE 1367
    390009 89135 89146 ATCTTGTGAAAC 1-10-1 MOE 1175
    397977 89135 89148 TCATCTTGTGAAAC 2-10-2 MOE 1368
    336180 89135 89148 TCATCTTGTGAAAC 3-8-3 MOE 1368
    398047 89136 89147 CATCTTGTGAAA 1-10-1 MOE 1369
    336181 89145 89158 GTTTCAAACATCAT 3-8-3 MOE 1370
    397978 89147 89160 TAGTTTCAAACATC 2-10-2 MOE 1371
    398048 89148 89159 AGTTTCAAACAT 1-10-1 MOE 1372
    389969 89152 89163 GAATAGTTTCAA 1-10-1 MOE 1373
    389768 89152 89163 GAATAGTTTCAA 1-9-2 MOE 1373
    336182 89155 89168 CATTGGAATAGTTT 3-8-3 MOE 1374
    397979 89162 89175 CACTGAACATTGGA 2-10-2 MOE 1375
    398049 89163 89174 ACTGAACATTGG 1-10-1 MOE 1376
    390010 89165 89176 CCACTGAACATT 1-10-1 MOE 1240
    336183 89166 89179 CCGCCACTGAACAT 3-8-3 MOE 1377
    397980 94786 94799 CAGACCACAAACTG 2-10-2 MOE 1378
    398050 94787 94798 AGACCACAAACT 1-10-1 MOE 1379
    392060 94790 94803 CTGGCAGACCACAA 2-10-2 Methyleneoxy BNA 1380
    Unmodified cytosines in gap
    389970 94791 94802 TGGCAGACCACA 1-10-1 MOE 1249
    389769 94791 94802 TGGCAGACCACA 1-9-2 MOE 1249
    336185 94792 94805 AGCTGGCAGACCAC 3-8-3 MOE 1381
    397981 94798 94811 ACCTTTAGCTGGCA 2-10-2 MOE 1382
    398051 94799 94810 CCTTTAGCTGGC 1-10-1 MOE 1220
    336186 94803 94816 TCTTCACCTTTAGC 3-8-3 MOE 1383
    390012 94860 94871 TCAAAGTACATG 1-10-1 MOE 1384
    336187 94862 94875 GAACTCAAAGTACA 3-8-3 MOE 1385
    389971 94865 94876 GGAACTCAAAGT 1-10-1 MOE 1386
    389770 94865 94876 GGAACTCAAAGT 1-9-2 MOE 1386
    397982 94865 94878 AGGGAACTCAAAGT 2-10-2 MOE 1387
    398052 94866 94877 GGGAACTCAAAG 1-10-1 MOE 1388
    336188 94869 94882 GCTGAGGGAACTCA 3-8-3 MOE 1389
    336189 94888 94901 TCACCACACACAGG 3-8-3 MOE 1390
    336190 94904 94917 GAACTCTACTTTGA 3-8-3 MOE 1391
    389972 94909 94920 GAAGAACTCTAC 1-10-1 MOE 1392
    389771 94909 94920 GAAGAACTCTAC 1-9-2 MOE 1392
    397983 94910 94923 GTGGAAGAACTCTA 2-10-2 MOE 1393
    398053 94911 94922 TGGAAGAACTCT 1-10-1 MOE 1394
    336191 94915 94928 TGTTTGTGGAAGAA 3-8-3 MOE 1395
    336192 94925 94938 CATCTTGTTCTGTT 3-8-3 MOE 1396
    397984 97824 97837 AGTGAAACATTTTG 2-10-2 MOE 1397
    398054 97825 97836 GTGAAACATTTT 1-10-1 MOE 1144
    336194 97827 97840 AAAAGTGAAACATT 3-8-3 MOE 1145
    389973 97835 97846 TTACCCAAAAGT 1-10-1 MOE 1398
    389772 97835 97846 TTACCCAAAAGT 1-9-2 MOE 1398
    336195 97836 97849 TATTTACCCAAAAG 3-8-3 MOE 1399
    397985 97837 97850 GTATTTACCCAAAA 2-10-2 MOE 1400
    398055 97838 97849 TATTTACCCAAA 1-10-1 MOE 1401
    397986 97853 97866 TCCTGGTATGAAGA 2-10-2 MOE 1402
    336196 97853 97866 TCCTGGTATGAAGA 3-8-3 MOE 1402
    398056 97854 97865 CCTGGTATGAAG 1-10-1 MOE 1403
    390015 97857 97868 GGTCCTGGTATG 1-10-1 MOE 1404
    336197 97862 97875 TTCCTCTGGTCCTG 3-8-3 MOE 1405
    397987 97866 97879 AGGTTTCCTCTGGT 2-10-2 MOE 1406
    398057 97867 97878 GGTTTCCTCTGG 1-10-1 MOE 1407
    336198 97873 97886 TTTTCTGAGGTTTC 3-8-3 MOE 1408
    336199 97891 97904 AGACTTCCATTTTC 3-8-3 MOE 1409
    389974 97893 97904 AGACTTCCATTT 1-10-1 MOE 1410
    389773 97893 97904 AGACTTCCATTT 1-9-2 MOE 1410
    336200 97918 97931 CAAATGCTATCGAT 3-8-3 MOE 1411
    336201 97933 97946 GCACGCTCTATACT 3-8-3 MOE 1412
    389975 97934 97945 CACGCTCTATAC 1-10-1 MOE 1413
    389774 97934 97945 CACGCTCTATAC 1-9-2 MOE 1413
    336202 97948 97961 TCCTTGTCATTATC 3-8-3 MOE 1414
    397988 97990 98003 GCTTTGTCAAGATC 2-10-2 MOE 1415
    389976 97991 98002 CTTTGTCAAGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1177
    389775 97991 98002 CTTTGTCAAGAT 1-9-2 MOE 1177
    336203 97991 98004 TGCTTTGTCAAGAT 3-8-3 MOE 1416
    397989 98017 98030 AAGTATCGGTTGGC 2-10-2 MOE 1417
    336204 98017 98030 AAGTATCGGTTGGC 3-8-3 MOE 1417
    398058 98018 98029 AGTATCGGTTGG 1-10-1 MOE 1418
    336205 98032 98045 TTAAAATTTGGAGA 3-8-3 MOE 1419
    397990 98034 98047 CCTTAAAATTTGGA 2-10-2 MOE 1420
    389977 98035 98046 CTTAAAATTTGG 1-10-1 MOE 1421
    389776 98035 98046 CTTAAAATTTGG 1-9-2 MOE 1421
    336207 102230 102243 TCTACTGGTTTTTGT 3-8-3 MOE 1422
    336208 102236 102249 GGCTCCTCTACTGT 3-8-3 MOE 1423
    335330 102251 102265 AGCCTCTGGATTTGA 1-10-4 MOE 1424
    335331 102252 102266 TAGCCTCTGGATTTG 1-10-4 MOE 1426
    336209 102252 102265 AGCCTCTGGATTTG 3-8-3 MOE 1425
    335377 102252 102266 TAGCCTCTGGATTTG 1-104 Methyleneoxy BNA 1426
    Phosphodiester in 3′wing
    335376 102252 102266 TAGCCTCTGGATTTG 1-10-4 Methyleneoxy BNA 1426
    390577 102253 102266 TAGCCTCTGGATTT 1-10-3 MOE 1427
    Unmodified cytosines
    T's in wings are 2-
    thiothymines
    335332 102253 102267 CTAGCCTCTGGATTT 1-104 MOE 1429
    386770 102253 102266 TAGCCTCTGGATTT 1-11-2 MOE 1427
    375560 102253 102267 CTAGCCTCTGGATTT 2-10-3 MOE 1429
    391449 102253 102267 CTAGCCTCTGGATTT 2-10-3 MOE 1429
    Unmodified cytosines
    392055 102253 102267 CTAGCCTCTGGATTT 2-10-3 MOE 1429
    Unmodified cytosines in gap
    362977 102253 102268 GCTAGCGTCTGGATTT 2-12-2 MOE 1428
    371975 102253 102267 CTAGCCTCTGGATTT 3-10-2 MOE 1429
    386556 102253 102268 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 3-10-3 MOE 1428
    335341 102253 102268 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 3-10-3 MOE 1428
    335350 102253 102268 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 3-10-3 MOE 1428
    383739 102253 102268 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 3-10-3 MOE 1428
    5-methylcytosine in gap
    390576 102253 102268 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 3-10-3 MOE 1428
    5-methylcytosine in gap
    T's in wings are 2-
    thiothymines
    390580 102253 102268 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 3-10-3 MOE 1428
    Pyrimidines in wings are 5-
    thiazole
    Unmodified cytosines in gap
    390581 102253 102268 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 3-10-3 MOE 1428
    Unmodified cytosines in gap
    391096 102253 102268 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 3-10-3 MOE 1428
    391098 102253 102268 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 3-10-3 MOE 1428
    391863 102253 102268 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 3-10-3 MOE 1428
    Unmodified cytosines
    384071 102253 102268 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 3-10-3 OMe 1428
    5-methylcytosine in gap
    385036 102253 102268 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 1-2-10-3 OMe/2′-O-methyl- 1428
    4′-thio/2′-O-methyl-4′-thio
    Unmodified cytosines in
    wing
    335368 102253 102268 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 3-10-3 Methyleneoxy BNA 1428
    Phosphodiester linkages in
    wings
    391864 102253 102268 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 3-10-3 Methyleneoxy BNA 1428
    Unmodified cytosines in gap
    392054 102253 102267 CTAGCCTCTGGATTT 2-10-3 Methyleneoxy BNA 1429
    Unmodified cytosines in gap
    391172 102253 102267 CTAGCCTCTGGATTT 2-10-3 Methyleneoxy BNA 1429
    Unmodified cytosines
    391865 102253 102268 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 3-10-3 Methyleneoxy BNA 1428
    Unmodified cytosines
    391868 102253 102268 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 1-2-10-3 (5′R)-5′-methyl- 1428
    Methyleneoxy BNA/
    Methyleneoxy BNA/(5′R)-
    5′-methyl- Methyleneoxy
    BNA
    Unmodified cytosines
    391869 102253 102268 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 1-2-10-3 Methyleneoxy 1428
    BNA/(5′S)-5′-methyl-
    Methyleneoxy BNA/(5′S)-
    5′-methyl- Methyleneoxy
    BNA
    Unmodified cytosines
    384073 102253 102268 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 3-10-3 Methyleneoxy BNA 1428
    5-methylcytosine in gap
    335379 102253 102268 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 3-10-3 Methyleneoxy BNA 1428
    390579 102253 102268 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 1-1-1-10-3 MOE/4′thio/2′- 1428
    O-[(2-methoxy)ethyl]-4′-
    thio/2′-O-[(2-
    methoxy)ethyl]-4′-thio
    Unmodified cytosines in
    wings
    Phosphorodiester linkage in
    wings
    390582 102253 102268 GCTAGCGTCTGGATTT 1-2-10-3 MOE/4′thio/2′-O- 1428
    [(2-methoxy)ethyl]-4′-thio
    Unmodified cytosines in
    wings
    Phosphorodiester linkage in
    wings
    390606 102253 102268 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 1-2-10-3 1428
    MOE/pentaF/pentaF
    Unmodified cytosines in
    wings
    Phosphodiester linkage in
    wings
    384072 102253 102268 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 1-2-10-3 1428
    MOE/pentaF/pentaF
    Unmodified cytosines in
    wings
    385871 102253 102268 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 1-2-10-3 OMe/2′-O-[(2- 1428
    methoxy)ethyl]-4′-thio/2′-O-
    [(2-methoxy)ethyl]-4′-thio
    Unmodified cytosines in
    wing
    390607 102253 102268 GCTAGCCTCTGGTTT 3-10-3 MOE/pentaF 1428
    Unmodified cytosines in
    wing
    390608 102253 102268 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 1-2-10-3 1428
    MOE/pentaF/pentaF
    Unmodified cytosines in
    wing
    390609 102253 102268 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 3-10-2-1MOE/MOE/pentaF 1428
    Unmodified cytosines in
    wing
    386682 102253 102268 GCTAGCCTCTGGATTT 1-2-10-3 2′- 1428
    (butylacetamido)
    palmitamide/MOE/MOE
    391173 102253 102267 CTAGCCTCTGGATTT 2-10-3(5′R)-5′-methyl- 1429
    Methyleneoxy BNA
    Unmodified cytosines
    391174 102253 102267 CTAGCCTCTGGATTT 2-10-3(5′S)-5′-methyl- 1429
    Methyleneoxy BNA
    Unmodified cytosines
    386970 102254 102266 TAGCCTCTGGATT 1-10-2MOE 1432
    390578 102254 102266 TAGCCTCTGGATT 1-10-2 MOE 1432
    Unmodified cytosines
    Ts in wings are 2-
    thiothymines
    335333 102254 102268 GCTAGCCTCTGGATT 1-10-4 MOE 1430
    331429 102254 102267 CTAGCCTCTGGATT 2-10-2MOE 1431
    335349 102254 102267 CTAGCCTCTGGATT 2-10-2MOE 1431
    335367 102254 102267 CTAGCCTCTGGATT 2-10-2Methyleneoxy BNA 1431
    Phosphodiester linkages in
    wings
    392061 102254 102267 CTAGCCTCTGGATT 2-10-2 Methyleneoxy BNA 1431
    Unmodified cytosines in gap
    335378 102254 102267 CTAGCCTCTGGATT 2-10-2 Methyleneoxy BNA 1431
    383991 102254 102266 TAGCCTCTGGATT 1-10-2 1432
    2′-(acetylamino-butyl-
    acetamido)-cholesterol
    /MOE
    383992 102254 102266 TAGCCTCTGGATT 1-10-2 1432
    2′-(acetylamino-butyl-
    acetamido)-cholic acid/MOE
    386683 102254 102266 TAGCCTCTGGATT 1-10-2 1432
    5′terminal 2′-
    (butylacetamido)-
    palmitamide/MOE
    390614 102254 102266 TAGCCTCTGGAYT 1-10-2 PentaF 1432
    389954 102255 102266 TAGCCTCTGGAT 1-10-1 MOE 1434
    335334 102255 102269 TGCTAGCCTCTGGAT 1-10-4 MOE 1433
    389777 102255 102266 TAGCCTCTGGAT 1-9-2 MOE 1434
    390430 102256 102268 GCTAGCCTCTGGA 1-10-2 MOE 1163
    Unmodified cytosines
    390431 102256 102268 GCTAGCCTCTGGA 1-10-2 MOE 1163
    Unmodified cytosines
    C in wing 9-
    (aminoethoxy)phenoxazine
    390432 102256 102268 GCTAGCCTCTGGA 1-10-2 MOE 1163
    390433 102256 102268 GCTAGCCTCTGGA 1-10-2 MOE 1163
    Unmodified cytosines
    Nt 6 is 9-
    (aminoethoxy)phenoxazine
    390434 102256 102268 GCTAGCCTCTGGA 1-10-2 MOE 1163
    Unmodified cytosines
    Nt 7 is 9-
    (aminoethoxy)phenoxazine
    390435 102256 102268 GCTAGCCTCTGGA 1-10-2 MOE 1163
    Unmodified cytosines
    Nt 9 is 9-
    (aminoethoxy)phenoxazine
    335335 102256 102270 GTGCTAGCCTCTGGA 1-10-4 MOE 1435
    335336 102257 102271 ACTGCTAGCCTCTGG 1-10-4 MOE 1436
    335337 i02258 102272 AACTGCTAGCCTCTG 1-10-4 MOE 1437
    335338 102259 102273 GAACTGCTAGCCTCT 1-10-4 MOE 1438
    335339 102260 102274 TGAACTGCTAGCCTC 1-10-4 MOE 1439
    335340 102261 102275 TTGAACTGCTAGCCT 1-10-4 MOE 1440
    336210 102261 102274 TGAACTGCTAGCCT 3-8-3 MOE 1441
    397991 102264 102277 AGTTGAACTGCTAG 2-10-2 MOE 1442
    398059 102265 102276 GTTGAACTGCTA 1-10-1 MOE 1443
    390017 102268 i02279 GAAGTTGAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1444
    336211 102269 102282 ACAGAAGTTGAACT 3-8-3 MOE i445
    397992 102293 102306 TCAITGTCACTAAC 2-10-2 MOE 1446
    336212 102293 102306 TCATTGTCACTAAC 3-8-3 MOE 1446
    398060 102294 102305 CATTGTCACTAA 1-10-1 MOE 1447
    389978 102301 102312 TCAGGTTCATTG 1-10-1 MOE 1448
    389778 102301 102312 TCAGGTTGATTG 1-9-2 MOE 1448
    336213 102303 102316 ATGATCAGGTTCAT 3-8-3 MOE 1449
    397993 102307 102320 TATAATGATCAGGT 2-10-2 MOE i450
    398061 102308 102319 ATAATGATCAGG 1-10-1 MOE 1451
    336214 102314 102327 GAATATCTATAATG 3-8-3 MOE 1139
    390019 102320 102331 GTCAGAATATCT 1-10-1 MOE 1173
    397994 102322 102335 TGGTGTCAGAATAT 2-10-2 MOE 1452
    398062 102323 102334 GGTGTCAGAATA 1-10-1 MOE 1255
    336215 102326 102339 TCAGTGGTGTCAGA 3-8-3 MOE 1453
    336216 102339 102352 CTCTGGATCAGAGT 3-8-3 MOE 1454
    390020 102340 102351 TCTGGATCAGAG 1-10-1 MOE 1149
    336217 102349 102362 AAGGTTCATTCTCT 3-8-3 MOE 1455
    397995 102357 102370 TTCATCAAAAGGTT 2-10-2 MOE 1456
    389979 102358 102369 TCATCAAAAGGT 1-10-1 MOE 1176
    389779 102358 102369 TCATCAAAAGGT 1-9-2 MOE 1176
    336218 102358 102371 CTTCATCAAAAGGT 3-8-3 MOE 1457
    390021 102360 102371 CTTCATCAAAAG 1-10-1 MOE 1458
    336219 102366 102379 ATGCTGATCTTCAT 3-8-3 MOE 1459
    336220 102381 102394 TTTTGTAATTTGTG 3-8-3 MOE 1460
    336221 102387 102400 TCAGACTTTTGTAA 3-8-3 MOE 1461
    390022 102443 102454 CAGTTATTCAA 1-10-1 MOE 1142
    397996 102477 102490 TGTCCTATTGCCAT 2-10-2 MOE 1462
    398063 102478 102489 GTCCTATTGCCA 1-10-1 MOE 1205
    397997 102487 102500 TCTGACACAATGTC 2-10-2 MOE 1463
    398064 102488 102499 CTGACACAATGT 1-10-1 MOE 1464
    397998 102505 102518 TGTTCCTATAACTG 2-10-2 MOE 1465
    398065 102506 102517 GTTCCTATAACT 1-10-1 MOE 1466
    397999 102528 102541 AAGATTGGTCAGGA 2-10-2 MOE 1467
    398066 102529 102540 AGATTGGTCAGG 1-10-1 MOE 1468
    398000 102561 102574 GTGTCAAAACCCTG 2-10-2 MOE 1469
    398067 102562 102573 TGTCAAAACCCT 1-10-1 MOE i210
    390025 102563 102574 GTGTCAAAACCC 1-10-1 MOE 1211
    390026 102595 102606 AGCTACACAACC 1-10-1 MOE 1470
    398001 102596 102609 CACAGCTACACAAC 2-10-2 MOE 1471
    398068 102597 102608 ACAGCTACACAA 1-10-1 MOE 1472
    398002 102607 102620 TATATACATGACAC 2-10-2 MOE 1473
    398069 102608 102619 ATATACATGACA 1-10-1 MOE 1474
    390027 102612 102623 AGGTATATACAT 1-10-1 MOE 1206
    398003 102637 102650 AATTTTAAATGTCC 2-10-2 MOE 1475
    398070 102638 102649 ATTTTAAATGTC 1-10-1 MOE 1476
    390028 102648 102659 TCCTAATTGAAT 1-10-1 MOE 1477
    390029 102667 102678 AAAGTGCCATCT 1-10-1 MOE 1478
    398004 102689 102702 TTTATAAAACTGGA 2-10-2 MOE 1479
    398071 102690 102701 TTATAAAACTGG 1-10-1 MOE 1480
    390030 102691 102702 ITTATAAAACTG 1-10-1 MOE 1074
    398005 102827 102840 TGCAAACTTATCTG 2-10-2 MOE 1481
    398072 102828 102839 GCAAACTTATCT 1-10-1 MOE 1482
    390033 102836 102847 AGCCAACTGCAA 1-10-1 MOE 1483
    398006 102837 102850 CTTAGCCAACTGCA 2-10-2 MOE 1484
    398073 102838 102849 TTAGCCAACTGC 1-10-1 MOE 1485
    398007 103069 103082 AGCACCAATATGCT 2-10-2 MOE 1247
    398074 103070 103081 GCACCAATATGC 1-10-1 MOE 1248
    398008 103267 103280 TAAATCATTGTCAA 2-10-2 MOE 1486
    398075 103268 103279 AAATCATTGTCA 1-10-1 MOE 1233
    398009 103327 103340 GCACTGGCCTTTGAT 2-10-2 MOE 1487
    398076 103328 103339 CACTGGCCITGA 1-10-1 MOE 1488
    390041 103332 103343 TTAGCACTGGCC 1-10-1 MOE 1489
    390047 103585 103596 TGTGTAAGGTCA 1-10-1 MOE 1490
    390049 103636 103647 GTTAATGACATT 1-10-1 MOE 1491
    390050 103660 103671 GTATTCAAGTAA 1-10-1 MOE 1140
    390052 103780 103791 GACAATTTCTAC 1-10-1 MOE 1492
    390054 103862 103873 AACACTGCACAT 1-10-1 MOE 1493
  • Salts, Prodrugs and Bioequivalents
  • The antisense compounds provided herein comprise any pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, or salts of such esters, or any other functional chemical equivalent which, upon administration to an animal including a human, is capable of providing (directly or indirectly) the biologically active metabolite or residue thereof. Accordingly, for example, the disclosure is also drawn to prodrugs and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the antisense compounds, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of such prodrugs, and other bioequivalents.
