US20100091927A1

US20100091927A1 - Clock and Data Recovery (CDR) Using Phase Interpolation

Info

Publication number: US20100091927A1
Application number: US12/511,365
Authority: US
Inventors: William W. Walker; H. Anders Kristensson; Nikola Nedovic; Nestor Tzartzanis
Original assignee: Fujitsu Ltd
Current assignee: Fujitsu Ltd
Priority date: 2008-07-29
Filing date: 2009-07-29
Publication date: 2010-04-15
Also published as: US8718217B2

Abstract

In one embodiment, a circuit includes a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) configured to generate k first clock signals that each have a first phase based on a charge-pump control voltage signal; one or more phase interpolators (PIs) configured to receive the k first clock signals and one or more first feedback controls signals and generate m second clock signals that each have a second phase based on the k first clock signals and the one or more first feedback control signals; a first phase detector (PD) configured to receive the m second clock signals and generate the one or more first feedback control signals based on the m second clock signals; a second PD configured to generate one or more second feedback control signals based on the m second clock signals; and a charge pump configured to output the charge-pump control voltage signal based on the second feedback control signals.

Description

RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit, under 35 U.S.C. §119(e), of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/084,483, entitled Clock and Data Recovery System Using Phase Interpolation, filed 29 Jul. 2008.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates generally to signal communication.

BACKGROUND

CDR circuits (or systems) are generally used to sample an incoming data signal, extract the clock from the incoming data signal, and retime the sampled data. A phase-locked loop (PLL)-based CDR circuit is a conventional type of CDR circuit. By way of example, in a conventional PLL based CDR, a phase detector compares the phase between input data bits from a serial input data stream and a clock signal from a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). In response to the phase difference between the input data and the clock, the phase detector generates signals UP and DN. A charge pump drives a current to or from a loop filter according to the UP and DN signals. The loop filter generates a control voltage V_CTRLfor the VCO based on the UP and DN signals. The loop acts as a feedback control system that tracks the phase of input data stream with the phase of the clock that the loop generates. The dynamics of the loop are generally determined by the open loop gain and the location of open loop zeroes and poles (predominantly in the loop filter).
When multiple phases of a periodic signal are needed, such as with a clock signal used for clock and data recovery (CDR), a challenge is to accurately generate these multiple phases. Conventionally, delay-locked loops (DLL) and phase interpolators (PI) have been used to generate the needed phases in conjunction with conventional voltage-controlled oscillators. One problem with these devices is the accuracy obtained when generating phases having intermediate degree increments.
Various applications such as DLLs, 90 degree shifters, phase interpolators, and generators of adjustable clock phases require a high-speed phase detector whose output is zero for a 90 degree or other non-zero phase offset between inputs. The speed of conventional phase detectors, such as a phase and frequency detector (PFD) or an Alexander Detector, are limited by the speed of the flip-flops which are their integral parts. In addition, these conventional phase detectors are designed to output zero for nominal zero input phase offset, and are typically asymmetric in that the output of such phase detectors has a built-in phase offset between its inputs. The phase offset output from the phase detector typically cannot be compensated.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an example CDR circuit.

FIG. 2 illustrates another example CDR circuit.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example half-rate CDR circuit.

FIG. 4 illustrates another example CDR circuit.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example quarter-rate CDR circuit.

FIG. 6 illustrate an example phase interpolator block.

FIG. 7 illustrates an example phase interpolator.

FIG. 8A illustrates an example phase detector.

FIG. 8B illustrates another example phase detector.

FIG. 9A illustrates a circuit schematic of an example Gilbert cell.

FIG. 9B illustrates a symbol of an example Gilbert cell equivalent to that of FIG. 7A.

FIG. 9C illustrates a phase characteristic of the example Gilbert cell of FIG. 7A.

FIG. 10A illustrates an example circuit arrangement of Gilbert cells.

FIG. 10B illustrates a phase characteristic of the example arrangement of FIG. 8A.

FIG. 11 illustrates an example phase detector circuit.

FIG. 12 illustrates an example phase detector circuit.

DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS

Particular embodiments relate to a clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit. Particular embodiments relate to a CDR circuit that includes a phase interpolator integrated with a phase detector. Particular embodiments relate to the generation of an 8-phase clock signal from a 4-phase clock signal for use as a sampling clock signal in a 40 Gb/s quarter-rate CDR circuit. Particular embodiments relate to a 10 GHz phase interpolator for a 40 Gb/s CDR circuit. Particular embodiments relate to a phase detector that is symmetric with respect to the inputs to the phase detector. Particular embodiments relate to a high-speed phase detector for periodic input signals (e.g., clock signals). Particular embodiments relate to a phase detector having an output that is zero for a 90° or other non-zero phase offset between the inputs to the phase detector. Particular embodiments further relate to the use of parallel cross-coupled Gilbert cells for use in a phase detector. In particular embodiments, the signals described below are differential signals where appropriate. In particular embodiments, various signals described below are periodic signals, where appropriate.
FIG. 1 illustrates an example CDR circuit that includes a phase detector (PD) 102, a charge pump 104, a loop filter 106, and a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) 108, each of which may include one or more sub-circuits or sub-blocks. In particular embodiments, PD 102 receives as input one or more input data streams D_inas well as a multi-phase clock signal, VCO.Clk, from VCO 108. Here it should be noted that, in general, an m-phase clock signal actually includes m clock signals, each having different relative phase and each transmitted over, for example, a corresponding wire to PD 102. PD 102 is used to sample the data in the one or more input data streams D_inmultiple times within each VCO.Clk clock cycle, whereas VCO 108 is used to generate the appropriate clock phases for the multi-phase signal VCO.Clk that control the timing of the sampling. In typical CDRs, the data is sampled twice per cycle: at the data transition point (edge sample) and at the middle of the cycle (center sample).
In particular embodiments, to relax the bandwidth requirements in PD 102 and VCO 108, the operating frequency of the CDR may be 1/n of the data rate of D_in, which requires that PD 102 receive multiple clock phases. By way of example, half-rate CDR architectures require four clock phases (e.g., 0°, 90° (π/2), 180° (π), and 270° (3π/2)) and quarter-rate CDR architectures require eight clock phases (e.g., 0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, 180°, 225°, 270°, and 315°). In general, 1/n-rate CDR architectures require m=2×n clock phases. Furthermore, other CDR architectures may require more than two samples per clock cycle. By way of example, if j samples per clock cycle are required, then the corresponding 1/n-rate CDR would require m=j×n clock phases. For purposes of simplified illustration of example embodiments, the following disclosure focuses on embodiments utilizing conventional CDRs with one edge and one center sample per cycle (m=2×n).
Generally, one requirement of a CDR is the capability to adjust the decision phase (i.e., the center sample time relative to the edge sample). In particular embodiments, this phase adjustment functionality may be implemented with the use of a phase interpolator (PI) block 210 connected between PD 102 and VCO 108, as illustrated in FIG. 2. A phase interpolator generally receives two input signals separated by a phase offset (e.g., 90°) and generates an output signal having a phase in between the phases of the two input signals depending on a control signal. In particular embodiments, PI block 210 receives as inputs an m-phase clock signal, VCO.Clk, generated from VCO 108 as well as a control input, phAdj, and produces an m-phase clock signal PI.Clk that is then fed to PD 102 for use in sampling the input data stream D_in. The input phAdj determines the sign and magnitude of the phase adjustment.
FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a half-rate CDR circuit. The circuit of FIG. 3 is a special case of the circuit of FIG. 2 in which VCO 108 generates a 4-phase clock signal VCO.Clk. VCO.Clk includes clock signals φ₀, φ₉₀, φ₁₈₀, and φ₂₇₀, having phases of approximately 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°, respectively (note that there is a 90° phase difference between the individual signals). PI block 210 receives the clock signals φ₀, φ₉₀, φ₁₈₀, and φ₂₇₀and outputs four phase-interpolated clock signals Φ₀, Φ₉₀, Φ₁₈₀, and Φ₂₇₀, which have phases of approximately 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°, respectively. In particular embodiments, the four phase-interpolated clock signals may have phase differences with respect to each other that are not 90°. PI block 210 may skew phases (such as, for example, Φ₉₀and Φ₂₇₀with respect to Φ₀and Φ₁₈₀) to support phase adjustment capability, as described above. Note that since VCO.Clk represents differential signals, φ₀and φ₁₈₀may represent one differential pair, φ₉₀and φ₂₇₀may represent one differential pair, Φ₀and Φ₁₈₀may represent one differential pair, and Φ₉₀and Φ₂₇₀may represent one differential pair. Thus, VCO.Clk may actually include two differential signals in practice.
High data rate CDRs are often implemented as quarter-rate architectures with inductor-capacitor (LC)-based VCOs. By way of example, high data rates may refer to data rates equal or greater than 10 Gb/s, equal or greater than 20 Gb/s, or equal or greater than 40 Gb/s. Quarter-rate CDRs generally require eight or more clock phases, the generation and delivery of which present numerous difficulties using LC-based VCOs, partly due to the number of inductors required. LC-based VCOs can relatively easily produce two or four clock phases, but become difficult to deal with when more phases (e.g., 8, 12 or more) are required.
In particular embodiments, the generation of the extra intermediate phases needed for, by way of example, quarter-rate CDRs, is combined with the phase adjustment requirement using a single PI block 410 as illustrated in FIG. 4. Particular embodiments use a low noise oscillator such as an LC-based VCO 102 as a k-phase clock generator to generate a k-phase clock signal (where k≧2) input to PI block 410. In particular embodiments, PI block 410 receives the k-phase clock signal from VCO 108 and produces an m-phase clock signal for use by phase detector 402, where m≠k (unlike previous conventional CDR architectures that produce the same number of phases as are received).
FIG. 5 illustrates an example embodiment of a quarter-rate CDR circuit. In the illustrated embodiment, VCO 508 produces a 4-phase clock signal including clock signals φ₀, φ₉₀, φ₁₈₀, and φ₂₇₀, having phases of approximately 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°, respectively. These four clock signals φ₀, φ₉₀, φ₁₈₀, and φ₂₇₀are input to PI block 510, which, in the illustrated embodiment, outputs an 8-phase clock signal that includes clock signals Φ₀, Φ₉₀, Φ₁₈₀, and Φ₂₇₀, having phases of approximately 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°, respectively, along with four additional intermediately-phased clock signals Φ₄₅, Φ₁₃₅, Φ₂₂₅, and Φ₃₁₅, having phases of approximately 45°, 135°, 225°, and 315°, respectively. Although this example describes 4-to-8 phase generation, the present disclosure is intended to cover the generation of m=k+l phases from a k-phase clock signal. Using PI block 510 to generate the additional intermediately-phases clock signals reduces/relaxes the requirements of VCO 508 in terms of the number of clock phases output from VCO 508. In particular embodiments, PI block 510 may also be used to adjust the decision clocks based on the phAdj control input by introducing a static phase offset. Again, it should be noted that, in particular embodiments, since VCO.Clk represents differential signals, φ₀and φ₁₈₀may represent one differential pair, φ₉₀and φ₂₇₀may represent one differential pair, Φ₀and Φ₁₈₀may represent one differential pair, and Φ₉₀and Φ₂₇₀may represent one differential pair, Φ₄₅and Φ₂₂₅may represent one differential pair, and Φ₁₃₅and Φ₃₁₅may represent one differential pair. Thus, VCO.Clk may actually include two differential signals in practice while PI.Clk may actually include four differential signals in practice.
