US20100310640A1

US20100310640A1 - Hla-dr binding peptides and their uses

Info

Publication number: US20100310640A1
Application number: US12/740,562
Authority: US
Inventors: Keith L. Knutson; Mary L. Disis; John D. Fikes; Melanie Beebe; Glenn Ishioka
Original assignee: University of Washington; Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research
Current assignee: University of Washington; Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research
Priority date: 2007-11-01
Filing date: 2008-10-30
Publication date: 2010-12-09
Also published as: EP3085707B1; WO2009059011A3; US20140377340A1; JP2015007061A; CN102066410B; WO2009059011A2; JP2011502484A; EP2215111A4; EP2215111A2; WO2009059011A9; EP2215111B1; CA2704397C; JP6006265B2; US10556943B2; EP3085707A1; CA2991175A1; CN102066410A; CA2704397A1; US20170342126A1

Abstract

The present invention provides HLA-DR (MHC class II) binding peptides derived from the ovarian/breast cancer associated antigens, Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER-2/neu), Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA), Insulin Growth Factor Binding Protein 2 (IGFBP-2), and Cyclin D1. The immunogenic peptides can be used in cancer vaccines.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims benefit of priority from U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/984,646, filed on Nov. 1, 2007.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Field of Invention

The present invention relates to compositions and methods for preventing, treating or diagnosing a number of pathological states such as cancers. In particular, it provides novel peptides capable of binding selected major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and induce an immune response.
MHC molecules are classified as either Class I or Class II molecules. Class II MHC molecules are expressed primarily on cells involved in initiating and sustaining immune responses, such as T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages, etc. Class II MHC molecules are recognized by helper T lymphocytes and induce proliferation of helper T lymphocytes and amplification of the immune response to the particular immunogenic peptide that is displayed. Complexes between a particular disease-associated antigenic peptide and class II HLA molecules are recognized by helper T lymphocytes and induce proliferation of helper T lymphocytes and amplification of specific CTL and antibody immune responses.
A complex of an HLA molecule and a peptidic antigen acts as the ligand recognized by HLA-restricted T cells (Buus, S. et al., Cell 47:1071, 1986; Babbitt, B. P. et al., Nature 317:359, 1985; Townsend, A. and Bodmer, H., Annu. Rev. Immunol. 7:601, 1989; Germain, R. N., Annu. Rev. Immunol. 11:403, 1993).
Peptides of the present invention comprise epitopes that bind to HLA class II DR molecules. A greater degree of heterogeneity in both size and binding frame position of the motif, relative to the N- and C-termini of the peptide, exists for class II peptide ligands. This increased heterogeneity of HLA class II peptide ligands is due to the structure of the binding groove of the HLA class II molecule which, unlike its class I counterpart, is open at both ends. Crystallographic analysis of HLA class II DRB*0101-peptide complexes showed that the major energy of binding is contributed by peptide residues complexed with complementary pockets on the DRB*0101 molecules. An important anchor residue engages the deepest hydrophobic pocket (see, e.g., Madden, D. R. Ann. Rev. Immunol. 13:587, 1995) and is referred to as position 1 (P1). P1 may represent the N-terminal residue of a class II binding peptide epitope, but more typically is flanked towards the N-terminus by one or more residues. Other studies have also pointed to an important role for the peptide residue in the sixth position towards the C-terminus, relative to P1, for binding to various DR molecules.
In the past few years evidence has accumulated to demonstrate that a large fraction of HLA class I and class II molecules can be classified into a relatively few supertypes, each characterized by largely overlapping peptide binding repertoires, and consensus structures of the main peptide binding pockets. Thus, peptides of the present invention are identified by any one of several HLA-specific amino acid motifs, or if the presence of the motif corresponds to the ability to bind several allele-specific HLA molecules, a supermotif. The HLA molecules that bind to peptides that possess a particular amino acid supermotif are collectively referred to as an HLA “supertype.”
Because human population groups, including racial and ethnic groups, have distinct patterns of distribution of HLA alleles it will be of value to identify motifs that describe peptides capable of binding more than one HLA allele, so as to achieve sufficient coverage of all population groups. The present invention addresses these and other needs.
T lymphocytes recognize an antigen in the form of a peptide fragment bound to the MHC class I or class II molecule rather than the intact foreign antigen itself. Antigens presented by MHC class II molecules are usually soluble antigens that enter the antigen presenting cell via phagocytosis, pinocytosis, or receptor-mediated endocytosis. Once in the cell, the antigen is partially degraded by acid-dependent proteases in endosomes. The resulting fragments or peptide associate with the MHC class II molecule after the release of the CLIP fragment to form a stable complex that is then transported to the surface for potential recognition by specific HTLs. See Blum, et al., Crit. Rev. Immunol., 17: 411-17 (1997); Arndt, et al., Immunol. Res., 16: 261-72 (1997).
Peptides that bind a particular MHC allele frequently will fit within a motif and have amino acid residues with particular biochemical properties at specific positions within the peptide. Such residues are usually dictated by the biochemical properties of the MHC allele. Peptide sequence motifs have been utilized to screen peptides capable of binding MHC molecules (Sette, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:3296 (1989)), and it has previously been reported that class I binding motifs identified potential immunogenic peptides in animal models (De Bruijn, et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 21: 2963-70 (1991); Pamer, et al., Nature 353: 852-955 (1991)). Also, binding of a particular peptide to a MHC molecule has been correlated with immunogenicity of that peptide (Schaeffer, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:4649 (1989)).
Accordingly, while some MHC binding peptides have been identified, there is a need in the art to identify novel MHC binding peptides from tumor associated antigens that can be utilized to generate an immune response in vaccines against these targets. Further, there is a need in the art to identify peptides capable of binding a wide array of different types of MHC molecules such they are immunogenic in a large fraction a human outbred population.
One of the most formidable obstacles to the development of broadly efficacious peptide-based immunotherapeutics has been the extreme polymorphism of HLA molecules. Effective coverage of a population without bias would thus be a task of considerable complexity if epitopes were used specific for HLA molecules corresponding to each individual allele because a huge number of them would have to be used in order to cover an ethnically diverse population. There exists, therefore, a need to develop peptide epitopes that are bound by multiple HLA antigen molecules at high affinity for use in epitope-based vaccines. The greater the number of HLA antigen molecules bound, the greater the breadth of population coverage by the vaccine. Analog peptides may be engineered based on the information disclosed herein and thereby used to achieve such an enhancement in breadth of population coverage.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the identification of preexistent immunity to promiscuous HER-2/neu HLA-DR epitopes. Each panel shows a scatter gram of the mean numbers of T cells specific for one of the identified HER-2/neu (see header of each panel) peptides in both healthy volunteer donors and patients. Each panel represents a unique peptide and each data point is derived from one individual. The grey box (i.e. cutoff) delineates the region that constitutes the mean and two standard deviations calculated from the normal healthy individuals. The percentages represent the fraction of patients that had mean T cell values above the cutoff. The peptides that are circled are those in which a higher fraction of the patients responded compared to the normal healthy controls. These peptides are considered to be the best vaccine candidates. However, it is clear that the rigidness of this approach could potentially result in many false negatives. For example, while p885 was shown to be recognized by 25% of patients, p886, a nearly identical peptide was found to be recognized by only 4%. However, if one looks at the graph for p886, there is a healthy individual that showed a robust response. The exclusion of that data point would have resulted in a patient response rate of 15%, which would have been consistent with the p885 response. Despite this, we identified 5 candidates to move forward. The fidelity of this approach is evident from a prior study which has already shown that a HER-2/neu peptide, p884-899, which encompasses the binding motif of p885, is an HLA-DR4 epitope.

FIG. 2 shows the identification of preexistent immunity to promiscuous CEA HLA-DR epitopes. FIG. 2 is identical to FIG. 1 with the only exception that CEA is the antigen. Seven candidate peptides were identified.

FIG. 3 shows the identification of preexistent immunity to promiscuous IGFBP2 HLA-DR epitopes. FIG. 3 is identical to FIG. 1 with the only exception that IGFBP2 is the antigen. Four candidate peptides were identified. Note that only 10 peptides were assessed as explained in the text above.

FIG. 4 shows the identification of preexistent immunity to promiscuous IGFBP2 HLA-DR epitopes. FIG. 4 is identical to FIG. 1 with the only exception that Cyclin D1 is the antigen. Using the more liberal statistical method, 7 potential epitopes were identified.

FIG. 5 shows the that HER-2/neu peptides, p59, p83, p88 and p885 are naturally processed and presented antigens. IFN-γ ELISpot analysis of short term T cell lines generated against HER-2/neu peptides, p53 (Panel A), p83 (Panel B), p88 (Panel C) and p885 (Panel D). The lines were tested for responses against respective culture peptides, an irrelevant 15-mer peptide, a HER-2/neu protein fragment (amino acids 22-122, Panels A-C; amino acids 676-1255, Panel D), or an irrelevant similar weight protein, ovalbumin. Each shows the results from two lines established from two different breast or ovarian cancer patients who had a positive ELlspot response to the peptide. Each bar is the mean (s.e.m.) of three replicates.

FIG. 6 shows that IGFBP2 peptides p17, p22, p249, and p293 are naturally processed peptides. FIG. 6 is identical to FIG. 5 except that the results were obtained using IGFBP-2 derived helper epitopes.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to compositions and methods for preventing, treating or diagnosing a number of pathological states such as viral diseases and cancers. Thus, provided herein are novel peptides capable of binding selected major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and inducing or modulating an immune response. Some of the peptides disclosed are capable of binding human class II MHC (HLA) molecules, including HLA-DR and HLA-DQ alleles. Also provided are compositions that include immunogenic peptides having binding motifs specific for MHC molecules. The peptides and compositions disclosed can be utilized in methods for inducing an immune response, a helper T lymphocyte (HTL) response, or a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response when administered to a system.
Epitopes on a number of immunogenic tumor associated antigens have been identified. The peptides are thus useful in pharmaceutical compositions for both in vivo and ex vivo therapeutic and diagnostic applications (e.g., tetramer reagents; Beckman Coulter).
The peptides are also useful as epitope-based vaccines. The epitope-based vaccines preferably have enhanced, typically broadened, population coverage. The HLA-DR supermotif-bearing epitopes comprising the vaccine composition preferably bind to more than one HLA DR supertype molecule with a K_Dof less than 1000 nM or 500 nM, and stimulate a HTL response in patients bearing an HLA DR supertype allele to which the peptide binds.
Motif-bearing peptides may additionally be used as diagnostic, rather than immunogenic, reagents to evaluate an immune response. For example, an HLA-DR supermotif-bearing peptide epitope may be used prognostically to analyze an immune response for the presence of specific HTL populations from patients who possess an HLA DR supertype allele bound by the peptide epitope.
The binding affinity of a peptide epitope in accordance with the invention for at least one HLA DR supertype molecule is preferably determined. A preferred peptide epitope has a binding affinity of less than 1000 nM, or more preferably less than 500 nM for the at least one HLA DR supertype molecule, and most preferably less than 50 nM.
Synthesis of a HLA DR supermotif-containing epitope may occur in vitro or in vivo. In a preferred embodiment, the peptide is encoded by a recombinant nucleic acid and expressed in a cell. The nucleic acid may encode one or more peptides, at least one of which is an epitope of the invention.
A peptide epitope of the invention, in the context of an HLA DR supertype molecule to which it binds, can be contacted, either in vitro or in vivo, with a cytotoxic T lymphocyte and thereby be used to elicit a T cell response in an HLA-diverse population.
An HTL epitope may be comprised by a single peptide. Further, the HTL epitope may be lipidated, preferably with palmitic acid, and may be linked by a spacer molecule to another HTL epitope or a CTL epitope. The epitope may be expressed by a nucleotide sequence; in a preferred embodiment the nucleotide sequence is comprised in an attenuated viral host.
As will be apparent from the discussion below, other embodiments of methods and compositions are also within the scope of the invention. Further, novel synthetic peptides produced by any of the methods described herein are also part of the invention.
The present invention provides peptides and nucleic acids encoding them for use in vaccines and therapeutics. The invention provides methods of inducing a helper T cell response against a preselected antigen in, a patient, the method comprising contacting a helper T cell with an immunogenic peptide of the invention. The peptides of the invention may be derived from a number of tumor associated antigens. The methods of the invention can be carried out in vitro or in vivo. In a preferred embodiment the peptides are contacted with the helper T cell by administering to the patient a nucleic acid molecule comprising a sequence encoding the immunogenic peptide.
The present invention is directed to methods of modulating the binding of peptide epitopes to HLA class II molecules. The invention includes a method of modifying binding of an original peptide epitope that bears a motif correlated with binding to an HLA molecule, said motif comprising at least one primary anchor position, said at least one primary anchor position having specified therefore primary anchor amino acid residues consisting essentially of two or more residues, said method comprising exchanging the primary anchor residue of the original peptide epitope for another primary anchor residue, with the proviso that the original primary anchor residue is not the same as the exchanged primary anchor residue. A preferred embodiment of the invention includes a method where the original primary anchor residue is a less preferred residue, and the exchanged residue is a more preferred residue.
One alternative embodiment of the invention includes a method of modifying binding of an original peptide epitope that bears a motif correlated with binding to an HLA molecule, said motif comprising at least one primary anchor position having specified therefore at least one primary anchor residue, and at least one secondary anchor position having specified therefore at least one secondary residue, said method comprising exchanging the secondary anchor residue of the original peptide epitope for another secondary anchor residue, with the proviso that the original secondary anchor residue is different than the exchanged amino acid residue. In some cases the original secondary residue is a deleterious residue and the exchanged residue is a residue other than a deleterious residue and/or the original secondary anchor residue is a less preferred residue and the exchanged residue is a more preferred residue.
As will be apparent from the discussion below, other methods and embodiments are also contemplated. Further, novel synthetic peptides produced by any of the methods described herein are also part of the invention.