  • The term “prodrug” indicates a therapeutic agent that is prepared in an inactive or less active form that is converted to an active form (i.e., drug) within the body or cells thereof by the action of endogenous enzymes, chemicals, and/or conditions. In particular, prodrug versions of the oligonucleotides are prepared as SATE ((S-acetyl-2-thioethyl) phosphate) derivatives according to the methods disclosed in WO 93/24510 or WO 94/26764. Prodrugs can also include antisense compounds wherein one or both ends comprise nucleobases that are cleaved (e.g., by incorporating phosphodiester backbone linkages at the ends) to produce the active compound. In certain embodiments, one or more non-drug moieties is cleaved from a prodrug to yield the active form. In certain such embodiments, such non-drug moieties is not a nucleotide or oligonucleotide.
  • The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to physiologically and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds described herein: i.e., salts that retain the desired biological activity of the parent compound and do not impart undesired toxicological effects thereto. Sodium salts of antisense oligonucleotides are useful and are well accepted for therapeutic administration to humans.
  • In certain embodiments, salts, including, but not limited to sodium salts, of double stranded nucleic acids (including but not limited to dsRNA compounds) are also provided.
  • G. Certain Pharmaceutical Compositions
  • In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention comprise one or more short antisense compound and one or more excipients. In certain such embodiments, excipients are selected from water, salt solutions, alcohol, polyethylene glycols, gelatin, lactose, amylase, magnesium stearate, talc, silicic acid, viscous paraffin, hydroxymethylcellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidone.
  • In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is prepared using known techniques, including, but not limited to mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee-making, levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping or tabletting processes.
  • In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is a liquid (e.g., a suspension, elixir and/or solution). In certain of such embodiments, a liquid pharmaceutical composition is prepared using ingredients known in the art, including, but not limited to, water, glycols, oils, alcohols, flavoring agents, preservatives, and coloring agents.
  • In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is a solid (e.g., a powder, tablet, and/or capsule). In certain of such embodiments, a solid pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more oligonucleotides is prepared using ingredients known in the art, including, but not limited to, starches, sugars, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, and disintegrating agents.
  • In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is formulated as a depot preparation. Certain such depot preparations are typically longer acting than non-depot preparations. In certain embodiments, such preparations are administered by implantation (for example subcutaneously or intramuscularly) or by intramuscular injection. In certain embodiments, depot preparations are prepared using suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (for example an emulsion in an acceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble derivatives, for example, as a sparingly soluble salt.
  • In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprises a delivery system. Examples of delivery systems include, but are not limited to, liposomes and emulsions. Certain delivery systems are useful for preparing certain pharmaceutical compositions including those comprising hydrophobic compounds. In certain embodiments, certain organic solvents such as dimethylsulfoxide are used.
  • In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprises one or more tissue-specific delivery molecules designed to deliver the one or more pharmaceutical agents of the present invention to specific tissues or cell types. For example, in certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions include liposomes coated with a tissue-specific antibody.
  • In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprises a co-solvent system. Certain of such co-solvent systems comprise, for example, benzyl alcohol, a nonpolar surfactant, a water-miscible organic polymer, and an aqueous phase. In certain embodiments, such co-solvent systems are used for hydrophobic compounds. A non-limiting example of such a co-solvent system is the VPD co-solvent system, which is a solution of absolute ethanol comprising 3% w/v benzyl alcohol, 8% w/v of the nonpolar surfactant Polysorbate 80.™., and 65% w/v polyethylene glycol 300. The proportions of such co-solvent systems may be varied considerably without significantly altering their solubility and toxicity characteristics. Furthermore, the identity of co-solvent components may be varied: for example, other surfactants may be used instead of Polysorbate 80™; the fraction size of polyethylene glycol may be varied; other biocompatible polymers may replace polyethylene glycol, e.g., polyvinyl pyrrolidone; and other sugars or polysaccharides may substitute for dextrose.
  • In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprises a sustained-release system. A non-limiting example of such a sustained-release system is a semi-permeable matrix of solid hydrophobic polymers. In certain embodiments, sustained-release systems may, depending on their chemical nature, release pharmaceutical agents over a period of hours, days, weeks or months.
  • In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is prepared for oral administration. In certain of such embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition is formulated by combining one or more oligonucleotides with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. Certain of such carriers enable pharmaceutical compositions to be formulated as tablets, pills, dragees, capsules, liquids, gels, syrups, slurries, suspensions and the like, for oral ingestion by a subject. In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions for oral use are obtained by mixing oligonucleotide and one or more solid excipient. Suitable excipients include, but are not limited to, fillers, such as sugars, including lactose, sucrose, mannitol, or sorbitol; cellulose preparations such as, for example, maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, gum tragacanth, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and/or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). In certain embodiments, such a mixture is optionally ground and auxiliaries are optionally added. In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions are formed to obtain tablets or dragee cores. In certain embodiments, disintegrating agents (e.g., cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, agar, or alginic acid or a salt thereof, such as sodium alginate) are added.
  • In certain embodiments, dragee cores are provided with coatings. In certain such embodiments, concentrated sugar solutions may be used, which may optionally comprise gum arabic, talc, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, carbopol gel, polyethylene glycol, and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions, and suitable organic solvents or solvent mixtures. Dyestuffs or pigments may be added to tablets or dragee coatings.
  • In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions for oral administration are push-fit capsules made of gelatin. Certain of such push-fit capsules comprise one or more pharmaceutical agents of the present invention in admixture with one or more filler such as lactose, binders such as starches, and/or lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate and, optionally, stabilizers. In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions for oral administration are soft, sealed capsules made of gelatin and a plasticizer, such as glycerol or sorbitol. In certain soft capsules, one or more pharmaceutical agents of the present invention are be dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils, liquid paraffin, or liquid polyethylene glycols. In addition, stabilizers may be added.
  • In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions are prepared for buccal administration. Certain of such pharmaceutical compositions are tablets or lozenges formulated in conventional manner.
  • In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition is prepared for administration by injection (e.g., intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, etc.). In certain of such embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition comprises a carrier and is formulated in aqueous solution, such as water or physiologically compatible buffers such as Hanks's solution, Ringer's solution, or physiological saline buffer. In certain embodiments, other ingredients are included (e.g., ingredients that aid in solubility or serve as preservatives). In certain embodiments, injectable suspensions are prepared using appropriate liquid carriers, suspending agents and the like. Certain pharmaceutical compositions for injection are presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampoules or in multi-dose containers. Certain pharmaceutical compositions for injection are suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may comprise formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents. Certain solvents suitable for use in pharmaceutical compositions for injection include, but are not limited to, lipophilic solvents and fatty oils, such as sesame oil, synthetic fatty acid esters, such as ethyl oleate or triglycerides, and liposomes. Aqueous injection suspensions may comprise substances that increase the viscosity of the suspension, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol, or dextran. Optionally, such suspensions may also comprise suitable stabilizers or agents that increase the solubility of the pharmaceutical agents to allow for the preparation of highly concentrated solutions.
  • In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition is prepared for transmucosal administration. In certain of such embodiments penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation. Such penetrants are generally known in the art.
  • In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition is prepared for administration by inhalation. Certain of such pharmaceutical compositions for inhalation are prepared in the form of an aerosol spray in a pressurized pack or a nebulizer. Certain of such pharmaceutical compositions comprise a propellant, e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas. In certain embodiments using a pressurized aerosol, the dosage unit may be determined with a valve that delivers a metered amount. In certain embodiments, capsules and cartridges for use in an inhaler or insufflator may be formulated. Certain of such formulations comprise a powder mixture of a pharmaceutical agent of the invention and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch.
  • In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition is prepared for rectal administration, such as a suppositories or retention enema. Certain of such pharmaceutical compositions comprise known ingredients, such as cocoa butter and/or other glycerides.
  • In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition is prepared for topical administration. Certain of such pharmaceutical compositions comprise bland moisturizing bases, such as ointments or creams. Exemplary suitable ointment bases include, but are not limited to, petrolatum, petrolatum plus volatile silicones, lanolin and water in oil emulsions such as Eucerin.™., available from Beiersdorf (Cincinnati, Ohio). Exemplary suitable cream bases include, but are not limited to, Nivea.™. Cream, available from Beiersdorf (Cincinnati, Ohio), cold cream (USP), Purpose Cream.™., available from Johnson & Johnson (New Brunswick, N.J.), hydrophilic ointment (USP) and Lubriderm.™., available from Pfizer (Morris Plains, N.J.).
  • In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprises an oligonucleotide in a therapeutically effective amount. In certain embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount is sufficient to prevent, alleviate or ameliorate symptoms of a disease or to prolong the survival of the subject being treated. Determination of a therapeutically effective amount is well within the capability of those skilled in the art.
  • In certain embodiments, one or more short antisense compound of the present invention is formulated as a prodrug. In certain embodiments, upon in vivo administration, a prodrug is chemically converted to the biologically, pharmaceutically or therapeutically more active form of the short antisense compound. In certain embodiments, prodrugs are useful because they are easier to administer than the corresponding active form. For example, in certain instances, a prodrug may be more bioavailable (e.g., through oral administration) than is the corresponding active form. In certain instances, a prodrug may have improved solubility compared to the corresponding active form. In certain embodiments, prodrugs are less water soluble than the corresponding active form. In certain instances, such prodrugs possess superior transmittal across cell membranes, where water solubility is detrimental to mobility. In certain embodiments, a prodrug is an ester. In certain such embodiments, the ester is metabolically hydrolyzed to carboxylic acid upon administration. In certain instances the carboxylic acid containing compound is the corresponding active form. In certain embodiments, a prodrug comprises a short peptide (polyaminoacid) bound to an acid group. In certain of such embodiments, the peptide is cleaved upon administration to form the corresponding active form.
  • In certain embodiments, a prodrug is produced by modifying a pharmaceutically active compound such that the active compound will be regenerated upon in vivo administration. The prodrug can be designed to alter the metabolic stability or the transport characteristics of a drug, to mask side effects or toxicity, to improve the flavor of a drug or to alter other characteristics or properties of a drug. By virtue of knowledge of pharmacodynamic processes and drug metabolism in vivo, those of skill in this art, once a pharmaceutically active compound is known, can design prodrugs of the compound (see, e.g., Nogrady (1985) Medicinal Chemistry A Biochemical Approach, Oxford University Press, New York, pages 388-392).
  • In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more pharmaceutical agents of the present invention is useful for treating a conditions or disorders in a mammalian, and particularly in a human, subject. Suitable administration routes include, but are not limited to, oral, rectal, transmucosal, intestinal, enteral, topical, suppository, through inhalation, intrathecal, intraventricular, intraperitoneal, intranasal, intraocular and parenteral (e.g., intravenous, intramuscular, intramedullary, and subcutaneous). In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical intrathecals are administered to achieve local rather than systemic exposures. For example, pharmaceutical compositions may be injected directly in the area of desired effect (e.g., in the renal or cardiac area).
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds, compared to their parent oligonucleotides, make them particularly suited to oral administration. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are better suited for oral administration than their parent oligonucleotides because they have increased potency compared to those parent oligonucleotides. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds are better suited for oral administration than their parent oligonucleotides because they have better stability, availability or solubility properties compared to those parent oligonucleotides.
  • In a further aspect, a pharmaceutical agent is sterile lyophilized oligonucleotide that is reconstituted with a suitable diluent, e.g., sterile water for injection. The reconstituted product is administered as a subcutaneous injection or as an intravenous infusion after dilution into saline. The lyophilized drug product consists of the oligonucleotide which has been prepared in water for injection, adjusted to pH 7.0-9.0 with acid or base during preparation, and then lyophilized. The lyophilized oligonucleotide may be 25-800 mg of the oligonucleotide. It is understood that this encompasses 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350, 375, 425, 450, 475, 500, 525, 550, 575, 600, 625, 650, 675, 700, 725, 750, 775, and 800 mg of lyophilized oligonucleotide. The lyophilized drug product may be packaged in a 2 mL Type I, clear glass vial (ammonium sulfate-treated), stoppered with a bromobutyl rubber closure and sealed with an aluminum FLIP-OFF® overseal.
  • The compositions of the present invention may additionally comprise other adjunct components conventionally found in pharmaceutical compositions, at their art-established usage levels. Thus, for example, the compositions may comprise additional, compatible, pharmaceutically-active materials such as, for example, antipruritics, astringents, local anesthetics or anti-inflammatory agents, or may comprise additional materials useful in physically formulating various dosage forms of the compositions of the present invention, such as dyes, flavoring agents, preservatives, antioxidants, opacifiers, thickening agents and stabilizers. However, such materials, when added, should not unduly interfere with the biological activities of the components of the compositions of the present invention. The formulations can be sterilized and, if desired, mixed with auxiliary agents, e.g., lubricants, preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, salts for influencing osmotic pressure, buffers, colorings, flavorings and/or aromatic substances and the like which do not deleteriously interact with the oligonucleotide(s) of the formulation.
  • The antisense compounds provided herein may also be admixed, encapsulated, conjugated or otherwise associated with other molecules, molecule structures or mixtures of compounds.
  • Also described herein are pharmaceutical compositions and formulations which include the antisense compounds provided herein. The pharmaceutical compositions may be administered in a number of ways depending upon whether local or systemic treatment is desired and upon the area to be treated. In a preferred embodiment, administration is topical to the surface of the respiratory tract, particularly pulmonary, e.g., by nebulization, inhalation, or insufflation of powders or aerosols, by mouth and/or nose.
  • The pharmaceutical formulations described herein, which may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form, may be prepared according to conventional techniques well known in the pharmaceutical industry. Such techniques include the step of bringing into association the active ingredients with the pharmaceutical carrier(s) or excipient(s). In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredients with liquid carriers, finely divided solid carriers, or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product (e.g., into a specific particle size for delivery). In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical formulations are prepared for pulmonary administration in an appropriate solvent, e.g., water or normal saline, possibly in a sterile formulation, with carriers or other agents to allow for the formation of droplets of the desired diameter for delivery using inhalers, nasal delivery devices, nebulizers, and other devices for pulmonary delivery. Alternatively, the pharmaceutical formulations may be formulated as dry powders for use in dry powder inhalers.
  • A “pharmaceutical carrier” or “excipient” can be a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent, suspending agent or any other pharmacologically inert vehicle for delivering one or more nucleic acids to an individual and are known in the art. The excipient may be liquid or solid and is selected, with the planned manner of administration in mind, so as to provide for the desired bulk, consistency, etc., when combined with a nucleic acid and the other components of a given pharmaceutical composition.
  • H. Certain Therapeutic Uses
  • In certain embodiments, antisense compounds are used to modulate the expression of a target gene in an animal, such as a human. In certain embodiments, such compounds can be used to treat metabolic disorders or modulate one or more disease indications. For example, the methods comprise the step of administering to said animal in need of therapy for a disease or condition associated with a target gene an effective amount of an antisense compound that modulates expression of the target gene. Antisense compounds provided herein which effectively modulate expression of a target RNA or protein products of expression are considered active antisense compounds. Active antisense compounds also include compounds which effectively modulate one or more of a number of disease indications, including metabolic and cardiovascular disease indications, examples of which are described below.
  • Modulation of expression of a target gene can be measured in a bodily fluid, which may or may not contain cells; tissue; or organ of the animal. Methods of obtaining samples for analysis, such as body fluids (e.g., sputum, serum, urine), tissues (e.g., biopsy), or organs, and methods of preparation of the samples to allow for analysis are well known to those skilled in the art. Methods for analysis of RNA and protein levels are discussed above and are well known to those skilled in the art. The effects of treatment can be assessed by measuring biomarkers, or disease indications, associated with the target gene expression in the aforementioned fluids, tissues or organs, collected from an animal contacted with one or more compounds described herein, by routine clinical methods known in the art. These biomarkers include but are not limited to: liver transaminases, bilirubin, albumin, blood urea nitrogen, creatine and other markers of kidney and liver function; interleukins, tumor necrosis factors, intracellular adhesion molecules, C-reactive protein, chemokines, cytokines, and other markers of inflammation.
  • The antisense compounds provided herein can be utilized in pharmaceutical compositions by adding an effective amount of a compound to a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier. Acceptable carriers and diluents are well known to those skilled in the art. Selection of a diluent or carrier is based on a number of factors, including, but not limited to, the solubility of the compound and the route of administration. Such considerations are well understood by those skilled in the art. In one aspect, the antisense compounds described herein inhibit expression of a target gene. The compounds can also be used in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of diseases and disorders related to a target gene.
  • Methods whereby bodily fluids, organs or tissues are contacted with an effective amount of one or more of the antisense compounds or compositions provided herein are also contemplated. Bodily fluids, organs or tissues can be contacted with one or more of the compounds resulting in modulation of target gene expression in the cells of bodily fluids, organs or tissues. An effective amount can be determined by monitoring the modulatory effect of the antisense compound or compounds or compositions on target nucleic acids or their products by methods routine to the skilled artisan.
  • Co-Administration
  • In certain embodiments, two or more antisense compounds are co-administered. In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions include one or more antisense compounds, particularly oligonucleotides, targeted to a first nucleic acid and one or more antisense compounds targeted to a second nucleic acid target. One or more of those antisense compounds may be a short antisense compound. In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions include two or more antisense compounds targeted to different regions of the same nucleic acid target. One or more of such antisense compounds may be a short antisense compound. Two or more combined compounds may be used together or sequentially.
  • In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions are co-administered with one or more other pharmaceutical agents. In certain embodiments, such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat the same disease or condition as the one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. In certain embodiments, such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat a different disease or condition as the one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. In certain embodiments, such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat an undesired effect of one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention are co-administered with another pharmaceutical agent to treat an undesired effect of that other pharmaceutical agent. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are administered at the same time. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are administered at different times. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are prepared together in a single formulation. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are prepared separately.
  • In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical agents that may be co-administered with a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention include lipid-lowering agents. In certain such embodiments, pharmaceutical agents that may be co-administered with a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention include, but are not limited to atorvastatin, simvastatin, rosuvastatin, and ezetimibe. In certain such embodiments, the lipid-lowering agent is administered prior to administration of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. In certain such embodiments, the lipid-lowering agent is administered following administration of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. In certain such embodiments the lipid-lowering agent is administered at the same time as a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. In certain such embodiments the dose of a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is the same as the dose that would be administered if the lipid-lowering agent was administered alone. In certain such embodiments the dose of a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is lower than the dose that would be administered if the lipid-lowering agent was administered alone. In certain such embodiments the dose of a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is greater than the dose that would be administered if the lipid-lowering agent was administered alone.
