US20100231510A1 - Dual film light guide for illuminating displays - Google Patents
Dual film light guide for illuminating displays Download PDFInfo
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- US20100231510A1 US20100231510A1 US12/725,407 US72540710A US2010231510A1 US 20100231510 A1 US20100231510 A1 US 20100231510A1 US 72540710 A US72540710 A US 72540710A US 2010231510 A1 US2010231510 A1 US 2010231510A1
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- light guide
- light
- display
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- film
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
- G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
- G02B6/0033—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide
- G02B6/005—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide provided by one optical element, or plurality thereof, placed on the light output side of the light guide
- G02B6/0053—Prismatic sheet or layer; Brightness enhancement element, sheet or layer
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B26/00—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements
- G02B26/001—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements based on interference in an adjustable optical cavity
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
- G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
- G02B6/0033—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide
- G02B6/0035—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide provided on the surface of the light guide or in the bulk of it
- G02B6/0038—Linear indentations or grooves, e.g. arc-shaped grooves or meandering grooves, extending over the full length or width of the light guide
Abstract
Description
- This application is a divisional of and claims priority from U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/742,299, filed on Apr. 30, 2007 the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
- 1. Field of the Invention
- The present invention relates generally to frontlit displays, such as LCD displays, and particularly to dual film configurations of light guides for frontlit displays.
- 2. Description of the Related Technology
- Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) include micro mechanical elements, actuators, and electronics. Micromechanical elements may be created using deposition, etching, and/or other micromachining processes that etch away parts of substrates and/or deposited material layers or that add layers to form electrical and electromechanical devices. One type of MEMS device is called an interferometric modulator. As used herein, the term interferometric modulator or interferometric light modulator refers to a device that selectively absorbs and/or reflects light using the principles of optical interference. In certain embodiments, an interferometric modulator may comprise a pair of conductive plates, one or both of which may be transparent and/or reflective in whole or part and capable of relative motion upon application of an appropriate electrical signal. In a particular embodiment, one plate may comprise a stationary layer deposited on a substrate and the other plate may comprise a metallic membrane separated from the stationary layer by an air gap. As described herein in more detail, the position of one plate in relation to another can change the optical interference of light incident on the interferometric modulator. Such devices have a wide range of applications, and it would be beneficial in the art to utilize and/or modify the characteristics of these types of devices so that their features can be exploited in improving existing products and creating new products that have not yet been developed.
- Various embodiments described herein comprise light guides for distributing light across an array of display elements. The light guide may include surface relief features to turn light propagating in a light guide onto the array of display elements. The surface relief features may comprise facets that reflect light. To protect these facets, the facets are embedded within the light guide. Other embodiments are also disclosed.
- One embodiment of the invention comprises a light guide comprising an upper portion having top and bottom surfaces and a lower portion having top and bottom surfaces. The bottom surface of the upper portion is contoured. The top surface of the lower portion is also contoured. The upper portion is disposed over the lower portion such that the contoured bottom surface of the upper portion and the contoured top surface of the lower portion form cavities between the upper portion and the lower portion.
- Another embodiment of the invention comprises a light guide comprising a cover layer having top and bottom surfaces, a film having top and bottom surfaces wherein the top surface of the film is contoured, and a light guide plate having top and bottom surfaces. The cover layer is disposed over the film such that the bottom surface of the cover layer and the top contoured surface of the film form cavities between the cover layer and the film. The film is disposed between the cover layer and the light guide plate.
- Another embodiment of the invention comprises a light guide comprising a cover layer having a planar surface, a film having first and second surfaces, and a light guide plate having top and bottom planar surfaces. The first surface of the film comprises a plurality of concave surface relief features and the second surface of the film is planar. The film is disposed on the light guide plate such that the planar second surface is adjacent the light guide plate and the concave surface relief features of said first surface face away from the light guide plate. The cover layer is disposed adjacent the film such that the planar surface of the cover layer and the concave surface features of the film form cavities between the cover layer and the film.
- Another embodiment of the invention comprises a light guide comprising a first means for guiding light and a second mean for guiding light. The first and second light guiding means have respective means for mating the first and second light guiding means together. The mating means for both the first and second light guiding means is contoured such that when the first and second light guiding means are mated together. The means for reflecting light are formed therebetween.
- Another embodiment of the invention comprises a light guide comprising a first means for guiding light, a second means for guiding light, and means for covering the second light guiding mean. The covering means is disposed such that the second light guiding means is between the covering means and the first light guiding means. The second light guiding means and the covering means have respective means for mating the second light guiding means and the covering means together. The mating means for the second light guiding means is contoured such that when the second light guiding means and the covering means are mated together, means for reflecting light are formed therebetween.
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FIG. 1 is an isometric view depicting a portion of one embodiment of an interferometric modulator display in which a movable reflective layer of a first interferometric modulator is in a relaxed position and a movable reflective layer of a second interferometric modulator is in an actuated position. -
FIG. 2 is a system block diagram illustrating one embodiment of an electronic device incorporating a 3×3 interferometric modulator display. -
FIG. 3 is a diagram of movable mirror position versus applied voltage for one exemplary embodiment of an interferometric modulator ofFIG. 1 . -
FIG. 4 is an illustration of a set of row and column voltages that may be used to drive an interferometric modulator display. -
FIG. 5A illustrates one exemplary frame of display data in the 3×3 interferometric modulator display ofFIG. 2 . -
FIG. 5B illustrates one exemplary timing diagram for row and column signals that may be used to write the frame ofFIG. 5A . -
FIGS. 6A and 6B are system block diagrams illustrating an embodiment of a visual display device comprising a plurality of interferometric modulators. -
FIG. 7A is a cross section of the device ofFIG. 1 . -
FIG. 7B is a cross section of an alternative embodiment of an interferometric modulator. -
FIG. 7C is a cross section of another alternative embodiment of an interferometric modulator. -
FIG. 7D is a cross section of yet another alternative embodiment of an interferometric modulator. -
FIG. 7E is a cross section of an additional alternative embodiment of an interferometric modulator. -
FIG. 8 depicts a front light guide unit for use in a flat panel display comprising a linear light source and a front light guide panel. -
FIG. 9 depicts a frontlit display comprising a reflective display panel, a dual film front light guide panel having embedded surface features and a light source. -
FIG. 10 depicts the top and bottom films of the dual film light guide ofFIG. 9 . -
FIG. 11 depicts light rays from the display panel propagating through the light guide ofFIG. 9 . -
FIG. 12 depicts light rays from ambient light propagating through the light guide to the display panel. -
FIG. 13 depicts an alternative embodiment of a front light guide wherein the distance between surface features varies across the length of the light guide. -
FIG. 14 depicts an alternative embodiment of a front light guide having embedded surface features. -
FIG. 15 depicts an alternative embodiment of a frontlit display comprising a reflective display panel, a front light guide panel having embedded surface features and a light source. -
FIG. 16 depicts an alternative embodiment of a front light guide having embedded surface features. -
FIG. 17 depicts light rays incident on one of the embedded surface features of the front light guide ofFIG. 16 . -
FIG. 18 depicts an alternative embodiment of a front light guide having embedded surface features with a reflective coating. -
FIG. 19 depicts a detailed view of a portion of an alternative embodiment of a front light guide showing multifaceted embedded surface features. -
FIG. 20 depicts a detailed view of a portion of an alternative embodiment of a front light guide showing embedded surface features with curved facets. -
FIG. 21 depicts an alternative embodiment a frontlit display comprising a reflective display panel and a front light guide panel having embedded surface features, wherein the embedded surface features are disposed on a side of a film facing the light guide panel. -
FIG. 22 depicts an alternative embodiment of a frontlit display similar to that ofFIG. 21 wherein the embedded surface features have vertical walls. - The following detailed description is directed to certain specific embodiments of the invention. However, the invention can be embodied in a multitude of different ways. In this description, reference is made to the drawings wherein like parts are designated with like numerals throughout.