DEFINITIONS

The following definitions are provided to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to understand some of the preferred embodiments of invention disclosed herein. It is understood, however, that these definitions are exemplary only and should not be used to limit the scope of the invention as set forth in the claims. Those of ordinary skill in the art will be able to construct slight modifications to the definitions below and utilize such modified definitions to understand and practice the invention disclosed herein. Such modifications, which would be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art, as they may be applicable to the claims set forth below, are considered to be within the scope of the present invention. If a definition set forth in this section is contrary to or otherwise inconsistent with a definition set forth in patents, published patent applications and other publications and sequences from GenBank and other databases that are herein incorporated by reference, the definition set forth in this section prevails over the definition that is incorporated herein by reference.
An “HLA supertype or family”, as used herein, describes sets of HLA molecules grouped on the basis of shared peptide-binding specificities, rather than serologic supertypes based on shared antigenic determinants. HLA class II molecules that share somewhat similar binding affinity for peptides bearing certain amino acid motifs are grouped into HLA supertypes. The terms “HLA superfamily,” “HLA supertype family,” “HLA family,” and “HLA xx-like molecules” (where xx denotes a particular HLA type), are synonyms.
As used herein, the term “IC₅₀” refers to the concentration of peptide in a binding assay at which 50% inhibition of binding of a reference peptide is observed. Depending on the conditions in which the assays are run (i.e., limiting MHC proteins and labeled peptide concentrations), these values may approximate K_Dvalues. It should be noted that IC₅₀values can change, often dramatically, if the assay conditions are varied, and depending on the particular reagents used (e.g., HLA preparation, etc.). For example, excessive concentrations of HLA molecules will increase the apparent measured IC₅₀of a given ligand.
Alternatively, binding is expressed relative to a reference peptide. As a particular assay becomes more, or less, sensitive, the IC₅₀'s of the peptides tested may change somewhat. However, the binding relative to the reference peptide will not change. For example, in an assay run under conditions such that the IC₅₀of the reference peptide increases 10-fold, the IC₅₀values of the test peptides will also shift approximately 10-fold. Therefore, to avoid ambiguities, the assessment of whether a peptide is a good, intermediate, weak, or negative binder is generally based on its IC₅₀, relative to the IC₅₀of a standard peptide.
As used herein, “high affinity” with respect to peptide binding to HLA class II molecules is defined as binding with an K_D(or IC₅₀) of less than 50 nM. “Intermediate affinity” is binding with a K_D(or IC₅₀) of between about 50 and about 500 nM. As used herein, “high affinity” with respect to binding to HLA class II molecules is defined as binding with an K_D(or IC₅₀) of less than 100 nM. “Intermediate affinity” is binding with a K_D(or IC₅₀) of between about 100 and about 1000 nM. Assays for determining binding are described in detail, e.g., in PCT publications WO 94/20127 and WO 94/03205.
Binding may also be determined using other assay systems including those using: live cells (e.g., Ceppellini et al., Nature 339:392 (1989); Christnick et al., Nature 352:67 (1991); Busch et al., Int. Immunol. 2:443 (1990); Hill et al., J Immunol. 147:189 (1991); del Guercio et al., J Immunol. 154:685 (1995)), cell free systems using detergent lysates (e.g., Cerundolo et al., J Immunol. 21:2069 (1991)), immobilized purified MHC (e.g., Hill et al., J Immunol. 152, 2890 (1994); Marshall et al., J Immunol. 152:4946 (1994)), ELISA systems (e.g., Reay et al., EMBO J 11:2829 (1992)), surface plasmon resonance (e.g., Khilko et al., J Biol. Chem. 268:15425 (1993)); high flux soluble phase assays (Hammer et al., J. Exp. Med. 180:2353 (1994)).
The term “peptide” is used interchangeably with “oligopeptide” in the present specification to designate a series of residues, typically L-amino acids, connected one to the other typically by peptide bonds between the alpha-amino and carbonyl groups of adjacent amino acids. In certain embodiments, the oligopeptides of the invention are less than about 50 residues in length and usually consist of between about 6 and about 25 residues, preferably 14 or 15 residues. Further, an oligopeptide of the invention can be such that it does not comprise more than 50 contiguous amino acids of a native antigen. The preferred HTL-inducing peptides of the invention are 30 residues or less in length, sometimes 20 residues or less and usually consist of between about 6 and about 25 residues, preferably 14 or 15 residues.
“Synthetic peptide” refers to a peptide that is not naturally occurring, but is man-made using such methods as chemical synthesis or recombinant DNA technology.
The nomenclature used to describe peptide compounds follows the conventional practice wherein the amino group is presented to the left (the N-terminus) and the carboxyl group to the right (the C-terminus) of each amino acid residue. In the formulae representing selected specific embodiments of the present invention, the amino- and carboxyl-terminal groups, although not specifically shown, are in the form they would assume at physiologic pH values, unless otherwise specified. In the amino acid structure formula, each residue is generally represented by standard three letter or single letter designations. The L-form of an amino acid residue is represented by a capital single letter or a capital first letter of a three-letter symbol, and the D-form for those amino acids having D-forms is represented by a lower case single letter or a lower case three letter symbol. Glycine has no asymmetric carbon atom and is simply referred to as “Gly” or G. Symbols for each amino acids are shown below:

TABLE 1

Amino acids with their abbreviations

Amino acid	Three letter code	Single letter code

Alanine	Ala	A
Arginine	Arg	R
Asparagine	Asn	N
Aspartic acid	Asp	D
Cysteine	Cys	C
Glutamine	Gln	Q
Glutamic acid	Glu	E
Glycine	Gly	G
Histidine	His	H
Isoleucine	Ile	I
Leucine	Leu	L
Lysine	Lys	K
Methionine	Met	M
Phenylalanine	Phe	F
Proline	Pro	P
Serine	Ser	S
Threonine	Thr	T
Tryptophan	Trp	W
Tyrosine	Tyr	Y
Valine	Val	V

With regard to a particular amino acid sequence, an “epitope” is a set of amino acid residues which is involved in recognition by a particular immunoglobulin, or in the context of T cells, those residues necessary for recognition by T cell receptor proteins and/or Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) receptors. In an immune system setting, in vivo or in vitro, an epitope is the collective features of a molecule, such as primary, secondary and tertiary peptide structure, and charge, that together form a site recognized by an immunoglobulin, T cell receptor or HLA molecule. Throughout this disclosure epitope and peptide are often used interchangeably.
It is to be appreciated that protein or peptide molecules that comprise an epitope of the invention as well as additional amino acid(s) are still within the bounds of the invention. In certain embodiments, there is a limitation on the length of a peptide of the invention. The embodiment that is length-limited occurs when the protein/peptide comprising an epitope of the invention comprises a region (i.e., a contiguous series of amino acids) having 100% identity with a native sequence. In order to avoid the definition of epitope from reading, e.g., on whole natural molecules, there is a limitation on the length of any region that has 100% identity with a native peptide sequence. Thus, for a peptide comprising an epitope of the invention and a region with 100% identity with a native peptide sequence, the region with 100% identity to a native sequence generally has a length of: less than or equal to 600 amino acids, often less than or equal to 500 amino acids, often less than or equal to 400 amino acids, often less than or equal to 250 amino acids, often less than or equal to 100 amino acids; often less than or equal to 85 amino acids, often less than or equal to 75 amino acids, often less than or equal to 65 amino acids, and often less than or equal to 50 amino acids. In certain embodiments, an “epitope” of the invention is comprised by a peptide having a region with less than 51 amino acids that has 100% identity to a native peptide sequence, in any increment down to 5 amino acids.
Accordingly, peptide or protein sequences longer than 600 amino acids are within the scope of the invention, so long as they do not comprise any contiguous sequence of more than 600 amino acids that have 100% identity with a native peptide sequence. For any peptide that has five contiguous residues or less that correspond to a native sequence, there is no limitation on the maximal length of that peptide in order to fall within the scope of the invention. It is presently preferred that a CTL epitope be less than 600 residues long in any increment down to eight amino acid residues.
A “dominant epitope” induces an immune response upon immunization with whole native antigens which comprise the epitope. (See, e.g., Sercarz, et al., Annu. Rev. Immunol. 11:729-766 (1993)). Such a response is cross-reactive in vitro with an isolated peptide epitope.
A “cryptic epitope” elicits a response by immunization with isolated peptide, but the response is not cross-reactive in vitro when intact whole protein which comprises the epitope is used as an antigen.
A “subdominant epitope” is an epitope which evokes little or no response upon immunization with whole antigens which comprise the epitope, but for which a response can be obtained by immunization in vivo or in vitro with an isolated epitope, and this response (unlike the case of cryptic epitopes) is detected when whole protein is used to recall the response in vitro.
A “pharmaceutical excipient” comprises a material such as an adjuvant, a carrier, pH-adjusting and buffering agents, tonicity adjusting agents, wetting agents, preservatives, and the like.
As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to a generally non-toxic, inert, and/or physiologically compatible composition.
As used herein, the term “protective immune response” or “therapeutic immune response” refers to a HTL and/or a CTL response to a tumor associated antigen, which in some way prevents or at least partially arrests disease symptoms, side effects or progression. The immune response may include an antibody response that has been facilitated by the stimulation of helper T cells.
In certain embodiments, an “immunogenic peptide” is a peptide which comprises an allele-specific motif such that the peptide will bind an MHC (HLA) molecule and induce a HTL response. Immunogenic peptides of the invention are capable of binding to an appropriate class II MHC molecule (e.g., HLA-DR) and inducing a helper T cell response against the antigen from which the immunogenic peptide is derived.
An “immunogenic response” includes one that stimulates a HTL and/or CTL response in vitro and/or in vivo as well as modulates an ongoing immune response through directed induction of cell death (or apoptosis) in specific T cell populations.
Immunogenic peptides of the invention are capable of binding to an appropriate HLA-DR molecule and inducing a helper T-cell response against the antigen from which the immunogenic peptide is derived. The immunogenic peptides of the invention are less than about 50 residues in length, often 30 residues or less in length, or 20 residues or less in length and usually consist of between about 6 and about 25 residues, preferably 14 or 15 residues.
The term “derived” when used to discuss an epitope is a synonym for “prepared.” A derived epitope can be isolated from a natural source, or it can be synthesized in accordance with standard protocols in the art. Synthetic epitopes can comprise artificial amino acids “amino acid mimetics,” such as D isomers of natural occurring L amino acids or non-natural amino acids such as cyclohexylalanine A derived/prepared epitope can be an analog of a native epitope.
Immunogenic peptides are conveniently identified using the binding motif algorithms described for the specific HLA subtype (e.g., HLA-DR). The algorithms are mathematical procedures that produce a score which enables the selection of immunogenic peptides. Typically one uses the algorithmic score with a “binding threshold” to enable selection of peptides that have a high probability of binding at a certain affinity and will in turn be immunogenic. The algorithm is based upon either the effects on MHC binding of a particular amino acid at a particular position of a peptide or the effects on binding of a particular substitution in a motif containing peptide.
The term “residue” refers to an amino acid or amino acid mimetic incorporated into an oligopeptide by an amide bond or amide bond mimetic.
A “conserved residue” is an amino acid which occurs in a significantly higher frequency than would be expected by random distribution at a particular position in a peptide. Typically a conserved residue is one where the MHC structure may provide a contact point with the immunogenic peptide. At least one to three or more, preferably two, conserved residues within a peptide of defined length defines a motif for an immunogenic peptide. These residues are typically in close contact with the peptide binding groove, with their side chains buried in specific pockets of the groove itself. Typically, an immunogenic peptide will comprise up to three conserved residues, more usually two conserved residues.
The term “motif” refers to the pattern of residues in a peptide of defined length, usually about 6 to about 25 amino acids, which is recognized by a particular MHC allele (one or more HLA molecules). The peptide motifs are typically different for each human MHC allele and differ in the pattern of the highly conserved residues and negative residues. Peptide motifs are often unique for the protein encoded by each human HLA allele, differing in their pattern of the primary and secondary anchor residues. Typically as used herein, a “motif” refers to that pattern of residues which is recognized by an HLA molecule encoded by a particular allele. The binding motif for an allele can be defined with increasing degrees of precision.
The designation of a residue position in an epitope as the “carboxyl terminus” or the “carboxyl terminal position” refers to the residue position at the end of the epitope which is nearest to the carboxyl terminus of a peptide, which is designated using conventional nomenclature as defined below. The “carboxyl terminal position” of the epitope may or may not actually correspond to the end of the peptide or polypeptide.
The designation of a residue position in an epitope as “amino terminus” or “amino-terminal position” refers to the residue position at the end of the epitope which is nearest to the amino terminus of a peptide, which is designated using conventional nomenclature as defined below. The “amino terminal position” of the epitope may or may not actually correspond to the end of the peptide or polypeptide.
A “motif bearing peptide” or “peptide which comprises a motif” refers to a peptide that comprises primary anchors specified for a given motif or supermotif.
In certain embodiments, a “supermotif” is a peptide binding specificity shared by HLA molecules encoded by two or more HLA alleles. Preferably, a supermotif-bearing peptide is recognized with high or intermediate affinity (as defined herein) by two or more HLA molecules or antigens.
Alternatively, the term “supermotif” refers to motifs that, when present in an immunogenic peptide, allow the peptide to bind more than one HLA antigen. The supermotif preferably is recognized with high or intermediate affinity (as defined herein) by at least one HLA allele having a wide distribution in the human population, preferably recognized by at least two alleles, more preferably recognized by at least three alleles, and most preferably recognized by more than three alleles.
“Human Leukocyte Antigen” or “HLA” is a human class I or class II Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) protein (see, Stites, et al., IMMUNOLOGY, 8^THED., Lange Publishing, Los Altos, Calif. (1994).
“Major Histocompatibility Complex” or “MHC” is a cluster of genes which plays a role in control of the cellular interactions responsible for physiologic immune responses. In humans, the MHC complex is also known as the HLA complex. For a detailed description of the MHC and HLA complexes, see, Paul, FUNDAMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY, 3^RDED., Raven Press, New York, 1993.
The phrases “isolated” or “biologically pure” refer to material which is substantially or essentially free from components which normally accompany it as found in its native state. Thus, the peptides of this invention do not contain materials normally associated with their in situ environment, e.g., MHC class II molecules on antigen presenting cells. Even where a protein has been isolated to a homogenous or dominant band, there are trace contaminants in the range of 5-10% of native protein which co-purify with the desired protein. Isolated peptides of this invention do not contain such endogenous co-purified protein.
“Peripheral blood mononuclear cells” (PBMCs) are cells found in from the peripheral blood of a patient. PBMCs comprise, e.g., CTLs and HTLs and antigen presenting cells. These cells can contact an antigen in vivo, or be obtained from a mammalian source and contacted with an antigen in vitro.
“Cross-reactive binding” indicates that a peptide is bound by more than one HLA molecule; a synonym is degenerate binding.