  • In certain embodiments, a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. In certain such embodiments the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor is a statin. In certain such embodiments the statin is selected from atorvastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, fluvastatin, and rosuvastatin. In certain embodiments, a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is a cholesterol absorption inhibitor. In certain such embodiments, cholesterol absorption inhibitor is ezetimibe. In certain embodiments, a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is a co-formulated HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor and cholesterol absorption inhibitor. In certain such embodiments the co-formulated lipid-lowering agent is ezetimibe/simvastatin. In certain embodiments, a co-administered lipid-lowering agent is a microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitor.
  • In certain embodiments, a co-administered pharmaceutical agent is a bile acid sequestrant. In certain such embodiments, the bile acid sequestrant is selected from cholestyramine, colestipol, and colesevelam.
  • In certain embodiments, a co-administered pharmaceutical agent is a nicotinic acid. In certain such embodiments, the nicotinic acid is selected from immediate release nicotinic acid, extended release nicotinic acid, and sustained release nicotinic acid.
  • In certain embodiments, a co-administered pharmaceutical agent is a fibric acid. In certain such embodiments, a fibric acid is selected from gemfibrozil, fenofibrate, clofibrate, bezafibrate, and ciprofibrate.
  • Further examples of pharmaceutical agents that may be co-administered with a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention include, but are not limited to, corticosteroids, including but not limited to prednisone; immunoglobulins, including, but not limited to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg); analgesics (e.g., acetaminophen); anti-inflammatory agents, including, but not limited to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., ibuprofen, COX-1 inhibitors, and COX-2, inhibitors); salicylates; antibiotics; antivirals; antifungal agents; antidiabetic agents (e.g., biguanides, glucosidase inhibitors, insulins, sulfonylureas, and thiazolidenediones); adrenergic modifiers; diuretics; hormones (e.g., anabolic steroids, androgen, estrogen, calcitonin, progestin, somatostan, and thyroid hormones); immunomodulators; muscle relaxants; antihistamines; osteoporosis agents (e.g., biphosphonates, calcitonin, and estrogens); prostaglandins, antineoplastic agents; psychotherapeutic agents; sedatives; poison oak or poison sumac products; antibodies; vaccines.
  • In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be administered in conjuction with a lipid-lowering therapy. In certain such embodiments, a lipid-lowering therapy is therapeutic lifestyle change. In certain such embodiments, a lipid-lowering therapy is LDL apheresis.
  • I. Kits, Research Reagents and Diagnostics
  • The antisense compounds provided herein can be utilized for diagnostics, and as research reagents and kits. Furthermore, antisense compounds, which are able to inhibit gene expression or modulate gene expression with specificity, are often used by those of ordinary skill to elucidate the function of particular genes or to distinguish between functions of various members of a biological pathway.
  • For use in kits and diagnostics, the antisense compounds described herein, either alone or in combination with other compounds or therapeutics, can be used as tools in differential and/or combinatorial analyses to elucidate expression patterns of a portion or the entire complement of genes expressed within cells and tissues. Methods of gene expression analysis are well known to those skilled in the art.
  • J. Certain Advantages of Short Antisense Compounds
  • In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds have advantages when compared to their parent oligonucleotides. For example, in certain embodiments, short antisense compounds have greater affinity for a target nucleic acid than their parent oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds have greater potency in vitro than their parent oligonucleotide. In certain such embodiments, that increased in vitro potency is not entirely explained by increased affinity. In certain embodiments, such increased in vitro potency may be attributable to increased ability of short antisense compounds to penetrate cells and/or increased ability to access target nucleic acids in a cell. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds have greater potency in vivo than their parent oligonucleotides. In certain embodiments, such greater in vivo potency is not attributable to increased in vitro potency or increased affinity. In certain embodiments, short antisense compounds have even greater in vivo potency compared to their parent oligonucleotides than would be predicted based on in vitro potencies or on affinities. In certain embodiments, such increased in vivo potency may be attributable to increased bioavailability, better penetration into the cell, better access to target nucleic acid once in the cell, or other factors.
  • In certain embodiments, one would expect short antisense compounds to be less specific for their target nucleic acid compared to their parent oligonucleotides. In certain such embodiments, one would expect increased side-effects, including potential for toxic effects, from short antisense compounds. In certain embodiments, such additional side-effects are not observed. In certain embodiments, non-target nucleic acids to which a particular short antisense compound may bind are not available to the short antisense compound. In such embodiments, side-effects, including toxicity, are less problematic than would be predicted.
  • In certain embodiments, because they are smaller, short antisense compounds are less likely to bind proteins. In certain such embodiments, such less binding of proteins results in lower toxicity, since protein binding may have undesired consequences. In certain embodiments, such less binding of proteins results in greater potency, since it leaves more antisense compound available for therapeutic effect. In certain embodiments, less binding of proteins results in decreased drug-drug interaction toxicity.
  • NONLIMITING DISCLOSURE AND INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
  • While certain compounds, compositions and methods described herein have been described with specificity in accordance with certain embodiments, the following examples serve only to illustrate the compounds described herein and are not intended to limit the same. Each of the references, GenBank accession numbers, and the like recited in the present application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • Example 1 Cell Culture and Treatment with Short Antisense Compounds
  • The effect of short antisense compounds on target nucleic acid expression can be tested in any one of a number of cultured or primary cell lines. Cells lines can be obtained from publicly available sources, such as the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, Va.). Cells are cultured according to methods well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • When cells reached appropriate confluency, they were treated with oligonucleotide using LIPOFECTIN® as described. When cells reached 65-75% confluency, they were treated with oligonucleotide. Oligonucleotide was mixed with LIPOFECTIN® Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.) in Opti-MEMS-1 reduced serum medium (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.) to achieve the desired concentration of oligonucleotide and a LIPOFECTIN® concentration of 2.5- or 3 μg/mL per 100 nM oligonucleotide. This transfection mixture was incubated at room temperature for approximately 0.5 hours. For cells grown in 96-well plates, wells were washed once with 100 μL OPTI-MEM®-1 and then treated with 130 μL of the transfection mixture. Cells grown in 24-well plates or other standard tissue culture plates were treated similarly, using appropriate volumes of medium and oligonucleotide. Cells were treated and data were obtained in duplicate or triplicate. After approximately 4-7 hours of treatment at 37° C., the medium containing the transfection mixture was replaced with fresh culture medium. Cells were harvested 16-24 hours after oligonucleotide treatment.
  • Control oligonucleotides are used to determine the optimal oligomeric compound concentration for a particular cell line. Furthermore, when oligomeric compounds are tested in oligomeric compound screening experiments or phenotypic assays, control oligonucleotides are tested in parallel.
  • The concentration of oligonucleotide used varies from cell line to cell line. To determine the optimal oligonucleotide concentration for a particular cell line, the cells are treated with a positive control oligonucleotide at a range of concentrations. The concentration of positive control oligonucleotide that results in 80% inhibition of the target mRNA is then utilized as the screening concentration for new oligonucleotides in subsequent experiments for that cell line. If 80% inhibition is not achieved, the lowest concentration of positive control oligonucleotide that results in 60% inhibition of the target mRNA is then utilized as the oligonucleotide screening concentration in subsequent experiments for that cell line. If 60% inhibition is not achieved, that particular cell line is deemed as unsuitable for oligonucleotide transfection experiments. The concentrations of antisense oligonucleotides used herein are from 50 nM to 300 nM when the antisense oligonucleotide is transfected using a liposome reagent and 1 nM to 40 nM when the antisense oligonucleotide is transfected by electroporation.
  • Example 2 Real-time Quantitative PCR Analysis of Target mRNA Levels
  • Quantitation of target mRNA levels was accomplished by real-time quantitative PCR using the ABI PRISM® 7600, 7700, or 7900 Sequence Detection System (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) according to manufacturer's instructions.
  • Prior to quantitative PCR analysis, primer-probe sets specific to the target gene being measured were evaluated for their ability to be “multiplexed” with a GAPDH amplification reaction. After isolation the RNA is subjected to sequential reverse transcriptase (RT) reaction and real-time PCR, both of which are performed in the same well. RT and PCR reagents were obtained from Invitrogen Life Technologies (Carlsbad, Calif.). RT, real-time PCR was carried out in the same by adding 20 μL PCR cocktail (2.5×PCR buffer minus MgCl2, 6.6 mM MgCl2, 375 μM each of DATP, dCTP, dCTP and dGTP, 375 nM each of forward primer and reverse primer, 125 nM of probe, 4 Units RNAse inhibitor, 1.25 Units PLATINUM® Taq, 5 Units MuLV reverse transcriptase, and 2.5×ROX dye) to 96-well plates containing 30 μL total RNA solution (20-200 ng). The RT reaction was carried out by incubation for 30 minutes at 48° C. Following a 10 minute incubation at 95° C. to activate the PLATINUM® Taq, 40 cycles of a two-step PCR protocol were carried out: 95° C. for 15 seconds (denaturation) followed by 60° C. for 1.5 minutes (annealing/extension).
  • Gene target quantities obtained by RT, real-time PCR were normalized using either the expression level of GAPDH, a gene whose expression is constant, or by quantifying total RNA using RiboGreen® (Molecular Probes, Inc. Eugene, Oreg.). GAPDH expression was quantified by RT, real-time PCR, by being run simultaneously with the target, multiplexing, or separately. Total RNA was quantified using RiboGreen® RNA quantification reagent (Molecular Probes, Inc. Eugene, Oreg.).
  • 170 μL of RiboGreen® working reagent (RiboGreen® reagent diluted 1:350 in 10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5) was pipetted into a 96-well plate containing 30 μL purified cellular RNA. The plate was read in a CytoFluor 4000 (PE Applied Biosystems) with excitation at 485 nm and emission at 530 nm.
  • The GAPDH PCR probes have JOE covalently linked to the 5′ end and TAMRA or MGB covalently linked to the 3′ end, where JOE is the fluorescent reporter dye and TAMRA or MGB is the quencher dye. In some cell types, primers and probe designed to a GAPDH sequence from a different species are used to measure GAPDH expression. For example, a human GAPDH primer and probe set is used to measure GAPDH expression in monkey-derived cells and cell lines.
  • Probes and primers for use in real-time PCR were designed to hybridize to target nucleic acids using routine methods. For example, PrimerExpress® (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) software is routinely used to design probes and primers for use in real-time PCR. Examples of primer and probe sequences and the target nucleic acids to which they hybridize are presented in Table 24. The target-specific PCR probes have FAM covalently linked to the 5′ end and TAMRA or MGB covalently linked to the 3′ end, where FAM is the fluorescent dye and TAMRA or MGB is the quencher dye.
  • TABLE 24
    Target-specific primers and
    probes for use in real-time PCR
    Target Sequence SEQ ID
    Name Species Description Sequence (5′to 3′) NO
    ApoB Mouse Forward CGTGGGCTCCAGCATTCTA 1524
    Primer
    ApoB Mouse Reverse AGTCATTTCTGCCTTTGCGTC 1525
    Primer
    ApoB Mouse Probe CCAATGGTCGGGCACTGCTCAA 1526
    ApoB Mouse Forward GAAAATAGACTTCCTGAATAACTATGCATT 1527
    Primer
    ApoB Mouse Reverse ACTCGCTTGCCAGCTTGC 1528
    Primer
    ApoB Mouse Probe TTTCTGAGTCCCCGTGCCCAACA 1529
    GCGR Mouse Forward TGAGCCTTGCCACCTTCTCT 1530
    Primer
    GCGR Mouse Reverse GCGCACCCCAGCCAA 1531
    Primer
    GCGR Mouse Probe AGAGGAGCTTCTTTTCCCTCTACCTGGGC 1532
    GCGR Mouse Forward ATTTCCTGCCCCTGGTACCT 1533
    Primer
    GCGR Mouse Reverse CGGGCCCACACCTCTTG 1534
    Primer
    GCGR Mouse Probe CCACAAAGTGCAGCACCGCCTAGTGT 1535
    PTEN Mouse Forward GCCACAGGCTCCCAGACAT 1536
    Primer
    PTEN Mouse Reverse TCCATCCTCTTGATATCTCCTTTTTG 1537
    Primer
    PTEN Mouse Probe ACAGCCATCATCAAAGAGATCGTTAGCAGAA 1538
    PTEN Mouse Forward ATGACAATCATGTTGCAGCAATTC 1539
    Primer
    PTEN Mouse Reverse CGATGCAATAAATATGCACAAATCA 1540
    Primer
    PTEN Mouse Probe CTGTAAAGCTGGAAAGGGACGGACTGGT 1541
  • Example 3 Short Antisense Compounds Targeted to an ApoB Nucleic Acid and having 2′-MOE or Methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA Modifications
  • Six-week old male Balb/c mice (Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Me.) were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with antisense compounds targeted to ApoB, at a frequency of twice per week for three weeks. Antisense compound doses included 2.4, 1.2, 0.6, 0.3 and 0.15 μmol/kg. For antisense compounds 14 nucleotides in length, these doses equate to approximately 12, 6, 3, 1.5 or 0.75 mg/kg, respectively. Shown in Table 25 are the sequences and motifs of the antisense compounds used in this study. The antisense compounds are either 20 or 14 nucleotides in length and have a central “gap” region consisting of ten 2′-deoxynucleotides flanked by wings having 2′-O-methoxyethyl (2′-MOE) or BNA modified “wings.” For example, the 2-10-2 MOE gapmer motif indicates an antisense compound with a gap of ten nucleotides flanked by 2 nucleotide wings with 2′-MOE modifications. Bolded residues indicate 2′-O-methoxyethyl moieties and italicized residues indicate methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNAs. The internucleoside linkages of each compound are phosphorothioate throughout. All cytosine residues of ISIS 147764 and ISIS 372938 are replaced by 5-methyl cytosines. For ISIS 387462, only the cytosine residue in the wing of the compound is replaced by 5-methyl cytosine. ApoB antisense compounds are targeted to publicly available ApoB-100 sequences, including Genbank Accession No. XM137955.5 (SEQ ID NO: 2).
  • TABLE 25
    Antisense Compounds Targeted to an ApoB nucleic acid
    Target 5′
    ISIS SEQ Target SEQ
    NO ID NO Site Sequence (5′-3′) Gapmer Motif ID NO
    147764 2 8865 GTCCC TGAAGATGTC AATGC 5-10-5 MOE 1561
    372938 2 8235 GGTACATGGAAGTC 2-10-2 MOE 190
    387462 2 8235 GGTACATGGAAGTC 2-10-2 190
    methyleneoxy
    (4′-CH2-O-2′) BNA
  • Forty-eight hours following the final injection, mice were sacrificed to evaluate transaminases (Table 26); liver and kidney weight (Table 27); triglyceride, LDL, HDL and free fatty acid levels (Table 28); target mRNA level in liver (Table 29); target protein level in plasma; and oligonucleotide tissue concentration (Table 30). These endpoints were determined using methods described herein and well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • TABLE 26
    ALT and AST Levels (IU/L)
    Dose
    ISIS NO μmol/kg ALT AST
    Saline N/A 27.8 46.3
    147764 2.4 29.5 64.0
    372938 2.4 26.0 49.0
    372938 1.2 24.8 49.5
    372938 0.6 28.0 79.3
    372938 0.3 28.3 60.0
    372938  0.15 28.3 50.3
    387462 2.4 41.3 84.0
    387462 1.2 35.3 63.5
    387462 0.6 32.0 77.3
    387462 0.3 27.8 55.0
    387462 0.15 29.3 68.3
  • TABLE 27
    Liver and Kidney Weight (% of saline control)
    Dose
    ISIS NO μmol/kg Liver Kidney
    Saline N/A 100 100
    147764 2.4 102 105
    372938 2.4 100 100
    372938 1.2 90 101
    372938 0.6 96 112
    372938 0.3 91 107
    372938 0.15 96 98
    387462 2.4 116 90
    387462 1.2 113 90
    387462 0.6 106 97
    387462 0.3 101 126
    387462 0.15 95 100
  • Total body weight and food consumption did not differ significantly between saline-treated or oligonucleotide-treated animals. Glucose levels also were similar among all treatment groups.
  • TABLE 28
    Triglyceride (TRIG), Total Cholesterol (CHOL), HDL, LDL and
    Free Fatty Acid (FFA) Levels
    Dose TRIG CHOL HDL LDL FFA
    ISIS NO μmol/kg (mg/dL) (mg/dL) (mg/dL) (mg/dL) (mg/dL)
    Saline N/A 167 107 81.8 11.0 1.76
    147764 2.4 167 107 81.3 10.3 1.29
    372938 2.4 153 104 79.0 10.3 1.28
    372938 1.2 136 101 77.8 9.5 1.70
    372938 0.6 184 110 83.3 10.8 1.66
    372938 0.3 138 109 84.3 11.0 1.53
    372938 0.15 151 106 82.8 10.8 1.57
    387462 2.4 49 14 9.0 1.5 0.74
    387462 1.2 71 23 16.5 2.0 0.76
    387462 0.6 150 55 39.3 3.7 1.43
    387462 0.3 136 92 72.8 7.5 1.14
    387462 0.15 163 104 81.5 9.3 1.47
  • TABLE 29
    % ApoB mRNA Level (relative to saline control)
    2.4 1.2 0.6 0.3 0.15
    ISIS NO μmol/kg μmol/kg μmol/kg μmol/kg μmol/kg
    147764 57.7 ND ND ND ND
    372938 77.0 90.0 87.3 92.6 93.1
    387462 1.5 8.5 27.4 58.9 75.8
  • Treatment with ISIS 387462 resulted in a significant and dose-dependent decrease in triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL and free fatty acids. In accordance with these phenotypic findings, treatment with ISIS 387462 also led to a dose-dependent reduction in ApoB mRNA (Table 29) and protein (not shown) levels in mouse plasma. To determine whether the observed increase in efficiency with the methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA gapmer is due to an increase in oligonucleotide accumulation, full-length and total oligonucleotide concentration in the liver and kidney were determined.
  • TABLE 30
    Full-length and Total Antisense Compound Tissue Concentration
    (μM) Relative to ApoB mRNA level (% of saline control)
    Kidney
    Dose Full- Liver Kidney Liver ApoB
    ISIS NO μmol/kg Length Full-Length Total Total mRNA
    147764 2.4 28.6 22.9 33.5 31.3 58
    372938 2.4 32.0 5.49 34.0 7.76 77
    387462 2.4 37.2 5.69 38.9 7.31 1.5
    387462 1.2 29.8 3.71 31.3 4.91 8.5
    387462 0.6 18.9 1.97 20.0 2.57 27
    387462 0.3 9.11 0.73 9.49 0.78 59
    387462 0.15 6.97 0.19 7.43 0.24 76
  • Levels of the 2-10-2 methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA gapmer were similar to the 5-10-5 and 2-10-2 MOE gapmers in the kidney, but significantly reduced in the liver. The EC50 for ISIS 387462 in the liver was determined by comparing oligonucleotide concentration in the liver to inhibition of ApoB mRNA. The approximate EC50 for ISIS 387462 is 1 μM. In contrast, an effective 5-10-5 MOE gapmer compound typically has an EC50 of approximately 15 μM in the liver.
  • Taken together, these results demonstrate that the ApoB short gapmer having methyleneoxy (4′-CH2-0-2′) in the wings is a potent inhibitor of target mRNA expression and can effectively lower triglycerides, cholesterol and free fatty acids. The potency of the short antisense compound does not appear to be a result of increased tissue accumulation since similar levels of the compound were observed in kidney and reduced levels were found in the liver, relative to the 5-10-5 MOE gapmer. In addition, the methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA gapmer exhibited little to no adverse side effects.
  • Example 4 Short Antisense Compounds Targeted to a GCGR Nucleic Acid and Having 2′-MOE Modifications
  • Eight-week old male C57/BL6 mice (Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Me.) were administered a single dose of GCGR oligonucleotide by intraperitoneal injection at a concentration of 6.25, 12.5, 25 or 50 mg. Each dose group consisted of four animals. Shown in Table 31 are the sequences, motifs and conjugates of the GCGR antisense compounds used in this study. Bolded residues indicate 2′-O-methoxyethyl (2′-MOE) moieties. All compounds comprise phosphorothioate internucleoside linkages throughout and each cytosine is replaced with 5-methylcytosine. ISIS 386626, ISIS 386627 and ISIS 386628 further comprise a C16 conjugate group attached to the 2′-O position of the sugar via a diamide linkage (2′-OCH2C(═O)N(H)(CH2)4N(H)C(═O)—(CH2)15CH3). GCGR antisense compounds target published GCGR sequences, including Genbank® Accession No. BC031885.1 (SEQ ID NO: 7).