- In various embodiments described herein, an edge illuminated front light guide panel includes a plurality of embedded surface features. The embedded surface relief features may form fillable gaps or cavities such as air pockets within the light guide panel. Light injected into an edge of the light guide propagates though the light guide until it strikes an air/light guide material interface at one on the air pockets. The light is then turned by total internal reflection through a large angle such that it exits an output face disposed in front of a display panel. To create air pockets, a pair of guide portions have contoured surfaces that are contacted to each other. Other embodiments are also disclosed herein.
- As will be apparent from the following description, the embodiments may be implemented in any device that is configured to display an image, whether in motion (e.g., video) or stationary (e.g., still image), and whether textual or pictorial. More particularly, it is contemplated that the embodiments may be implemented in or associated with a variety of electronic devices such as, but not limited to, mobile telephones, wireless devices, personal data assistants (PDAs), hand-held or portable computers, GPS receivers/navigators, cameras, MP3 players, camcorders, game consoles, wrist watches, clocks, calculators, television monitors, flat panel displays, computer monitors, auto displays (e.g., odometer display, etc.), cockpit controls and/or displays, display of camera views (e.g., display of a rear view camera in a vehicle), electronic photographs, electronic billboards or signs, projectors, architectural structures, packaging, and aesthetic structures (e.g., display of images on a piece of jewelry).
- The display device, such as, e.g., interferometric modulating MEMS devices, LCDs, etc., may include a light source that is configured to light an array of display elements to an appropriate level for viewing. In combination with the light source, a light guide may be coupled to the array of display elements proximate the light source to distribute light across the array of display elements. Light guides may be positioned in various orientations with respect to the display elements, such as behind the display elements, e.g., a backlight, or in front of the display elements, e.g., a frontlight. In the systems and methods described herein, a front light guide panel is disposed in front of the array of display elements to deliver uniform illumination from an artificial light source to the array of display elements while allowing for the option of illumination from ambient lighting via a reflective layer in the display elements.
- One interferometric modulator display embodiment comprising an interferometric MEMS display element is illustrated in
FIG. 1 . In these devices, the pixels are in either a bright or dark state. In the bright (“on” or “open”) state, the display element reflects a large portion of incident visible light to a user. When in the dark (“off” or “closed”) state, the display element reflects little incident visible light to the user. Depending on the embodiment, the light reflectance properties of the “on” and “off” states may be reversed. MEMS pixels can be configured to reflect predominantly at selected colors, allowing for a color display in addition to black and white. -
FIG. 1 is an isometric view depicting two adjacent pixels in a series of pixels of a visual display, wherein each pixel comprises a MEMS interferometric modulator. In some embodiments, an interferometric modulator display comprises a row/column array of these interferometric modulators. Each interferometric modulator includes a pair of reflective layers positioned at a variable and controllable distance from each other to form a resonant optical gap with at least one variable dimension. In one embodiment, one of the reflective layers may be moved between two positions. In the first position, referred to herein as the relaxed position, the movable reflective layer is positioned at a relatively large distance from a fixed partially reflective layer. In the second position, referred to herein as the actuated position, the movable reflective layer is positioned more closely adjacent to the partially reflective layer. Incident light that reflects from the two layers interferes constructively or destructively depending on the position of the movable reflective layer, producing either an overall reflective or non-reflective state for each pixel. - The depicted portion of the pixel array in
FIG. 1 includes two adjacentinterferometric modulators interferometric modulator 12 a on the left, a movablereflective layer 14 a is illustrated in a relaxed position at a predetermined distance from anoptical stack 16 a, which includes a partially reflective layer. In theinterferometric modulator 12 b on the right, the movablereflective layer 14 b is illustrated in an actuated position adjacent to theoptical stack 16 b. - The optical stacks 16 a and 16 b (collectively referred to as optical stack 16), as referenced herein, typically comprise several fused layers, which can include an electrode layer, such as indium tin oxide (ITO), a partially reflective layer, such as chromium, and a transparent dielectric. The
optical stack 16 is thus electrically conductive, partially transparent, and partially reflective, and may be fabricated, for example, by depositing one or more of the above layers onto atransparent substrate 20. The partially reflective layer can be formed from a variety of materials that are partially reflective such as various metals, semiconductors, and dielectrics. The partially reflective layer can be formed of one or more layers of materials, and each of the layers can be formed of a single material or a combination of materials. - In some embodiments, the layers of the
optical stack 16 are patterned into parallel strips, and may form row electrodes in a display device as described further below. The movablereflective layers posts 18 and an intervening sacrificial material deposited between theposts 18. When the sacrificial material is etched away, the movablereflective layers optical stacks gap 19. A highly conductive and reflective material such as aluminum may be used for thereflective layers 14, and these strips may form column electrodes in a display device. - With no applied voltage, the
gap 19 remains between the movablereflective layer 14 a andoptical stack 16 a, with the movablereflective layer 14 a in a mechanically relaxed state, as illustrated by thepixel 12 a inFIG. 1 . However, when a potential difference is applied to a selected row and column, the capacitor formed at the intersection of the row and column electrodes at the corresponding pixel becomes charged, and electrostatic forces pull the electrodes together. If the voltage is high enough, the movablereflective layer 14 is deformed and is forced against theoptical stack 16. A dielectric layer (not illustrated in this Figure) within theoptical stack 16 may prevent shorting and control the separation distance betweenlayers pixel 12 b on the right inFIG. 1 . The behavior is the same regardless of the polarity of the applied potential difference. In this way, row/column actuation that can control the reflective vs. non-reflective pixel states is analogous in many ways to that used in conventional LCD and other display technologies. -
FIGS. 2 through 5B illustrate one exemplary process and system for using an array of interferometric modulators in a display application. -
FIG. 2 is a system block diagram illustrating one embodiment of an electronic device that may incorporate aspects of the invention. In the exemplary embodiment, the electronic device includes aprocessor 21 which may be any general purpose single- or multi-chip microprocessor such as an ARM, Pentium®, Pentium II®, Pentium III®, Pentium IV®, Pentium® Pro, an 8051, a MIPS®, a Power PC®, an ALPHA®, or any special purpose microprocessor such as a digital signal processor, microcontroller, or a programmable gate array. As is conventional in the art, theprocessor 21 may be configured to execute one or more software modules. In addition to executing an operating system, the processor may be configured to execute one or more software applications, including a web browser, a telephone application, an email program, or any other software application. - In one embodiment, the