“Promiscuous recognition” is where the same peptide bound by different HLA molecules is recognized by the same T cell clone. It may also refer to the ability of a peptide to be recognized by a single T cell receptor in the context of multiple HLA alleles.
“Link” or “join” refers to any method known in the art for functionally connecting peptides, including, without limitation, recombinant fusion, covalent bonding, disulfide bonding, ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic bonding.
A “non-native” sequence or “construct” refers to a sequence that is not found in nature, i.e., is “non-naturally occurring”. Such sequences include, e.g., peptides that are lipidated or otherwise modified, and polyepitopic compositions that contain epitopes that are not contiguous in a native protein sequence.
As used herein, a “vaccine” is a composition that contains one or more peptides of the invention, see, e.g., TABLE I. There are numerous embodiments of vaccines in accordance with the invention, such as by a cocktail of one or more peptides; one or more peptides of the invention comprised by a polyepitopic peptide; or nucleic acids that encode such peptides or polypeptides, e.g., a minigene that encodes a polyepitopic peptide. The “one or more peptides” can include any whole unit integer from 1-150, e.g., at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, or 150 or more peptides of the invention. The peptides or polypeptides can optionally be modified, such as by lipidation, addition of targeting or other sequences. HLA class II-binding peptides of the invention can be linked to HLA class I-binding peptides, to facilitate activation of both cytotoxic T lymphocytes and helper T lymphocytes. Vaccines can comprise peptide pulsed antigen presenting cells, e.g., dendritic cells.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Certain embodiments of the present invention relate in part to an epitope-based approach for vaccine design. Such an approach is based on the well-established finding that the mechanism for inducing HTL immune response comprises the step of presenting a HTL epitope as a peptide of about 6-25 amino acids bound to an HLA molecule displayed on an antigen-presenting cell.
Certain embodiments of the present invention relate to peptides comprising allele-specific peptide motifs and supermotifs which bind to HLA class II molecules.
As noted above, high HLA binding affinity is correlated with higher immunogenicity. Higher immunogenicity can be manifested in several different ways. For instance, a higher binding peptide will be immunogenic more often. Close to 90% of high binding peptides are immunogenic, as contrasted with about 50% of the peptides which bind with intermediate affinity. A higher binding peptide will also lead to a more vigorous response. As a result, less peptide is required to elicit a similar biological effect. Thus, in some embodiments of the invention high binding epitopes are particularly desired.
It has been noted that a significant number of epitopes derived from known non-viral tumor associated antigens (TAA) bind HLA Class II with intermediate affinity (IC₅₀in the 50-500 mM range). It has been found that 8 of 15 known TAA peptides recognized by tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) or CTL bound in the 50-500 mM range. These data are in contrast with estimates that 90% of known viral antigens that were recognized as peptides bound HLA with IC₅₀of 50 mM or less while only approximately 10% bound in the 50-500 mM range (Sette, et al., J. Immunol., 153:5586-5592 (1994)). This phenomenon is probably due in the cancer setting to elimination, or functional inhibition of the CTL recognizing several of the highest binding peptides, presumably because of T cell tolerization events.
Epitope-bearing peptides in accordance with the invention can be prepared synthetically, by recombinant DNA technology, or from natural sources such as whole viruses or tumors. Although the peptide will preferably be substantially free of other naturally occurring host cell proteins and fragments thereof, in some embodiments the peptides are synthetically conjugated to native molecules or particles; the peptides can also be conjugated to non-native molecules or particles.
The peptides in accordance with the invention can be a variety of lengths, and either in their neutral (uncharged) forms or in forms which are salts. The peptides in accordance with the invention are either free of modifications such as glycosylation, side chain oxidation, or phosphorylation; or they contain these modifications.
Desirably, the epitope-bearing peptide will be as small as possible while still maintaining relevant immunologic activity of the large peptide; of course it is particularly desirable with peptides from pathogenic organisms that the peptide be small in order to avoid pathogenic function. When possible, it may be desirable to optimize epitopes of the invention to a length of about 6 to about 25, preferably 14 to 15 amino acid residues for a class II molecule. Preferably, the peptides are commensurate in size with endogenously processed viral peptides or tumor cell peptides that are bound to HLA class I or class II molecules on the cell surface. Nevertheless, the identification and preparation of peptides of other lengths can be carried out using the techniques described here such as the disclosures of primary anchor positions. It is to be appreciated that peptide epitopes in accordance with the invention can be present in peptides or proteins that are longer than the epitope itself. Moreover, multiepitopic peptides can comprise at least one epitope of the invention along with other epitope(s).
In particular, the invention provides motifs that are common to peptides bound by more than one HLA allele. By a combination of motif identification and MHC-peptide interaction studies, peptides useful for peptide vaccines have been identified.
Peptides comprising the epitopes from these antigens are synthesized and then tested for their ability to bind to the appropriate MHC molecules in assays using, for example, immunofluorescent staining and flow microfluorometry, peptide-dependent class II assembly assays. Those peptides that bind to the class II molecule are further evaluated for their ability to serve as targets for HTLs derived from infected or immunized individuals, as well as for their capacity to induce primary in vitro or in vivo HTL responses that can give rise to HTL populations capable of reacting with tumor cells as potential therapeutic agents.
The starting point, therefore, for the design of effective vaccines is to ensure that the vaccine will generate a large number of epitopes that can successfully be presented. It may be possible to administer the peptides representing the epitopes per se. Such administration is dependent on the presentation of “empty” HLA molecules displayed on the cells of the subject. In one approach to use of the immunogenic peptides per se, these peptides may be incubated with antigen-presenting cells from the subject to be treated ex vivo and the cells then returned to the subject.
Alternatively, the peptides can be generated in situ by administering a nucleic acid containing a nucleotide sequence encoding it. Means for providing such nucleic acid molecules are described in WO99/58658, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Further, the immunogenic peptides can be administered as portions of a larger peptide molecule and cleaved to release the desired peptide. The larger peptide may contain extraneous amino acids, in general the fewer the better. Thus, peptides which contain such amino acids are typically 50 amino acids or less, more typically 30 amino acids or less, and more typically 20 amino acids or less. The precursor may also be a heteropolymer or homopolymer containing a multiplicity of different or same HTL epitopes. Of course, mixtures of peptides and nucleic acids which generate a variety of immunogenic peptides can also be employed. The design of the peptide vaccines, the nucleic acid molecules, or the hetero- or homo-polymers is dependent on the inclusion of the desired epitope.
In certain embodiments, it is preferred that peptides include an epitope that binds to an HLA-DR supertype allele. These motifs may be used to define T-cell epitopes from any desired antigen, particularly those associated with human cancers for which the amino acid sequence of the potential antigen targets is known.
The peptides are thus useful in pharmaceutical compositions for both in vivo and ex vivo therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
Peptides comprising the supermotif sequences can be identified, as noted above, by screening potential antigenic sources. Useful peptides can also be identified by synthesizing peptides with systematic or random substitution of the variable residues in the supermotif, and testing them according to the assays provided. As demonstrated below, it is useful to refer to the sequences of the target HLA molecule, as well.
For epitope-based vaccines, the peptides of the present invention preferably comprise a supermotif and/or motif recognized by an HLA class II molecule having a wide distribution in the human population. The large degree of HLA polymorphism is an important factor to be taken into account with the epitope-based approach to vaccine development. To address this factor, epitope selection encompassing identification of peptides capable of binding at high or intermediate affinity to multiple HLA molecules is preferably utilized, most preferably these epitopes bind at high or intermediate affinity to two or more allele-specific HLA molecules.
HTL-inducing peptides of interest for vaccine compositions preferably include those that have an IC₅₀or binding affinity value for class II HLA molecules, 1000 nM or better (i.e., the value is greater than or equal to 1000 nM). For example, peptide binding is assessed by testing the capacity of a candidate peptide to bind to a purified HLA molecule in vitro. Peptides exhibiting high or intermediate affinity are then considered for further analysis. Selected peptides are generally tested on other members of the supertype family. In preferred embodiments, peptides that exhibit cross-reactive binding are then used in cellular screening analyses or vaccines.
Definition of motifs that are predictive of binding to specific class II alleles allows the identification of potential peptide epitopes from an antigenic protein whose amino acid sequence is known. Typically, identification of potential peptide epitopes is initially carried out using a computer to scan the amino acid sequence of a desired antigen for the presence of motifs and/or supermotifs.
The previous definition of motifs specific for different class II alleles allows the identification of potential peptide epitopes from an antigenic protein whose amino acid sequence is known. Typically, identification of potential peptide epitopes is initially carried out using a computer to scan the amino acid sequence of a desired antigen for the presence of motifs. The epitopic sequences are then synthesized. The capacity to bind MHC Class II molecules is measured in a variety of different ways.
The procedures used to identify peptides of the present invention generally follow the methods disclosed in Falk et al., Nature 351:290 (1991), which is incorporated herein by reference. Briefly, the methods involve large-scale isolation of MHC class II molecules, typically by immunoprecipitation or affinity chromatography, from the appropriate cell or cell line. Examples of other methods for isolation of the desired MHC molecule equally well known to the artisan include ion exchange chromatography, lectin chromatography, size exclusion, high performance ligand chromatography, and a combination of all of the above techniques.
The peptides bound to the peptide binding groove of the isolated MHC molecules are eluted typically using acid treatment. Peptides can also be dissociated from class II molecules by a variety of standard denaturing means, such as heat, pH, detergents, salts, chaotropic agents, or a combination thereof.
Peptide fractions are further separated from the MHC molecules by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and sequenced. Peptides can be separated by a variety of other standard means well known to the artisan, including filtration, ultrafiltration, electrophoresis, size chromatography, precipitation with specific antibodies, ion exchange chromatography, isoelectrofocusing, and the like.
Sequencing of the isolated peptides can be performed according to standard techniques such as Edman degradation (Hunkapiller, M. W., et al., Methods Enzymol. 91, 399 [1983]). Other methods suitable for sequencing include mass spectrometry sequencing of individual peptides as previously described (Hunt, et al., Science 225:1261 (1992), which is incorporated herein by reference). Amino acid sequencing of bulk heterogenous peptides (e.g., pooled HPLC fractions) from different class I molecules typically reveals a characteristic sequence motif for each class I allele.
Next, peptides that test positive in the MHC class II binding assay are assayed for the ability of the peptides to induce specific HTL responses in vitro. For instance, antigen-presenting cells that have been incubated with a peptide can be assayed for the ability to induce HTL responses in responder cell populations. Antigen-presenting cells can be normal cells such as peripheral blood mononuclear cells or dendritic cells (Inaba, et al., J. Exp. Med. 166:182 (1987); Boog, Eur. J. Immunol, 18:219 (1988)).
As disclosed herein, higher HLA binding affinity is correlated with greater immunogenicity. Greater immunogenicity can be manifested in several different ways. Immunogenicity can correspond to whether an immune response is elicited at all, and to the vigor of any particular response, as well as to the extent of a diverse population in which a response is elicited. For example, a peptide might elicit an immune response in a diverse array of the population, yet in no instance produce a vigorous response. In accordance with the principles disclosed herein, close to 90% of high binding peptides have been found to be immunogenic, as contrasted with about 50% of the peptides which bind with intermediate affinity. Moreover, higher binding affinity peptides lead to more vigorous immunogenic responses. As a result, less peptide is required to elicit a similar biological effect if a high affinity binding peptide is used. Thus, in preferred embodiments of the invention, high affinity binding epitopes are particularly useful. Nevertheless, improvements over the prior art are achieved with intermediate or high binding peptides.
After determining their binding affinity, additional confirmatory work can be performed to select, amongst these vaccine candidates, epitopes with preferred characteristics in terms of population coverage, antigenicity, and immunogenicity.
Thus, various strategies can be utilized to evaluate immunogenicity, including:
1) Evaluation of primary T cell cultures from normal individuals (see, e.g., Wentworth, P. A. et al., Mol. Immunol. 32:603, 1995; Celis, E. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:2105, 1994; Tsai, V. et al., J. Immunol. 158:1796, 1997; Kawashima, I. et al., Human Immunol. 59:1, 1998); This procedure involves the stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from normal subjects with a test peptide in the presence of antigen presenting cells in vitro over a period of several weeks. T cells specific for the peptide become activated during this time and are detected.
2) Immunization of HLA transgenic mice (see, e.g., Wentworth, P. A. et al., J. Immunol. 26:97, 1996; Wentworth, P. A. et al., Int. Immunol. 8:651, 1996; Alexander, J. et al., J. Immunol. 159:4753, 1997); In this method, peptides in incomplete Freund's adjuvant are administered subcutaneously to HLA transgenic mice. Several weeks following immunization, splenocytes are removed and cultured in vitro in the presence of test peptide for approximately one week. Peptide-specific T cells are detected.
3) Demonstration of recall T cell responses from patients who have been effectively vaccinated or who have a tumor; (see, e.g., Rehermann, B. et al., J. Exp. Med. 181:1047, 1995; Doolan, D. L. et al., Immunity 7:97, 1997; Bertoni, R. et al., J. Clin. Invest. 100:503, 1997; Threlkeld, S. C. et al., J. Immunol. 159:1648, 1997; Diepolder, H. M. et al., J. Virol. 71:6011, 1997; Tsang et al., J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 87:982-990, 1995; Disis et al., J. Immunol. 156:3151-3158, 1996). In applying this strategy, recall responses are detected by culturing PBL from patients with cancer who have generated an immune response “naturally”, or from patients who were vaccinated with tumor antigen vaccines. PBL from subjects are cultured in vitro for 1-2 weeks in the presence of test peptide plus antigen presenting cells (APC) to allow activation of “memory” T cells, as compared to “naive” T cells. At the end of the culture period, T cell activity is detected.
An immunogenic peptide epitope of the invention may be included in a polyepitopic vaccine composition comprising additional peptide epitopes of the same antigen, antigens from the same source, and/or antigens from a different source. Moreover, class II epitopes can be included along with class I epitopes. Peptide epitopes from the same antigen may be adjacent epitopes that are contiguous in sequence or may be obtained from different regions of the protein.
An epitope present in the peptides of the invention can be cross-reactive or non-cross-reactive in its interactions with MHC alleles and alleles subtypes. Cross-reactive binding of an epitope (or peptide) permits an epitope to be bound by more than one HLA molecule. Such cross-reactivity is also known as degenerate binding. A non-cross-reactive epitope would be restricted to binding a particular MHC allele or allele subtype.
Motifs Indicative of Class II HTL Inducing Peptide Epitope
The primary anchor residues of the HLA class II supermotifs and motifs are delineated below.