  • TABLE 31
    Short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid
    Target 5′
    ISIS SEQ Target Gapmer SEQ ID
    NO ID NO Site Sequence (5′-3′) Motif Conjugate NO
    148364 7 393 TGCACTTTGTGGTACCAAGG 5-10-5 MOE None 1562
    386626 7 1768 GC16 CTTCTCCATCATA 2-10-2 MOE C16 1563
    386627 7 1244 GC16 GGCATGCTCGTCA 2-10-2 MOE C16 653
    386593 7 1244 GGGCATGCTCGTCA 2-10-2 MOE None 649
    386628 7 1680 TC16 GTCTTGCTGCTTT 2-10-2 MOE C16 1564
    386594 7 1680 TGTCTTGCTGCTTT 2-10-2 MOE None 1565
  • Mice were sacrificed 48 hours following injection to determine serum transaminase levels (Table 32); liver, white adipose tissue (WAT), spleen and kidney weight (Table 33); cholesterol, triglyceride and glucose levels (Table 34); GCGR mRNA levels (Tables 35-41); and full-length and total oligonucleotide concentration in liver and kidney (Table 42). Endpoints were assessed using methods described herein and well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Data is included from a pre-treatment bleed (Pre-Bleed) and post-treatment bleed (Post-Bleed).
  • TABLE 32
    ALT & AST Levels (IU/L)
    ISIS ALT ALT AST AST
    NO Dose (mg/kg) Pre-Bleed Post-Bleed Pre-Bleed Post-Bleed
    Saline N/A 36 51 55 85
    148364 50 24 40 40 115
    148364 25 26 35 42 87
    148364 12.5 23 32 44 69
    148364 6.25 28 34 47 76
    386626 50 28 40 48 120
    386626 25 30 36 44 92
    386626 12.5 28 34 44 90
    386626 6.25 26 42 46 69
    386627 50 27 457 42 451
    386627 25 29 97 45 142
    386627 12.5 29 62 46 81
    386627 6.25 23 87 38 96
    386593 50 23 33 46 58
    386593 25 25 32 41 95
    386593 12.5 26 33 43 74
    386593 6.25 28 31 43 53
    386628 50 28 68 44 76
    386628 25 24 32 40 57
    386628 12.5 28 35 42 75
    386628 6.25 22 29 40 59
    386594 50 29 34 46 92
    386594 25 27 31 47 82
    386594 12.5 28 33 45 74
    386594 6.25 23 48 42 67
  • TABLE 33
    Organ Weights (% saline control)
    ISIS NO Dose (mg/kg) Liver WAT Kidney Spleen
    Saline N/A 100 100 100 100
    148364 50 103 80 108 123
    148364 25 103 75 112 115
    148364 12.5 100 84 108 96
    148364 6.25 101 89 104 113
    386626 50 112 77 104 130
    386626 25 109 97 103 120
    386626 12.5 96 73 97 114
    386626 6.25 100 90 100 95
    386627 50 90 113 102 165
    386627 25 99 87 99 143
    386627 12.5 109 93 102 136
    386627 6.25 103 96 102 131
    386593 50 96 98 102 118
    386593 25 83 94 100 104
    386593 12.5 99 82 101 129
    386593 6.25 96 77 98 144
    386628 50 104 100 99 126
    386628 25 102 97 109 113
    386628 12.5 101 111 99 114
    386628 6.25 98 106 102 151
    386594 50 90 80 99 131
    386594 25 93 76 99 128
    386594 12.5 94 98 100 113
    386594 6.25 102 85 101 119
  • Overall, the GCGR antisense compounds exhibited little to no adverse side effects.
  • TABLE 34
    Triglyceride (TRIG), Cholesterol (CHOL) and Glucose Levels (IU/L)
    TRIG TRIG CHOL CHOL Glucose Glucose
    ISIS NO Dose (mg/kg) Pre-Bleed Post-Bleed Pre-Bleed Post-Bleed Pre-Bleed Post-Bleed
    Saline N/A 132 181 91 96 208 285
    148364 50 110 177 81 94 207 228
    148364 25 115 200 83 96 219 239
    148364 12.5 106 179 85 89 198 256
    148364 6.25 86 162 86 89 226 215
    386626 50 87 163 79 57 239 179
    386626 25 100 187 87 72 235 186
    386626 12.5 100 148 82 76 232 185
    386626 6.25 86 162 85 90 222 221
    386627 50 106 120 83 126 227 150
    386627 25 101 148 90 115 218 203
    386627 12.5 99 203 86 98 237 219
    386627 6.25 111 165 88 104 238 228
    386593 50 130 128 100 95 244 213
    386593 25 119 135 83 77 206 208
    386593 12.5 122 128 83 79 222 233
    386593 6.25 120 138 84 78 214 219
    386628 50 102 98 88 95 209 232
    386628 25 102 129 84 85 210 223
    386628 12.5 90 123 90 94 231 240
    386628 6.25 117 121 83 85 228 229
    386594 50 93 99 84 85 203 274
    386594 25 106 94 90 86 219 272
    386594 12.5 118 133 85 95 200 292
    386594 6.25 112 146 78 94 222 275
  • GCGR 2-10-2 MOE gapmers exhibited a trend toward lower post-bleed triglyceride levels, relative to the 5-10-5 MOE gapmer, with ISIS 386628 and ISIS 386594 having the greatest dose-dependent effect. Glucose levels also were decreased in a dose-dependent manner following treatment with ISIS 386626 and ISIS 386627. Treatment with ISIS 386628, ISIS 386593 and ISIS 386594 also generally led to a decrease in post-bleed glucose levels. Cholesterol levels did not appear to significantly differ among treatment groups.
  • To determine whether the phenotypic changes shown above correlated with a decrease in GCGR mRNA, treated animals were evaluated for levels of target mRNA in liver by real time PCR according to methods described herein. Tables 35 to 41 show results from direct comparisons of the antisense compounds targeting GCGR nucleic acid for their effect on target expression. Results are expressed as percent of saline control.
  • TABLE 35
    GCGR mRNA levels following treatment with ISIS 148364 &
    ISIS 386626
    ISIS NO 50 mg/kg 25 mg/kg 12.5 mg/kg 6.25 mg/kg
    148364 36 79 87 62
    386626 0 8 3 7
  • TABLE 36
    GCGR mRNA levels following treatment with ISIS 148364 &
    ISIS 386627
    ISIS NO 50 mg/kg 25 mg/kg 12.5 mg/kg 6.25 mg/kg
    148364 63 87 105 86
    386627 3 30 57 74
  • TABLE 37
    GCGR mRNA levels following treatment with ISIS 148364 &
    ISIS 386593
    IPSIS NO 50 mg/kg 25 mg/kg 12.5 mg/kg 6.25 mg/kg
    148364 56 74 105 86
    386593 9 38 74 90
  • TABLE 38
    GCGR mRNA levels following treatment with ISIS 148364 &
    ISIS 386628
    ISIS NO 50 mg/kg 25 mg/kg 12.5 mg/kg 6.25 mg/kg
    148364 42 77 98 101
    386628 2 18 53 77
  • TABLE 39
    GCGR mRNA levels following treatment with ISIS 148364 &
    ISIS 386594
    ISIS NO 50 mg/kg 25 mg/kg 12.5 mg/kg 6.25 mg/kg
    148364 59 98 102 96
    386594 25 47 50 96
  • TABLE 40
    GCGR mRNA levels following treatment with ISIS 386627 &
    ISIS 386593
    ISIS NO 50 mg/kg 25 mg/kg 12.5 mg/kg 6.25 mg/kg
    386627 5 40 58 42
    386593 10 29 34 71
  • TABLE 41
    GCGR mRNA levels following treatment with ISIS 386628 &
    ISIS 386594
    ISIS NO 50 mg/kg 25 mg/kg 12.5 mg/kg 6.25 mg/kg
    386628 4 13 38 97
    386594 19 50 56 99
  • Treatment with the 2-10-2 MOE gapmers led to a significant dose-dependent decrease in GCGR mRNA expression. ISIS 386626 exhibited the greatest decrease in target mRNA. To determine whether the observed increase in efficiency with the short antisense compounds is due to an increase in antisense compound accumulation, full-length and total antisense compound concentration in the liver and kidney were determined.
  • TABLE 42
    Total and Full-length Antisense Compound Concentrations
    in Liver and Kidney (μg/g)
    Full-
    Total Total Full-length length
    ISIS NO Kidney Liver Kidney Liver
    148364 90 54 58 46
    386626 757 274 355 125
    386593 91 12 77 12
    386628 496 286 305 202
  • The results shown in Table 42 demonstrate that short antisense compounds comprising a C16 conjugate exhibit a significant increase in antisense compound accumulation in both liver and kidney. However, ISIS 386593, which was effective at reducing target mRNA, triglycerides and glucose levels, accumulates to a level similar to the 5-10-5 MOE gapmer in liver and to a lower level in kidney. These results suggest that while conjugation with C16 can increase liver and kidney antisense compound concentration, it does not entirely account for the effectiveness of the short antisense compounds.
  • Taken together, these results demonstrate that GCGR short antisense compounds are capable of significantly inhibiting target mRNA expression while also lowering triglyceride and glucose levels. In addition, with the exception of ISIS 386627, the short MOE gapmers exhibited little to no toxic effects.
  • Example 5 Short Antisense Compounds Targeting to a GCGR Nucleic Acid and Having 2′-MOE and Methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA Modifications
  • Eight-week old male C57/BL6 mice (Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Me.) were administered a single dose of GCGR antisense compound by intraperitonel (i.p.) injection at a concentration of 10, 3.2, 1, and 0.32 μmol·kg. Each dose group consisted of four animals. Shown in Table 43 are the sequences, motifs and conjugates of the GCGR antisense compounds used in this study. Bolded residues indicate 2′-O-methoxyethyl (2′-MOE) modifications and the italicized residues indicate methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA modifications. All antisense compounds comprise phosphorothioate internucleoside linkages throughout and each cytosine is replaced with 5-methylcytosine. GCGR antisense compounds target published GCGR nucleic acids, including Genbank Accession No. BC031885.1 (SEQ ID NO: 7).
  • TABLE 43
    Antisense Compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid
    Target 5′
    ISIS SEQ ID Target
    NO NO Site Sequence (5′-3′) Gapmer Motif SEQ ID NO
    148364 7 393 TGCACTTTGTGGTACCAAGG 5-10-5 MOE 1562
    396144 7 1768 GCTTCTCCATCATA 2-10-2 MOE 1566
    396148 7 1768 GCTTCTCCATCATA 2-10-2 1567
    Methyleneoxy
    (4′-CH2-O-2′)
    BNA
    396145 7 1765 ATGGCTTCTCCATCATATCC 5-10-5 MOE 1568
    396146 7 1244 GGGCATGCTCGTCA 2-10-2 MOE 650
    396149 7 1244 GGGCATGCTCGTCA 2-10-2 652
    Methyleneoxy
    (4′-CH2-O-2′)
    BNA
    396147 7 1241 CTTGGGCATGCTCGTCAGTC 5-10-5 MOE 1569
  • To determine whether the phenotypic changes shown above correlated with a decrease in GCGR mRNA, treated animals were evaluated for levels of target mRNA in liver by RT, real time PCR according to methods described herein. Table 44 show results from direct comparisons of the antisense compounds targeting GCGR nucleic acid for their effect on target expression. Results are expressed as percent of saline control.
  • TABLE 44
    GCGR mRNA levels
    ISIS NO. 0.32 μmol/kg 1 μmol/kg 3.2 μmol/kg 10 μmol/kg
    148364 105  106 73 38
    396144 122  117 40 35
    396148 20  6 2 1
    396145 nd Nd 33 8
    396146 98 135 95 35
    396149 91  41 30 7
    396147 nd Nd 68 28
  • As shown in Table 44, each short antisense compound having methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA modifications demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction in GCGR mRNA levels. Furthermore, the short antisense compounds were more effective at target reduction than the 5-10-5 MOE gapmer. Each short antisense compound comprising methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA in the wings resulted in a significant reduction in GCGR protein relative to both saline control and ISIS 148364 treatment. Next, estimated ED50 concentrations for each antisense were calculated using Graphpad Prism; ED50 is the dose at which 50% mRNA reduction is observed. The results are shown below in Table 45.
  • TABLE 45
    Estimated ED50 Concentration
    ISIS
    Gapmer Motif NO ED50 (μmole/kg) ED50 (mg/kg)
    5-10-5 MOE 148364 7 50.6
    2-10-2 MOE 396144 4 18.1
    2-10-2 methyleneoxy BNA 396148 0.1 0.4
    5-10-5 MOE 396145 2.1 9.3
    2-10-2 MOE 396146 8.3 40
    2-10-2 methylenexy BNA 396149 1.1 5
    5-10-5 MOE 396147 5.2 37.5
  • Example 6 Short Antisense Compounds Targeting a PTEN Nucleic Acid and Having Methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA Modifications
  • Six-week old male Balb/c mice (Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Me.) were administered a single i.p. injection of PTEN antisense compound at a dose of 8 μmol/kg. Each dose group consisted of four animals. Shown in Table 46 are the sequences and motifs of the PTEN antisense compounds used in this study. Bolded residues indicate 2′-O-methoxyethyl moieties (2′-MOE) and italicized residues indicate Methyleneoxy BNA nucleotides. Each antisense compound comprises phosphorothioate linkages throughout. In addition, the cytosine residues in the gap of ISIS 384073 and in the wings of ISIS 392056, ISIS 392057, ISIS 392061 and ISIS 392063 are replaced with 5-methylcytosines. Antisense compounds target published PTEN nucleic acids, including Genbank Accession No. U92437.1 (SEQ ID NO: 13).
  • TABLE 46
    Antisense Compounds targeted to a PTEN nucleic acid
    Target 5′
    ISIS SEQ ID Target SEQ
    NO NO Site Sequence (5′-3′) Gapmer Motif ID NO
    141923 Control N/A CCTTCCCTGAAGGTTCCTCC 5-10-5 MOE 1570
    116847 29 2011 TCAAATCCAGAGGCTAGCAG 5-10-5 MOE 1571
    384073 29 2013 AAATCCAGAGGCTAGC 3-10-3 methyleneoxy 1428
    (4′-CH2-O-2′) BNA
    391172 29 2013 AAATCCAGAGGCTAG 2-10-3 methyleneoxy 1429
    (4′-CH2-O-2′) BNA
    392056 29 140 AGCTGCAGCCATGA 2-10-2 methyleneoxy 1263
    (4′-CH2-O-2′) BNA
    392057 29 807 GGTCCAGGGCCAAG 2-10-2 methyleneoxy 1162
    (4′-CH2-O-2′) BNA
    392061 29 2014 AATCCAGAGGCTAG 2-10-2 methyleneoxy 1431
    (4′-CH2-O-2′) BNA
    392063 29 3099 AGGCCAGTGCTAAG 2-10-2 methyleneoxy 1226
    (4′-CH2-O-2′) BNA
  • Mice were sacrificed 72 hours following injection to determine serum transaminase levels (Table 47); liver and spleen weights (Table 47); and PTEN mRNA levels in liver, kidney and fat (Table 48), according to procedures described herein and well know to one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • TABLE 47
    Transaminase Levels and Organ Weights
    Liver
    ISIS AST ALT Weight Spleen Weight
    NO (IU/L) (IU/L) % Saline % Saline
    Saline 98.5 37.5 100 100
    141923 89.5 34.8 101 108
    116847 59.8 29.5 109 108
    384073 57.8 29.3 115 111
    391172 48.5 32.8 120 112
    392056 516 892 125 167
    392057 63.8 34.5 125 101
    392061 189 42.0 123 111
    392063 67.3 21.8 127 134
  • Overall, the short antisense compounds with methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA modifications exhibited little to no adverse effects. In addition, total body weight did not significantly differ between treatment groups.
  • TABLE 48
    % PTEN mRNA levels in Liver, Kidney and Fat
    ISIS
    NO Liver Kidney Fat
    Saline 100 100 100
    141923 102 133 118
    116847 37 96 85
    384073 24 74 77
    391172 18 63 101
    392056 27 88 74
    392057 33 79 96
    392061 24 61 85
    392063 6.5 52 72
  • As shown in Table 48, each antisense compound targeted to a PTEN nucleic acid led to a significant reduction in target mRNA levels in liver as compared with saline treated and control treated animals. The antisense compounds had various effects on target mRNA levels in kidney and fat.
  • Example 7 Short Antisense Compounds Targeting a PTEN Nucleic Acid and having BNA Modifications
  • Six-week old male Balb/c mice (Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Me.) were administered a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of antisense compound targeted a PTEN nucleic acid at a dose of 8, 4, 2 or 1 μmol/kg. Each dose group consisted of four animals. Shown in Table 49 are the sequence, wing chemistry and motif of each antisense compound used in this study. Bold residues indicate 2′-MOE modified nucleotides, italicized letters indicate methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA modifications. All antisense compounds comprise phosphorothioate linkages at each position. Each cytosine of ISIS 116847 and the cytosine residues in the methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA wings of ISIS 392063 are replaced with 5-methylcytosines, while the thymidine residues in the methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA wings of ISIS 392745 are replaced with 5-methyl thymidines. Antisense compounds target published PTEN nucleic acids, including Genbank Accession No. U92437.1 (SEQ ID NO: 13).
  • TABLE 49
    Antisense Compounds Targeted to a PTEN Nucleic Acid
    Target
    ISIS SEQ Target SEQ ID
    NO ID NO Site Sequence (5′-3′) Gapmer Motif NO
    116847 13 2011 TCAAATCCAGAGGCTAGCAG 5105 MOE 1571
    392063 13 3099 CTTAGCACTGGCCT 2-10-2 1226
    Methyleneoxy BNA
    392745 13 3099 CTTAGCACTGGCCT 2-10-2 1226
    methyleneoxy BNA
  • Mice were sacrificed 72 hours following injection to determine serum transaminase levels (Table 50); liver, kidney and spleen weights (Table 50); PTEN mRNA levels in liver (Table 51); and estimated ED50 oligonucleotide concentration (Table 52). These endpoints were measured using methods described herein and well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • TABLE 50
    AST, ALT and Bilirubin Levels and Organ Weights
    Liver Kidney Spleen
    Dose AST ALT Bilirubin Weight % Weight Weight
    ISIS NO μmol/kg (IU/L) (IU/L) (mg/dL) Saline % Saline % Saline
    Saline N/A 64.0 31.8 0.15 100 100 100
    116847 8 73.0 32.0 0.1 114 92 106
    392063 8 50.3 17.3 0.1 115 98 115
    392063 4 100.8 31.3 0.15 122 94 116
    392063 2 60.5 32.8 0.1 112 99 106
    392063 1 57.5 29.3 0.1 104 95 107
    392745 8 75.5 23.5 0.13 125 99 100
    392745 4 77.0 29.3 0.13 121 100 96
    392745 2 69.0 32.0 0.13 110 98 103
    392745 1 52.0 27.3 0.1 109 97 104
  • Overall, the PTEN antisense compounds did not show significant signs of toxicity. Kidney, liver and spleen weights were all within normal ranges. Total body weight did not significantly differ between treatment groups.
  • TABLE 51
    % PTEN mRNA levels in Liver (relative to saline control)
    ISIS
    NO 8 μmol/kg 4 μmol/kg 2 μmol/kg 1 μmol/kg
    116847 36 ND ND ND
    392063 7.4 16 32 60
    392745 5.2 11 31 60
  • As shown in Table 51, each short antisense compound having methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA modifications demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction in PTEN mRNA levels. Furthermore, the short antisense compounds were more effective at target reduction than the 5-10-5 MOE gapmer. Levels of PTEN protein in liver were also determined following administration of each antisense compound at a dose of 8 μmol/kg. Each short antisense compound comprising methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA in the wings resulted in a significant reduction in PTEN protein relative to both saline control and ISIS 116847 treatment. Next, estimated ED50 concentrations for each oligonucleotide were calculated using Graphpad Prism. The results are shown below in Table 52.