processor 21 is also configured to communicate with anarray driver 22. In one embodiment, thearray driver 22 includes arow driver circuit 24 and acolumn driver circuit 26 that provide signals to a display array orpanel 30. The cross section of the array illustrated inFIG. 1 is shown by the lines 1-1 inFIG. 2 . For MEMS interferometric modulators, the row/column actuation protocol may take advantage of a hysteresis property of these devices illustrated inFIG. 3 . It may require, for example, a 10 volt potential difference to cause a movable layer to deform from the relaxed state to the actuated state. However, when the voltage is reduced from that value, the movable layer maintains its state as the voltage drops back below 10 volts. In the exemplary embodiment ofFIG. 3 , the movable layer does not relax completely until the voltage drops below 2 volts. Thus, there exists a window of applied voltage, about 3 to 7 V in the example illustrated inFIG. 3 , within which the device is stable in either the relaxed or actuated state. This is referred to herein as the “hysteresis window” or “stability window.” For a display array having the hysteresis characteristics ofFIG. 3 , the row/column actuation protocol can be designed such that during row strobing, pixels in the strobed row that are to be actuated are exposed to a voltage difference of about 10 volts, and pixels that are to be relaxed are exposed to a voltage difference of close to zero volts. After the strobe, the pixels are exposed to a steady state voltage difference of about 5 volts such that they remain in whatever state the row strobe put them in. After being written, each pixel sees a potential difference within the “stability window” of 3-7 volts in this example. This feature makes the pixel design illustrated inFIG. 1 stable under the same applied voltage conditions in either an actuated or relaxed pre-existing state. Since each pixel of the interferometric modulator, whether in the actuated or relaxed state, is essentially a capacitor formed by the fixed and moving reflective layers, this stable state can be held at a voltage within the hysteresis window with almost no power dissipation. Essentially no current flows into the pixel if the applied potential is fixed. - In typical applications, a display frame may be created by asserting the set of column electrodes in accordance with the desired set of actuated pixels in the first row. A row pulse is then applied to the
row 1 electrode, actuating the pixels corresponding to the asserted column lines. The asserted set of column electrodes is then changed to correspond to the desired set of actuated pixels in the second row. A pulse is then applied to therow 2 electrode, actuating the appropriate pixels inrow 2 in accordance with the asserted column electrodes. Therow 1 pixels are unaffected by therow 2 pulse, and remain in the state they were set to during therow 1 pulse. This may be repeated for the entire series of rows in a sequential fashion to produce the frame. Generally, the frames are refreshed and/or updated with new display data by continually repeating this process at some desired number of frames per second. A wide variety of protocols for driving row and column electrodes of pixel arrays to produce display frames are also well known and may be used in conjunction with the present invention. -
FIGS. 4 , 5A, and 5B illustrate one possible actuation protocol for creating a display frame on the 3×3 array ofFIG. 2 .FIG. 4 illustrates a possible set of column and row voltage levels that may be used for pixels exhibiting the hysteresis curves ofFIG. 3 . In theFIG. 4 embodiment, actuating a pixel involves setting the appropriate column to −Vbias, and the appropriate row to +ΔV, which may correspond to −5 volts and +5 volts, respectively Relaxing the pixel is accomplished by setting the appropriate column to +Vbias, and the appropriate row to the same +ΔV, producing a zero volt potential difference across the pixel. In those rows where the row voltage is held at zero volts, the pixels are stable in whatever state they were originally in, regardless of whether the column is at +Vbias, or −Vbias. As is also illustrated inFIG. 4 , it will be appreciated that voltages of opposite polarity than those described above can be used, e.g., actuating a pixel can involve setting the appropriate column to +Vbias, and the appropriate row to −ΔV. In this embodiment, releasing the pixel is accomplished by setting the appropriate column to −Vbias, and the appropriate row to the same −ΔV, producing a zero volt potential difference across the pixel. -
FIG. 5B is a timing diagram showing a series of row and column signals applied to the 3×3 array ofFIG. 2 which will result in the display arrangement illustrated inFIG. 5A , where actuated pixels are non-reflective. Prior to writing the frame illustrated inFIG. 5A , the pixels can be in any state, and in this example, all the rows are at 0 volts, and all the columns are at +5 volts. With these applied voltages, all pixels are stable in their existing actuated or relaxed states. - In the
FIG. 5A frame, pixels (1,1), (1,2), (2,2), (3,2) and (3,3) are actuated. To accomplish this, during a “line time” forrow 1,columns column 3 is set to +5 volts. This does not change the state of any pixels, because all the pixels remain in the 3-7 volt stability window.Row 1 is then strobed with a pulse that goes from 0, up to 5 volts, and back to zero. This actuates the (1,1) and (1,2) pixels and relaxes the (1,3) pixel. No other pixels in the array are affected. To setrow 2 as desired,column 2 is set to −5 volts, andcolumns Row 3 is similarly set by settingcolumns column 1 to +5 volts. Therow 3 strobe sets therow 3 pixels as shown inFIG. 5A . After writing the frame, the row potentials are zero, and the column potentials can remain at either +5 or −5 volts, and the display is then stable in the arrangement ofFIG. 5A . It will be appreciated that the same procedure can be employed for arrays of dozens or hundreds of rows and columns. It will also be appreciated that the timing, sequence, and levels of voltages used to perform row and column actuation can be varied widely within the general principles outlined above, and the above example is exemplary only, and any actuation voltage method can be used with the systems and methods described herein. -
FIGS. 6A and 6B are system block diagrams illustrating an embodiment of adisplay device 40. Thedisplay device 40 can be, for example, a cellular or mobile telephone. However, the same components ofdisplay device 40 or slight variations thereof are also illustrative of various types of display devices such as televisions and portable media players. - The
display device 40 includes ahousing 41, adisplay 30, anantenna 43, aspeaker 45, aninput device 48, and amicrophone 46. Thehousing 41 is generally formed from any of a variety of manufacturing processes as are well known to those of skill in the art, including injection molding and vacuum forming. In addition, thehousing 41 may be made from any of a variety of materials, including, but not limited to, plastic, metal, glass, rubber, and ceramic, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, thehousing 41 includes removable portions (not shown) that may be interchanged with other removable portions of different color, or containing different logos, pictures, or symbols. - The
display 30 ofexemplary display device 40 may be any of a variety of displays, including a bi-stable display, as described herein. In other embodiments, thedisplay 30 includes a flat-panel display, such as plasma, EL, OLED, STN LCD, or TFT LCD as described above, or a non-flat-panel display, such as a CRT or other tube device, as is well known to those of skill in the art. However, for purposes of describing the present embodiment, thedisplay 30 includes an interferometric modulator display, as described herein. - The components of one embodiment of
exemplary display device 40 are schematically illustrated inFIG. 6B . The illustratedexemplary display device 40 includes ahousing 41 and can include additional components at least partially enclosed therein. For example, in one embodiment, theexemplary display device 40 includes anetwork interface 27 that includes anantenna 43, which is coupled to atransceiver 47. Thetransceiver 47 is connected to aprocessor 21, which is connected toconditioning hardware 52. Theconditioning hardware 52 may be configured to condition a signal (e.g., filter a signal). Theconditioning hardware 52 is connected to aspeaker 45 and amicrophone 46. Theprocessor 21 is also connected to aninput device 48 and adriver controller 29. Thedriver controller 29 is coupled to aframe buffer 28 and to anarray driver 22, which in turn is coupled to adisplay array 30. Apower supply 50 provides power to all components as required by the particularexemplary display device 40 design. - The
network interface 27 includes theantenna 43 and thetransceiver 47 so that theexemplary display device 40 can communicate with one or more devices over a network. In one embodiment, thenetwork interface 27 may also have some processing capabilities to relieve requirements of theprocessor 21. Theantenna 43 is any antenna known to those of skill in the art for transmitting and receiving signals. In one embodiment, the antenna transmits and receives RF signals according to the IEEE 802.11 standard, including IEEE 802.11(a), (b), or (g). In another embodiment, the antenna transmits and receives RF signals according to the BLUETOOTH standard. In the case of a cellular telephone, the antenna is designed to receive CDMA, GSM, AMPS, or other known signals that are used to communicate within a wireless cell phone network. Thetransceiver 47 pre-processes the signals received from theantenna 43 so that they may be received by and further manipulated by theprocessor 21. Thetransceiver 47 also processes signals received from theprocessor 21 so that they may be transmitted from theexemplary display device 40 via theantenna 43. - In an alternative embodiment, the