FIG. 6 illustrates an example PI block 610 suitable for use as PI block 410 or 510. In particular embodiments, PI block 610 includes one or more phase interpolators (PIs) 612 that receive as input a k-phase clock signal and output an m-phase clock signal. In the illustrated embodiment, PI block 610 additionally includes one or more phase detectors 614 (hereinafter PD 614) in a feedback loop with PI or PIs 612 (hereinafter PI 612). As illustrated in FIG. 7, PI 612 may include two differential pairs 740 and 742 driven by appropriate input signals (e.g., Φ₀and Φ₉₀or Φ₉₀and Φ₁₈₀). The output of PI 612 is the current summation of the differential pair, which is converted to voltage through a resistor. Thus, an approximate desired phase is achieved as a weighted sum of the two input signals. The ratio of the tail current will determine the phase and the sum of the tail currents will determine the amplitude of the output signal. In particular embodiments, the inputs to differential pairs 740 and 742 are the gates of the transistors in the differential pairs 740 and 742 and the outputs are the wires tapping the outputs of the transistors. As an example and not by way of limitation, input signal Φ₀may go the gate of the illustrated left transistor in differential pair 740; input signal Φ₁₈₀may go the gate of the illustrated right transistor in differential pair 740; input signal Φ₉₀may go the gate of the illustrated left transistor in differential pair 742; and input signal Φ₂₇₀may go the gate of the illustrated right transistor in differential pair 742. Output signal Φ₂₂₅may come from the illustrated vertical wire at the illustrated bottom of differential pair 740, and output signal Φ₄₅may come from the illustrated vertical wire at the illustrated bottom of differential pair 742.
In particular embodiments, PI 612 takes as input the 4-phase clock signal including clock signals φ₀, φ₉₀, φ₁₈₀, and φ₂₇₀, having phases of approximately 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°, respectively, from VCO 508. Using these signals, PI 612 outputs an 8-phase clock signal that includes clock signals Φ₀, Φ₉₀, Φ₁₈₀, and Φ₂₇₀, having phases of approximately 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°, respectively, along with four additional intermediately-phased clock signals Φ₄₅, Φ₁₃₅, Φ₂₂₅, and Φ₃₁₅, having phases of approximately 45°, 135°, 225°, and 315°, respectively. As described above, PD 614 provides feedback to PI 612 in the form of error (or control) signals that are used by PI 612 to adjust the 8-phase clock signal output. By way of example, a first PI 612 may use the input signals Φ₀and Φ₉₀to generate the output signal Φ₄₅, while other PIs 612 in parallel with the first PI 612 generate the other intermediately-phase clock signals, respectively.
FIG. 8A illustrates an example phase detector 802 suitable for use as PD 614 and/or PDs 402 or 502. In the illustrated embodiment, PD 802 includes a first PD input that receives (during operation) a first input signal V_in1, a second PD input that receives (during operation) a second input signal V_in2, and a third PD input that receives (during operation) a third input signal V_in3. Note that each of the described inputs, and those described below, may actually include two inputs: one for the described signal and one for the corresponding complement (since the signals are generally differential). In particular embodiments, input signal V_in1is a first clock signal output by PI 612, V_in2is a second clock signal output by PI 612, and V_in3is a third clock signal output by PI 612. In particular embodiments, the third clock signal V_in3may be referred to as the target phase signal. In particular embodiments, PD 802 includes a first mixer cell (or circuit/block) 820 and a second mixer cell (or circuit/block) 822. In the illustrated embodiment, first mixer cell 820 includes a first MC input, a second MC input, and a first MC output while second mixer cell 822 includes a third MC input, a fourth MC input, and a second MC output. In the illustrated embodiment, the first PD input is connected to the first MC input, the second PD input is connected to the third MC input, and the third PD input is connected to the second MC input and the fourth MC input.
In particular embodiments, PD 802 further includes an adder 824 that receives the first and second MC output signals and adds the first and second MC output signals to produce a summed output signal. In particular embodiments, PD 802 additionally includes an integrator 826 that filters the summed output signal to produce an integrated (e.g., DC) output signal that represents the PD output signal V_outoutput over the PD output. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 6, the PD output signal V_outrepresents an error signal that is then input to PI 612 and used to adjust the phase of the input signal V_in3.