  • TABLE 52
    Estimated ED50 Concentration
    ISIS
    Wing Chemistry NO ED50 (μmole/kg) ED50 (mg/kg)
    MOE (with 5-MeC) 116847 6.3 45.2
    methyleneoxy BNA 392063 1.3 5.8
    (with 5-MeC)
    methyleneoxy BNA 392745 1.2 5.6
  • To further investigate different types of bicyclic nucleic acid compounds, an additional set of short antisense compounds targeting a PTEN nucleic acid was designed and tested. Six-week old male Balb/c mice (Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Me.) were administered a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of antisense compound at a dose of 8, 4, 2 or 1 μmol/kg. Each dose group consisted of four animals. Shown in Table 53 are the sequence, wing chemistry and motif of each antisense compound used in this study. All antisense compounds comprise phosphorothioate linkages at each position. The cytosine residues in the methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA wings of ISIS 392063 are replaced with 5-methylcytosines. The antisense compound target published PTEN nucleic acids, including Genbank Accession No. U92437.1 (SEQ ID NO: 13).
  • TABLE 53
    Antisense Compounds Targeting a PTEN Nucleic Acid
    Target 5′
    ISIS SEQ Target SEQ ID
    NO ID NO Site Sequence (5′-3′) Gapmer Motif NO
    392063 29 3099 CTTAGCACTGGCCT 2-10-2 1226
    Methyleneoxy BNA
    396564 29 3099 CTTAGCACTGGCCT 2-10-2 1226
    Oxyamino
    (4′-CH2-N(R)-O-2′)
    BNA
    396006 29 3099 CTTAGCAGTGGCCT 2-10-2 α-L- 1226
    Methyleneoxy
    BNA
  • Mice were sacrificed 72 hours following injection to determine serum transaminase levels (Table 54); liver and spleen weights (Table 54); and PTEN mRNA levels in liver (Table 55), according to methods described herein and well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • TABLE 54
    AST and ALT Levels and Organ Weights
    ISIS Dose AST ALT Liver Spleen
    NO μmol/kg (IU/L) (IU/L) Weight Weight
    Saline N/A 71 33 100 100
    392063 8 97 38 118 103
    392063 4 179 36 115 107
    392063 2 67 32 109 116
    392063 1 68 27 102 105
    396564 8 67 25 100 104
    396564 4 96 30 102 106
    396564 2 68 27 100 119
    396564 1 79 39 97 109
    396006 8 56 28 110 104
    396006 2 139 36 97 105
  • TABLE 55
    % PTEN mRNA levels in Liver (relative to saline control)
    ISIS
    NO 8 μmol/kg 4 μmol/kg 2 μmol/kg 1 μmol/kg
    392063 6.9 18 39 71
    396564 86 97 100 96
    396006 6.5 ND ND 70
  • As shown above, short antisense compounds having α-L-methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA modifications led to a dose-dependent reduction in target mRNA levels. Treatment with the short antisense compound having oxyamino BNA modifications led to a modest reduction in target expression.
  • Example 8 Single Dose Administration Dose Response Study with Short Antisense Compounds Targeting ApoB and PTEN Nucleic Acids
  • Six-week old male Balb/c mice (Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Me.) were administered a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of antisense compound at a dose of 8, 4, 2 or 1 μmol/kg. Each dose group consisted of four animals. Shown in Table 56 are the sequence, wing chemistry and motif of each antisense compound used in this study. Italicized residues indicate methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA modifications, underlined residues indicate N-methyl-oxyamino (4′-CH2—N(CH3)—O-2′) BNA modifications, and boxed residues indicate α-L-methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA modifications. All antisense compounds comprise phosphorothioate linkages at each position. Each cytosine of ISIS 116847 and the cytosine residues in the methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA wings of ISIS 392063 are replaced with 5-methylcytosines, while the thymidine residues in the methyleneoxy (4′-CH2—O-2′) BNA wings of ISIS 392745 are replaced with 5-methyl thymidines. PTEN antisense compounds target published PTEN nucleic acid, including Genbank Accession No. U92437.1 (SEQ ID NO: 13). ApoB antisense compounds target published ApoB nucleic acid, including Genbank Accession No. XM137955.5 (SEQ ID NO: 2).
  • TABLE 56
    Short Antisense Compounds Targeted to ApoB and PTEN Nucleic Acids
    ISIS Tar- Target 5′ Target
    NO get Seq ID Site SEQUENCE Gapmer SEQ ID NO
    387462 ApoB 19 8235 GGTACATGGAAGTC 2-10-2 193
    Methyleneoxy BNA
    392063 PTEN 29 3099 CTTAGCACTGGCCT 2-10-2 1226
    Methyleneoxy BNA
    396565 PTEN 29 3099 CUTAGCACTGGCCU 2-10-2 1226
    N-Me-oxyamino BNA
    396006 PTEN 29 3099
    Figure US20090326041A1-20091231-C00017
    2-10-2 α-L-methyleneoxy BNA 1226
  • TABLE 57
    % ApoB and PTEN mRNA Reduction (relative to saline control)
    % PTEN
    ISIS Dose % ApoB mRNA Reduction mRNA Reduction
    NO (μmol/kg) (relative to saline) (relative to saline)
    387462 8 0.62 92.8
    4 6.55 103
    2 18.6 105
    1 42.0 98.0
    392063 8 126 6.79
    4 111 18.1
    2 112 42.4
    1 114 62.3
    396565 8 116 23.8
    4 1.04 46.6
    2 94.4 76.1
    1 115 89.5
    396006 8 94.3 62.9
    4 101 18.2
    2 79.7 52.4
    1 111 82.4
  • As shown in Table 57, each short antisense compound having Methyleneoxy BNA modifications demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction in target mRNA levels. Notably, the short antisense compound with N-methyl-oxyamino BNA wings (ISIS 396565) also demonstrated dose-dependent reduction in PTEN expression similar to both the β-D-methyleneoxy BNA and α-L-methyleneoxy BNA short antisense compounds. Next, estimated ED50 concentrations for each antisense were calculated using Graphpad Prism. The results are shown below in Table 58.
  • TABLE 58
    Estimated ED50 Concentrations
    ISIS
    Wing Chemistry NO ED50 (μmole/kg) ED50 (mg/kg)
    Methyleneoxy BNA 387462 0.8 3.9
    Methyleneoxy BNA 392063 1.5 7
    N-Me-oxyamino BNA 396565 3.8 17.4
    α-L-methyleneoxy BNA 396006 2.1 9.3
  • Example 9 Administration of a Parent and Parent Mixed Backbone Antisense Compound Targeting SGLT-2 mRNA
  • ISIS 257016 was administered to db/db mice (Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, Mass.) intraperitoneally at a dose of 1, 7.5, 14 or 17 mg/kg twice a week. Control groups included a group receiving saline on the same dosing schedule and a group receiving ISIS 145733. ISIS 257016 and ISIS 145733 both comprise the sequence GAAGTAGCCACCAACTGTGC (SEQ ID NO: 1572) further comprising a central “gap” region consisting of ten 2′-deoxynucleotides, which is flanked on both sides (5′ and 3′ directions) by five-nucleotide “wings”. The wings are composed of 2′-methoxyethyl (2′-MOE) nucleotides. All cytidine residues are 5-methylcytidines. The internucleoside (backbone) linkages are phosphorothioate (P═S) throughout the oligonucleotide for ISIS 145733; however ISIS 257016 has a mixed backbone. The internucleoside linkages for ISIS 257016 are phosphodiester (P═O) in the wings and phosphorothioate in the gap. Forty-eight hours following administration of the last dose the mice were sacrificed and kidney tissue was analyzed for SGLT-2 mRNA levels. The results are shown below in Table 59.
  • TABLE 59
    Antisense inhibition of SGLT2 mRNA expression in vivo
    by 5-10-5 MOE gapmers
    % change in
    SGLT2 expression
    Dose of oligonucleotide relative to saline
    nmol/kg ISIS 145733 ISIS 257016
    17 −37.5 −76
    14 −31.25 −74
    7.5 −12.5 −62.5
    1 +3 −44
  • Both ISIS 257016 and ISIS 145733 markedly reduced SGLT-2 levels compared to saline control. (mRNA levels determined using RT, real-time PCR as described above) However, ISIS 257016 has been shown to be about 20-50 times more potent for reducing SGLT-2 mRNA compared to ISIS 145733. An associated reduction in plasma glucose levels was seen for the treatment groups (661±14 for the saline group compared to 470±23 for the group receiving ISIS 257016). Accumulation of ISIS 257016 and ISIS 145733 in the kidney was similar over the dose range, however little of the full length 257016 antisense was detected in the kidney which supports the theory that a degradation product is responsible for the increased activity. Also the onset of action following a single dose of 25 mg/kg correlated to a time pint were little intact 257016 antisense compound was left.
  • Similar studies were performed in lean mice, ob/ob mice and in ZDF rats (Charles Rivers Laboratories) using ISIS 257016, ISIS 145733 or saline in a similar same dosing schedule as described above. The sequence of the binding site for ISIS 145733 and ISIS 257016 is conserved between mouse and rat (see Table 60). Reduction of SGLT-2 mRNA in the kidney was similar to that seen above. In a study utilizing rats, at a dose of 10 mg/kg given two times a week for two weeks, ISIS 145733 was shown to reduce SGLT-2 mRNA levels by about 40% whereas the reduction achieved with ISIS 257016 was greater than 80%. ISIS 257016 reduces SGLT2 expression maximally at a low dose of 12.5 mg/kg. Additional studies at lower dosing ranges show significant reduction of SGLT2 mRNA levels with the mixed backbone antisense compound at doses less than 1 mg/kg/wk.
  • Example 10 Administration of a Parent and Short Antisense Compound Targeting SGLT-2 mRNA
  • Pharmacokinetic studies indicated that ISIS 257016 was acting as a prodrug that was metabolized to a 12 nucleobase pharmacophore. In a next study, ZDF rats were dosed intraperitoneally twice per week with 1.5 mg/kg of either ISIS 257016 or ISIS 370717, or with saline at a similar dosing schedule. ISIS 370717 is a 12 nucleobase antisense compound targeted to SGLT-2 nucleic acid comprising the sequence TAGCCACCAACT (SEQ ID NO: 154) and further comprising central “gap” region consisting of ten 2′-deoxynucleotides, which is flanked on both sides (5′ and 3′ directions) by one-nucleotide “wings”. The wings are composed of 2′-methoxyethyl (2′-MOE) nucleotides. All cytidine residues are 5-methylcytidines. The internucleoside (backbone) linkages are phosphorothioate (P═S) throughout the oligonucleotide.
  • Following five weeks of dosing the animals were sacrificed and kidney tissue was analyzed for SGLT-2 mRNA levels. The pharmacological activity of ISIS 257016 and ISIS 370717 were similar, however, the 12 nucleotide antisense compound displayed a faster onset of action. ISIS 370717 displayed nearly 80% inhibition of SGLT2 expression in kidney on day two after a single dose of 2.8 umoles/kg whereas ISIS 257016 displayed only about 25% inhibition on day 2 after the same single dose administration. The date support that ISIS 257016 is a prodrug having a 12 nucleotide pharmacophore.
  • Example 11 Potency and Bioavailability of a Short Antisense Compound
  • The improved potency displayed by ISIS 370717 and the improved oral bioavailability for these short antisense compounds makes these compounds useful for oral administration. Normal rats received ISIS 370717, ISIS 145733 or saline at 100 mg/kg twice per week via intrajejunal administration. About 48 hours following the last dose, the animals were sacrificed and kidney tissue was analyzed for antisense compound concentration and SGLT-2 mRNA levels. There was a significantly higher accumulation of ISIS 370717 in the kidney tissue (approximately 500 micro grams per gram of tissue) compared to the controls. Moreover, SGLT-2 mRNA was reduced by more than 80% over the controls.
  • Example 12 Wing, Gap and Total Length Variations Around a 12 Nucleotide Short Antisense Compound
  • ISIS 370717 1-10-1 MOE gapmer was used as a template to make sequence related oligos with varying motifs. These variations are provided in Table 60. The antisense compounds were designed to target different regions of the mouse or rat SGLT2 nucleic acid, using published sequences (GenBank accession number U29881.1, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 1575, and GenBank accession number AJ292928.1, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 1576, respectively).
  • TABLE 60
    Short Antisense compounds targeting SGLT2 nucleic acids
    5′ Target 5′ Target
    Site Site
    on mouse on rat SEQ
    ISIS SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: Gapmer ID
    NO 1575 1576 Motif Sequence (5′-3′) NO
    257016 2680 148 5-10-5 GAAGTAGCCACCAACTGTGC 1553
    MOE
    370717 2684 152 1-10-1 TAGCCACCAACT 1554
    MOE
    386169 2684 152 2-8-2 TAGCCACCAACT 1555
    MOE
    386176 2685 153 1-8-1 AGCCACCAAC 1556
    MOE
    386196 2684 152 3-6-3 TAGCCACCAACT 1557
    MOE
  • The antisense compounds were analyzed for their effect on mouse SGLT2 mRNA levels. Data are ranges taken from three experiments in which mice were dosed twice per week for three weeks with 2.5, 0.5 or 0.1 umol/kg of the above MOE gapmers given by intraperitoneal injection. Mice were sacrificed 48 hours following last administration and evaluated for SGLT2 levels in kidney. SGLT2 mRNA levels were determined by RT, real-time PCR as described by other examples herein. PCR results were normalized to an internal ISIS control. The results are shown below in Table 61.
  • TABLE 61
    Antisense inhibition of SGLT2 in vivo by 1-10-1 and
    1-10-2 MOE gapmers
    % change in SGLT2 expression
    relative to saline
    Dose of oligonucleotide ISIS ISIS ISIS ISIS ISIS
    umol/kg 370717 386169 386176 386196 386197
    2.5 −82 −85 −80 −50 −20
    0.5 −70 −80 −68 −30 −15
    0.1 −55 −70 −65 −35 −20
  • These results illustrate that all the various motifs tested inhibit the expression of SGLT2 in vivo in a dose-dependent manner. The 1-10-1, 2-8-2 and 1-8-1 gapmers were found to be particularly potent.
  • Example 13 Antisense Inhibition of Rat SGLT-2 by 1-10-1 and 1-10-2 MOE Gapmers
  • 1-10-1 and 1-10-2 MOE gapmer antisense compounds, provided in Table 62, were designed to target different regions of the mouse or rat SGLT2 RNA. All short antisense compounds in Table 62 are chimeric oligonucleotides (“gapmers”) either 12 or 13 nucleotides in length, composed of a central “gap” segment consisting of ten 2′-deoxynucleotides, which are flanked on the 5′ side by a one-nucleoside “wing” and on the 3′ side by a two or one-nucleotide “wing”. The wings are composed of 2′-methoxyethyl (2′-MOE) nucleotides. The internucleoside (backbone) linkages are phosphorothioate (P═S) throughout the oligonucleotide. All cytidine residues are 5-methylcytidines.
  • TABLE 62
    Antisense compounds targeting SGLT2 nucleic
    acid
    5′ Target 5′ Target
    Site Site
    on SEQ ID on SEQ ID SEQ
    ISIS NO: XXX NO: XXX Gapmer Sequence ID
    NO (mouse) (rat) Motif (5′-3′) NO
    370717 2684  152 1-10-1 TAGCCACCAACT 1554
    MOE
    382675 2683  151 1-10-1 TAGCCACCAACTG 1559
    MOE
    379692  508 1-10-1 TGTTCCAGCCCA  246
    MOE
    382676  507 1-10-2 TGTTCCAGCCCAG  246
    MOE
    379699 1112 1-10-2 GGCATGAGCTTC  281
    MOE
    382677 1111 1-10-2 GGCATGAGCTTCA  281
    MOE
    382677  958 1-10-2 GGCATGAGCTTCA  281
    MOE
  • The short antisense compounds were analyzed for their effect on rat SGLT2 mRNA levels. Data are ranges taken from three experiments in which Male Sprague-Dawley rats (170-200 g) were dosed twice per week for three weeks with 450, 150 or 50 nmol/kg of either a 1-10-1 or 1-10-2 MOE gapmer given by intraperitoneal injection. Rats were sacrificed 48 hours following last administration and evaluated for SGLT2 mRNA levels in kidney. Target levels were determined by RT, real-time PCR as described by other examples herein. PCR results were normalized to an internal ISIS control. The results are shown below in Table 63.
  • TABLE 63
    Antisense inhibition of SGLT2 mRNA in vivo by 1-10-1 and
    1-10-2 MOE gapmers
    % change in SGLT2 expression
    relative to saline
    Dose of ISIS ISIS ISIS ISIS ISIS ISIS
    oligonucleotide 370717 382675 379692 382676 379699 382677
    nmol/kg 1-10-1 1-10-2 1-10-1 1-10-2 1-10-1 1-10-2
    450 −70 −80 −90 −85 −83 −75
    150 −70 −65 −85 −80 −75 −60
    50 −55 −50 −80 −65 −60 −40
  • These results illustrate that both the 1-10-1 and 1-10-2 MOE gapmers reduce SGLT2 mRNA in vivo in a dose-dependent manner.
  • Rats were further evaluated for total body weight, liver, spleen and kidney weight. Significant changes in spleen, liver or body weight can indicate that a particular compound causes toxic effects. All changes were within the margin of error of the experiment. No significant changes in body weight were observed during the treatment or at study termination. No significant changes in liver or spleen weights were observed.
  • Toxic effects of short antisense compounds administered in vivo can also be assessed by measuring the levels of enzymes and proteins associated with disease or injury of the liver or kidney. Elevations in the levels of the serum transaminases aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) are often indicators of liver disease or injury. Serum total bilirubin is an indicator of liver and biliary function, and albumin and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) are indicators of renal function. Glucose and triglyceride levels are sometimes altered due to toxicity of a treatment. Serum glucose also depends in part upon the activity of SGLT2. The levels of ALT, AST, total bilirubin, albumin, BUN, glucose and triglyceride were measured in rats treated with the short antisense compounds. The levels of routine clinical indicators of liver and kidney injury and disease were within normal ranges and are not significantly changed relative to saline-treated animals, demonstrating that the short antisense compounds do not significantly affect renal or hepatic function. Triglyceride and glucose levels were not significantly elevated relative to saline-treated animals.
  • Example 14 Antisense Inhibition of Mouse and Rat SGLT2 by 1-10-1 MOE Gapmers
  • 1-10-1 MOE gapmer antisense compounds designed to target different regions of mouse SGLT2 mRNA are shown in Table 64.
  • TABLE 64
    Composition of Antisense Compounds Targeting
    SGLT2 mRNA
    5′ Target 5′ Target
    Site Site
    on SEQ ID on SEQ ID SEQ
    ISIS NO: XXX NO: XXX Sequence ID
    NO (mouse) (rat) Motif (5′-3′) NO
    370717 2684  152 1-10-1 TAGCCACCAACT 1554
    MOE
    379692  508 1-10-1 TGTTCCAGCCCA  246
    MOE
    379699 1112 1-10-1 GGCATGAGCTTC  281
    MOE
    379702 1525 1-10-1 GCACACAGCTGC  293
    MOE
    381408 3034** 1-10-1 TACCGAACACCT 1560
    MOE
    **indicates 3 mismatches to a target sequence
  • The short antisense compounds were analyzed for their effect on mouse SGLT2 mRNA levels. Data was taken from three experiments in which Male 6-week old Balb/c mice were dosed twice per week for two weeks with 450, 150, or 50 nmol/kg of one of the above 1-10-1 MOE gapmers given by intraperitoneal injection. Mice were sacrificed 48 hours following last administration and evaluated for SGLT2 mRNA levels in kidney. Target levels were determined by RT, real-time PCR as described by other examples herein. PCR results were normalized to an internal ISIS control. The results are shown below in Table 65.
  • TABLE 65
    Antisense inhibition of SGLT2 mRNA in vivo by 1-10-1
    MOE gapmers
    % change in SGLT2 expression
    relative to saline
    Dose of oligonucleotide ISIS ISIS ISIS ISIS ISIS
    nmol/kg 370717 379692 379699 379702 381408
    450 −65 −80 −80 −75
    150 −55 −70 −62.5 −72.5
    50 −47.5 −52.5 −42.5 −52.5
  • These results illustrate that all the 1-10-1 MOE gapmers except, ISIS 381408, inhibit the expression of SGLT2 in vivo in a dose-dependent manner in mouse. Activity of ISIS 381408 has been shown in Rat studies (See Table 65).