transceiver 47 can be replaced by a receiver. In yet another alternative embodiment,network interface 27 can be replaced by an image source, which can store or generate image data to be sent to theprocessor 21. For example, the image source can be a digital video disc (DVD) or a hard-disc drive that contains image data, or a software module that generates image data. -
Processor 21 generally controls the overall operation of theexemplary display device 40. Theprocessor 21 receives data, such as compressed image data from thenetwork interface 27 or an image source, and processes the data into raw image data or into a format that is readily processed into raw image data. Theprocessor 21 then sends the processed data to thedriver controller 29 or to framebuffer 28 for storage. Raw data typically refers to the information that identifies the image characteristics at each location within an image. For example, such image characteristics can include color, saturation, and gray-scale level. - In one embodiment, the
processor 21 includes a microcontroller, CPU, or logic unit to control operation of theexemplary display device 40.Conditioning hardware 52 generally includes amplifiers and filters for transmitting signals to thespeaker 45, and for receiving signals from themicrophone 46.Conditioning hardware 52 may be discrete components within theexemplary display device 40, or may be incorporated within theprocessor 21 or other components. - The
driver controller 29 takes the raw image data generated by theprocessor 21 either directly from theprocessor 21 or from theframe buffer 28 and reformats the raw image data appropriately for high speed transmission to thearray driver 22. Specifically, thedriver controller 29 reformats the raw image data into a data flow having a raster-like format, such that it has a time order suitable for scanning across thedisplay array 30. Then thedriver controller 29 sends the formatted information to thearray driver 22. Although adriver controller 29, such as a LCD controller, is often associated with thesystem processor 21 as a stand-alone Integrated Circuit (IC), such controllers may be implemented in many ways. They may be embedded in theprocessor 21 as hardware, embedded in theprocessor 21 as software, or fully integrated in hardware with thearray driver 22. - Typically, the
array driver 22 receives the formatted information from thedriver controller 29 and reformats the video data into a parallel set of waveforms that are applied many times per second to the hundreds and sometimes thousands of leads coming from the display's x-y matrix of pixels. - In one embodiment, the
driver controller 29,array driver 22, anddisplay array 30 are appropriate for any of the types of displays described herein. For example, in one embodiment,driver controller 29 is a conventional display controller or a bi-stable display controller (e.g., an interferometric modulator controller). In another embodiment,array driver 22 is a conventional driver or a bi-stable display driver (e.g., an interferometric modulator display). In one embodiment, adriver controller 29 is integrated with thearray driver 22. Such an embodiment is common in highly integrated systems such as cellular phones, watches, and other small area displays. In yet another embodiment,display array 30 is a typical display array or a bi-stable display array (e.g., a display including an array of interferometric modulators). - The
input device 48 allows a user to control the operation of theexemplary display device 40. In one embodiment,input device 48 includes a keypad, such as a QWERTY keyboard or a telephone keypad, a button, a switch, a touch-sensitive screen, or a pressure- or heat-sensitive membrane. In one embodiment, themicrophone 46 is an input device for theexemplary display device 40. When themicrophone 46 is used to input data to the device, voice commands may be provided by a user for controlling operations of theexemplary display device 40. -
Power supply 50 can include a variety of energy storage devices as are well known in the art. For example, in one embodiment,power supply 50 is a rechargeable battery, such as a nickel-cadmium battery or a lithium ion battery. In another embodiment,power supply 50 is a renewable energy source, a capacitor, or a solar cell including a plastic solar cell, and solar-cell paint. In another embodiment,power supply 50 is configured to receive power from a wall outlet. - In some embodiments, control programmability resides, as described above, in a driver controller which can be located in several places in the electronic display system. In some embodiments, control programmability resides in the
array driver 22. Those of skill in the art will recognize that the above-described optimizations may be implemented in any number of hardware and/or software components and in various configurations. - The details of the structure of interferometric modulators that operate in accordance with the principles set forth above may vary widely. For example,
FIGS. 7A-7E illustrate five different embodiments of the movablereflective layer 14 and its supporting structures.FIG. 7A is a cross section of the embodiment ofFIG. 1 , where a strip ofmetal material 14 is deposited on orthogonally extending supports 18. InFIG. 7B , the moveablereflective layer 14 is attached to supports at the corners only, ontethers 32. InFIG. 7C , the moveablereflective layer 14 is suspended from adeformable layer 34, which may comprise a flexible metal. Thedeformable layer 34 connects, directly or indirectly, to thesubstrate 20 around the perimeter of thedeformable layer 34. These connections are herein referred to as support posts. The embodiment illustrated inFIG. 7D has support post plugs 42 upon which thedeformable layer 34 rests. The movablereflective layer 14 remains suspended over the gap, as inFIGS. 7A-7C , but thedeformable layer 34 does not form the support posts by filling holes between thedeformable layer 34 and theoptical stack 16. Rather, the support posts are formed of a planarization material, which is used to form support post plugs 42. The embodiment illustrated inFIG. 7E is based on the embodiment shown inFIG. 7D , but may also be adapted to work with any of the embodiments illustrated inFIGS. 7A-7C , as well as additional embodiments not shown. In the embodiment shown inFIG. 7E , an extra layer of metal or other conductive material has been used to form abus structure 44. This allows signal routing along the back of the interferometric modulators, eliminating a number of electrodes that may otherwise have had to be formed on thesubstrate 20. - In embodiments such as those shown in
FIG. 7 , the interferometric modulators function as direct-view devices, in which images are viewed from the front side of thetransparent substrate 20, the side opposite to that upon which the modulator is arranged. In these embodiments, thereflective layer 14 optically shields the portions of the interferometric modulator on the side of the reflective layer opposite thesubstrate 20, including thedeformable layer 34. This allows the shielded areas to be configured and operated upon without negatively affecting the image quality. Such shielding allows thebus structure 44 inFIG. 7E , which provides the ability to separate the optical properties of the modulator from the electromechanical properties of the modulator, such as addressing and the movements that result from that addressing. This separable modulator architecture allows the structural design and materials used for the electromechanical aspects and the optical aspects of the modulator to be selected and to function independently of each other. Moreover, the embodiments shown inFIGS. 7C-7E have additional benefits deriving from the decoupling of the optical properties of thereflective layer 14 from its mechanical properties, which are carried out by thedeformable layer 34. This allows the structural design and materials used for thereflective layer 14 to be optimized with respect to the optical properties, and the structural design and materials used for thedeformable layer 34 to be optimized with respect to desired mechanical properties. - In display technology, artificial lighting can be used to make the display visible. To do this, light from a source such as a fluorescent tube or LED is captured into a thin slab shaped light guide and is delivered to the display. The illumination can be provided by “backlighting” or “frontlighting.”