HLA DR-1-4-7 Supermotif

Motifs have also been identified for peptides that bind to three common HLA class II allele-specific HLA molecules: HLA DRB1*0401, DRB1*0101, and DRB1*0701 (see, e.g., the review by Southwood et al. J. Immunology 160:3363-3373, 1998). Collectively, the common residues from these motifs delineate the HLA DR-1-4-7 supermotif. Peptides that bind to these DR molecules carry a supermotif characterized by a large aromatic or hydrophobic residue (Y, F, W, L, I, V, or M) as a primary anchor residue in position 1, and a small, non-charged residue (S, T, C, A, P, V, I, L, or M) as a primary anchor residue in position 6 of a 9-mer core region. Allele-specific secondary effects and secondary anchors for each of these HLA types have also been identified (Southwood et al., supra). Peptide binding to HLA-DRB1*0401, DRB1*0101, and/or DRB1*0701 can be modulated by substitutions at primary and/or secondary anchor positions, preferably choosing respective residues specified for the supermotif.
Two alternative motifs (i.e., submotifs) characterize peptide epitopes that bind to HLA-DR3 molecules (see, e.g., Geluk et al., J. Immunol. 152:5742, 1994). In the first motif (submotif DR3A) a large, hydrophobic residue (L, I, V, M, F, or Y) is present in anchor position 1 of a 9-mer core, and D is present as an anchor at position 4, towards the carboxyl terminus of the epitope. As in other class II motifs, core position 1 may or may not occupy the peptide N-terminal position.
The alternative DR3 submotif provides for lack of the large, hydrophobic residue at anchor position 1, and/or lack of the negatively charged or amide-like anchor residue at position 4, by the presence of a positive charge at position 6 towards the carboxyl terminus of the epitope. Thus, for the alternative allele-specific DR3 motif (submotif DR3B): L, I, V, M, F, Y, A, or Y is present at anchor position 1; D, N, Q, E, S, or T is present at anchor position 4; and K, R, or H is present at anchor position 6. Peptide binding to HLA-DR3 can be modulated by substitutions at primary and/or secondary anchor positions, preferably choosing respective residues specified for the motif.
As with HLA class I binding peptides, motifs have also been defined for HLA class II-binding peptides. Several studies have identified an important role for an aromatic or hydrophobic residue (I, L, M, V, F, W, or Y) at position 1 of a 9-mer core region, typically nested within a longer peptide sequence, in the binding of peptide ligands to several HLA-class II alleles (Hammer et al. Cell 74:197, (1993); Sette et al. J. Immunol. 151:3163-70 (1993); O'Sullivan et al. J. Immunol. 147:2663 (1991); and Southwood et al. J. Immunol. 160:3363-73 (1998)). A strong role has also been demonstrated for the residue in position 6 of the 9-mer core, where short and/or hydrophobic residues (S, T, C, A, P, V, I, L, or M) are preferred. This position 1-position 6 motif has been described as a DR-supermotif (Southwood et al. J. Immunol. 160:3363-3373 (1998)) and has been shown to efficiently identify peptides capable of binding a large set of common HLA-class II alleles.
Peptides binding to class II molecules may also be analyzed with respect to the identification of secondary preferred or deleterious residues. For example, to derive a more detailed DRB1*0401 motif to define secondary residues influencing peptide binding, we employed a strategy similar to that performed with class I peptides. For each peptide analyzed, nine-residue-long core regions were aligned on the basis of the primary class II positions P1 and P6 anchors. Then, the average binding affinity of a peptide carrying a particular residue was calculated for each position, relative to the remainder of the group. Following this method, values showing average relative binding were compiled. These values also present a map of the positive or negative effect of each of the 20 naturally occurring amino acids in DRB1*0401 binding capacity when occupying a particular position relative to the P1-P6 class II motif positions.
Variations in average relative binding of greater than or equal to fourfold or less than or equal to 0.25 were arbitrarily considered significant and indicative of secondary effects of a given residue on HLA-peptide interactions. Most secondary effects were associated with P4, P7, and P9. These positions correspond to secondary anchors engaging shallow pockets on the DR molecule. Similar studies defining secondary residues were also performed for DRB1*0101 and DRB1*0701. The definitions of secondary residues of motifs for DR1, DR4, and DR7 are shown in TABLE 139.
Upon definition of allele-specific secondary effects and secondary anchors, allele-specific algorithms were derived and utilized to identify peptides binding DRB1*0101, DRB1*0401, and DRB*0701. Further experiments, identified a large set of HLA class II molecules, which includes at least the DRB1*0101, DRB1*0401, and DRB*0701, DRB1*1501, DRB1*0901 and DRB1*1302 allelic products recognizing the DR supermotif, and is characterized by largely overlapping peptide binding repertoires.
The data presented above confirm that several common HLA class II types are characterized by largely overlapping peptide binding repertoires. On this basis, in analogy to the case of HLA class 1 molecules, HLA class II molecules can be grouped in a HLA class II supertype, defined and characterized by similar, or largely overlapping (albeit not identical) peptide binding specificities.
The peptides present in the invention can be identified by any suitable method. For example, peptides are conveniently identified using the algorithms of the invention described in the co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/894,018. These algorithms are mathematical procedures that produce a score which enables the selection of immunogenic peptides. Typically one uses the algorithmic score with a binding threshold to enable selection of peptides that have a high probability of binding at a certain affinity and will in turn be immunogenic. The algorithm are based upon either the effects on MHC binding of a particular amino acid at a particular position of a peptide or the effects on binding MHC of a particular substitution in a motif containing peptide.
Peptide sequences characterized in molecular binding assays and capture assays have been and can be identified utilizing various technologies. Motif-positive sequences are identified using a customized application created at Epimmune. Sequences are also identified utilizing matrix-based algorithms, and have been used in conjunction with a “power” module that generates a predicted 50% inhibitory concentration (PIC) value. These latter methods are operational on Epimmune's HTML-based Epitope Information System (EIS) database. All of the described methods are viable options in peptide sequence selection for IC₅₀determination using binding assays.
The capacity to bind MHC molecules is measured in a variety of different ways. One means is a MHC binding assay as described in the related applications, noted above. Other alternatives described in the literature include inhibition of antigen presentation (Sette, et al., J. Immunol. 141:3893 (1991), in vitro assembly assays (Townsend, et al., Cell 62:285 (1990), and FACS based assays using mutated cells, such as RMA.S (Melief, et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 21:2963 (1991)).
Capture Assay: Unlike the HPLC-based molecular binding assay, noted above, the high throughput screening (“HTS”) Capture assay does not utilize a size-exclusion silica column for separation of bound from unbound radioactive marker. Instead, wells of an opaque white 96-well Optiplate (Packard) are coated with 3 μg (100 μl @ 30 μg/ml) of HLA-specific antibody (Ab) that “capture” complexes of radiolabeled MHC and unlabeled peptide transferred from the molecular binding assay plate in 100 μl of 0.05% NP40/PBS. After a 3-hour incubation period, the supernatant is decanted and scintillation fluid (Microscint 20) added. Captured complexes are then measured on a microplate scintillation and luminescence counter (TopCount NXT™; Packard).
Additional assays for determining binding are described in detail, i.e., in PCT publications WO 94/20127 and WO 94/03205. Binding data results are often expressed in terms of IC₅₀value. IC₅₀is the concentration of peptide in a binding assay at which 50% inhibition of binding of a reference peptide occurs. Given the conditions in which the assays are preformed (i.e., limiting MHC proteins and labeled peptide concentrations), these values approximate K_Dvalues. It should be noted that IC₅₀values can change, often dramatically, if the assay conditions are varied, and depending on the particular reagents used (i.e., MHC preparation, etc.). For example, excessive concentrations of MHC molecules will increase the apparent measured IC₅₀of a given ligand. Alternatively, binding is expressed relative to a reference peptide. Although as a particular assay becomes more, or less, sensitive, the IC₅₀'s of the peptides tested may change somewhat, the binding relative to the reference peptide will not significantly change. For example, in an assay preformed under conditions such that the IC₅₀of the reference peptide increases 10-fold, the IC₅₀values of the test peptides will also increase approximately 10-fold. Therefore, to avoid ambiguities, the assessment of whether a peptide is a good, intermediate, weak, or negative binder is generally based on its IC₅₀, relative to the IC₅₀of a standard peptide.
The peptides of the invention may also comprise isosteres of two or more residues in the MHC-binding peptide. An isostere as defined here is a sequence of two or more residues that can be substituted for a second sequence because the steric conformation of the first sequence fits a binding site specific for the second sequence. The term specifically includes peptide backbone modifications well known to those skilled in the art. Such modifications include modifications of the amide nitrogen, the α-carbon, amide carbonyl, complete replacement of the amide bond, extensions, deletions or backbone crosslinks. See, generally, Spatola, Chemistry and Biochemistry of Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins, Vol. VII (Weinstein ed., 1983).
Modifications of peptides with various amino acid mimetics or unnatural amino acids are particularly useful in increasing the stability of the peptide in vivo. Stability can be assayed in a number of ways. For instance, peptidases and various biological media, such as human plasma and serum, have been used to test stability. See, e.g., Verhoef et al., Eur. J. Drug Metab. Pharmacokin. 11:291-302 (1986). Half life of the peptides of the present invention is conveniently determined using a 25% human serum (v/v) assay. The protocol is generally as follows. Pooled human serum (Type AB, non-heat inactivated) is delipidated by centrifugation before use. The serum is then diluted to 25% with RPMI tissue culture media and used to test peptide stability. At predetermined time intervals a small amount of reaction solution is removed and added to either 6% aqueous trichloracetic acid or ethanol. The cloudy reaction sample is cooled (4° C.) for 15 minutes and then spun to pellet the precipitated serum proteins. The presence of the peptides is then determined by reversed-phase HPLC using stability-specific chromatography conditions.
Such analogs may also possess improved shelf-life or manufacturing properties. More specifically, non-critical amino acids need not be limited to those naturally occurring in proteins, such as L-α-amino acids, or their D-isomers, but may include non-natural amino acids as well, such as amino acids mimetics, e.g. D- or L-naphylalanine; D- or L-phenylglycine; D- or L-2-thieneylalanine; D- or L-1, -2,3-, or 4-pyreneylalanine; D- or L-3 thieneylalanine; D- or L-(2-pyridinyl)-alanine; D- or L-(3-pyridinyl)-alanine; D- or L-(2-pyrazinyl)-alanine; D- or L-(4-isopropyl)-phenylglycine; D-(trifluoromethyl)-phenylglycine; D-(trifluoromethyl)-phenylalanine; D-ρ-fluorophenylalanine; D- or L-ρ-biphenylphenylalanine; D- or L-ρ-methoxybiphenylphenylalanine; D- or L-2-indole(alkyl)alanines; and, D- or L-alkylalanines, where the alkyl group can be a substituted or unsubstituted methyl, ethyl, propyl, hexyl, butyl, pentyl, isopropyl, iso-butyl, sec-isotyl, iso-pentyl, or a non-acidic amino acids. Aromatic rings of a normatural amino acid include, e.g., thiazolyl, thiophenyl, pyrazolyl, benzimidazolyl, naphthyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl, and pyridyl aromatic rings.
Another embodiment for generating effective peptide analogs involves the substitution of residues that have an adverse impact on peptide stability or solubility in, e.g., a liquid environment. This substitution may occur at any position of the peptide epitope. Analogs of the present invention may include peptides containing substitutions to modify the physical property (e.g., stability or solubility) of the resulting peptide. For example, a cysteine (C) can be substituted out in favor of α-amino butyric acid. Due to its chemical nature, cysteine has the propensity to form disulfide bridges and sufficiently alter the peptide structurally so as to reduce binding capacity. Substituting α-amino butyric acid for C not only alleviates this problem, but actually improves binding and crossbinding capability in certain instances (see, e.g., the review by Sette et al., In: Persistent Viral Infections, Eds. R. Ahmed and I. Chen, John Wiley & Sons, England, 1999). Substitution of cysteine with α-amino butyric acid may occur at any residue of a peptide epitope, i.e. at either anchor or non-anchor positions.
The binding activity, particularly modification of binding affinity or cross-reactivity among HLA supertype family members, of peptides of the invention can also be altered using analoging, which is described in co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 09/226,775 filed Jan. 6, 1999. In brief, the analoging strategy utilizes the motifs or supermotifs that correlate with binding to certain HLA molecules. Analog peptides can be created by substituting amino acid residues at primary anchor, secondary anchor, or at primary and secondary anchor positions. Generally, analogs are made for peptides that already bear a motif or supermotif. For a number of the motifs or supermotifs in accordance with the invention, residues are defined which are deleterious to binding to allele-specific HLA molecules or members of HLA supertypes that bind the respective motif or supermotif (see, e.g., Rupert et al. Cell 74:929, 1993; Sidney, J. et al., Hu. Immunol. 45:79, 1996; and Sidney et al.; Sidney, et al., J. Immunol. 154:247, 1995). Accordingly, removal of such residues that are detrimental to binding can be performed in accordance with the present invention. For example, in the case of the A3 supertype, when all peptides that have such deleterious residues are removed from the population of peptides used in the analysis, the incidence of cross-reactivity increased from 22% to 37% (see, e.g., Sidney, J. et al., Hu. Immunol. 45:79, 1996).
Thus, one strategy to improve the cross-reactivity of peptides within a given supermotif is simply to delete one or more of the deleterious residues present within a peptide and substitute a small “neutral” residue such as Ala (that may not influence T cell recognition of the peptide). An enhanced likelihood of cross-reactivity is expected if, together with elimination of detrimental residues within a peptide, “preferred” residues associated with high affinity binding to an allele-specific HLA molecule or to multiple HLA molecules within a superfamily are inserted.
In some embodiments, a T helper peptide can used in addition to one of the peptides of the invention. One type of T helper peptide is one that is recognized by T helper cells in the majority of the population. This can be accomplished by selecting amino acid sequences that bind to many, most, or all of the MHC class II molecules. These are known as “loosely MHC-restricted” T helper sequences. Examples of amino acid sequences that are loosely MHC-restricted include sequences from antigens such as Tetanus toxin at positions 830-843 (QYIKANSKFIGITE (SEQ ID NO:______)), Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite (CS) protein at positions 378-398 (DIEKKIAKMEKASSVFNVVNS (SEQ ID NO:______)), and Streptococcus 18 kD protein at positions 1-16 (YGAVDSILGGVATYGAA (SEQ ID NO:______)).
Alternatively, it is possible to prepare synthetic peptides capable of stimulating T helper lymphocytes, in a loosely MHC-restricted fashion, using amino acid sequences not found in nature (see, e.g., PCT publication WO 95/07707). These synthetic compounds, called Pan-DR-binding epitopes or PADRE® molecules (Epimmune, San Diego, Calif.), are designed on the basis of their binding activity to most HLA-DR (human MHC class II) molecules (see, e.g., U.S. Ser. No. 08/121,101 (now abandoned) and related U.S. Ser. No. 08/305,871 (now U.S. Pat. No. 5,736,142)). For instance, a pan-DR-binding epitope peptide having the formula: aKXVWANTLKAAa, where X is either cyclohexylalanine, phenylalanine, or tyrosine, and “a” is either D-alanine or L-alanine, has been found to bind to most HLA-DR alleles, and to stimulate the response of T helper lymphocytes from most individuals, regardless of their HLA type.
Particularly preferred immunogenic peptides and/or T helper conjugates are linked by a spacer molecule. The spacer is typically comprised of relatively small, neutral molecules, such as amino acids or amino acid mimetics, which are substantially uncharged under physiological conditions. The spacers are typically selected from, e.g., Ala, Gly, or other neutral spacers of nonpolar amino acids or neutral polar amino acids. It will be understood that the optionally present spacer need not be comprised of the same residues and thus may be a hetero- or homo-oligomer. When present, the spacer will usually be at least one or two residues, more usually three to six residues. Alternatively, the HTL peptide may be linked to the T helper peptide without a spacer.
The immunogenic peptide may be linked to the T helper peptide either directly or via a spacer either at the amino or carboxy terminus of the HTL peptide. The amino terminus of either the immunogenic peptide or the T helper peptide may be acylated. The T helper peptides used in the invention can be modified in the same manner as HTL peptides. For instance, they may be modified to include D-amino acids or be conjugated to other molecules such as lipids, proteins, sugars and the like. Exemplary T helper peptides include tetanus toxoid 830-843, influenza 307-319, malaria circumsporozoite 382-398 and 378-389.
In some embodiments it may be desirable to include in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention at least one component which primes HTL and CTL. Lipids have been identified as agents capable of priming HTL and CTL in vivo against viral antigens. For example, palmitic acid residues can be attached to the alpha and epsilon amino groups of a Lys residue and then linked, e.g., via one or more linking residues such as Gly, Gly-Gly-, Ser, Ser-Ser, or the like, to an immunogenic peptide. The lipidated peptide can then be injected directly in a micellar form, incorporated into a liposome or emulsified in an adjuvant, e.g., incomplete Freund's adjuvant. In a preferred embodiment a particularly effective immunogen comprises palmitic acid attached to alpha and epsilon amino groups of Lys, which is attached via linkage, e.g., Ser-Ser, to the amino terminus of the immunogenic peptide. Also in a preferred embodiment a particularly effective immunogen comprises palmitic acid attached to alpha and epsilon amino groups of Lys, which is attached via linkage, e.g., Ser-Ser, to the amino terminus of a class I restricted peptide having T cell determinants, such as those peptides described herein as well as other peptides which have been identified as having such determinants.