In particular embodiments, first mixer cell 820 is a multiplying mixer cell and second mixer cell 822 is a multiplying mixer cell. In more particular embodiments, first mixer cell 820 is a Gilbert cell and second mixer cell 822 is a Gilbert cell. As those of skill in the art may appreciate, a Gilbert cell is an electronic multiplying mixer. By way of reference, the output current of a Gilbert cell is an accurate multiplication of the (differential) base currents of both inputs. FIG. 9A illustrates a circuit schematic of an example Gilbert cell having inputs for receiving two differential signals in₁(the complement of in₁is denoted as in₁ ) and in₂(the complement of in₂is denoted as in₂ ). FIG. 9B illustrates an accepted equivalent symbol for a Gilbert cell, while FIG. 9C illustrates the value of the output differential signal I_out− I_out as a function of the phase offset Δφ(in₁−in₂) between the differential input signals in₁and in₂.
In even more particular embodiments, first mixer cell 820 includes a first Gilbert cell 830 and a second Gilbert cell 832 cross-coupled in parallel, while second mixer cell 822 includes a third Gilbert cell 834 and a fourth Gilbert cell 836 cross-coupled in parallel, as illustrated in FIG. 8B. In the illustrated embodiment, a first input of first Gilbert cell 830 receives input signal V_in1while a second input of first Gilbert cell 830 receives input signal V_in2. A first input of second Gilbert cell 832 receives input signal V_in2while a second input of second Gilbert cell 832 receives input signal V_in1. The outputs of first and second Gilbert cells 830 and 832 may be connected to provide the first MC output signal, as shown in the illustrate embodiment. Similarly, in the illustrated embodiment, a first input of third Gilbert cell 834 receives input signal V_in3while a second input of third Gilbert cell 834 receives input signal V_in2. A first input of fourth Gilbert cell 836 receives input signal V_in2while a second input of fourth Gilbert cell 836 receives input signal V_in3. The outputs of third and fourth Gilbert cells 834 and 836 may be connected to provide the second MC output signal, as shown in the illustrate embodiment.
In this way, the first MC output signal output from first mixer cell 820 is symmetric with respect to the inputs V_in1and V_in2and the second MC output signal output from second mixer cell 822 is symmetric with respect to the inputs V_in2and V_in3. More specifically, the delay between the first input of any Gilbert cell and the output of the Gilbert cell is generally different than the delay between the second input of the Gilbert cell and the output of the Gilbert cell. This results in a static phase offset in the output signal output from the Gilbert cell. However, by cross-coupling two Gilbert cells in parallel as illustrated in each of the mixer cells 820 and 822 of FIG. 8B, the static phase offset is cancelled to at least a first approximation. FIGS. 10A and 10B illustrates a circuit that includes two Gilbert cells cross-coupled in parallel (as in each mixer cell 820 and 822) as well as the circuit's phase characteristic, respectively. The circuit shown in FIG. 10A may itself be used as a phase detector. As illustrated in FIG. 10A, the inputs to the two Gilbert cells 1002 and 1004 are interchanged: input in₁is connected to the input A of Gilbert cell 1002 and to input B of Gilbert cell 1004; input in₂is connected to the input B of Gilbert cell 1002 and to input A of Gilbert cell 1004. The interchanging of the inputs effectively interpolates the outputs of the Gilbert cells and results in zero input offset to a first degree of approximation. Such an arrangement minimizes the phase offset (the phase delay between the inputs for which the output of the arrangement is still equal to zero).