  • Evaluation of 1-10-1 Gapmers in Rat
  • The effect of the above 1-10-1gapmers (see Table 64 above) on rat SGLT2 mRNA levels. Data are taken from four experiments in which male Sprague-Dawley rats (170-200 g) were dosed twice per week for three weeks with 250 nmol/kg given by intraperitoneal injection. Rats were sacrificed 48 hours following last administration and evaluated for SGLT2 mRNA levels in kidney. Target levels were determined by RT, real-time PCR as described by other examples herein. PCR results were normalized to an internal ISIS control. The results are shown below in Table 66.
  • TABLE 66
    Antisense inhibition of SGLT2 mRNA in vivo by 1-10-1 MOE gapmers
    % change in SGLT2 expression
    relative to saline
    Dose of oligonucleotide ISIS ISIS ISIS ISIS ISIS
    nmol/kg 370717 379692 379699 379702 381408
    250 −70 −85 −75 −25 −5
  • These results illustrate that all the 1-10-1 MOE gapmers inhibit the expression of SGLT2 in in vivo rat studies.
  • Example 15 Antisense Inhibition of Mouse and Rat SGLT2 Expression by Additional 1-10-1 and 2-8-2 MOE Gapmers
  • 1-10-1 and 2-8-2 MOE gapmer short antisense compounds were designed to target different regions of the mouse SGLT2 RNA but have complementarity across species. The short antisense compounds are shown in Table 67. All short antisense compounds in Table 67 are gapmers 12 nucleotides in length, composed of a central “gap” segment consisting of 2′-deoxynucleotides, which are flanked on both sides (5′ and 3′ directions) by wing segments having 2′-modifications. The wings are composed of 2′-methoxyethyl (2′-MOE) nucleotides. The internucleoside (backbone) linkages are phosphorothioate (P═S) throughout the oligonucleotide. All cytidine residues are 5-methylcytidines.
  • TABLE 67
    ,Short Antisense Compounds Targeting SGLT2
    nucleic acid
    5′
    Target Target SEQ
    ISIS Site SEQ ID Gapmer Sequence ID
    NO (rat) (rat) Motif (5′-3′) NO
    379692  508 1-10-1 MOE TGTTCCAGCCCA 246
    388625  508 1-10-1 MOE TGTTCCAGCCCA 246
    379699 1112 1-10-1 MOE GGCATGAGCTTC 281
    388626 1112 2-8-2 MOE GGCATGAGCTTC 281
    379702 1525 2-8-2 MOE GCACACAGCTGC 293
    388627 1525 2-8-2 MOE GCACACAGCTGC 293
  • The short antisense compounds were analyzed for their effect on mouse SGLT2 mRNA levels in vivo. Data was taken from three experiments in which male 6-week old Balb/c mice were dosed twice per week for three weeks with 0.5, 0.1, or 0.02 umol/kg of either a 1-10-1 or 2-8-2 MOE gapmer given by intraperitoneal injection. Mice were sacrificed 48 hours following last administration and evaluated for SGLT2 levels in kidney. Target levels were determined by RT, real-time PCR as described by other examples herein. PCR results were normalized to an internal ISIS control. The results are shown below in Table 68.
  • TABLE 68
    Antisense inhibition of SGLT2 mRNA in vivo by 1-10-1
    and 2-8-2 MOE gapmers
    % change in SGLT2 expression
    relative to saline
    Dose of ISIS ISIS ISIS ISIS ISIS ISIS
    oligonucleotide 379692 388625 379699 388626 379702 388627
    umol/kg 1-10-1 2-8-2 1-10-1 2-8-2 1-10-1 2-8-2
    0.5 −85 −90 −75 −80 −70 −65
    0.1 −75 −88 −60 −60 −65 −50
    0.02 −55 −65 −30 −45 −40 −38
  • These results illustrate that both the 1-10-1 and 2-8-2 MOE gapmers inhibit the expression of SGLT2 in vivo in a dose-dependent manner.
  • Mice were further evaluated for total body weight, liver, spleen and kidney weight. All changes were within the margin of error of the experiment. No significant changes in body weight were observed during the treatment or at study termination. No significant changes in liver or spleen weights were observed.
  • The levels of ALT, AST, BUN, transaminases, plasma creatinine, glucose and triglyceride were measured in mice treated with the short antisense compounds. The levels of routine clinical indicators of liver and kidney injury and disease were within normal ranges and are not significantly changed relative to saline-treated animals, demonstrating that the short antisense compounds do not significantly affect renal or hepatic function. Triglyceride and glucose levels were not significantly elevated relative to saline-treated animals.
  • Evaluation of ISIS 379692 1-10-1 MOE Gapmer, ISIS 392170 1-10-1 Methyleneoxy BNA Gapmer, ISIS 388625 2-8-2 MOE Gapmer and ISIS 392173 2-8-2 Methyleneoxy BNA Gapmer in Mice
  • The effect of ISIS 379692 1-10-1 MOE gapmer and ISIS 388625 2-8-2 MOE gapmer are compared with the effect of ISIS 392170 1-10-1 Methyleneoxy BNA Gapmer and ISIS 392173 2-8-2 Methyleneoxy BNA Gapmer (see Table 69) on mouse SGLT2 mRNA levels in vivo. Data are taken from three experiments in which male 6-week old Balb/c mice were dosed twice per week for three weeks with 5, 25 and 125 nmol/kg of either the ISIS 379692 1-10-1 MOE gapmer or the ISIS 388625 2-8-2 MOE gapmer given by intraperitoneal injection. Mice were sacrificed 48 hours following last administration and evaluated for SGLT2 mRNA levels in kidney. Target levels were determined by RT, real-time PCR as described by other examples herein. PCR results were normalized to an internal ISIS control. The data are expressed as percent change (“+” indicates an increase, “−” indicates a decrease) relative to saline treated animals and are illustrated in Table 69.
  • TABLE 69
    Antisense inhibition of SGLT2 mRNA in vivo by a 1-10-1
    and a 2-8-2 MOE gapmer
    ISIS ISIS
    ISIS 392170 392173
    Dose of 379692 1-10-1 ISIS 2-8-2
    oligonucleotide 1-10-1 Methyleneoxy 388625 Methyleneoxy
    nmol/kg MOE BNA 2-8-2 MOE BNA
    125 −58 −69 −70 −75
    25 −46 −54 −47 −57
    5 −7 −23 −18 −44
  • These results illustrate that both the 1-10-1 and 2-8-2 MOE gapmer inhibit the expression of SGLT2 in vivo at the highest three dosing ranges in a dose-dependent manner. The results also illustrate that the Methyleneoxy BNA constructs are more potent then the MOE constructs. No significant changes in body weight were observed during the treatment or at study termination. No significant changes in liver or spleen weights were observed. The toxicity parameters including levels of ALT, AST, BUN, and creatinine were within normal ranges and are not significantly changed relative to saline-treated animals, demonstrating that the compounds do not significantly affect renal or hepatic function.
  • Evaluation of ISIS 379692 1-10-1 MOE Gapmer and ISIS 388625 2-8-2 MOE Gapmer in Rat
  • The effect of ISIS 379692 1-10-1 MOE gapmer and ISIS 388625 MOE 2-8-2 gapmer (see Table 70) on rat SGLT2 mRNA levels in vivo. Data are taken from four experiments in which male Sprague-Dawley rats (170-200 g) were dosed twice per week for three weeks with 200, 50, 12.5, or 3.125 nmol/kg of either the ISIS 379692 1-10-1 MOE gapmer or the ISIS 388625 2-8-2 MOE gapmer given by intraperitoneal injection. Rats were sacrificed 48 hours following last administration and evaluated for SGLT2 levels in kidney. Target levels were determined by RT, real-time PCR as described by other examples herein. PCR results were normalized to an internal ISIS control. The results are shown below in Table 70.
  • TABLE 70
    Antisense inhibition of SGLT2 mRNA in vivo by a 1-10-1
    and a 2-8-2 MOE gapmer
    % change in
    SGLT2 expression
    relative to saline
    ISIS ISIS
    Dose of oligonucleotide 379692 388625
    umol/kg 1-10-1 2-8-2
    200 −80 −80
    50 −65 −65
    12.5 −15 −15
    3.125 +30 +25
  • These results illustrate that both the 1-10-1 and 2-8-2 MOE gapmer inhibit the expression of SGLT2 in vivo at the highest three dosing ranges in a dose-dependent manner.
  • Rats were further evaluated for total body weight, liver, spleen and kidney weight. All changes were within the margin of error of the experiment. No significant changes in body weight were observed during the treatment or at study termination. No significant changes in liver or spleen weights were observed.
  • The levels of ALT, AST, BUN, cholesterol, plasma creatinine and triglycerides were measured in rats treated with the short antisense compounds. The levels of routine clinical indicators of liver and kidney injury and disease were within normal ranges and are not significantly changed relative to saline-treated animals, demonstrating that the short antisense compounds do not significantly affect renal or hepatic function.
  • Example 16 Antisense Inhibition of SGLT2 Expression in ZDF Rat
  • ISIS 388625, 388626 and control oligo ISIS 388628 were analyzed for their effect on ZDF rat plasma glucose levels and HbA1c. The leptin receptor deficient Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rat is a useful model for the investigation of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes develops spontaneously in these male rats at ages 8-10 weeks, and is associated with hyperphagia, polyuria, polydipsia, and impaired weight gain, symptoms which parallel the clinical symptoms of diabetes (Phillips M S, et al., 1996, Nat Genet. 13, 18-19). Six week old ZDF rats were injected intraperitoneally with short antisense compound at a dose of 400 nM/kg once a week for twelve weeks. Data are illustrated in Tables 71 and 72.
  • TABLE 71
    Plasma glucose
    Plasma glucose levels
    Seq recorded on specific
    ISIS ID Sequence dates (mg/dl)
    NO. NO (5′-3′) Motif Day 10 Day 40 Day 55 Day 66
    PBS n/a n/a 450.7 478.5 392.8 526.2
    388625 246 TGTTCCAGCCCA 2-8-2 MOE 435.5 278.7 213.8 325.5
    388626 281 GGCATGAGCTTC 2-8-2 MOE 434.7 300.5 219.8 379.8
    388628 226 TAGCCGCCCACA 2-8-2 MOE 436.0 502.0 411.2 668.8
  • TABLE 72
    HbA1c Status
    Percentage HbA1c
    on specific dates
    Seq (%) p < 0.001
    ISIS ID Sequence Day
    NO. NO (5′-3′) Motif Day 40 55 Day 68
    PBS n/a n/a 8.0 8.9 10.0
    388625 246 TGTTCCAGCCCA 2-8-2 MOE 6.5 5.8 4.3
    388626 281 GGCATGAGCTTC 2-8-2 MOE 6.6 5.9 4.0
    388628 226 TAGCCGCCCACA 2-8-2 MOE 8.0 9.1 7.8
  • ISIS 388625 and 388626 significantly reduced plasma glucose levels and HbA1C compared to PBS and control treated animals.
  • Example 17 Antisense Inhibition of SGLT2 Expression in Dog Kidney (ISIS 388625)
  • ISIS 388625 is a 2-8-2 MOE Gapmer with sequence TGTTCCAGCCCA (SEQ ID NO: 246) (e.g. see Table 71). The effect of ISIS 388625 on dog SGLT2 mRNA levels. Data are taken from two dosing groups in which a total of nine male beagle dogs were dosed with either one or ten mg/kg/week of ISIS or saline given by subcutaneous injection twice weekly. On day 46 of the study all dogs were sacrificed and evaluated for SGLT2 levels in kidney. Target levels were determined by quantitative RT, real-time PCR as described by other examples herein. PCR results were normalized to an internal ISIS control. The results are shown below in Table 73.
  • TABLE 73
    Antisense inhibition of SGLT2 mRNA in vivo by ISIS 388625
    % change in SGLT2 expression
    Dose of oligonucleotide Relative to saline
    mg/kg/wk ISIS 388625
    1 −85
    10 −95
  • These results illustrate that greater than 80% reduction of SGLT2 mRNA can be achieved at a 1 mg/kg/wk dose of ISIS 388625. Even greater reduction can be achieved at slightly higher doses. Administration of ISIS 388625 in dog was also shown to improve glucose tolerance. Peak plasma glucose levels were decreased by over 50% on average and the subsequent drop in glucose was lessened compared to saline controls in a standard glucose tolerance test. Urinary glucose excretion was also increased.
  • Example 18 In Vivo Testing of Short Antisense Compounds Targeted to SGLT2 Nucleic Acid
  • Twenty 1-10-1 MOE gapmers that are complementary to human/monkey/mouse/rat SGLT2 were designed, synthesized and tested in vivo for suppression of SGLT2 mRNA levels in kidney. Target sites for mouse and rat are indicated in Table 74. Target sites for human are indicated in Tables 4 and 5. Data are averages from two experiments in which male 6-week old Balb/c mice were administered intraperitoneal injections of 350 nmol/kg of oligonucleotide, twice per week, over a period of two weeks (a total of four injections). Mice were sacrificed 48 hours following the last administration and evaluated for SGLT2 mRNA levels in kidney. SGLT2 mRNA levels were determined by quantitative real-time PCR analysis according to standard procedures, using two different PCR primer probe sets, primer probe set (PPS) 534 and PPS 553. SGLT2 mRNA levels were normalized to cyclophilin mRNA levels, which were also measured by quantitative real-time PCR. The results are shown below in Table 74.
  • TABLE 74
    Antisense inhibition of SGLT2 in vivo
    5′ Target 5′ Target
    Site on Site on PPS PPS
    SEQ ID SEQ ID 534 553 SEQ
    ISIS NO: XXX NO: XXX Sequence % % ID
    NO (mouse) (rat) (5′-3′) Motif Saline Saline NO
    PBS N/A
    370717 2684  152 TAGCCACCAACT 1-10-1 −84.4 −84.3 1554
    MOE
    379684 2070   64 TGTCAGCAGGAT 1-10-1 −45.0 −43.2  214
    MOE
    379685 2103   97 TGACCAGCAGGA 1-10-1 −10.3 −20.5  219
    MOE
    379686 2121*  115 ACCACAAGCCAA 1-10-1 −71.9 −75.1  225
    MOE
    379687 2824  216 GATGTTGCTGGC 1-10-1 −47.1 −52.1  230
    MOE
    379688 2876  268 CCAAGCCACTTG 1-10-1 −62.6 −70.4  240
    MOE
    379689  298 AGAGCGCATTCC 1-10-1 −17.5 −30.4  241
    MOE
    379690  415 ACAGGTAGAGGC 1-10-1 −18.9 −22.5  242
    MOE
    379691  454 AGATCTTGGTGA 1-10-1 −35.0 −48.6  243
    MOE
    379692  508 TGTTCCAGCCCA 1-10-1 −88.1 −88.5  246
    MOE
    379693  546 CATGGTGATGCC 1-10-1 −51.6 −59.9  254
    MOE
    379694  609 GACGAAGGTCTG 1-10-1 −42.1 −54.4  264
    MOE
    379695  717 GGACACCGTCAG 1-10-1 −52.5 −64.1  266
    MOE
    379696  954 CAGCTTCAGGTA 1-10-1 −24.6 −36.2  267
    MOE
    379697  982 CTGGCATGACCA 1-10-1 −32.0 −46.3  272
    MOE
    379698 1071 GCAGCCCACCTC 1-10-1 −11.8 −27.0  275
    MOE
    379699 1112 GGCATGAGCTTC 1-10-1 −83.5 −85.8  281
    MOE
    379700 1138 CCAGCATGAGTC 1-10-1  −2.8 −16.4  285
    MOE
    379701 1210 CCATGGTGAAGA 1-10-1  −0.3 −11.9  288
    MOE
    379702 1525 GCACACAGCTGC 1-10-1 −87.8 −89.5  293
    MOE
    379703 1681 GCCGGAGACTGA 1-10-1 −44.2 −45.9  295
    MOE
    *indicates 1 or 2 mismatches to a target sequence
  • Example 19 Antisense Inhibition of Human PCSK9 in Hep3B Cells
  • Short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid were tested for their effects on PCSK9 mRNA in vitro. The short antisense compounds are presented in Table 6. The Isis No, gapmer motif and SEQ ID NO of each short antisense compound are shown again in Table 75. Cultured Hep3B cells were treated with 100 nM of short antisense compound. 5-10-5 MOE gapmers targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid were used as positive controls. After the treatment period, RNA was isolated from the cells and PCSK9 mRNA levels were measured by quantitative real-time PCR, as described herein. PCSK9 mRNA levels were adjusted according to total RNA content as measured by RIBOGREEN®. Results are presented in Table 75 as percent inhibition of PCSK9 (% Inhib), relative to untreated control cells. In the “% nhib” column, a “0” indicates that no reduction of PCSK9 mRNA was observed with that particular short antisense compound.
  • TABLE 75
    Antisense inhibition of PCSK9 by short antisense compounds
    5′ 3′
    Target Target
    Site on Site on %
    ISIS SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID Gapmer Inhibition %
    No. NO NO: 4 NO: 4 Motif Range Inhib
    400297 329 695 708 2-10-2 MOE 0
    400298 330 696 709 2-10-2 MOE 0
    400299 331 697 710 2-10-2 MOE 0
    400300 332 742 755 2-10-2 MOE 9
    400301 333 757 770 2-10-2 MOE 20-30% 27
    400302 334 828 841 2-10-2 MOE 0
    400303 335 829 842 2-10-2 MOE 0
    400304 336 830 843 2-10-2 MOE 10-20% 11
    400305 337 937 950 2-10-2 MOE 30-40% 38
    400306 338 952 965 2-10-2 MOE 40-50% 40
    400307 339 988 1001 2-10-2 MOE 70-80% 76
    400308 340 989 1002 2-10-2 MOE 50-60% 55
    400309 341 990 1003 2-10-2 MOE 40-50% 44
    400310 342 991 1004 2-10-2 MOE 8
    400311 343 992 1005 2-10-2 MOE 10-20% 18
    400312 344 993 1006 2-10-2 MOE 20-30% 28
    400313 345 994 1007 2-10-2 MOE 10-20% 10
    400314 346 1057 1070 2-10-2 MOE 20-30% 26
    400315 347 1075 1088 2-10-2 MOE 0
    400316 348 1076 1089 2-10-2 MOE 8
    400317 349 1077 1090 2-10-2 MOE 7
    400318 350 1078 1091 2-10-2 MOE 20-30% 26
    400319 351 1093 1106 2-10-2 MOE 0
    400320 352 1094 1107 2-10-2 MOE 0
    400321 353 1095 1108 2-10-2 MOE 0
    400322 354 1096 1109 2-10-2 MOE 0
    400323 355 1147 1160 2-10-2 MOE 0
    400324 356 1255 1268 2-10-2 MOE 7
    400325 357 1334 1347 2-10-2 MOE 4
    400326 358 1335 1348 2-10-2 MOE 0
    400327 359 1336 1349 2-10-2 MOE 30-40% 36
    400328 360 1453 1466 2-10-2 MOE 10-20% 13
    400329 361 1454 1467 2-10-2 MOE 10-20% 14
    400330 362 1455 1468 2-10-2 MOE 40-50% 43
    400331 363 1456 1469 2-10-2 MOE 30-40% 35
    400332 364 1569 1582 2-10-2 MOE 0
    400333 365 1570 1583 2-10-2 MOE 0
    400334 366 1571 1584 2-10-2 MOE 0
    400335 367 1572 1585 2-10-2 MOE 0
    400336 368 1573 1586 2-10-2 MOE 4
    400337 369 1574 1587 2-10-2 MOE 0
    400338 370 1575 1588 2-10-2 MOE 9
    400339 371 1576 1589 2-10-2 MOE 0
    400340 372 1577 1590 2-10-2 MOE 0
    400341 373 1578 1591 2-10-2 MOE 0
    400342 374 1621 1634 2-10-2 MOE 0
    400343 375 1622 1635 2-10-2 MOE 0
    400344 376 1623 1636 2-10-2 MOE 0
    400345 377 1624 1637 2-10-2 MOE 0
    400346 378 1738 1751 2-10-2 MOE 5
    400347 379 1739 1752 2-10-2 MOE 0
    400348 380 1740 1753 2-10-2 MOE 0
    400349 381 1741 1754 2-10-2 MOE 10-20% 13
    400350 382 1834 1847 2-10-2 MOE 10-20% 15
    400351 383 1835 1848 2-10-2 MOE 10-20% 14
    400352 384 1836 1849 2-10-2 MOE 20-30% 29
    400353 385 1837 1850 2-10-2 MOE 10-20% 19
    400354 386 1838 1851 2-10-2 MOE 10-20% 19
    400355 387 1839 1852 2-10-2 MOE 0
    400356 388 1840 1853 2-10-2 MOE 0
    400357 389 2083 2096 2-10-2 MOE 0
    400358 390 2084 2097 2-10-2 MOE 10-20% 12
    400359 391 2085 2098 2-10-2 MOE 0
    400360 392 2086 2099 2-10-2 MOE 30-40% 38
    400361 393 2316 2329 2-10-2 MOE 2
    400362 394 2317 2330 2-10-2 MOE 10-20% 16
    400363 395 2318 2331 2-10-2 MOE 8
    400364 396 2319 2332 2-10-2 MOE 0
    400365 397 2320 2333 2-10-2 MOE 20-30% 25
    400366 398 2321 2334 2-10-2 MOE 10-20% 15
    400367 399 2322 2335 2-10-2 MOE 10-20% 12
    400368 400 2323 2336 2-10-2 MOE 10-20% 11
    400369 401 2324 2337 2-10-2 MOE 0
    400370 402 2325 2338 2-10-2 MOE 10-20% 13
    400371 403 3543 3556 2-10-2 MOE 0
  • As illustrated in Table 75, short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid, having a 2-10-2 MOE gapmer motif, reduced PCSK9 mRNA in cultured cells.