- Flat panel displays are typically “backlit” by light guide slabs (often referred to as “backlights”) that redirect light from a linear light source to transmit uniform illumination to the rear surface of the display panel. The light injected along an edge of the light guide panel is guided within the light guide panel and extractor features located on a rear or front surface of the light guide panel can be used to disrupt the propagation of the light within the light guide panel and cause the light to be uniformly ejected across the front surface of the panel toward the display.
- Alternatively, flat panel reflective displays may be “front-lit” by a front light guide that delivers uniform illumination from the viewing side of the display panel. Such displays may also reflect ambient light, thereby increasing their brightness in well-lit ambient light conditions. The frontlight may be utilized only in low-light ambient conditions in some configurations.
- In a frontlit system, as shown in
FIG. 8 , light from alinear source 2 such as a fluorescent tube, LED or LED array, or a light bar illuminated by an LED is injected into a thin slab shapedlight guide panel 1003 located in front of thedisplay panel 4. - The
light 5 injected into the light guide is guided along the length of thelight guide 1003. In order to provide uniform illumination to the display panel, thelight 5 is turned through a large angle, approximately ninety degrees, such that it propagates through the thickness of thelight guide 1003 and escapes through theoutput face 1031. The light turning may be accomplished via a surface relief structure containing a plurality of turning features. - As discussed above with respect to
FIG. 8 ,light beams 5 entering the light-input surface 1033 are propagated through the frontlight guide 3 toward the opposite side face of thelight guide 1003 by total internal reflection. Theviewing face 1032 further contains a plurality of light turning structures such asprismatic microstructures 1040 arranged in a pattern along the width of theviewing face 1032. Theprismatic microstructures 1040 may comprise two ormore turning facets adjacent facets FIG. 8 , total internal reflection occurs at both facet/air interfaces and the light turns through large angles. The light following this path is then extracted out of the light guide through the output face towards the adjacent display panel. Thus, the light beams 5 encountering one of thesestructures 1040 are diffusely or specularly reflected, and largely emitted through theoutput face 1031. Multiple internal reflections enhance mixing of light within thelight guide plate 3 which assists in providing uniformity in light output across thelight output face 1031. - These prismatic surface relief features are either fabricated into the surface of the light guide, such as by embossing, injection molding casting or other techniques, or are fabricated into a thin film that is, in turn, attached to the surface of a planar light guide. In certain designs, the prismatic surface relief structure is located on the top surface of the light guide, i.e. the exposed surface opposite the light output face. As a result, if not protected from ambient conditions, the turning facets are vulnerable to contamination from dirt, water or other contaminants. The presence of, for example, dirt may destroy total internal reflection at the facet interface and reduces the light turning performance of the prismatic microstructure. Dust or particle contaminates trapped in the valleys of such prismatic microstructure will also scatter light directly into the viewers eye and therefore reduce display contrast.
- Thus, it is advantageous to protect the prismatic surface relief structure during both the manufacture and the lifetime use of the display. This is a major problem and has restricted the widespread application of this technology. Clean room facilities may be used to prevent surface relief contamination during manufacture; but this approach increases manufacturing costs. In addition, a sealed cover plate may be used to protect the prismatic surface during device use. However, this contributes to the thickness of the light guide and the complexity of manufacturing. Accordingly, other designs, which may yield performance enhancements, simplify manufacturing, and/or reduce cost, may be desirable.
-
FIG. 9 shows an example front-lit display, comprising a linearlight source 2 and a front light guide panel or plate 103 (LGP). This linearlight source 2 may comprise, for example, a cold cathode fluorescent tube (CCFL) lamp, an LED, an OLED, a light bar illuminated by an LED or LED array, a fluorescent tube or any other suitable linear light source. Thislight source 2 is aligned parallel with an edge of the frontlight guide plate 103 such that light from the linearlight source 2 is incident on a light-input surface 133 of thelight guide plate 103. - The front
light guide 103 comprises a substantially optically transmissive material capable of redirecting and uniformly redistributing light from the linearlight source 2 over the planar surface of an output face. Thelight guide 103 comprises alight input surface 133, alight output face 131 perpendicular to the light input surface, and aviewing face 132 opposite thelight output face 131. - The light 5 from the linear
light source 2 enters thelight input surface 133 of thelight guide plate 103 and as will be explained in more detail below, propagates along the length L of thelight guide plate 103 reflecting between the front and back faces 132 and 131 of thelight guide plate 103 and is turned by features within thelight guide plate 103 to exit thelight guide plate 103 through thelight output face 131 and propagate toward thedisplay panel 4. - In certain embodiments, the front
light guide 103 comprises a rectangular shaped plate or sheet with theoutput face 131 andviewing face 132 being parallel to each other. In one embodiment, the frontlight guide 103 may comprise a wedge shaped plate wherein thelight output face 131 andviewing face 132 are angled with respect to one another. In another embodiment, portions of thelight output face 131 andviewing face 132 are angled with respect to one another and other portions are parallel to one another. In another embodiment, thelight output face 131 andviewing face 132 are not parallel to each other, for example theviewing face 132 may have a sawtooth pattern (not shown). - In certain embodiments, the front light guide may be comprised of an upper portion and a lower portion each having contoured surfaces which are joined together such that the facing contoured surfaces create a plurality of turning features embedded between the upper and lower portions. For example, as shown in
FIG. 9 , the frontlight guide 103 may be comprised of twopolymer films light guide 103 reside on the two adjacent faces of thepolymer films light guide panel 103. - As shown in more detail in
FIG. 10 , thelight guide 103 includes the bottom film 136 (positioned farther from the viewer) and the top film 138 (positioned closer to the viewer). Thebottom film 136 has a flat planar surface that forms theoutput face 131 of the resulting light guide plate and an opposing structuredsurface 135 that includes a plurality of surface relief features 140 a spaced apart across the width of thefilm 136. Likewise, thetop film 138 comprises a flat planar surface that forms theviewing face 132 of the resultinglight guide 103 and an opposing structuredsurface 137 that includes a plurality of surface relief features 140 b spaced apart across the width of thefilm 138. Alight guide plate 103 may be created by joining the twofilms structured sides film 103 and are thereby protected from outside damage or contamination. In the illustrated embodiment, thefilms films FIG. 9 ) spaced apart across the length of thelight guide plate 103. However, in alternative embodiments, the opposing surface features 140 a and b may not be equally spaced along thesurfaces bottom films - In one embodiment, the top and
bottom films - Accordingly, the cavities may be open. As described above, these cavities may also be filled with material. The term cavity is used to describe either case, when the volume is open, e.g. filed with air or gas, and when the volume is filled with material such as an optically transmissive material having a different optical property, such as refractive index.