As another example of lipid priming of HTL and CTL responses, E. coli lipoproteins, such as tripalmitoyl-S-glycerylcysteinlyseryl-serine (P₃CSS) can be used to prime virus specific HTL CTL when covalently attached to an appropriate peptide. See, Deres et al., Nature 342:561-564 (1989), incorporated herein by reference. Peptides of the invention can be coupled to P₃CSS, for example, and the lipopeptide administered to an individual to specifically prime a HTL response to the target antigen. Further, as the induction of neutralizing antibodies can also be primed with P₃CSS conjugated to a peptide which displays an appropriate epitope, the two compositions can be combined to more effectively elicit both humoral and cell-mediated responses to infection.
In addition, additional amino acids can be added to the termini of a peptide to provide for ease of linking peptides one to another, for coupling to a carrier support, or larger peptide, for modifying the physical or chemical properties of the peptide or oligopeptide, or the like. Amino acids such as tyrosine, cysteine, lysine, glutamic or aspartic acid, or the like, can be introduced at the C- or N-terminus of the peptide or oligopeptide. Modification at the C terminus in some cases may alter binding characteristics of the peptide. In addition, the peptide or oligopeptide sequences can differ from the natural sequence by being modified by terminal-NH₂acylation, e.g., by alkanoyl (C₁-C₂₀) or thioglycolyl acetylation, terminal-carboxylamidation, e.g., ammonia, methylamine, etc. In some instances these modifications may provide sites for linking to a support or other molecule.
The peptides of the invention can be prepared in a wide variety of ways. Because of their relatively short size, the peptides can be synthesized in solution or on a solid support in accordance with conventional techniques. Various automatic synthesizers are commercially available and can be used in accordance with known protocols. See, for example, Stewart and Young, Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis, 2d. ed., Pierce Chemical Co. (1984), supra.
Another aspect of the present invention is directed to vaccines which comprise an immunogenically effective amount of one or more peptides as described herein. Peptides may be introduced into a host using a variety of delivery vehicles known to those of skill in the art including PLG microspheres with entrapped peptides and virus-like particles. Furthermore, epitopes may be introduced as multiple antigen peptides (MAPs) (see e.g., Mora and Tam, J. Immunol. 161:3616-23 (1998)), or as immunostimulating complexes (ISCOMS) (see e.g., Hu et al. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 113:235-43 (1998)) as known in the art.
Vaccines that contain an immunogenically effective amount of one or more peptides as described herein are a further embodiment of the invention. The vaccines of the invention can be used both as a prevantative or therapeutic. Once appropriately immunogenic epitopes have been defined, they can be delivered by various means, herein referred to as “vaccine” compositions. Such vaccine compositions can include, for example, lipopeptides (e.g., Vitiello, A. et al., J: Clin. Invest. 95:341, 1995), peptide compositions encapsulated in poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (“PLG”) microspheres (see, e.g., Eldridge, et al., Molec. Immunol. 28:287-294, 1991: Alonso et al., Vaccine 12:299-306, 1994; Jones et al., Vaccine 13:675-681, 1995), peptide compositions contained in immune stimulating complexes (ISCOMS) (see, e.g., Takahashi et al., Nature 344:873-875, 1990; Hu et al., Clin Exp Immunol. 113:235-24: 1998), multiple antigen peptide systems (MAPs) (see e.g., Tam, J. P., Proc. Natl. Acaa Sci. U.S.A. 85:5409-5413, 1988; Tam, J. P., J Immunol. Methods 196:17-32, 1996), vir delivery vectors (Perkus, M. E. et al., In: Concepts in vaccine development, Kaufmann H. E., ed., p. 379, 1996; Chakrabarti, S. et al., Nature 320:535, 1986; Hu, S. L. et al., Nature 320:537, 1986; Kieny, M.-P. et al., AIDS Bio/Technology 4:790, 1986; Top, F. et al., J Infect. Dis. 124:148, 1971; Chanda, P. K. et al., Virology 175:535, 1990), particles of viral or synthetic origin (e.g., Kofler, N. et al., J Immunol. Methods. 192:2˜1996; Eldridge, J. H. et al., Sem. Bematol. 30:16, 1993; Fa10, L. D., Jr. et al., Nature Med. 7:649, 1995), adjuvants (Warren, H. S., Vogel, F. R., and Chedid, L. A. Annu. Re Immunol. 4:369, 1986; Gupta, R. K. et al., Vaccine 11:293, 1993), liposomes (Reddy, R et al., J. Immunol. 148:1585, 1992; Rock, K. L., Immunol. Today 17:131, 1996), or, naked or particle absorbed cDNA (Ulmer, J. B. et al., Science 259:1745, 1993; Robinsol H. L., Hunt, L. A., and Webster, R. G., Vaccine 11:957, 1993; Shiver, J. W. et al., In: Concepts in vaccine development, Kaufmann, S. H. E., ed., p. 423, 1996; Cease, K. B., and Berzofsky, J. A., Annu. Rev. Immunol. 12:923, 1994 and Eldridge, J. H. et al., Sem. Hematol. 30:16, 1993). Toxin-targeted delivery technologies, also known as receptor mediated targeting, such as those of Avant Immunotherapeutics, Inc. (Needham, Mass.) may also be used.
Vaccine compositions of the invention include nucleic acid-mediated modalities. DNA or RNA encoding one or more of the peptides of the invention can also be administered to a patient. This approach is described, for instance, in Wolff et. al., Science 247: 1465 (1990) as well as U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,580,859; 5,589,466; 5,804,566; 5,739,118; 5,736,524; 5,679,647; WO 98/04720; and in more detail below. Examples of DNA-based delivery technologies include “naked DNA”, facilitated (bupivicaine, polymers, peptide-mediated) delivery, cationic lipid complexes, and particle-mediated (“gene gun”) or pressure-mediated delivery (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,922,687).
For therapeutic or prophylactic immunization purposes, the peptides of the invention can be expression vectors include attenuated viral hosts, such as vaccinia or fowlpox. This approach involves the use of vaccinia virus, for example, as a vector to express nucleotide sequences that encode the peptides of the invention. Upon introduction into an acutely or chronically infected host or into a non-infected host, the recombinant vaccinia virus expresses the immunogenic peptide, and thereby elicits a host CTL and/or HTL response. Vaccinia vectors and methods useful in immunization protocols are described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,722,848. Another vector is BCG (Bacille Calmette Guerin). BCG vectors are described in Stover et al., Nature 351:456-460 (1991). A wide variety of other vectors useful for therapeutic administration or immunization of the peptides of the invention, e.g. adeno and adeno-associated virus vectors, retroviral vectors, Salmonella typhi vectors, detoxified anthrax toxin vectors, and the like, will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the description herein.
Furthermore, vaccines in accordance with the invention can encompass one or more of the peptides of the invention. Accordingly, a peptide can be present in a vaccine individually. Alternatively, the peptide can be individually linked to its own carrier; alternatively, the peptide can exist as a homopolymer comprising multiple copies of the same peptide, or as a heteropolymer of various peptides. Polymers have the advantage of increased immunological reaction and, where different peptide epitopes are used to make up the polymer, the additional ability to induce antibodies and/or CTLs that react with different antigenic determinants of the pathogenic organism or tumor-related peptide targeted for an immune response. The composition may be a naturally occurring region of an antigen or may be prepared, e.g., recombinantly or by chemical synthesis.
Carriers that can be used with vaccines of the invention are well known in the art, and include, e.g., thyroglobulin, albumins such as human serum albumin, tetanus toxoid, polyamino acids such as poly L-lysine, poly L-glutamic acid, influenza, hepatitis B virus core protein, and the like. The vaccines can contain a physiologically tolerable (i.e., acceptable) diluent such as water, or saline, preferably phosphate buffered saline. The vaccines also typically include an adjuvant. Adjuvants such as incomplete Freund's adjuvant, aluminum phosphate, aluminum hydroxide, or alum are examples of materials well known in the art. Additionally, CTL responses can be primed by conjugating peptides of the invention to lipids, such as tripalmitoyl-S-glycerylcysteinlyseryl-serine (P3CSS).
Upon immunization with a peptide composition in accordance with the invention, via injection, aerosol, oral, transdermal, transmucosal, intrapleural, intrathecal, or other suitable routes, the immune system of the host responds to the vaccine by producing large amounts of HTLs and/or CTLs specific for the desired antigen. Consequently, the host becomes at least partially immune to later infection, or at least partially resistant to developing an ongoing chronic infection, or derives at least some therapeutic benefit when the antigen was tumor-associated.
For therapeutic or immunization purposes, the peptides of the invention can also be expressed by vectors. Examples of expression vectors include attenuated viral hosts, such as vaccinia or fowlpox. This approach involves the use of vaccinia virus as a vector to express nucleotide sequences that encode the peptides of the invention. Vaccinia vectors and methods useful in immunization protocols are described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,722,848. Another vector is BCG (Bacille Calmette Guerin). BCG vectors are described in Stover, et al. Nature 351:456-60 (1991). A wide variety of other vectors useful for therapeutic administration or immunization of the peptides of the invention, e.g., Salmonella typhi vectors, retroviral vectors, adenoviral or adeno-associated viral vectors, and the like will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the description herein.
Alternatively, recombinant DNA technology may be employed wherein a nucleotide sequence which encodes an immunogenic peptide of interest is inserted into an expression vector, transformed or transfected into an appropriate host cell and cultivated under conditions suitable for expression. These procedures are generally known in the art, as described generally in Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1982) (also 1989), which is incorporated herein by reference. Thus, fusion proteins which comprise one or more peptide sequences of the invention can be used to present the appropriate T cell epitope. For example, a coding sequence encoding a peptide of the invention can be provided with appropriate linkers and ligated into expression vectors commonly available in the art, and the vectors used to transform suitable hosts to produce the desired fusion protein. A number of such vectors and suitable host systems are now available. Expression constructs, i.e., minigenes are described in greater detail in the sections below. Such methodologies are also used to present at least one peptide of the invention along with a substance which is not a peptide of the invention.
As the coding sequence for peptides of the length contemplated herein can be synthesized by chemical techniques, for example, using the phosphotriester method of Matteucci et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 103:3185 (1981), with modification can be made simply by substituting the appropriate base(s) for those encoding the native peptide sequence. The coding sequence can then be provided with appropriate linkers and ligated into expression vectors commonly available in the art, and the vectors used to transform suitable hosts to produce the desired fusion protein. A number of such vectors and suitable host systems are now available. For expression of the fusion proteins, the coding sequence will be provided with operably linked start and stop codons, promoter and terminator regions and usually a replication system to provide an expression vector for expression in the desired cellular host. For example, promoter sequences compatible with bacterial hosts are provided in plasmids containing convenient restriction sites for insertion of the desired coding sequence. The resulting expression vectors are transformed into suitable bacterial hosts. Of course, yeast or mammalian cell hosts may also be used, employing suitable vectors and control sequences.
The peptides of the present invention and pharmaceutical and vaccine compositions thereof are useful for administration to mammals, particularly humans, to treat and/or prevent cancer.
In therapeutic applications, compositions are administered to a patient in an amount sufficient to elicit an effective HTL response to the tumor antigen and to cure or at least partially arrest symptoms and/or complications. An amount adequate to accomplish this is defined as “therapeutically effective dose” or “unit dose.” Amounts effective for this use will depend on, e.g., the peptide composition, the manner of administration, the stage and severity of the disease being treated, the weight and general state of health of the patient, and the judgment of the prescribing physician, but generally range for the initial immunization (that is for therapeutic or prophylactic administration) from about 1.0 μg to about 5000 μg of peptide for a 70 kg patient, followed by boosting dosages of from about 1.0 μg to about 1000 μg of peptide pursuant to a boosting regimen over weeks to months depending upon the patient's response and condition by measuring specific CTL activity in the patient's blood. In alternative embodiments, generally for humans the dose range for the initial immunization (that is for therapeutic or prophylactic administration) is from about 1.0 μg to about 20,000 μg of peptide for a 70 kg patient, preferably, 100 μg-, 150 μg-, 200 μg-, 250 μg-, 300 μg-, 400 μg-, or 500 μg-20,000 μg, followed by boosting dosages in the same dose range pursuant to a boosting regimen over weeks to months depending upon the patient's response and condition by measuring specific HTL activity in the patient's blood. In embodiments where recombinant nucleic acid administration is used, the administered material is titrated to achieve the appropriate therapeutic response.
It must be kept in mind that the peptides and compositions of the present invention may generally be employed in serious disease states, that is, life-threatening or potentially life threatening situations. In such cases, in view of the minimization of extraneous substances and the relative nontoxic nature of the peptides, it is possible and may be felt desirable by the treating physician to administer substantial excesses of these peptide compositions.
For therapeutic use, administration should begin at the first sign of tumors or shortly after diagnosis. This is followed by boosting doses until at least symptoms are substantially abated and for a period thereafter.
Treatment of an affected individual with the compositions of the invention may hasten resolution of the infection in acutely infected individuals. For those individuals susceptible (or predisposed) to developingcancer the compositions are particularly useful in methods for preventing the evolution of cancer.
The pharmaceutical compositions for therapeutic treatment are intended for parenteral, topical, oral or local administration. Preferably, the pharmaceutical compositions are administered parenterally, e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously, intradermally, or intramuscularly. Thus, the invention provides compositions for parenteral administration which comprise a solution of the immunogenic peptides dissolved or suspended in an acceptable carrier, preferably an aqueous carrier. A variety of aqueous carriers may be used, e.g., water, buffered water, 0.8% saline, 0.3% glycine, hyaluronic acid and the like. These compositions may be sterilized by conventional, well known sterilization techniques, or may be sterile filtered. The resulting aqueous solutions may be packaged for use as is, or lyophilized, the lyophilized preparation being combined with a sterile solution prior to administration. The compositions may contain pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary substances as required to approximate physiological conditions, such as pH adjusting and buffering agents, tonicity adjusting agents, wetting agents and the like, for example, sodium acetate, sodium lactate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine oleate, etc.
A pharmaceutical composition of the invention may comprise one or more T cell stimulatory peptides of the invention. For example, a pharmaceutical composition may comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 or more T cell stimulatory peptides of the invention. Moreover, a pharmaceutical composition of the invention may comprise one or more T cell stimulatory peptides of the invention in combination with one or more other T cell stimulatory peptides. The concentration of each unique T cell stimulatory peptide of the invention in the pharmaceutical formulations can vary widely, e.g., from less than about 0.001%, about 0.002%, about 0.003%, about 0.004%, about 0.005%, about 0.006%, 0.007%, 0.008%, 0.009%, about 0.01%, about 0.02%, about 0.025%, about 0.03%, about 0.04%, about 0.05%, about 0.06%, about 0.07%, about 0.08%, about 0.09%, about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1%, about 1.1%, about 1.2%, about 1.3%, about 1.4%, about 1.5%, about 1.6%, about 1.7%, about 1.8%, about 1.9%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 20%, to about 50% or more by weight, and will be selected primarily by fluid volumes, viscosities, etc., in accordance with the particular mode of administration selected. In a preferred embodiment, the concentration of each unique T cell stimulatory peptide of the invention in the pharmaceutical formulations is about 0.001%, about 0.002%, about 0.003%, about 0.004%, about 0.005%, about 0.006%, 0.007%, 0.008%, 0.009%, about 0.01%, about 0.02%, about 0.025%, about 0.03%, about 0.04%, about 0.05%, about 0.06%, about 0.07%, about 0.08%, about 0.09%, about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1% by weight. In a more preferred embodiment, the concentration of each unique T cell stimulatory peptide of the invention in the pharmaceutical formulations is about 0.01%, about 0.02%, about 0.025%, about 0.03%, about 0.04%, about 0.05%, about 0.06%, about 0.07%, about 0.08%, about 0.09%, about 0.1% by weight.