The output, V_out, of PD 802 represents an error signal that is proportional to the difference in phase between the phase of V_in3and the average of the phases of V_in1and V_in2. By way of example, assume V_in1represents Φ₀, V_in2represents Φ₉₀, and V_in3represents Φ₄₅. In this example, V_outrepresent an error signal that is proportional to the difference between the phase of Φ₄₅, which is approximately 45° (as noted above, VCOs have difficulty generating intermediately-phased signals such as 45°, and as such the phase of Φ₄₅is only roughly equal to 45°), and the average of the phases of Φ₀and Φ₉₀, which is approximately 45° since the phase of Φ₀and Φ₉₀are approximately 0° and 90°, respectively. The error signal, V_out, is then fed to PI 612, which then adjusts the phase of Φ₄₅to eliminate the phase difference (which would then result in a zero-valued error signal), which results in a Φ₄₅having a phase truer to 45°. In this manner, PD 614 provides a feedback loop to PI 612 to compensate for the inaccuracy of PI 612.
In particular embodiments, PD 614 also utilizes this circuit and process to adjust or verify the other intermediately-phased signals Φ₁₃₅, Φ₂₂₅, and Φ₃₁₅generated by PIs 612. In particular embodiments, PD 614 generates four error signals V_outin parallel to adjust or verify signals Φ₄₅, Φ₁₃₅, Φ₂₂₅, and Φ₃₁₅. By way of example, to adjust or verify Φ₁₃₅, PD 614 may receive Φ₉₀as V_in1, Φ₁₃₅as V_in2, and Φ₁₈₀as V_in3. To adjust or verify Φ₂₂₅, PD 614 may receive Φ₁₈₀as V_in1, Φ₂₂₅as V_in2, and Φ₂₇₀as V_in3. To adjust or verify Φ₃₁₅, PD 614 may receive Φ₂₇₀as V_in1, Φ₃₁₅as V_in2and Φ₀as V_in3. Note that since the clock signals are differential signals, the signals may be inverted to obtain signals having 180° phase offsets.
It should also be appreciated that this circuit and method may be used to adjust any of the signals Φ₀, Φ₄₅, Φ₉₀, Φ₁₃₅, Φ₁₈₀, Φ₂₂₅, Φ₂₇₀, and Φ₃₁₅, as well as any other signal have any desired intermediate phase in between any of these signals. By way of example, PD 614 may receive Φ₀as V_in1, an additional signal δ having phase in the range between Φ₀and Φ₄₅as V_in2, and Φ₄₅as V_in3. After a number of iterations, δ will have a phase of approximately 22.5°. Additionally, by adding deliberate offsets in the feedback path an arbitrary phase (other than, for example, 45° and 135°) may be created. By way of example, the phases offset may either be introduced as a weighted difference of the tail currents of the multipliers (Gilbert cells) as illustrated in FIG. 8A or by injecting a current on the output of the Gilbert cell.
Referring back to FIG. 10A, in alternate embodiments (potentially unrelated to those described above), the current output, I_out, of the double Gilbert cell phase detector illustrated in FIG. 10A can be sensed by resistors to transform the output current to an output voltage and subsequently filtered. Alternatively, FIG. 11 shows an implementation of the double Gilbert cell phase detector in a negative feedback configuration. In such a configuration, the current outputs of the first and second Gilbert cells 1102 and 1104 can be mirrored and summed in a single node used to modulate the phase between the inputs in₁and in₂. Such a configuration forces the phase difference between the inputs to 90°, so that the net current in the V_outnode is zero. A large capacitor or another form of a loop filter may be needed in such a configuration to filter the transient response of the phase detector and to govern the dynamic behavior of the loop. If used in a feedback loop, as illustrated in FIG. 11, a VCO, delay line, phase interpolator, or other suitable device can be used to control the phase difference between the two input signals in₁and in₂, as represented by box 1110.
FIG. 12 illustrates another embodiment that involves a circuit for adjusting the phase characteristic externally. By way of example, in cases where a phase difference between the inputs in₁and in₂other than 90° is desired, such as for generating boundary and data clock phases in a CDR with a phase adjustment requirement, additional offset current sources 1212 and 1214 that sink or source current to or from the phase detector may be used to offset its phase characteristic. The offset current sources 1212 and 1214 may be externally controlled and can be connected either at the output of the Gilbert cells 1102 and 1104, or at the voltage summing node V_out, as illustrated in FIG. 12.
The present disclosure encompasses all changes, substitutions, variations, alterations, and modifications to the example embodiments herein that a person having ordinary skill in the art would comprehend. Similarly, where appropriate, the appended claims encompass all changes, substitutions, variations, alterations, and modifications to the example embodiments herein that a person having ordinary skill in the art would comprehend.