  • Short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid were tested in a dose response experiment Hep3B cells. Cells were treated as described herein with nM concentrations of short antisense compound as indicated in Tables 76. After the treatment period, RNA was isolated from the cells and PCSK9 mRNA levels were measured by quantitative real-time PCR, as described herein. PCSK9 mRNA levels were normalized to cyclophilin mRNA levels, as measured by real-time PCR using a cyclophilin-specific primer probe set. Results are presented as percent inhibition of PCSK9, relative to untreated control cells. Also shown is the EC50 (concentration at which 50% reduction of mRNA is observed) for each short antisense compound tested in the dose response experiment, as calculated using Graphpad Prism. As illustrated in the following table, PCSK9 mRNA levels were reduced in a dose-dependent manner.
  • TABLE 76
    Dose-dependent antisense inhibition of PCSK9 by
    short antisense compounds
    % Inhibition
    160 nM 80 nM 40 nM 20 nM 10 nM 5 nM
    5-10-5 95 96 85 78 58 38
    400307 93 92 56 45 39 35
    400308 86 77 40 26 10 31
    400309 78 72 12 38 23 49
    400327 55 43 49 23 37 5
    400330 71 82 69 40 32 8
    400331 82 75 63 47 40 29
    400352 64 63 44 40 16 7
    400353 48 54 43 23 27 15
  • Example 20 Antisense Inhibition of PCSK9 by Short Antisense Compounds Comprising BNAs
  • Short antisense compounds targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid were tested in dose response experiments, in both mouse and human cultured cells. The compounds tested included ISIS 403739 and ISIS 403740. ISIS 403739 is a short antisense compound consisting of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 404 and having a 2-10-2 gapmer motif, where the nucleotides in the wings comprise (6′S)-6′methyl BNA. ISIS 403740 is a short antisense compound consisting of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 405 and having a 2-10-2 gapmer motif, where the nucleotides in the wings comprise (6′S)-6′methyl BNA. Also tested was a 5-10-5 MOE gapmer targeted to a PCSK9 nucleic acid.
  • Mouse hepatocytes were plated and treated as described herein with nM concentrations of short antisense compound as indicated in Table 77. After the treatment period, RNA was isolated from the cells and PCSK9 mRNA levels were measured by quantitative real-time PCR, as described herein. PCSK9 mRNA levels were normalized to cyclophilin mRNA levels, as measured by real-time PCR using a cyclophilin-specific primer probe set. Results are presented as percent inhibition of PCSK9, relative to untreated control cells. Where present, “0” indicates no observed reduction in PCSK9 mRNA. ISIS 403739 exhibited dose-dependent reduction of mouse PCSK9 mRNA at the doses of 30 nM and higher. ISIS 403740 exhibited reduction of mouse PCSK9 mRNA at the two highest doses of short antisense compound.
  • TABLE 77
    Antisense inhibition of mouse PCSK9 by short antisense
    compounds comprising BNAs
    % Inhibition
    3.75
    nM 7.5 nM 15 nM 30 nM 60 nM 120 nM 240 nM
    5-10-5 10 15 21 18 44 43 77
    403739 40 19 29 29 32 49 57
    403740 3 0 29 13 0 40 33
  • Human Hep3B cells were treated with mM concentrations of short antisense compound as described herein. After the treatment period, RNA was isolated from the cells and PCSK9 mRNA levels were measured by quantitative real-time PCR, as described herein. PCSK9 mRNA levels were normalized to cyclophilin mRNA levels, as measured by real-time PCR using a cyclophilin-specific primer probe set. Results are presented as percent inhibition of PCSK9, relative to untreated control cells. The data are shown in Table 78 and demonstrate a dose-dependent reduction in human PCSK9 mRNA following treatment with ISIS 403740. ISIS 403739 exhibited dose-dependent reduction at higher doses.
  • TABLE 78
    Antisense inhibition of mouse PCSK9 by short antisense
    compounds comprising BNAs
    % Inhibition
    2.5 nM 5 nM 10 nM 20 nM 40 nM 80 nM 160 nM
    5-10-5 7 2 21 33 30 59 71
    403739 10 5 7 6 25 52 65
    403740 6 12 16 29 45 48 59
  • Example 21 Antisense Inhibition of GCGR in HepG2 Cells
  • Short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid were tested for their effects on GCGR mRNA in vitro.
  • HepG2 Cells
  • Cultured HepG2 cells at a density of 10000 cells per well in a 96-well plate were treated as described herein with 25, 50, 100 or 200 nM of antisense oligonucleotide. After the treatment period, RNA was isolated from the cells and GCGR mRNA levels were measured by quantitative real-time PCR, as described herein. GCGR mRNA levels were adjusted according to total RNA content as measured by RIBOGREEN®. Results are presented as percent reduction in GCGR mRNA, relative to untreated control cells.
  • Table 79 presents data following treatment with the indicated doses of ISIS 327161, a 3-10-3 MOE gapmer. ISIS 327161 reduced GCGR mRNA in a dose-dependent manner.
  • TABLE 79
    Antisense inhibition of GCGR in HepG2 cells by
    a short antisense compound
    Seq
    ISIS ID Sequence Gapmer 25 50 100 200
    NO. NO (5′-3′) Motif nM nM nM nM
    327161 520 AGCTGCTGTACATC 3-8-3 −36 −30 −33 −64
    MOE
  • Monkey Hepatocytes
  • Additional short antisense compounds targeted to a GCGR nucleic acid were tested for their effects on monkey GCGR mRNA in vitro. Cultured primary monkey hepatocytes were treated as described herein with 25, 50, 100 or 200 nM of short antisense compound. After the treatment period, RNA was isolated from the cells and GCGR mRNA levels were measured by quantitative real-time PCR, as described herein. GCGR mRNA levels were adjusted according to total RNA content as measured by RIBOGREEN®. Results are presented in Table 80 as percent reduction in GCGR mRNA, relative to untreated control cells.
  • TABLE 80
    Antisense inhibition of GCGR in primary monkey
    hepatocytes by short antisense compounds
    Seq
    ISIS ID Sequence Gapmer 25 50 100 200
    NO. NO (5′-3′) Motif nM nM nM nM
    327131 489 ATGTTGGCCGTGGT 3-8-3   0  −8 −36 −36
    MOE
    327161 520 AGCTGCTGTACATC 3-8-3 −19 −33 −55 −54
    MOE
  • Example 22 Antisense Inhibition of DGAT2 by Short Antisense Compounds
  • Short antisense compounds targeted to a DGAT2 nucleic acid were tested for their effects on DGAT2 mRNA in vitro. Cultured A10 cells in a 96-well plate were treated with 75 nM of short antisense compound. After a treatment period of approximately 24 hours, RNA was isolated from the cells and DGAT2 mRNA levels were measured by quantitative real-time PCR, as described herein. DGAT2 mRNA levels were adjusted according to total RNA content as measured by RIBOGREEN®. Results are presented as percent inhibition of DGAT2, relative to untreated control cells in Table 81.
  • TABLE 81
    Antisense inhibition of DGAT2 in A10 cells
    Seq
    ID Gapmer %
    ISIS NO. NO Sequence (5′-3′) Motif Control
    372491 795 ACATGAGGATGACACT 3-10-3 MOE  80
    372500 702 GTGTGTCTTCACCAGC 3-10-3 MOE  16
    372501 704 TTGTGTGTCTTCACCA 3-10-3 MOE  28
    372503 708 GCAGGTTGTGTGTCTT 3-10-3 MOE  35
    372508 719 AGTTCCTGGTGGTCAG 3-10-3 MOE  35
    372516 805 TACAGAAGGCACCCAG 3-10-3 MOE  27
    372524 738 GCCAGGCATGGAGCTC 3-10-3 MOE  21
    372530 746 TCGGCCCCAGGAGCCC 3-10-3 MOE  35
    372546 825 TTGGTCTTGTGATTGT 3-10-3 MOE  34
    372563 691 AGCCAGGTGACAGA 2-10-2 MOE  48
    372569 796 CATGAGGATGACAC 2-10-2 MOE 104
    372578 703 TGTGTCTTCACCAG 2-10-2 MOE  59
    372580 707 GGTTGTGTGTCTTC 2-10-2 MOE  48
    372586 720 GTTCCTGGTGGTCA 2-10-2 MOE  40
    372594 806 ACAGAAGGCACCCA 2-10-2 MOE  77
    372602 739 CCAGGCATGGAGCT 2-10-2 MOE  39
    372618 765 GTGGTACAGGTCGA 2-10-2 MOE  29
    372624 826 TGGTCTTGTGATTG 2-10-2 MOE  56
  • Additional short antisense compounds targeted to DGAT2 mRNA were tested in vitro in a dose-response experiment. A10 cells were prepared as described above and treated with 6.25, 12.5, 25.0, 50.0, 100.0, and 200.0 nM short antisense compounds to determine if DGAT2 inhibition occurs in a dose-dependent manner. The data demonstrate that each of the short antisense compounds presented in Table 82 reduces rat DGAT2 mRNA in a dose-dependent manner. Results are presented as percent inhibition, relative to untreated control cells. A “0” indicates that DGAT2 mRNA was not reduced.
  • TABLE 82
    Dose-Dependent Inhibition of DGAT2 in A10 cells
    Seq
    ISIS ID Sequence Gapmer 6.25 12.5 25.0 50.0 100.0 200.0
    NO. NO (5′-3′) Motif nM nM nM nM nM nM
    372562 784 GTCTTGGAGGGCCG 2-10-2  0 0  0 36 48 75
    MOE
    372568 794 GACACTGCAGGCCA 2-10-2  0 0 15 26 72 69
    MOE
    372586 720 GTTCCTGGTGGTCA 2-10-2 19 0  7 22 45 77
    MOE
    372602 739 CCAGGCATGGAGCT 2-10-2  0 0  0 18 47 76
    MOE
    372618 765 GTGGTACAGGTCGA 2-10-2  0 5  0 27 65 80
    MOE
  • Additional short antisense compounds targeted to DGAT2 mRNA were tested in vitro. A10 cells were prepared as described above and treated with 0.62, 1.85, 5.56, 16.67, 50.0, and 150.0 nM short antisense compounds to determine if DGAT2 inhibition occurs in a dose-dependent manner. DGAT2 mRNA was measured using quantitative real-time PCR, as described herein. The data demonstrate that each of the short antisense compounds presented in Table 83 below inhibit rat DGAT2 mRNA in a dose-dependent manner. Results are presented as percent inhibition of rat DGAT2, relative to untreated control cells. Where present, “0” indicates that no reduction in DGAT2 mRNA was observed.
  • TABLE 83
    Dose-Dependent Inhibition of DGAT2 in A10 cells
    Seq
    ISIS ID Gapmer 0.62 1.85 5.56 16.67 50 150
    NO. NO Sequence (5′-3′) Motif nM nM nM nM nM nM
    372500 702 GTGTGTCTTCACCAGC 3-10-3 0  0  0 18 64 88
    MOE
    372501 704 TTGTGTGTCTTCACCA 3-10-3 1  5 10 11 25 68
    MOE
    372503 708 GCAGGTTGTGTGTCTT 3-10-3 7 10  4 25 54 80
    MOE
    372508 719 AGTTCCTGGTGGTCAG 3-10-3 0  0  6 14 39 71
    MOE
    372516 805 TACAGAAGGCACCCAG 3-10-3 1 10  0  4 35 81
    MOE
    372524 738 GCCAGGCATGGAGCTC 3-10-3 7  0  5 30 68 91
    MOE
    372530 746 TCGGCCCCAGGAGCCC 3-10-3 0  2  0 10 38 78
    MOE
    372546 825 TTGGTCTTGTGATTGT 3-10-3 0  2 11  4 48 78
    MOE
    372563 691 AGCCAGGTGACAGA 2-10-2 0  0  0  1  4 46
    MOE
    372578 703 TGTGTCTTCACCAG 2-10-2 0  0  0  2  7 42
    MOE
    372580 707 GGTTGTGTGTCTTC 2-10-2 0  5  5  3 16 42
    MOE
    372586 720 GTTCCTGGTGGTCA 2-10-2 0  0  0  0  7 55
    MOE
    372594 806 ACAGAAGGCACCCA 2-10-2 0  0  0  0  2 15
    MOE
    372602 739 CCAGGCATGGAGCT 2-10-2 0  0 10  0 19 51
    MOE
    372618 765 GTGGTACAGGTCGA 2-10-2 0  0  0  0 30 60
    MOE
    372624 826 TGGTCTTGTGATTG 2-10-2 0  0  0  1 16 38
    MOE
  • Example 23 Antisense Inhibition of Human PTP1B in HuVEC Cells
  • Short antisense compounds targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid were tested for their effects on PTP1B mRNA in vitro. Cultured HuVEC cells at a density of 5000 cells per well in a 96-well plate were treated as described herein with 3 nM of short antisense compound. After the treatment period, RNA was isolated from the cells and PTP1B mRNA levels were measured by quantitative real-time PCR, as described herein. PTP1B mRNA levels were adjusted according to total RNA content as measured by RIBOGREEN®. Results are presented as percent inhibition of PTP1B (% Inhib), relative to untreated control cells. The data demonstrated that short antisense compounds targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid and having a 2-10-2 gapmer motif can inhibit PTP1B in HuVEC cells in Table 84.
  • TABLE 84
    Antisense inhibition of PTP1B in HuVEC cells by short
    antisense compounds
    ISIS NO. SEQ ID NO Gapmer Motif % Inhib
    399301 1542 2-10-2 OMe 55
    404137 1053 2-10-2 MOE 76
    404138 1054 2-10-2 MOE 76
    404139 1052 2-10-2 MOE 80
    404140 1051 2-10-2 MOE 73
  • Example 24 Antisense Inhibition of Human PTP1B in HepG2 Cells
  • Short antisense compounds targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid were tested for their effects on PTP1B mRNA in vitro. Cultured HepG2 cells at a density of 10000 cells per well in a 96-well plate were treated with 25 nM of antisense oligonucleotide. After the treatment period, RNA was isolated from the cells and PTP1B mRNA levels were measured by quantitative real-time PCR, as described herein. PTP1B mRNA levels were adjusted according to total RNA content as measured by RIBOGREEN®. Results are presented as percent inhibition (% Ihib) of PTP1B, relative to untreated control cells. The data demonstrated that short antisense compounds targeted to a PTP1B nucleic acid and having a 2-10-2 gapmer motif can inhibit PTP1B in HepG2 cells in Table 85.
  • TABLE 85
    Antisense inhibition of PTP1B in HepG2 cells by short
    antisense compounds
    ISIS NO. SEQ ID NO Gapmer Motif % Inhib
    399301 1542 2-10-2 OMe 43
    404137 1053 2-10-2 MOE 71
    404138 1054 2-10-2 MOE 86
    404139 1052 2-10-2 MOE 45
    404140 1051 2-10-2 MOE 93
  • Example 25 Antisense Inhibition of PTP1B in HuVEC Cells: Dose Response Experiment
  • Human vascular endothelial (HuVEC) cells were plated at a density of 5000 cells per well and treated as described herein with nM concentrations of short antisense compound as indicated in Table 86. After the treatment period, RNA was isolated from the cells and PTP1B mRNA levels were measured by quantitative real-time PCR, as described herein. PTP1B mRNA levels were adjusted according to total RNA content as measured by RIBOGREEN®. Two different human PTP1B primer probe sets were used to measure mRNA levels. Results with Primer Probe Set (PPS) 198 are shown in Table 86, and results with Primer Probe Set (PPS) 3000 are shown in Table 87. Results are presented as percent inhibition of PTP1B mRNA expression relative to untreated control cells. Where present, “0” indicates that no PTP1B mRNA reduction was observed. As illustrated in Tables 86 and 87, PTP1B mRNA levels were reduced in a dose-dependent manner.
  • TABLE 86
    Dose Response for Human PTP1B in HuVEC cells, using PPS 198
    % Inhibition
    Seq ID Gapmer 1.11 30.0
    ISIS NO. NO Motif nM 3.33 nM 10.0 nM nM
    398105 1066 2-10-2 MOE 0 25 79 90
    398112 1072 2-10-2 MOE 1 10 73 93
    398120 1086 2-10-2 MOE 0 31 80 96
    399096 1544 2-10-2 MOE 3 30 78 96
    399102 1545 2-10-2 MOE 0 15 62 88
    399113 1547 2-10-2 MOE 0 31 72 90
    399132 1548 2-10-2 MOE 0 32 75 95
    399173 1549 2-10-2 MOE 0 24 63 89
    399208 1550 2-10-2 MOE 0 37 86 93
    399276 1551 2-10-2 MOE 0 8 61 89
    399301 1542 2-10-2 MOE 8 63 91 97
    399315 1552 2-10-2 MOE 0 20 68 88
    398173 1543 1-10-1 MOE 0 4 80 97
  • TABLE 87
    Dose Response for Human PTP1B in HuVEC cells, using PPS 3000
    % Inhibition
    Seq ID Gapmer 1.11 30.0
    ISIS NO. NO Motif nM 3.33 nM 10.0 nM nM
    398105 1066 2-10-2 MOE 0 35 79 93
    398112 1072 2-10-2 MOE 0 26 77 94
    398120 1086 2-10-2 MOE 0 35 79 93
    399096 1544 2-10-2 MOE 0 23 75 94
    399102 1545 2-10-2 MOE 0 9 60 87
    399113 1547 2-10-2 MOE 0 9 65 90
    399132 1548 2-10-2 MOE 0 26 76 91
    399173 1549 2-10-2 MOE 0 11 59 92
    399208 1550 2-10-2 MOE 0 47 85 96
    399276 1551 2-10-2 MOE 0 14 64 86
    399301 1542 2-10-2 MOE 16 65 93 99
    399315 1552 2-10-2 MOE 0 25 71 93
    398173 1543 1-10-1 MOE 0 18 80 90
  • Example 26 Antisense Inhibition of ApoB by Short Antisense Compounds
  • The short antisense compounds shown in Table 88 were tested for their effects in vivo. Six-week old male Balb/c mice (Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Me.) were administered intraperitoneal doses of 3.2, 1, 0.32, or 0.1 umol/kg, twice per week for three weeks. A 5-10-5 MOE gapmer was used for a control treatment. Mice were sacrificed approximately 48 hours following the final dose. Liver tissue was collected for RNA isolation, and blood was collected for serum chemistry analyses. ApoB mRNA levels were measured by real-time PCR as described herein. ApoB mRNA levels were normalized to RNA levels as determined by RIBOGREEN, and are presented in Table 89 as percent inhibition relative to ApoB mRNA levels in saline-treated control animals.