The concentration of HTL stimulatory peptides of the invention in the pharmaceutical formulations can vary widely, i.e., from less than about 0.1%, usually at or at least about 2% to as much as 20% to 50% or more by weight, and will be selected primarily by fluid volumes, viscosities, etc., in accordance with the particular mode of administration selected. A human unit dose form of the peptide composition is typically included in a pharmaceutical composition that comprises a human unit dose of an acceptable carrier, preferably an aqueous carrier, and is administered in a volume of fluid that is known by those of skill in the art to be used for administration of such compositions to humans.
The peptides of the invention may also be administered via liposomes, which serve to target the peptides to a particular tissue, such as lymphoid tissue, or targeted selectively to infected cells, as well as increase the half-life of the peptide composition. Liposomes include emulsions, foams, micelles, insoluble monolayers, liquid crystals, phospholipid dispersions, lamellar layers and the like. In these preparations the peptide to be delivered is incorporated as part of a liposome, alone or in conjunction with a molecule which binds to, e.g., a receptor prevalent among lymphoid cells, such as monoclonal antibodies which bind to the CD45 antigen, or with other therapeutic or immunogenic compositions. Thus, liposomes either filled or decorated with a desired peptide of the invention can be directed to the site of lymphoid cells, where the liposomes then deliver the selected therapeutic/immunogenic peptide compositions. Liposomes for use in the invention are formed from standard vesicle-forming lipids, which generally include neutral and negatively charged phospholipids and a sterol, such as cholesterol. The selection of lipids is generally guided by consideration of, e.g., liposome size, acid lability and stability of the liposomes in the blood stream. A variety of methods are available for preparing liposomes, as described in, e.g., Szoka et al., Ann. Rev. Biophys. Bioeng. 9:467 (1980), U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,235,871, 4,501,728, 4,837,028, and 5,019,369, incorporated herein by reference.
For targeting to the immune cells, a ligand to be incorporated into the liposome can include, e.g., antibodies or fragments thereof specific for cell surface determinants of the desired immune system cells. A liposome suspension containing a peptide may be administered intravenously, locally, topically, etc. in a dose which varies according to, inter alia, the manner of administration, the peptide being delivered, and the stage of the disease being treated.
For solid compositions, conventional nontoxic solid carriers may be used which include, for example, pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharin, talcum, cellulose, glucose, sucrose, magnesium carbonate, and the like. For oral administration, a pharmaceutically acceptable nontoxic composition is formed by incorporating any of the normally employed excipients, such as those carriers previously listed, and generally 10-95% of active ingredient, that is, one or more peptides of the invention, and more preferably at a concentration of 25%-75%.
For aerosol administration, the immunogenic peptides are preferably supplied in finely divided form along with a surfactant and propellant. Typical percentages of peptides are 0.01%-20% by weight, preferably 1%-10%. The surfactant must, of course, be nontoxic, and preferably soluble in the propellant. Representative of such agents are the esters or partial esters of fatty acids containing from 6 to 22 carbon atoms, such as caproic, octanoic, lauric, palmitic, stearic, linoleic, linolenic, olesteric and oleic acids with an aliphatic polyhydric alcohol or its cyclic anhydride. Mixed esters, such as mixed or natural glycerides may be employed. The surfactant may constitute 0.1%-20% by weight of the composition, preferably 0.25-5%. The balance of the composition is ordinarily propellant. A carrier can also be included, as desired, as with, e.g., lecithin for intranasal delivery.
In another aspect the present invention is directed to vaccines which contain as an active ingredient an immunogenically effective amount of an immunogenic peptide as described herein. The peptide(s) may be introduced into a host, including humans, linked to its own carrier or as a homopolymer or heteropolymer of active peptide units. Such a polymer has the advantage of increased immunological reaction and, where different peptides are used to make up the polymer, the additional ability to induce antibodies and/or CTLs that react with different antigenic determinants of tumor cells. Useful carriers are well known in the art, and include, e.g., thyroglobulin, albumins such as human serum albumin, tetanus toxoid, polyamino acids such as poly(lysine:glutamic acid), influenza, hepatitis B virus core protein, hepatitis B virus recombinant vaccine and the like. The vaccines can also contain a physiologically tolerable (acceptable) diluent such as water, phosphate buffered saline, or saline, and further typically include an adjuvant. Adjuvants such as incomplete Freund's adjuvant, aluminum phosphate, aluminum hydroxide, or alum are materials well known in the art. Upon immunization with a peptide composition as described herein, via injection, aerosol, oral, transdermal or other route, the immune system of the host responds to the vaccine by producing large amounts of HTLs specific for the desired antigen, and the host becomes at least partially immune to later infection, or resistant to developing chronic infection.
The peptides of the present invention and pharmaceutical and vaccine compositions of the invention are useful for administration to mammals, particularly humans, to treat and/or prevent cancer. Vaccine compositions containing the peptides of the invention are administered to a patient susceptible to or otherwise at risk of cancer to elicit an immune response against the antigen and thus enhance the patient's own immune response capabilities. Such an amount is defined to be an “immunogenically effective dose.” In this use, the precise amounts again depend on the patient's state of health and weight, the mode of administration, the nature of the formulation, etc., but generally range from about 1.0 μg to about 5000 μg per 70 kilogram patient, more commonly from about 10 μg to about 500 μg mg per 70 kg of body weight.
As noted herein, the peptides of the invention induce HTL immune responses when contacted with a HTL specific to an epitope comprised by the peptide. The manner in which the peptide is contacted with the HTL is not critical to the invention. For instance, the peptide can be contacted with the HTL either in vivo or in vitro. If the contacting occurs in vivo, the peptide itself can be administered to the patient or other vehicles, e.g., DNA vectors encoding one or more peptide, viral vectors encoding the peptide(s), liposomes and the like, can be used, as described herein.
For therapeutic or immunization purposes, nucleic acids encoding one or more of the peptides of the invention can also be administered to the patient. A number of methods are conveniently used to deliver the nucleic acids to the patient. For instance, the nucleic acid can be delivered directly, as “naked DNA”. This approach is described, for instance, in Wolff et. al., Science 247: 1465-68 (1990) as well as U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,580,859 and 5,589,466. The nucleic acids can also be administered using ballistic delivery as described, for instance, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,204,253. Particles comprised solely of DNA can be administered. Alternatively, DNA can be adhered to particles, such as gold particles.
The nucleic acids can also be delivered complexed to cationic compounds, such as cationic lipids. Lipid-mediated gene delivery methods are described, for instance, in WO 96/18372; WO 93/24640; Mannino and Gould-Fogerite (1988) BioTechniques 6(7): 682-691; Rose U.S. Pat. No. 5,279,833; WO 91/06309; and Felgner et al. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84: 7413-14.
Nucleic acids encoding one or more of the peptides of the invention can also be administered to the patient. This approach is described, for instance, in Wolff, et. al., Science, 247:1465-68 (1990) as well as U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,580,859 and 5,589,466.
A preferred means of administering nucleic acids encoding the peptides of the invention uses minigene constructs encoding multiple epitopes of the invention. To create a DNA sequence encoding the selected HTL epitopes (minigene) for expression in human cells, the amino acid sequences of the epitopes are reverse translated. A human codon usage table is used to guide the codon choice for each amino acid. These epitope-encoding DNA sequences are directly adjoined, creating a continuous polypeptide sequence. To optimize expression and/or immunogenicity, additional elements can be incorporated into the minigene design. Examples of amino acid sequence that could be reverse translated and included in the minigene sequence include: a leader (signal) sequence, and an endoplasmic reticulum retention signal. In addition, MHC presentation of HTL epitopes may be improved by including synthetic (e.g. poly-alanine) or naturally-occurring flanking sequences adjacent to the HTL epitopes.
The minigene sequence is converted to DNA by assembling oligonucleotides that encode the plus and minus strands of the minigene. Overlapping oligonucleotides (30-100 bases long) are synthesized, phosphorylated, purified and annealed under appropriate conditions using well known techniques. The ends of the oligonucleotides are joined using T4 DNA ligase. This synthetic minigene, encoding the HTL epitope polypeptide, can then cloned into a desired expression vector.
Standard regulatory sequences well known to those of skill in the art are included in the vector to ensure expression in the target cells. Several vector elements are required: a promoter with a down-stream cloning site for minigene insertion; a polyadenylation signal for efficient transcription termination; an E. coli origin of replication; and an E. coli selectable marker (e.g. ampicillin or kanamycin resistance). Numerous promoters can be used for this purpose, e.g., the human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) promoter. See, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,580,859 and 5,589,466 for other suitable promoter sequences.
Additional vector modifications may be desired to optimize minigene expression and immunogenicity. In some cases, introns are required for efficient gene expression, and one or more synthetic or naturally-occurring introns could be incorporated into the transcribed region of the minigene. The inclusion of mRNA stabilization sequences can also be considered for increasing minigene expression. It has recently been proposed that immunostimulatory sequences (ISSs or CpGs) play a role in the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines. These sequences could be included in the vector, outside the minigene coding sequence, if found to enhance immunogenicity.
In some embodiments, a bicistronic expression vector, to allow production of the minigene-encoded epitopes and a second protein included to enhance or decrease immunogenicity can be used. Examples of proteins or polypeptides that could beneficially enhance the immune response if co-expressed include cytokines (e.g., IL2, IL12, GM-CSF), cytokine-inducing molecules (e.g., LeIF) or costimulatory molecules. Helper (HTL) epitopes could be joined to intracellular targeting signals and expressed separately from the CTL epitopes. This would allow direction of the HTL epitopes to a cell compartment different than the CTL epitopes. If required, this could facilitate more efficient entry of HTL epitopes into the MHC class II pathway, thereby improving CTL induction. In contrast to CTL induction, specifically decreasing the immune response by co-expression of immunosuppressive molecules (e.g. TGF-β) may be beneficial in certain diseases.
Once an expression vector is selected, the minigene is cloned into the polylinker region downstream of the promoter. This plasmid is transformed into an appropriate E. coli strain, and DNA is prepared using standard techniques. The orientation and DNA sequence of the minigene, as well as all other elements included in the vector, are confirmed using restriction mapping and DNA sequence analysis. Bacterial cells harboring the correct plasmid can be stored as a master cell bank and a working cell bank.
Therapeutic quantities of plasmid DNA are produced by fermentation in E. coli, followed by purification. Aliquots from the working cell bank are used to inoculate fermentation medium (such as Terrific Broth), and grown to saturation in shaker flasks or a bioreactor according to well known techniques. Plasmid DNA can be purified using standard bioseparation technologies such as solid phase anion-exchange resins supplied by Quiagen. If required, supercoiled DNA can be isolated from the open circular and linear forms using gel electrophoresis or other methods.
Purified plasmid DNA can be prepared for injection using a variety of formulations. The simplest of these is reconstitution of lyophilized DNA in sterile phosphate-buffer saline (PBS). A variety of methods have been described, and new techniques may become available. As noted above, nucleic acids are conveniently formulated with cationic lipids. In addition, glycolipids, fusogenic liposomes, peptides and compounds referred to collectively as protective, interactive, non-condensing (PINC) could also be complexed to purified plasmid DNA to influence variables such as stability, intramuscular dispersion, or trafficking to specific organs or cell types.
The nucleic acids can also be administered using ballistic delivery as described, for instance, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,204,253. Particles comprised solely of DNA can be administered. Alternatively, DNA can be adhered to particles, such as gold particles.
In vivo immunogenicity is a second approach for functional testing of minigene DNA formulations. Transgenic mice expressing appropriate human MHC molecules are immunized with the DNA product. The dose and route of administration are formulation dependent (e.g. IM for DNA in PBS, IP for lipid-complexed DNA). Twenty-one days after immunization, splenocytes are harvested and restimulated for 1 week in the presence of peptides encoding each epitope being tested.
An embodiment of a vaccine composition in accordance with the invention comprises ex vivo administration of a cocktail of epitope-bearing peptides to PBMC, or isolated DC therefrom, from the patient's blood. After pulsing the DC with peptides and prior to reinfusion into patients, the DC are washed to remove unbound peptides. In this embodiment, a vaccine comprises peptide-pulsed DCs which present the pulsed peptide epitopes in HLA molecules on their surfaces.
Dendritic cells can also be transfected, e.g., with a minigene comprising nucleic acid sequences encoding the epitopes in accordance with the invention, in order to elicit immune responses. Vaccine compositions can be created in vitro, following dendritic cell mobilization and harvesting, whereby loading of dendritic cells occurs in vitro.
Transgenic animals of appropriate haplotypes may additionally provide a useful tool in optimizing the in vivo immunogenicity of minigene DNA. In addition, animals such as monkeys having conserved HLA molecules with cross reactivity to CTL epitopes recognized by human MHC molecules can be used to determine human immunogenicity of CTL epitopes (Bertoni, et al., J. Immunol. 161:4447-4455 (1998)).
Such in vivo studies are required to address the variables crucial for vaccine development, which are not easily evaluated by in vitro assays, such as route of administration, vaccine formulation, tissue biodistribution, and involvement of primary and secondary lymphoid organs. Because of their simplicity and flexibility, HLA transgenic mice represent an attractive alternative, at least for initial vaccine development studies, compared to more cumbersome and expensive studies in higher animal species, such as nonhuman primates.
Antigenic peptides are used to elicit a HTL response ex vivo, as well. The resulting HTL cells, can be used to treat tumors in patients that do not respond to other conventional forms of therapy, or will not respond to a therapeutic vaccine peptide or nucleic acid in accordance with the invention. Ex vivo HTL responses to a particular antigen are induced by incubating in tissue culture the patient's (HTLp), or genetically compatible, HTL precursor cells together with a source of antigen-presenting cells (APC), such as dendritic cells, and the appropriate immunogenic peptide. After an appropriate incubation time (typically about 7-28 days (1-4 weeks)), in which the precursor cells are activated and matured and expanded into effector cells, the cells are infused back into the patient, where they will destroy their specific target cell (an infected cell or a tumor cell). Transfected dendritic cells may also be used as antigen presenting cells. In order to optimize the in vitro conditions for the generation of specific helper T cells, the culture of stimulator cells is maintained in an appropriate serum-free medium.
The peptides may also find use as diagnostic reagents. For example, a peptide of the invention may be used to determine the susceptibility of a particular individual to a treatment regimen which employs the peptide or related peptides, and thus may be helpful in modifying an existing treatment protocol or in determining a prognosis for an affected individual. In addition, the peptides may also be used to predict which individuals will be at substantial risk for developing chronic infection.
For example, a peptide of the invention may be used in a tetramer staining assay to assess peripheral blood mononuclear cells for the presence of antigen-specific CTLs following exposure to a pathogen or immunogen. The HLA-tetrameric complex is used to directly visualize antigen-specific CTLs (see, e.g., Ogg, et al. Science 279:2103-2106, 1998; and Altman, et al. Science 174:94-96, 1996) and determine the frequency of the antigen-specific CTL population in a sample of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. A tetramer reagent using a peptide of the invention may be generated as follows: A peptide that binds to an allele-specific HLA molecule or supertype molecule is refolded in the presence of the corresponding HLA heavy chain and β₂-microglobulin to generate a trimolecular complex. The complex is biotinylated at the carboxyl terminal end of the heavy chain at a site that was previously engineered into the protein. Tetramer formation is then induced by the addition of streptavidin. By means of fluorescently labeled streptavidin, the tetramer can be used to stain antigen-specific cells. The cells may then be identified, for example, by flow cytometry. Such an analysis may be used for diagnostic or prognostic purposes. In addition, the peptides may also be used to predict which individuals will be at substantial risk for developing chronic infection.
All publications, patents, and patent applications cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference as if each individual publication, patent or patent application were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity of understanding, it will be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art in light of the teachings of this invention that certain changes and modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit or scope of the appended claims.