Claims

1. A circuit comprising:

a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) configured to generate k first clock signals that each have a first phase based on a charge-pump control voltage signal, the first phases of the k first clock signals being different from each other, k being greater than or equal to 2;

a phase interpolator (PI) block configured to:

receive the k first clock signals;

generate m second clock signals that each have a second phase based on the k first clock signals, the second phases of the m second clock signals being different from each other, m not being equal to k;

a first phase detector PD configured to generate one or more first feedback control signals based on the m second clock signals; and

a charge pump configured to output the charge-pump control voltage signal based on the first feedback control signals.

2. The circuit of claim 1, wherein m is greater than k.

3. The circuit of claim 1, wherein the circuit is a clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit and wherein the first PD is further configured to:

receive one or more input data streams; and

compare particular phases of the one or more input data streams with particular phases of the m second clock signals.

4. The circuit of claim 3, wherein the m second clock signals are used to sample the one or more input data streams.

5. The circuit of claim 4, wherein the circuit is a CDR circuit configured to operate at an operating frequency that is 1/n of a data rate of the one or more input data streams, n being an integer greater than or equal to 1.

6. The circuit of claim 5, wherein m is equal to 2×n.

7. The circuit of claim 6, wherein:

k equals 4, n equals 4, and m equals 8;

a first one of the k first clock signals has a 0° phase, a second one of the k first clock signals has a 90° phase, a third one of the k first clock signals has a 180° phase, and a fourth one of the k first clock signals has a 270° phase; and

a first one of the m second clock signals has a 0° phase, a second one of the m second clock signals has a 45° phase, a third one of the m second clock signals has a 90° phase, a fourth one of the m second clock signals has a 135° phase, a fifth one of the m second clock signals has a 180° phase, a sixth one of the m second clock signals has a 225° phase, a seventh one of the m second clock signals has a 270° phase, and an eighth one of the m second clock signals has a 315° phase.

8. The circuit of claim 1, further comprising a loop filter configured to receive the charge-pump control voltage signal and output a filtered charged-pump control voltage signal for input to the VCO.

9. The circuit of claim 1, wherein the PI block comprises:

one or more PIs configured to:

receive the k first clock signals and one or more second feedback controls signals; and

generate the m second clock signals based on the k first clock signals and the one or more second feedback control signals; and

a second PD configured to:

receive the m second clock signals; and

generate the one or more second feedback control signals based on the m second clock signals.

10. The circuit of claim 9, wherein the second PD comprises:

a first PD input for receiving a first one of the m second clock signals having a first phase;

a second PD input for receiving a second one of the m second clock signals having a second phase;

a third PD input for receiving a third one of the m second clock signals;

a first PD output for outputting a first PD output signal that represents one or more of the one or more second feedback control signals;

a first multiplying mixer cell (MMC) comprising a first MMC input, a second MMC input, and a first MMC output;

a second MMC comprising a third MMC input, a fourth MMC input, and a second MMC output;

wherein:

the first PD input is connected to the first MMC input;

the second PD input is connected to the third MMC input;

the third PD input is connected to the second MMC input and the fourth MMC input;

the first MMC output and the second MMC output are combined with each other to provide the first PD output; and

the first PD output signal, after a number of iterations, is proportional to a phase difference between a phase of the third one of the m second clock signals and an average of the first and second phases.

11. The circuit of claim 10, wherein the average of the first and second phases is approximately equal to the phase of the third one of the m second clock signals.

12. The circuit of claim 10, wherein the first PD further comprises an adder for receiving a first MMC output signal from the first MMC output and a second MMC output signal from the second MMC output and being configured to sum the first and second MMC output signals to produce a summed signal for producing the first PD output signal output by the first PD output.

13. The circuit of claim 12, wherein the first PD further comprises an integrator configured to filter the summed signal to produce the first PD output signal output by the first PD output.

14. The circuit of claim 10, wherein:

the first MMC comprises a first Gilbert cell, the first MMC input comprising a first Gilbert cell input to the first Gilbert cell, the second MMC input comprising a second Gilbert cell input to the first Gilbert cell, and the first MMC output comprising a first Gilbert cell output from the first Gilbert cell; and

the second MMC comprises a second Gilbert cell, the third MMC input comprising a third Gilbert cell input to the second Gilbert cell, the fourth MMC input comprising a fourth Gilbert cell input to the second Gilbert cell, and the second MMC output comprising a second Gilbert cell output from the second Gilbert cell.