- The shape and size of the surface features 140 a and 140 b, and thus the resulting cavities 150 (see
FIG. 9 ), may also be chosen to interact extensively with guided light incident on the input face and to increase or maximize extraction efficiency, for example, to provide uniform distribution of light at a desired angle across the output face. Accordingly, the surface features 140 a and 140 b may comprise any suitable shape for causing light injected from the side,input face 133 that is generally parallel to theoutput face 131 to be turned over a large angle and ejected from theoutput face 131. At the same time the surface features 140 a and 140 b may be shaped to permit light incident on theviewing face 132 such as ambient light that is substantially normal to theviewing face 132 to be transmitted through thelight guide plate 103 and the surface features relatively unaffected and ejected from theoutput face 131 at an angle substantially normal to the output face. For example, the surface features may comprise a plurality of repeating prismatic microstructures each comprising two adjacent, symmetrical facets. Alternatively, the surface features may comprise a plurality of repeating prismatic microstructures each comprising two adjacent facets having different angles of inclination with respect to the film. Other configurations are also possible. - In one embodiment, the surface features 140 a and 140 b are sufficiently small to be unobtrusive to the viewer. In certain embodiments, the surface features 140 a and 140 b may be identical across the length, L, of the
films films - In certain embodiments, the surface features 140 a may be mirror opposites of the surface features 140 b, alternatively, the surface features 140 a may be complementary shapes relative to the surface features 140 b, one fitting at least partially in the other. When joined together, the surface features 140 a and 140 b form opposing top and
bottom films symmetrical cavities 150 embedded in between the two films. Alternatively, the surface features 140 a and 140 b from opposing top andbottom films bottom films - For example, in the illustrated embodiment shown in detail in
FIG. 10 , the surface features 140 a on thebottom film 136 comprise a plurality of alternatingmicroprisms 142 spaced apart across the length of thestructured surface 135 and separated by a plurality ofplanar spacers 143. Themicroprisms 142 are formed of adjacent facets angled with respect to each other such thatlight rays 5 incident on the tip of themicroprisms 142 will enter the prism and subsequently be internally reflected at the microprism/air interface and thereby turned through a large angle to be ejected from theoutput face 131 of thelight guide 103 aslight rays 6. The surface features 140 b on thetop film 138 comprise a plurality ofgrooves 144 spaced apart across the length of thestructured surface 137. Thegrooves 144 comprise adjacent angled surfaces, having angles with respect to one another such that total internal reflection (TIR) rays that are totally internally reflected across the length of thefilm 138, as well light rays with angles close to TIR, incident on thegrooves 144 will be refracted straight across the width of thegrooves 144. Thus, as shown inFIG. 9 , when thefilms light guide plate 103, the surface features 140 a and 140 b cooperate to form embeddedcavities 150, spaced apart along the length of thelight guide plate 103. Thesecavities 150 create an air/light guide material interface at the surface of themicroprisms 142 which causes the light traveling through the tip of themicroprisms 142 to be turned through a large angle, thus redistributing and redirectinglight rays incident 5 on theinput face 133 to be ejected as light 6 through theoutput face 131 and toward thedisplay 4. - In use, as shown in
FIGS. 8 , 10-11, whenlight rays 5 from the linearlight source 2 are injected into the frontlight guide plate 103, the light rays 5 are propagated through thelight guide plate 103 via total internal reflection (TIR), an optical phenomenon wherein light traveling from a medium with a higher refractive index, such as glass, to one with a lower refractive index, such as air, is incident on the medium boundary at an angle such that the light is reflected from the boundary. As these light rays are guided through the light guide plate, they eventually strike the facets of themicroprisms 142 of the surface feature 140 a. Because of the difference in index of refraction between the air and light guide material at the air/light guide material interface formed by thecavities 150, the light rays 5 are turned through a large angle and ejected from thelight output face 131 of thelight guide plate 103. The light rays 6 ejected from thelight output face 131 of thelight guide plate 103 propagate across an air gap and are incident on thedisplay panel 4, for example an interferometric modulator display panel, wherein the rays are modulated and reflected back toward thelight output face 131 of the light guide. As shown inFIG. 11 , the modulated light rays 7 from thedisplay panel 4 are incident onlight output face 131 of thelight guide plate 103. These light rays 7 are transmitted through thelight guide plate 103 and exit from theviewing face 132 whereupon they may be seen by a viewer. Accordingly, in various embodiments, the surface features 140 a and 140 b, and thuscavities 150, are shaped such that light incident upon thelight output face 131 at normal or near normal angles is transmitted through thelight guide plate 103 and thecavities 150 without much disturbance or deviation. - As shown in
FIG. 12 , if the ambient light level is sufficiently high, additional illumination from the linearlight source 2 may not be required to illuminate thedisplay panel 4. Here, theambient light rays 8 incident on theviewing face 132 at a normal or near normal angle are likewise propagated through thelight guide plate 103 andcavities 150 without much disturbance. Theambient light rays 8 are then ejected from thelight output face 131 and propagate across an air gap to thedisplay 4 as described above. Thus, thelight guide plate 103 provides the capability to interact extensively with the guided light incident on a light input face while at the same time only slightly disturbing non-guided light incident on the output and viewing faces. In addition, thelight guide plate 103 provides protection for the light turning features from damage or contamination by embedding the surface features in between two films. - In certain embodiments, the size, shape spacing, or other characteristic of the surface features 140 a and b may be varied across the length, L, of the
light guide plate 103, for example to obtain uniform light extraction across the length of thelight output face 131. As shown inFIG. 13 , a particular light guide panel 103 (as illustrated inFIGS. 9-12 ) is shown with the distance between pairs of corresponding surface features 140 a and 140 b varying from 50 to 450 microns across the width of the light guide plate. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, the spacing between surface features 140 a and 140 b decreases with increasing distance from thelight source 2. For example, in the region A of thelight guide plate 103 closest to thelight source 2, the spacing between pairs of surface features 140 a and 140 b is about 450 microns; in the middle region B the spacing between pairs of surface features 140 a and 140 b is about 150 microns; and in the farthest region C the spacing between pairs of surface features 140 a and 140 b is about 50 microns. The decrease in distance between the pairs of surface features 140 a and 140 b results in an increase in extraction efficiency in the regions of thelight guide plate 103 furthest from thelight source 2. This extraction efficiency balances out the decrease in light flux actually reaching father regions of thelight guide 103 and results in a more uniform output across the surface of thelight output face 131. Alternatively, as discussed above, theviewing face 132, of thelight guide plate 103 may be angled with respect to theoutput face 131 to form a wedged shapedlight guide plate 103 which also increases the extraction efficiency in the regions of light guide plate furthest from thelight source 2. - The