EXAMPLES

Materials and Methods

The following materials and methods apply generally to all the examples disclosed herein. Specific materials and methods are disclosed in each example, as necessary.
Reagents: Anti-IFN-γ and biotinylated anti-IFN-γ were obtained from Mabtech (Sweden). Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), human serum albumin (HSA), polyclonal human IgG, tetanus toxin (TT), and ionomycin were from Sigma (St. Louis, Mo., USA). Goat anti-human horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated antibody was obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, Calif.). Hank's balanced salts solution (HBSS), RPMI-1640 and phosphate-buffered saline were from Cellgro (Hernden, Va., USA). Ficoll-Paque was from Amersham Biosciences (Uppsala, Sweden). All peptides were synthesized by either the Mayo Clinic Protein Chemistry and Proteomics Core or by Epimmune, Inc. (San Diego, Calif.) and purified to >95% homogeneity by reverse-phase HPLC as previously described (Dzuris J L, Sidney J, Appella E, Chesnut R W, Watkins D I, Sette A. Conserved MHC class I peptide binding motif between humans and rhesus macaques. J Immunol 2000; 164: 283-91). Purity of peptides was determined with reverse-phase HPLC and amino acid analysis, sequencing, and/or mass spectrometry. Lyophilized peptides were resuspended at 20 mg/ml in 100% DMSO and then diluted to required concentrations in PBS.
Epitope Prediction: The prediction program used, PIC (Predicted IC50), is a modified linear coefficient, or matrix-based method for predicting peptides with HLA-DR binding capacity. PIC is predicated on the assumption that each residue along a peptide molecule can independently contribute to binding affinity (Sette A, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86: 3296-300; Sette A, et al. J Immunol 1989; 142: 35-40). The algorithm yields a predicted IC50 value (designated as PIC) for the corresponding input sequence. Lower PIC values indicate a higher probability of binding to HLA. The program analyzes 15 amino acid long sequences offset by 3 residues encompassing the entire protein.
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Preparation (PBMC): PBMC were isolated from blood as described (Disis M L, et al. Clin Cancer Res 1999; 5: 1289-97), and cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen (20×106/ml cells) in freezing media (RPMI with 12.5% HSA, penicillin, streptomycin and 2 mM glutamine) (Disis M L et al. J Immunol Methods 2005.).
HLA-DR purification. Fifteen distinct HLA-DR molecules were used in quantitative assays to measure the binding of peptides to solubilized HLA-DR molecules. These HLA-DR molecules were chosen to allow balanced population coverage: DRB1*0101, DRB1*1501, DRB1*0301, DRB1*0401, DRB1*0404, DRB1*1101, DRB5*0101, DRB4*0101, DRB3*0101, DRB1*0701, DRB1*0405, DRB1*0802, DRB1*0901, DRB1*1201, and DRB1*1302 (24). MHC molecules utilized were purified from EBV transformed homozygous cell lines or single MHC allele transfected 721.221, C1R, or fibroblast lines. The cell lines were maintained by culture in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 U (100 μg/ml) penicillin-streptomycin solution, and 10% heat-inactivated FCS. HLA-DR molecules were purified using antibody-based affinity chromatography from cell lysates prepared in 50 mM Tris-HCL, pH 8.5, containing 1% (v/v) NP-40, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM EDTA, and 2 mM PMSF. Briefly, columns of inactivated Sepharose CL4B and Protein A Sepharose were used as pre-columns. HLA-DR molecules were captured by passage of lysates over LB3.1 monoclonal antibody (anti-HLA-DRA) columns. Antibody columns were washed with 10 mM Tris-HCL, pH8.0 with 1% (v/v) NP-40, followed by PBS containing 0.4% (w/v) n-octylglucoside. MHC molecules were then eluted with 50 mM diethylamine in 0.15 M NaCl containing 0.4% (w/v) n-octylglucoside, pH 11.5. The pH was reduced to 8.0 and the eluates were concentrated by centrifugation in Centriprep 30 concentrators at 2000 rpm (Amicon, Beverly, Mass.).
HLA-DR binding assays: Radioligand binding inhibition assays were used to measure the binding of peptides to soluble HLA-DR molecules based on the inhibition of binding of a radiolabeled standard peptide as described previously (Sidney J, Southwood S, Oseroff C, del Guercio M F, Grey H M, Sette A. Measurement of MHC/peptide interactions by gel filtration. Curr Protocols Immunol 1998; 18: 18.3.2-.3.9.). Briefly, 1-10 nM of radiolabeled peptide was co-incubated for 2 days at either room temperature or 37° C. with 1 μM to 1 nM purified HLA-DR molecules in the presence of a cocktail of protease inhibitors. Assays were performed at various pH conditions, ranging from pH 4 to pH 7. The final pH of assay mixtures is adjusted using citrate buffer as described elsewhere (Sidney J, Curr Protocols Immunol 1998). After incubation, the percentage of HLA-DR-bound radioactivity is determined by capturing HLA-DR/peptide complexes on Optiplates (Packard Instruments, Meriden, Conn.) coated with the LB3.1 antibody and determining bound counts per minute using the TopCount microscintillation counter (Packard Instruments). The amount of HLA-DR yielding 10-20% bound radioactivity is used in the inhibition assays in which the concentration of peptide yielding 50% inhibition of the binding of the radiolabeled peptide was calculated. Under the conditions used, the measured IC50 values are reasonable approximations of the true Kd values. Competitor peptides are tested in 2-4 complete, independent experiments, at concentrations ranging from 30 μg/mL to 300 pg/mL. As in previous studies, peptides with affinities for specific HLA-DR molecules of 1000 nM or better are defined as binders for the respective antigens.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay. A 10-day ELIspot for detecting low-frequency T cells was used to determine reactivity to the tumor antigen peptides (Table 1) as described (Knutson K L et al. J Clin One 2006; 24: 4254-61). A positive response to a peptide was defined as a frequency that was significantly (p<0.05, two-tailed t test) greater than the mean of control no-antigen wells and detectable (i.e., >1:100,000). PMA/Ionomycin and the CEF pool were used as positive non-tumor related controls as previously described (Knutson, 2006).
ELISA. ELISAs were done as previously described (Knutson, 2006). Briefly, 96-well plates were coated with 1 μg/ml IGFBP-2 protein, 200 ng/ml tetanus toxin or 1 μg/ml BSA. Human IgG was added at a concentration range of 200 to 0.2 ng/ml to some wells for standard curve generation. After washing and blocking, human sera were added to the plate at a 1:40 dilution in triplicate and plates were incubated for 2 hr at RT. After washing, 100 μL/well of HRP (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) was diluted 1:2000 and incubated for 1 hr at RT. After a final wash, each well was incubated with 100 μL (tetramethylbenzadine) TMB substrate (BD Bioscience). Color development was stopped with diluted HCL and absorbance was read at 450 nm on a plate reader.
The following examples are provided by way of illustration only and not by way of limitation. Those of skill in the art will readily recognize a variety of non-critical parameters that could be changed or modified to yield essentially similar results.

Example 1

Identification of Conserved HLA Class II—Restricted Peptides Derived from Tumor Associated Antigens Using Established Motif Search Algorithms

To identify epitopes useful for vaccine design, a multidisciplinary approach was used based initially on amino acid motif searching of tumor associated antigen sequences to identify potential HLA Class II motifs (see Table I). This was followed by high throughput synthetic peptide binding assays using purified HLA molecules to determine affinity and breadth of epitope peptide binding.
Algorithm motif searches: Motif search algorithms were validated for the most common HLA Class II alleles and were focused on the HLA DRB1*0101, DRB1*1501, DRB1*0301, DRB1*0401, DRB1*0404, DRB1*1101, DRB5*0101, DRB4*0101, DRB3*0101, DRB1*0701, DRB1*0405, DRB1*0802, DRB1*0901, DRB1*1201, and DRB1*1302 supertypes in order to attain virtually 100% population coverage. The selected tumor associated antigen sequences were scanned for motif positive amino acid sequences using the motif definitions.
A total of about 150 Class II-restricted peptide sequences were identified that were specific for various DR supertypes (see Table I). Table I lists for each identified DR antigen peptide, the IC₅₀(nM) for each purified HLA.

Example 2

Identification of HTL Epitopes for Tumor Vaccine Inclusion

Of the peptides listed in Table I, those peptides that bound to at least 4 different HLA with an IC₅₀of less than 1000 nM were identified and are shown in Table II. The peptide sequences of Table II were further evaluated for their binding capacity to purified MHC molecules. FIGS. 1 through 4 show those peptides of Table II which were immunogenic (shown in a circle). These HTL peptides are candidates for inclusion into a tumor vaccine.
Using predictive algorithms discussed above, candidate HLA-DR1-binding epitopes were identified. Binding assays targeting 15 different HLA-DR molecules revealed that 10 of the epitopes were indiscriminate, binding (IC₅₀<1000 nM) to at least four different HLA-DR variants. An interferon-gamma ELlspot assay was used to assess immunity to the indiscriminate binding peptides in 48 patients with either breast or ovarian cancer and 18 healthy controls. The results showed that elevated T cell immunity in patients was detected to several peptides (FIGS. 1-4).
Healthy donor and patient samples were obtained. Patients were free from active treatment for at least 30 days when blood (200 ml) was collected. For the T cell studies, the mean (±s.e.m) ages of the healthy donors and patients were 42±11 and 55±2 years, respectively (p<0.0001). Due to sera unavailability, not all of the controls used in the T cell studies were examined for tumor associated antigen antibodies in their sera. However, additional control and patient sera were available for antibody assessment. Additional healthy donor sera was obtained from Bioreclamation (Hicksville, N.Y.).
Using an ELIspot assay with a limit of detection of approximately 1:100,000 antigen-specific T cells per million PBMC, patient-derived PBMC were screened for reactivity against all of the HLA-DR binding peptides. The immunogenicity data of several peptides is shown in FIGS. 1-4.

Example 3

Design and Development of Multi-Epitope Vaccines

Peptides that bound to at least 4 different HLA subtypes as described above, and were shown to be immunogenic, as shown in FIGS. 1-4, were selected for inclusion in a multi-epitope vaccine. Table III shows the percent of patients that demonstrated positive responses and the binding patterns to specific HLA subtypes of eight vaccine candidates.
These example and equivalents thereof will become more apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the present disclosure and the accompanying claims. It should be understood, however, that the examples are designed for the purpose of illustration only and not limiting of the scope of the invention in any way.

TABLE I

HLA-DR binding affinity of Breast/Ovarian-derived peptides

Posi-

DRB1

DRB3

DRB4

DRB5

Peptide

Sequence

Source

Protein

tion

*0101

*0301

*0401

*0404

*0403

*0701

*0802

*0901

*1101

*1301

*1302

*1301

*0101

9019.0104	RWCIPWQRILLTASL	CEA.10	CEA	10	1467	7860	426	193	221	107	263	4132	191	1558	2326	61	--	339	4014

9019.0105	LLTFWNPPTTAKETI	CEA.24	CEA	24	69	16,313	273	52	258	3.7	174	5779	52	2995	245	46	--	2171	31

9019.0106	TAKLTIESTPFNVAE	CEA.33	CEA	33	72	613	106	41	383	70	1736	4019	5977	2307	35	140	--	53	3350

9019.0107	EVLLLVHNLPQHLFG	CEA.59	CEA	50	27	830	3.4	1.7	30	5.4	59	989	40	54	0.36	4.7	334	50	10888

9019.0108	YSWYKGERVDGNRQI	CE3.65	CEA	65	511	--	34	585	360	866	8432	-	1840	--	533	306	3902	453	1043

9919.0109	NRQIIGYVIGTQQAT	CEA.76	CEA	76	216	--	108	1.5	129	46	46	345	36	4351	990	2.6	--	52	2230

9019.0110	GYVIGTQQATPGPAY	CEA.81	CEA	81	21		31	34	4210	1705			5877		43	836		63	10,223

9019.0111	GPAYSGREIIYPNAS	CEA.92	CEA	92	9435		12,989			5262					154

9019.0112	GREIIYPNASLLIQN	CEA.97	CEA	97	62	433	251	88	550	29	1950	1355	2203	212	24	49	4035	43	10,612

9019.0113	DTGFYTLHVIKSDLV	CEA.116	CEA	116	64	984	84	260	95	23	90	23	174	14	1972	65	14,943	15	564

9019.0114	FYTLHVIKDDLVNEE	CEA.119	CEA	119	101	20	184	169	41	56	514	718	6385	616	1340	14	14,343	22	4501

9019.0115	LHVIKSDLVNEEATG	CEA.122	CEA	122	891	46	214	193	37	3393	--	--	18,399	--	394	376	--	111	--

9012.0115	KSOLVNEEATGQFRV	CE4.129	CEA	126	13,600	2530	236			6338					9963

9013.0116	QFRVYPELPKPSISS	CEA.137	CEA	137	1790	1727	2916			7976					786

9019.0117	KPSISSNNSKPVEDK	CEA.143	CEA	146	405		919	2111	6959	407			--		23	97		5977	--

9019.0118	YLWWVNNQSLPVSPR	CEA.176	CEA	176	24	100	832	203	50	17	119	1912	22	1511	22	116	248	555	928

9019.0119	SDSVILNVLYGPDAP	CEA.123	CEA	226	111		255	314	1153	5236			9210		83	351		612	--

9019.0120	LNVLYGPDAPTISPL	CEA.231	CEA	231	331		649	1378	--	410			--		218	583		10,798	--

9919.0121	APTISPLNTSYRSGE	CEA.239	CEA	239	2431		295	40	5994	10,607			3943		125	1795		1047	51

9019.0122	QYSWFVNGTFQQSTQ	CEA.265	CEA	268	5303		21	7830	342	216			230		14,768	--		11,448	2661

9019.0123	QELFIPNITVNNSGS	CEA.292	CEA	282	147	644	25	227	379	1659	293	1096	358	1299	26	740	--	38130	3869

9019.0124	RTTVTTIIVYAEPPK	CEA.310	CEA	310	4115		259	697	32	649			--		2977	83		6287	14,732

9019.0125	TITVYAEPPKPFITS	CEA.315	CEA	315	12,755	539	--	12,652	5704	8230			--		2322	62		--	9255

9019.0126	YLWWVNNQSLPVSPR	CEA.374	CEA	354	1123	234	12	248	38	25	243	299	33	1121	1921	227	1083	061	2284

9019.0127	SDPVILNVLYGPDDP	CEA.404	CEA	404	384		592	347	3732	2245			5432		161	5999		9262	--

9019.0128	SYTYYRPGVNLSLSC	CEA.423	CEA	423	1.6	4125	6.8	1039	309	5.4	21	1372	776	571	7.2	46	2626	1744	135

9015.0129	YSWLIDGNIQQHTQE	CEA.447	CEA	447	1407		95			9427					1312

9019.0130	NSGLYTCQANNSASG	CEA.471	CEA	471	49		33	34	96	8139			7338		1924	14,891		150	4717

8019.0131	RTTVKTITVSAELPK	CEA.428	CEA	488	89	1267	58	54	11	4.2	3763	367	6938	2755	992	29	--	1263	1917

9919.0132	TITVSAELPKPSISS	CEA.493	CEA	493	223	74	9393	4937	3624	29	--	6671	--	--	1076	1672	--	10,349	3856

9019.0133	KPSISSNNSKPVEDK	CEA.502	CEA	502	146		403	1404	5564	121			--		4.1	138		--	--

9019.0134	YLWWVNGQSLPVSPR	CEA.532	CEA	532	1.4		2.5	1356	158	12			3135		314	182		4295	1348

9012.0135	VCGIQNSVSANRSDP	CEA.570	CEA	570	44		72	29	1554	1095			--		921	8979		1051	36

9019.0139	QNSVSANRSDPVTLD	CEA.574	CEA	574	240		511	1432	--	274			--		2.7	6657		2105	5816

9012.0137	SSYLSGANLNLSCHS	CEA.603	CEA	603	40		580	5594	7822	455			--		37	13,028		42	14,095

9019.0138	QYSWRINGIPQQHTQ	CEA.624	CEA	624	472		43	1103	311	11,900			151		70	2074		2286	1121

9019.0139	INGIPQQHTQVLFIA	CEA.629	CEA	629	682		181	609	942	31			--		256	8287		2700	--

9019.0140	NGTYACFVSNLATGR	CEA.650	CEA	650	839	818	11	558	30	29	70	50	2174	2952	30	2355	6963	3247	37

9919.0141	YACFVSNLATGRNNS	CEA.653	CEA	653	183	774	225	41	327	531	1774	4520	217	2399	107	1237	--	1569	17

9019.0142	NNSIVKSITVSASGT	CEA.665	CEA	665	34	103	43	1.8	126	34	164	469	265	1328	4.4	274	15,808	26	2280

9919.0143	STTVSASGTSPGLSA	CEA.671	CEA	671	2807		75	11	3574	1559			3319		592	3110		174	15,069

9019.0144	SPGLSAGATVGIMIG	CEA.680	CEA	680	3507		4191	2009	2389	92			--		80	3929		2591	--

9019.05	TVGIMIGVLVGVALI	CEA.688	CEA	688	384		--	--	--	4454			--		5637	7770		12,094	384

9019.0009	HQLLCQEVETIRRAY	Cyclin D1.3	Cyclin	3	953	21	746	256	4200	11,553	16,297	5607	3471	5585	349	325	--	60	2016
			D1

9019.0146	DANLLNDRVLRAMLK	Cyclin D1.19	Cyclin	19	1463		2342			--					286
			D1

9019.0147	NDRVLRAMLKAEETC	Cyclin D1.24	Cyclin	24	1171		1963			12,160					319
			D1

9019.0148	RAMLKAFETCAPSVS	Cyclin D1.29	Cyclin	29	407	--	360	375	12,517	7793	-	5017	9145	--	16,129	15,733	--	313	1341
			D1

9019.0149	FKCVQKEVLPSMRKI	Cyclin D1.45	Cyclin	45	4099		3915			10,059					3587
			D1

9019.0012	QKEVLPSMRKIVATW	Cyclin D1.49	Cyclin	49	9025	111	12,182	1102	3720	481	1155	1008	50	1121	700	338	--	108	2019
			D1