15. The circuit of claim 10, wherein:

the first MMC comprises a first Gilbert cell and a second Gilbert cell, the first MMC input comprising a first Gilbert cell input to the first Gilbert cell and a second Gilbert cell input to the second Gilbert cell, the second MMC input comprising a third Gilbert cell input to the first Gilbert cell and a fourth Gilbert cell input to the second Gilbert cell, and the first MMC output comprising a first Gilbert cell output from the first Gilbert cell and a second Gilbert cell output from the second Gilbert cell; and

the second MMC comprises a third Gilbert cell and a fourth Gilbert cell, the third MMC input comprising a fifth Gilbert cell input to the third Gilbert cell and a sixth Gilbert cell input to the fourth Gilbert cell, the fourth MMC input comprising a seventh Gilbert cell input to the third Gilbert cell and an eighth Gilbert cell input to the fourth Gilbert cell, and the second MMC output comprising a third Gilbert cell output from the third Gilbert cell and a fourth Gilbert cell output from the fourth Gilbert cell.

16. The circuit of claim 1, wherein the first and second clock signals are differential signals.

17. A method comprising:

generating at a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) k first clock signals that each have a first phase based on a charge-pump control voltage signal, the first phases of the k first clock signals being different from each other, k being greater than or equal to 2;

receiving at one or more phase interpolators (PIs) the k first clock signals;

generating at the one or more PIs m second clock signals that each have a second phase based on the k first clock signals, the second phases of the m second clock signals being different from each other, m not being equal to k;

generating at a first phase detector (PD) one or more first feedback control signals based on the m second clock signals; and

outputting from a charge pump the charge-pump control voltage signal based on the first feedback control signals.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein m is greater than k.

19. The method of claim 17, further comprising:

receiving at the first PD one or more input data streams; and

comparing at the first PD particular phases of the one or more input data streams with particular phases of the m second clock signals.

20. The method of claim 19, further comprising sampling the one or more input data streams with the m second clock signals.

21. The method of claim 20, wherein the method is performed at or within a CDR circuit configured to operate at an operating frequency that is 1/n of a data rate of the one or more input data streams, n being an integer greater than or equal to 1.

22. The method of claim 21, wherein m is equal to 2×n.

23. The method of claim 22, wherein:

k equals 4, n equals 4, and m equals 8;

24. The method of claim 17, further comprising:

receiving at a loop filter the charge-pump control voltage signal; and

outputting from the loop filter a filtered charged-pump control voltage signal for input to the VCO.

25. The method of claim 17, further comprising:

receiving at the one or more PIs one or more second feedback controls signals, wherein generating at the one or more PIs m second clock signals comprises generating at the one or more PIs m second clock signals based on the k first clock signals and the one or more second feedback control signals;

receiving at a second PD the m second clock signals; and

generating at the second PD the one or more second feedback control signals based on the m second clock signals.

26. The method of claim 25, wherein the second PD comprises:

a third PD input for receiving a third one of the m second clock signals;

a first PD output for outputting a first PD output signal that represents one or more of the one or more first feedback control signals;

wherein:

the first PD input is connected to the first MMC input;

the second PD input is connected to the third MMC input;

27. The method of claim 26, wherein the average of the first and second phases is approximately equal to the phase of the third one of the m second clock signals.

28. The method of claim 26, further comprising:

receiving at an adder a first MMC output signal from the first MMC;

receiving at the adder a second MMC output signal from the second MMC;

summing at the adder the first MMC output signal and the second MMC output signal with each other to generate a summed signal for providing the first PD output signal.

29. The method of claim 28, further comprising:

filtering the summed signal at an integrator to provide the first PD output signal output by the first PD output.

30. The method of claim 26, wherein:

31. The method of claim 26, wherein:

32. The method of claim 17, wherein the first and second clock signals are differential signals.

33. A system comprising:

means for generating k first clock signals that each have a first phase based on a charge-pump control voltage signal, the first phases of the k first clock signals being different from each other, k being greater than or equal to 2;

means for receiving the k first clock signals;

means for generating m second clock signals that each have a second phase based on the k first clock signals, the second phases of the m second clock signals being different from each other, m not being equal to k;

means for generating one or more first feedback control signals based on the m second clock signals; and

means for outputting the charge-pump control voltage signal based on the first feedback control signals.