light guide 103 may be fabricated by imprintingfilms microprisms 142 onbottom film 136 or thefaceted grooves 144 ontop film 136 depicted inFIG. 10 . These surface relief features may be created by embossing, injection molding or any other suitable technique known in the art. Once the surface features have been molded on the top and bottom films, the films may be aligned and joined together to create thelight guide plate 103. The films may be joined together, for example, by laminating with any suitable adhesive. Suitable adhesives may include pressure sensitive adhesives, heat cured adhesives, UV or electron beam cured adhesives or any other adhesives having suitable optical and mechanical properties. In some embodiments, when laminating the films, however, care must be taken not to fill the open cavities between the surface features with the adhesive material, thereby possibly destroying the light turning properties of the cavities. In some embodiments, the films are between about 70-80 microns thick, however the surface features are only between about 7 to 8 microns deep. Therefore, without due care, the laminating adhesive used to join the top and bottom films may ooze or seep into and fill the open cavities created by the surface features when pressure is applied to join the films. This result may be avoided by controlling the thickness of the laminating material applied between the top and bottom films to prevent excess adhesive. Alternatively, a photo-reactive adhesive may be used and may be cured by UV light so that excessive pressure on the two films is not required to join the two films. Alternatively, a thin metallic coating may be applied between the two films and then cured with RF energy. In certain embodiments, the laminating material may be applied before the films are imprinted with surface relief features. When the surface features are imprinted on each film, the laminating material will be removed from the surface features and thus when the two films are joined there will not be any excess material to seep into the open cavities. In certain embodiments, as described above, the open cavities may be filled with a filler material having a lower refractive index than the light guide material. This filler material may be added prior to laminating such that the filler material serves the added function of preventing any of the laminating material from seeping into and filling the cavities. - Other approaches are also possible. In an alternative embodiment, the turning features embedded in the light guide may be created by a single contoured film laminated to a planar film. For example, as shown in
FIGS. 14-15 , alight guide 203 may comprise a singlecontoured film 238 laminated to the top, planar surface oflight guide plate 223, such as a plastic or glass light guide. In the embodiment shown, the contour surface of thefilm 238 is farther from the display panel than the planar surface. Here, the turning facets may be protected by applying a planarplastic cover layer 260 to the contoured surface offilm 238. For example, thefilm 238 may comprise a plastic film, such as acrylic, polycarbonate, ZEONEX® or any other suitable plastic known in the art. Thefilm 238 may be imprinted with a repeating surface relief structure created by embossing, injection molding or any other suitable technologies. The surface relief features 240 may comprise a plurality offacets film 238 may then be attached or laminated to the top surface of alight guide plate 223 such that theembossed film 238 effectively becomes part of thelight guide plate 223. Index matching adhesive may be used. The imprinted surface relief features 240 remain as the top, exposed surface of thefilm 238. Acover layer 260 is then attached or laminated to the exposed surface of thefilm 238. As discussed above, if the refractive index of both thefilm 238 and thecover layer 260 are similar, the surface relief features 240 are effectively embedded in the composite (single unitary)light guide 203. - As shown in
FIG. 15 , cavities (e.g., air pockets) 250, similar to the cavities discussed above, are created between the surface relief features 240 and thecover layer 260. In use,plural light rays 5 from thelight source 2 enter thelight guide 203 at alight input surface 233 and are guided along the length of the light guide via total internal reflection of the rays at the interface between thelight guide 203 and the surrounding air. When alight ray 5 strikes the light guide material/air interface created by one of the embeddedcavities 250 at an angle greater than the critical angle for total internal reflection, thelight ray 5 will likewise undergo total internal reflection. However, because of the angle of air/light guide material interface created by thefacets light guide 203 via thelight output face 231 towards thedisplay panel 4. - In certain embodiments, such as the cross-sectional view shown in
FIG. 16 , the surface relief features 340 may be configured such that the cavities (e.g., air pockets) 350 in thelight guide 303 have an asymmetrical shape. In particular, as shown, the side closer to thelight source 2 is different than the side farther from thelight source 2. For example, the steepness of the twofacets FIG. 16 , the surface relief features 340 comprises two adjoiningfacets first facet 342 is a short, steep facet and thesecond facet 344 is a vertical facet. The asymmetrical shape of thecavities 350 reduces the length of the light guide material/air interface and thereby reduces the detrimental Fresnel reflections that occur when light strikes the interface. The facets may have other angles as well, and may be shaped differently. - A further advantage of the embedded surface relief features is that the use of embedded air/light guide material interfaces formed by the
cavities 350 more efficiently relays light 5 from a sidelight source 2. For example, as shown inFIG. 17 , when light rays 5 contained within a cone having a half angle of approximately 30° propagate through thelight guide 303 and strike the light guide material/air interface at ancavities 350, some of thelight 6 is turned down by total internal reflection, as described above, while some of the light 7 is refracted through the interface into thecavities 350. Here, the light 7 may propagate through thecavities 350 until it strikes air/light guide material interface at thevertical facet 344. The light 7 is then refracted at this interface and is thereby quasi-collimated back into the light guide material. If this light then strikes the air/light guide material interface at the surface of the light guide, the light 7 will be totally internally reflected and remain in the light guide. Conversely, if the surface relief features did not comprise a cavity with two embedded light guide-air interfaces, any light not totally internally reflected at the light guide material/air interface of the surface relief feature would be refracted through the interface and escape the light guide. Thus, the efficiency of the light guide is improved by embedding the cavities and providing a second air/light guide material interface to prevent some refracted light from escaping the light guide. - In alternative embodiments, as shown in
FIG. 18 , the turningfacets reflective coating 280 such as silver or any other suitable metallic coating. Thereflective coating 280 may also improve the efficiency of the light guide, by causing any light that would have previously been refracted through the light guide material/air interface instead of being turned via total internal reflection to be reflected downward to the display panel by the reflective coating. In certain embodiments, as discussed above, thecavities 250 may also be filled with a filler material to provide mechanical stability and strength to the structure. In certain embodiments, instead of applying a reflecting coating, the filler material may be reflective. - The turning