  • TABLE 88
    Short Antisense Compounds Targeting an ApoB
    nucleic acid
    SEQ
    ISIS Sequence ID
    NO (5′-3′) Gapmer Motif NO
    387462 GGTACATGGAAGTC 2-10-2 Methyleneoxy BNA 190
    398296 GGTACATGGAAGTC 2-10-2 190
    6′-(S)-methyl Methyleneoxy
    BNA
  • TABLE 89
    Antisense inhibition of ApoB by Short Antisense Compounds
    Comprising BNA
    Dose
    Isis No (umol/kg) % Inhib
    379818 1 56
    387462 0.1 33
    0.32 57
    1 93
    3.2 99
    398296 0.1 17
    0.32 35
    1 80
    3.2 98
  • Table 89 shows that ApoB mRNA levels were reduced in a dose-dependent manner following treatment with short antisense compounds having a 2-10-2 gapmer motif and BNA modifications in the wings. At the 1 umol/kg dose, ApoB inhibition by the short antisense compounds was greater than observed with a 5-10-5 MOE gapmer at an equivalent dose. Cholesterol was reduced at the 1 and 3.2 umol/kg doses of short antisense compound.
  • The short antisense compounds exhibited little to no adverse side effects, as judged by organ and body weights, serum transaminases, bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine.
  • Example 27 Antisense Inhibition of PTEN by Short Antisense Compounds
  • The short antisense compounds shown in Table 90 were tested for their effects in vivo. Six-week old male Balb/c mice (Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Me.) were administered intraperitoneal doses of 3.2, 1, 0.32, or 0.1 umol/kg, twice per week for three weeks. A 5-10-5 MOE gapmer was used for a control treatment. Mice were sacrificed approximately 48 hours following the final dose. Liver tissue was collected for RNA isolation, and blood was collected for serum chemistry analyses. PTEN mRNA levels were measured by real-time PCR as described herein. PTEN mRNA levels were normalized to RNA levels as determined by RIBOGREEN, and are presented in Table 91 as percent inhibition relative to PTEN mRNA levels in saline-treated control animals.
  • TABLE 90
    Short Antisense Compounds targeted to a PTEN
    nucleic acid
    SEQ
    ISIS Sequence ID
    NO (5′-3′) Gapmer Motif NO
    392063 AGGCCAGTGCTAAG 2-10-2 Methyleneoxy BNA 1226
    392749 AGGCCAGTGCTAAG 2-10-2 1226
    (6′S)-6′-methyl
    Methyleneoxy BNA
    396006 AGGCCAGTGCTAAG 2-10-2 1226
    alpha-L-methyleneoxy BNA
  • TABLE 91
    Antisense inhibition of PTEN by short antisense compounds
    comprising BNA modifications
    Dose
    Isis No (umol/kg) % Inhib
    116847 1 47
    392063 0.1 26
    0.32 43
    1 74
    3.2 96
    392749 0.1 17
    0.32 34
    1 64
    3.2 96
    396006 0.1 20
    0.32 32
    1 67
    3.2 88
  • Table 91 shows that PTEN mRNA levels were reduced in a dose-dependent manner following treatment with short antisense compounds having a 2-10-2 gapmer motif and BNA modifications in the wings. At the 1 umol/kg dose, PTEN inhibition by the short antisense compounds was greater than observed with a 5-10-5 MOE gapmer at an equivalent dose.
  • With the exception of the highest dose of ISIS 392063, no significant increases in serum transaminases were observed. Overall, the short antisense compounds exhibited little to no adverse side effects.
  • Example 28 Single Dose Administration of Short Antisense Compounds Comprising BNA Modifications
  • Six-week old male Balb/c mice (Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Me.) were administered a single intraperitoneal injection of short antisense compound at a dose of 8, 4, 2 or 1 pμmol/kg. The short antisense compounds tested were ISIS 387462 and ISIS 398296. Each dose group consisted of four animals. A 5-10-5 MOE gapmer was used for a control treatment. Mice were sacrificed approximately 48 hours following the final dose. Liver tissue was collected for RNA isolation, and blood was collected for serum chemistry analyses. ApoB mRNA levels were measured by real-time PCR as described herein. ApoB mRNA levels were normalized to RNA levels as determined by RIBOGREEN, and are presented in Table 92 as percent inhibition relative to ApoB mRNA levels in saline-treated control animals.
  • TABLE 92
    Antisense inhibition of ApoB by Short Antisense Compounds
    Comprising BNA
    Dose
    Isis No (umol/kg) % Inhib
    379818 8 77
    387462 8 99
    4 93
    2 81
    1 58
    398296 8 97
    4 81
    2 54
    1 19
  • Table 92 shows that ApoB mRNA levels were reduced in a dose-dependent manner following a single administration of short antisense compounds having a 2-10-2 gapmer motif and BNA modifications in the wings. At the 8 umol/kg dose, ApoB inhibition by the short antisense compounds was greater than observed with a 5-10-5 MOE gapmer at an equivalent dose. The ED50 of ISIS 387462 was 3.9 mg/kg, and the ED50 of ISIS 398296 was 8.7 mg/kg. Cholesterol was also reduced in a dose-dependent manner. Triglycerides were reduced at the highest dose.
  • The short antisense compounds exhibited little to no adverse side effects, as judged by organ and body weights, serum transaminases, bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine.
  • In a similar single dose administration study, ISIS 392748, having SEQ ID NO: 1226, a 2-10-2 gapmer motif, where the nucleotides of the wings comprise (6′R)-6′-methyl methyleneoxy BNA modifications, reduced PTEN mRNA in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, ISIS 392749, having SEQ ID NO: 1226, a 2-10-2 gapmer motif, where the nucleotides of the wings comprise (6′S)-6′-methyl methyleneoxy BNA modifications, reduced PTEN mRNA in a dose-dependent manner. A short antisense compound having 2-10-2 gapmer motifs, the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1226, and 6-(S)—CH2—O—CH3-BNA modifications also reduced PTEN mRNA in a similar in vivo study. A short antisense compound having 2-10-2 gapmer motifs, the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1226, and 6-(R)—CH2—O—CH3-BNA modifications also reduced PTEN mRNA in a similar in vivo study.
  • Example 29 Single Dose Administration of Short Antisense Compounds Comprising BNA Modifications
  • Six-week old male Balb/c mice (Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Me.) were administered a single intraperitoneal injection of antisense compound at a dose of 8, 4, 2 or 1 pμmol/kg. Each dose group consisted of four animals. The compounds tested were ISIS 392063, ISIS 392749, and ISIS 366006. A 5-10-5 MOE gapmer was used for a control treatment. Mice were sacrificed approximately 48 hours following the final dose. Liver tissue was collected for RNA isolation, and blood was collected for serum chemistry analyses. ApoB mRNA levels were measured by real-time PCR as described herein. ApoB mRNA levels were normalized to RNA levels as determined by RIBOGREEN, and are presented in Table 93 as percent inhibition relative to ApoB mRNA levels in saline-treated control animals.
  • TABLE 93
    Antisense inhibition of PTEN by short antisense compounds
    comprising BNA modifications
    Dose
    Isis No (umol/kg) % Inhib
    116847 8 62
    392063 8 92
    4 82
    2 58
    1 38
    396565 8 76
    4 38
    2 24
    1 11
    396006 8 94
    4 82
    2 48
    1 18
  • Table 93 shows that PTEN mRNA levels were reduced in a dose-dependent manner following treatment with short antisense compounds having a 2-10-2 gapmer motif and BNA modifications in the wings. At the 8 umol/kg dose, PTEN inhibition by the short antisense compounds was greater than observed with a 5-10-5 MOE gapmer at an equivalent dose. The estimated ED50s were 7 mg/kg for ISIS 392063, 17.4 mg/kg for ISIS 396565, and 9.3 mg/kg for ISIS 396006.
  • With the exception of the highest dose of ISIS 392063, no significant increases in serum transaminases were observed. Overall, the short antisense compounds exhibited little to no adverse side effects.
  • Example 30 Antisense Inhibition of ApoB by Short Antisense Compounds Comprising Palmitic Acid Conjugates
  • Six-week old male Balb/c mice (Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Me.) were administered a single intraperitoneal injection of antisense compound at a dose of 2.5, 1.0. 0.4, and 0.16 umol/kg. Each dose group consisted of four animals. The compounds tested are shown in Table 94. A 5-10-5 MOE gapmer was used for a control treatment. Mice were sacrificed approximately 48 hours following the final dose. Liver tissue was collected for RNA isolation, and blood was collected for serum chemistry analyses. ApoB mRNA levels were measured by real-time PCR as described herein. ApoB mRNA levels were normalized to RNA levels as determined by RIBOGREEN, and are presented in Table 95 as percent inhibition relative to ApoB mRNA levels in saline-treated control animals.
  • TABLE 94
    Short antisense compounds comprising palmitic
    conjugates
    SEQ
    ISIS Sequence ID
    NO (5′-3′) Gapmer Motif NO
    387462 GGTACATGGAAGTC 2-10-2 Methyleneoxy BNA 190
    391871 GGTACATGGAAGTC 1-1-10-2 2′-(butylaceto- 190
    mido)-palmitamide/MOE/
    MOE Unmodified cytosines
    in gap (i.e., 2-10-2 MOE
    with 2′-(butylaceto-
    mido)-palmitamide sub-
    stituted at 5′
    nucleotide
    391872 GGTACATGGAAGTC 1-1-10-2 2′-(butylaceto- 190
    mido) palmitamide Meth-
    yleneoxy BNA/Methylene-
    oxy BNA Unmodified
    cytosines in gap (i.e.,
    2-10-2 methyleneoxy BNA
    with 2′-(butylaceto-
    mido)-palmitamide sub-
    stituted at 5′
    nucleotide)
  • TABLE 95
    Antisense inhibition by short antisense compounds comprising
    palmitic acid conjugates
    Dose
    Isis No (umol/kg) % Inhib
    5-10-5 2.5 54
    387462 2.5 99
    1.0 91
    0.4 65
    0.16 16
    391871 2.5 49
    1.0 18
    0.4 5
    0.16 0
    391872 2.5 99
    1.0 92
    0.4 50
    0.16 18
  • Table 95 shows that ApoB mRNA levels were reduced in a dose-dependent manner following treatment with short antisense compounds having a palmitic acid (C16) conjugate. At the 2.5 umol/kg dose, ApoB inhibition by the short antisense compounds was greater than observed with a 5-10-5 MOE gapmer at an equivalent dose. In this study, the estimated ED50s were 1.5 mg/kg for ISIS 387462, 13.1 mg/kg for ISIS 391871, and 1.9 mg/kg for ISIS 391872. The estimated ED50 for the 5-10-5 MOE gapmer was 17.4 mg/kg. Triglycerides were reduced at the 2.5 and 1.0 mg/kg doses of ISIS 387462 and ISIS 391872. ISIS 387462 and ISIS 391872 markedly reduced total cholesterol, HDL-C and LDL-C in a dose-dependent manner; reduction in LDL-C was so marked that it fell below the limit of detection. Overall, the short antisense compounds exhibited little to no adverse effects.
  • Example 31 Antisense Inhibition of PCSK9 In Vivo by Short Antisense Compounds Comprising BNA Modifications
  • Six-week old male Balb/c mice (Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Me.) were administered a single intraperitoneal injection of antisense compound at a dose of 15, 4.7, 1.5 and 0.47 umol/kg of ISIS 403739 or 403740. Each dose group consisted of four animals. A 5-10-5 MOE gapmer was used for a control treatment. Mice were sacrificed approximately 72 hours following the final dose. Liver tissue was collected for RNA isolation, and blood was collected for serum chemistry analyses. PCSK9 mRNA levels were measured by real-time PCR as described herein. PCSK9 mRNA levels were normalized to cyclophilin mRNA levels as determined by real-time PCR. ISIS 403739 reduced PCSK9 mRNA by approximately 70%, relative to saline controls. ISIS 403740 reduced PCSK9 by approximately 13% relative to saline controls, however, the reduction was not statistically significant. The lower doses did not significantly reduce PCSK9 mRNA. Overall, the short antisense compounds exhibited little to no adverse side effects.

Claims (52)

1. A short antisense compound 8 to 16 monomers in length, comprising a 2′-deoxyribonucleotide gap region flanked on each side by a wing, wherein each wing independently comprises 1 to 3 high-affinity modified monomers and wherein the short antisense compound is targeted to a nucleotide encoding SGLT2.
2. The short antisense compound of claim 1, wherein said high-affinity modified monomers are sugar-modified nucleotides.
3. The short antisense compound of claim 2, wherein at least one of the sugar-modified nucleotides comprises a bridge between the 4′ and the 2′ position of the sugar.
4. The short antisense compound of claim 2, wherein each of said high-affinity modified nucleotides confers a ΔTm of 1 to 4 degrees per nucleotide.
5. The short antisense compound of claim 2, wherein each of said sugar-modified nucleotides comprises a 2′-substituent group that is other than H or OH.
6. The short antisense compound of claim 5, wherein at least one of said sugar-modified nucleotides is a 4′ to 2′ bridged bicyclic nucleotide.
7. The short antisense compound of claim 5, wherein each of the 2′-substituent groups is, independently, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, or halogen.
8. The short antisense compound of claim 7, wherein each of the 2′-substituent groups is OCH2CH2OCH3.
9. The short antisense compound claim 3, wherein the conformation of each of said sugar-modified nucleotides is, independently, β-D or α-L.
10. The short antisense compound claim 5, wherein each of said bridges independently comprises 1 or from 2 to 4 linked groups independently selected from
—[C(R1)(R2)]n—, —C(R1)═C(R2)—, —C(R1)═N—, —C(═NR1)—, —C(═O)—, —C(═S)—, —O—, —Si(R1)2—, —S(═O)x— and —N(R1)—;
wherein
x is 0, 1, or 2;
n is 1, 2, 3, or 4;
each R1 and R2 is, independently, H, a protecting group, hydroxyl, C1-C12 alkyl, substituted C1-C12 alkyl, C2-C12 alkenyl, substituted C2-C12 alkenyl, C2-C12 alkynyl, substituted C2-C12 alkynyl, C5-C20 aryl, substituted C5-C20 aryl, heterocycle radical, substituted heterocycle radical, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, C5-C7 alicyclic radical, substituted C5-C7 alicyclic radical, halogen, OJ1, NJ1J2, SJ1, N3, COOJ1, acyl (C(═O)—H), substituted acyl, CN, sulfonyl (S(═O)2-J1), or sulfoxyl (S(═O)-J1); and
each J1 and J2 is, independently, H, C1-C12 alkyl, substituted C1-C12 alkyl, C2-C12 alkenyl, substituted C2-C12 alkenyl, C2-C12 alkynyl, substituted C2-C12 alkynyl, C5-C20 aryl, substituted C5-C20 aryl, acyl (C(═O)—H), substituted acyl, a heterocycle radical, a substituted heterocycle radical, C1-C12 aminoalkyl, substituted C1-C12 aminoalkyl or a protecting group.
11. The short antisense compound of claim 10, wherein each of said bridges is, independently, 4′-CH2-2′,4′-(CH2)2-2′,4′-CH2—O-2′,4′-(CH2)2—O-2′,4′-CH2—O—N(R1)-2′ and 4′-CH2—N(R1)—O-2′- wherein each R1 is, independently, H, a protecting group or C1-C12 alkyl.
12. The short antisense compound of claim 1, wherein each of the high-affinity modified monomer is independently selected from bicyclic nucleotides or other 2′-modified nucleotides.
13. The short antisense compound of claim 12, wherein the 2′-modified nucleotides are selected from halogen, allyl, amino, azido, thio, O-allyl, O—C1-C10alkyl, —OCF3, O—(CH2)2—O—CH3, 2′-O(CH2)2SCH3, O—(CH2)2—O—N(Rm)(Rn) or O—CH2—C(═O)—N(Rm)(Rn), where each Rm and Rn is, independently, H or substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl.
14. The short antisense compound of claim 13, wherein the 2′-modified nucleotide is a 2′-OCH2CH2OCH3 nucleotide.
15. The short antisense compound of claim 1, wherein at least one monomeric linkage is a modified monomeric linkage.
16. The antisense compound of claim 15, wherein the modified monomeric linkage is a phosphorothioate linkage.
17. The short antisense compound of claim 1, wherein each monomeric linkage is a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage.
18. The short antisense compound of claim 1, that is 8-15 monomers in length.
19. The short antisense compound of claim 18 that is 9-15 monomers in length.
20. The short antisense compound of claim 18 that is 10-15 monomers in length.
21. The short antisense compound of claim 18 that is 9-14 monomers in length.
22. The short antisense compound of claim 18 that is 10-14 monomers in length.
23. The short antisense compound of claim 18 that is 9-13 monomers in length.
24. The short antisense compound of claim 18 that is 10-13 monomers in length.
25. The short antisense compound of claim 18 that is 9-12 monomers in length.
26. The short antisense compound of claim 18 that is 10-12 monomers in length.
27. The short antisense compound of claim 18 that is 9-11 monomers in length.
28. The short antisense compound of claim 18 that is 10-11 monomers in length.
29. The short antisense compound of claim 18 that is 8 monomers in length.
30. The short antisense compound of claim 18 that is 9 monomers in length.
31. The short antisense compound of claim 18 that is 10 monomers in length.
32. The short antisense compound of claim 18 that is 11 monomers in length.
33. The short antisense compound of claim 18 that is 12 monomers in length.
34. The short antisense compound of claim 18 that is 13 monomers in length.
35. The short antisense compound of claim 18 that is 14 monomers in length.
36. The short antisense compound of claim 18 that is 15 monomers in length.
37. The short antisense compound of claim 18 that is 16 monomers in length.
38. The short antisense compound of claim 1, having a motif selected from 1-12-1; 3-10-3; 2-10-3; 2-10-2; 1-10-1; 1-10-2; 3-8-3; 2-8-2; 1-8-1; 3-6-3; and 1-6-11 wherein, the first number represents the number of monomers in the 5′-wing, the second number represents the number of monomers in the gap, and the third number represents the number of monomers in the 3′ wing.
39. The short antisense compound of claim 38 wherein the motif is selected from 1-10-1; 2-10-2; 3-10-3; and 1-9-2.
40. The short antisense compound of claim 1 having a motif selected from 1-1-10-2, 1-1-8-2, 1-1-6-3, and 1-2-8-2, wherein the first number represents the number of monomers in a first 5′ wing, the second number represents the number of monomers in a second 5′ wing, the third number represents the number of monomers in the gap, and the fourth number represents the number of monomers in the 3′ wing.
41. The short antisense compound of claim 1 having a motif selected from 2-10-1-1, 2-8-1-1, 3-6-1-1, and 2-8-2-1, wherein the first number represents the number of monomers in the 5′ wing, the second number represents the number of monomers in the gap, the third number represents the number of monomers in a first 3′ wing, and the fourth number represents the number of monomers in a second 3′ wing.
42. The short antisense compound of claim 1 having a motif selected from 1-2-10-1-1; 1-1-8-1-1; 2-1-6-1-1; and 1-2-8-2-1, wherein the first number represents the number of monomers in a first 5′ wing, the second number represents the number of monomers in a second 5′ wing, the third number represents the number of monomers in the gap, the fourth number represents the number of monomers in a first 3′ wing and the fifth number represents the number of monomers in a second 3′wing.
43. A method of modulating expression of SGLT2 by contacting an SGLT2 nucleic acid with a short antisense compound.
44. The method of claim 43 wherein the SGLT2 nucleic acid is in a cell.
45. The method of claim 44, wherein the SGLT2 nucleic acid is in an animal.
46. The method of claim 45, wherein the animal is a human.
47. The method of claim 43, wherein the short antisense compound is the short antisense compound of claim 1.
48. Use of the short antisense compound of claim 1 for the preparation of a medicament for reducing the expression of SGLT2 RNA in an animal.
49. The use of claim 50, wherein the medicament treats a metabolic disorder in an animal.
50. The use of claim 51, wherein the medicament increases insulin sensitivity, decreases blood glucose and/or decreases HbA1c in the animal.
51. A method of inhibiting expression of SGLT2 RNA in an animal, comprising administering to said animal the short antisense compound of claim 1.
52. A method of treating a metabolic disorder in an animal, comprising administering to an animal in need of such therapy the short antisense compound of claim 1.
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