facets light guide 203. In certain embodiments, as shown inFIG. 19 , the surface relief features 240 may comprise a plurality ofmultifaceted surfaces FIG. 15 . The multifaceted surfaces may increase the angular range over which the incident light is turned and thus increase the probability that light turned by adjacent surface features 240, such as shown inFIG. 19 , will overlap at thedisplay panel 4, thus improving the uniformity of light incident on thedisplay panel 4. This is especially advantageous when thedisplay panel 4 and the embedded surface relief features 240 are closely spaced such that the distance D over which the turned light rays could spread is small. For example, as shown inFIG. 19 , light rays 15 striking themultifaceted turning surface 442 at different heights are turned by total internal reflection over different angles depending upon the angle at which it strikes the turning surface. - In an alternative embodiment, as depicted in
FIG. 20 , the turning surfaces 542 and 544 may alternatively comprise a single curved surface. Thecurved surfaces turning facet display panel 4, thus improving the uniformity of the light incident on thedisplay panel 4. - In an alternative embodiment, as depicted in
FIG. 21 , the compositelight guide 603 may comprise afilm 638 having a first planar surface and a second contoured surface with concave surface relief features 640 extending across the length of a first side of the film and a plastic or glasslight guide plate 623 having top and bottom planar surfaces. Thefilm 638 may be attached or laminated to the bottom surface of thelight guide plate 623 such that the planar surface of thefilm 638 is adjacent to the planar bottom surface of the light guide and thefilm 638 effectively becomes part of thelight guide plate 623. - The contoured surface of the
film 638 faces away from thelight guide plate 623 such that the concave surface relief features 640 remain on the exposed surface of thefilm 638, also facing away from thelight guide plate 623. In certain embodiments, the concave surface features 640 may be protected by applying a planarplastic cover layer 660 to the contoured surface offilm 638 to embed the surface features between thefilm 638 and thecover layer 660. As discussed above, if the refractive index of both thefilm 638 and thecover layer 660 are similar, the surface relief features 640 are effectively embedded in the compositelight guide 603. Alternatively, the concave surface of thefilm 638 may be attached or laminated directly to the array of display elements such that the concave surface features are embedded between thefilm 638 and the array of display elements. The concave surface relief features 640 may comprise a plurality of adjacent facets which may be either be symmetric or asymmetric. In the embodiment shown, the concave surface relief features 640 comprise sloping side walls orfacets 642 and 644 having the same slope although the slopes can be different in different embodiments. These slopingside walls 642 and 644 are tilted such that the cavity 650 widens with depth into thefilm 638. Likewise, the edges of eachfacet 642 and 644 nearest thedisplay elements 4 are closer to each other than the edges of eachfacet 642 and 644 furthest from the display. - In certain embodiments, as depicted in
FIG. 21 , the surface relief features 640 may be shaped and sized such that guided light propagating through thelight guide 603 will be totally internally reflected at the air/light guide material interface. In use,plural light rays 5 from thelight source 2 enter thelight guide 603 at alight input surface 633 and are guided along the length of the light guide via total internal reflection of the rays at the interface between thelight guide 603 and the surrounding air. When alight ray 5 strikes the air/light guide material interface created by one of the embedded cavities (e.g., air pockets) 650 at an angle greater than the critical angle for total internal reflection, thelight ray 5 will undergo total internal reflection at thefacet 642. Because of the angle of air/light guide material interface created by thefacets 642 and 644 of the surface relief features 640, the total internally reflected light is turned through a large angle, usually ninety degrees or greater (relative to the light output face 631) and may then exit thelight guide 603 via thelight output face 631 towards the array ofdisplay elements 4. - In alternative embodiments, as depicted in
FIG. 22 , the surface relief features 740 may be shaped and sized such that guided light propagating through thelight guide 703 will be turned towards the array of display elements by refraction of the light rays at the air/light guide material interface. Cavities (e.g., air pockets) 750, similar to the cavities discussed above, are created between the surface relief features 740 and thecover layer 760. In the embodiment shown, the surface relief features 740 comprise vertical sidewalls orfacets - In use,
light rays 5 from thelight source 2 enter thelight guide 703 at alight input surface 733 and are guided along the length of the light guide via total internal reflection of the rays at the interface between the light guide 503 and the surrounding air. When alight ray 5 strikes the air/light guide material interface created by one of the embeddedcavities 750, thelight ray 5 will be refracted due to the change in refractive index between the light guide and air. Because of the angle of air/light guide material interface created by thefacet 742 of the surface relief features 740, the light will be bent such that it exits thelight guide 703 via thelight output face 731 and is directed towards the array ofdisplay elements 4. - A wide variety of other variations are also possible. Structural features may be added, removed, reordered, or rearranged. Different structural features may be substituted out. The type, arrangement, and configuration of the components may be different. Components may be added or removed. Similarly, processing steps may be added or removed, or reordered. Also, although some embodiments are described as plates, these embodiments may otherwise comprise films or sheets. Additionally, the terms film and layer as used herein include film stacks and multilayers. While these embodiments are discussed in the context of an interferometric display, one of skill in the art will recognize that the technology is applicable in any directed-lighting solution including room lighting and display lighting for any of reflective, transmissive and transflective technologies.
- While the above detailed description has shown, described, and pointed out novel features of the invention as applied to various embodiments, it will be understood that various omissions, substitutions, and changes in the form and details of the device or process illustrated may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention. As is also stated above, it should be noted that the use of particular terminology when describing certain features or aspects of the invention should not be taken to imply that the terminology is being re-defined herein to be restricted to including any specific characteristics of the features or aspects of the invention with which that terminology is associated. The scope of the invention is indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.
Claims (34)
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RU (1) | RU2482387C2 (en) |
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CN101675295A (en) | 2010-03-17 |
BRPI0810811A2 (en) | 2019-09-24 |
WO2008137299A1 (en) | 2008-11-13 |
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JP2010526341A (en) | 2010-07-29 |
KR20100036233A (en) | 2010-04-07 |
EP1988333A1 (en) | 2008-11-05 |
JP2013011904A (en) | 2013-01-17 |
CN102354012A (en) | 2012-02-15 |
CN101675295B (en) | 2012-07-18 |
RU2482387C2 (en) | 2013-05-20 |
US8373821B2 (en) | 2013-02-12 |
TWI595293B (en) | 2017-08-11 |
US7733439B2 (en) | 2010-06-08 |
CA2685682A1 (en) | 2008-11-13 |
TW200903105A (en) | 2009-01-16 |
EP1988332A1 (en) | 2008-11-05 |
RU2009140154A (en) | 2011-06-10 |
US20100309687A1 (en) | 2010-12-09 |
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