9019.0150	LPSMRKIVATWMLEV	Cyclin D1.53	Cyc1in	53	8.5	826	238	28	123	4.6	1482	137	886	145	8.5	7.1	8449	50	47
			D1

9019.0151	MRKIVATWMLEVCEE	Cyclin D1.56	Cyclin	56	764		7953	--	1982	249			--		356	87		281	17,021
			D1

9019.0011	MLEVCEEQKGEEEVF	Cyclin D1.64	Cyclin	64		--
			D1

9019.0152	EEFVFPLAMNYLDRF	Cyclin D1.74	Cyclin	74	850		2247	3070	2228	1597			3414		26	77		72	4444
			D1

9019.0153	VFPLAMNYLDRFLSL	Cyclin D1.77	Cyclin	77	146	107	2332	3567	609	3332	259	19,713	27	79	9.4	59	289	2.6	2005
			D1

9019.0007	DRFLSLEPVKKSRLQ	Cyclin D1.86	Cyclin	86	16	290	10	61	159	1057	37	18,378	46	4128	--	394	--	359	3.0
			D1

9019.0154	DRFLSLEPVKKSRLQ	Cyc3in D1.86	Cyclin	86	11		63	49	113	1834			51		235	1071		227	2.6
			D1

9019.0155	LEPVKKSRDQLLGAT	Cyclin D1.91	Cyclin	91	102		9112	696	13,609	2152			1248		221	208		102	731
			D1

9019.0156	RDQLLGATCMFVASK	Cyclin D1.95	Cyclin	98	12	--	91	633	1439	468	3144	--	831	513	227	277	--	421	504
			D1

9019.0157	TCMFVASKMKETIPL	Cyclin D1.105	Cyclin	105	202		342	5454	1744	17			61		1031	1443		2423	36
			D1

9019.0158	ASKMKETIPLTAEKL	Cyclin D1.110	Cyclin	110	130		--	1992	--	220			321		530	1294		2461	2364
			D1

1622.01	TIPLTAEKLCLYTDN	Cyclin D1.116	Cyclin	116	253	11,708	1230	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	5360	--	738	253
			D1

9019.0159	KLCIYTDNSIRPEEL	Cyclin D1.123	Cyclin	123	1915	64	90	241	3472	1105	16,263	15,928	--	--	879	25	--	33	4620
			D1

9019.0009	DNSIRPEELLQMELL	Cyclin D1.129	Cyclin	129	4554	147	4677	2803	16,500	6648			--		3494	4757		87	18,258
			D1

9019.0160	DNSIRPEELLQMELL	Cyclin D1.129	Cyclin	129	1533		1345			3440					939
			D1

9019.0161	PEELLQMELLLVNKL	Cyclin D1.134	Cyclin	134	1274		1027	318	603	401			1094		44	1449		11	2802
			D1

9019.0040	EELLQMELLLVNKLK	Cyclin D1.135	Cyclin	135		3386
			D1

1622.06	LLQMELLLVNKLKWN	Cyclin D1.137	Cyclin	137	39	--	3939	6.4	332	2196	761	6097	197	1325	44	29	--	321	39
			D1

9019.0163	MELLLVNKLKWNLAA	Cyclin D1.140	Cyclin	140	46	9009	177	481	2411	1797	360	3090	41	102	4.9	210	--	39	19
			D1

9019.0164	VNKLKWNLAAMTPHD	Cyclin D1.145	Cyclin	145	49	1419	06	781	747	382	702	449	1043	210	3.0	359	5897	1039	2519
			D1

9019.0165	KWNLAAMTPHDFIEH	Cyclin D1.149	Cyclin	149	33	6240	3405	653	122	1101	15,625	4876	11,907	194	332	550	--	5.6	41
			D1

9019.0013	WNLAAMTPHDFIEHF	Cyclin D1.150	Cyclin	150	6425
			D1

9019.0166	PHDFIEHFLSKMPEA	Cyclin D1.157	Cyc1in	157	1246	1299			1160						820
			D1

9019.0167	NKQIIRKHAQTFVAL	Cyclin D1.174	Cyc1in	174	4.7	561	6.5	23	4.4	105	239	34	34	3.9	2.0	3.3	342	8.7	23
			D1

9019.0168	AQTFVALCATDYKFI	Cyclin D1.182	Cyclin	182	8.4	551	26	153	55	15	445	33o	276	132	219	97	--	46	18
			D1

9019.0169	VKFISNPPSMVAAGS	Cyclin D1.193	Cyclin	193	6.7	4126	12	00	117	304	319	712	88	21	24	84	5290	290	826
			D1

9019.0170	PPSMVAAGSVVAAVQ	Cyclin D1.109	Cyclin	199	6.8	--	12	26	1718	133	1401	301	466	10,090	55	26	--	91	957
			D1

9019.0171	VAAVQGLNLRSPNNF	Cyclin D1.209	Cyclin	209	44	18,558	226	532	4248	161	10,850	--	11,089	2018	171	1205	--	296	3541
			D1

9019.0172	IEALLESSLRQAQQN	Cyclin D1.251	Cyclin	251	2608		18			--					12,776
			D1

9019.0014	EALLESSLRQAQQNM	Cyclin D1.252	Cyclin	252	8212	151	605	1019	12,905	--			756		4755	8176		4028	--
			D1

9019.0024	LAALCRWGLLLALLP	Her/neu.3	Her.neu	3	2044		5394			7995					704

9019.0025	WGLLLALLPPGAAST	Her/neu.9	Her.neu	9	1687		750	0.93	219	16,366			12		521	21		33	337

1622.02	LLALLPPGAASTQVC	Her/neu.12	Her.neu	12	17		5148	118	--	7183			944		10,697	17,445		19,806	17

9019.0027	GTDMKLRLPASPETH	Her/neu.26	Her.neu	28	2117		1693			6014					14,523

9019.0028	RHLYQGCQVVQGNLE	Her/neu.47	Her.neu	47	1435		422			4940					5043

9019.0029	GCQVVQGNLELTYLP	Her/neu.52	Her.neu	52	2600		2739			1972					417

9019.0030	NLELTYLPTNASLSF	Her/neu.59	Her.neu	59	49	7356	6.2	2.7	38	72	94	3055	30	148	105	23	--	29	189

9019.0031	LTYLPTNASLSELQD	Herneu.62	Her.neu	62	9.7	3364	19	26	80	15	426	4081	213	150	47	132	141	1633	173

9019.0032	IQEVQGTVLLAHNQV	Her/neu.77	Her.neu	77	57	7763	111	178	102	35	213	302	165	3438	103	75	13,508	546	1361

9019.0033	YVLIAHNQVRQVPLQ	Her/neu.83	Her.neu	83	28	454	53	104	1185	62	303	350	200	302	1.9	679	649	124	18

9019.0034	HNQVRQVPLQRLRIV	Her/neu.88	Her.neu	88	950	971	840	78	1303	80	09	6941	21	42	270	340	--	18	173

9019.9035	VRQVPLQRIRIVRGT	Her2/neu.91	Her2/neu	91	3065		1798			218					2546

9019.0001	GTQLFEDNYALAVLD	Her2/neu.104	Her2/neu	104	210	29	640	0923	14,921	129			9195		4.0	450		6955	3744

9019.0636	GDPLNNTTPVTGASP	Her2/neu.120	Her2/neu	120	6356		7461			13,172					1030

9019.0037	TTPVTGASPGGLREL	Her2/neu.126	Her2/neu	126	992		2447	675	13,198	1843			11,554		6055	17,143		2514	3001

9019.0030	PGGLRELQLRSLTEI	Her2/neu.134	Her2/neu	134	732		3397	564	110	1541			2207		786	4405		2245	16,273

9010.0039	TEILKGGVLIQRNPQ	Her2/neu.146	Her2/neu	146	11		40	32	760	2486			692		343	1183		511	1878

9019.0646	GGVLIQRNPQLCYQD	Her2/neu.151	Her2/neu	151	142		196	93	1845	14,279			1720		34	106		351	13,612

9019.0041	NPQLCYQDTILWKDI	Her2/neu.158	Her2/neu	158	3653		368			--					5074

9019.0042	ICELHCPALVTYNTD	Her2/neu.263	Her2/neu	263	101		754	136	1627	1324			521		3216	748		441	2809

9019.0043	STDVGSCTLVCPLHN	Her2/neu.305	Her2/neu	305	2872		--			2139					6781

9019.0044	CYGLGMEHLREVRAV	Her2/neu.342	Her2/neu	342	130	265	1027	493	5122	271	--	--	3064	18,979	25	690	--	444	3776

9019.0045	MEHLREVRAVTASNI	Her2/neu.347	Her2/neu	347	9.6	2970	533	12	200	--	95	4345	262	221	23	86	--	81	216

9019.0046	LREVRAVTSANIQEF	Her2/neu.350	Her2/neu	350	17	3913	43	1.2	50	12	456	5110	661	101	1.5	27	--	163	94

9019.0047	CKKIFGSLAFLPESF	Her2/neu.367	Her2/neu	367	119		121	171	310	45			3080		206	635		316	4567

9019.0048	PESFDGDPASNTAPL	Her2/neu.378	Her2/neu	378	10,101	989	301	9020	1724	2823			12,591		3905	805		654	--

9019.0049	TAPLQPEQLQVFETL	Her2/neu.389	Her2/neu	389	1112	3674	2633			6994					2322

9019.0050	ITGYLYISAWPDSLP	Her2/neu.406	Her2/neu	406	96		243	1771	8.5	136			2573		751	152		270	67

9019.0051	PDSLPDLSVFQNLQV	Her2/neu.410	Her2/neu	410	--		--	--							--

9019.0052	LSVFQNLQVIRGRIL	Her2/neu.422	Her2/neu	422	1.3	345	6.3	33	26	7.1	146	859	9.6	486	80	33	--	67	17

9019.0053	NLQVIRGRILHNGAY	Her2/neu.427	Her2/neu	427	1.9	6979	971	200	3394	12	119	4217	173	47	9.9	3.3	4320	446	28

9019.0054	RGRILHNGAYSLTLQ	Her2/neu.432	Her2/neu	432	2.4	710	480	129	2845	5.6	5077	480	773	40	1.3	54	350	562	82

9019.0055	SLTLQGLGISWLGLR	Her2/neu.442	Her2/neu	442	93		143	110	409	3096			6307		1597	50		22	--

9019.0056	GLGISWLGLRSLREL	Her2/neu.447	Her2/neu	447	59	122	41	163	3.4	55	1538	1140	2268	436	3030	5.2	--	154	2048

9019.0057	LRSLRELGSGLALIH	Her2/neu.459	Her2/neu	459	7.1	--	896	14	603	142	1075	594	309	498	16	24	16,142	549	726

9019.0058	GLALIHHNTHLCFVH	Her2/neu.464	Her2/neu	464	465		434	171	477	277			2822		18	164		357	6081

9019.0059	NTHLCFVHTVPWDQL	Her2/neu.471	Her2/neu	471	416		796	207	116	178			793		175	1431		117	7390

9019.0060	DECVGEGLACHQLCA	Her2/neu.502	Her2/neu	502	459		1065	3405	29 37	2007			4976		323	6267		1117	12,277

9019.0061	GHCWGPGPTQCVNCS	Her2/neu.518	Her2/neu	518	1913		3740			6742					2912

9019.0062	SQFKRGQECVEECRV	Her2/neu.532	Her2/neu	532	462		1020	4549	--	540			16,562		146	285		1523	7043

9019.0063	ECRVLQGLPREYVNA	Her2/neu.543	Her2/neu	543	262		706	0351	812	4001			254		548	635		2072	2011

9019.0064	LQGLPREYVNARHCL	Her2/neu.547	Her2/neu	547	354	8995	201	1444	603	1903			405		670	423		2551	49

9019.0065	PSGVKPDLSYMPIWK	Her2/neu.601	Her2/neu	601	1032	1570	1525			2688								1531

9019.0066	ASPLTSIISAVVGIL	Her2/neu.648	Her2/neu	648	15	10,905	20	36	712	24	3089	118	511	1431	14	59	18,926	1500	206

9019.0067	ISAVVGILLVVVLGV	Her2/neu.655	Her2/neu	655	5153		420	2996	447	941			5188		443	6005		3109	--

9019.0068	ILLVVVLGVVFGILI	Her2/neu.661	Her2/neu	661	--		635	3532	376	780			2464		478	7117		11,015	--

9019.0969	VLGVVFGILIKRRQQ	Her2/neu.666	Her2/neu	666	67	2449	177	335	104	17	35	--	12	268	17	185	--	958	38

9019.0070	QQKIRKYTMRRLLQE	Her2/neu.679	Her2/neu	679	303		3782	5396	--	44			40		44	2.0		93	300

9019.0071	IRKYTMRRLLQETEL	Her2/neu.682	Her2/neu	682	665		2766	2305	1050	722			46		2513	1.6		303	2207

9019.0072	MRILKETELRKVKVL	Her2/neu.712	Her2/neu	712	266		3193	1266	8030	370			2103		1318	329		368	1223

9019.0073	ETELRKVKVLGSGAF	Her2/neu.717	Her2/neu	717	214	15,518	246	27	145	101	139	5423	176	2472	980	205	--	452	1020

9019.0074	KVKVLGSGAFGTVYK	Her2/neu.722	Her2/neu	722	64		810	204	10,552	77			1711		1308	244		1380	1369

9019.0075	GENVKIPVAIKVLRE	Her2/neu.743	Her2/neu	743	491		1065	488	2093	180			4535		1149	729		34	8353

1622.03	KIPVAIKVLRENTSP	Her2/neu.747	Her2/neu	747	1505		3856	125	1178	--			4108		501	611		7805	1505

9019.0077	AYVMAGVGSPYVSRL	Her2/neu.771	Her2/neu	771	92		164	171	596	45			1738		402	24		5060	308

9019.0078	MAGVGSPYVSRLLGH	Her2/neu.774	Her2/neu	774	2050		1651			352					1508

9019.0079	SRLLGICLTSTVQLV	Her2/neu.783	Her2/neu	783	80	2923	85	13	90	9.0	634	137	80	446	4.7	39	3567	481	392

9019.0080	TVQLVTQLMPYGCLL	Her2/neu.793	Her2/neu	793	164		215	433	4326	1288			l1,126		3594	94		16	3002

9019.0081	RGRLGSQDLLNWCMQ	Her2/neu.214	Her2/neu	214	1039		1412			2029					3367

9019.0082	LLNWCMQIAKGMSYL	Her2/neu.822	Her2/neu	822	944		558	195	1094	380			159		2082	799		33459	92

9019.0083	CMQLAKGMSYLEDVR	Her2/neu.826	Her2/neu	826	959		2651	867	1040	116			405		2232	1002		3005	130

9019.0002	GMSYLEDVRLVHRDL	Her2/neu.932	Her2/neu	832	123	27	957	1357	4315	5408			244		3789	567		2543	467

9019.0084	VRLVHRDLAARNVLV	Her2/neu.839	Her2/neu	839	59	1503	105	245	561	356			16		57	1097		298	2425

9019.0085	HRDLAARNVLVKSPN	Her2/neu.843	Her2/neu	843	158		401	765	11,210	1332			1648		116	221		525	302

9019.0086	ARNVLVKSPNGVKIT	Her2/neu.848	Her2/neu	848	65	1275	209	197	11,536	118	717	4771	513	628	15	29	16,142	742	4.9

9019.0087	PIKWVALESILRRRF	Her2/neu.885	Her2/neu	885	12	30	14	250	161	664	312	3620	133	66	349	3.3	--	62	3.4

9019.0003	IKWMALESILRRRFT	Her2/neu.886	Her2/neu	886	16	10	37	1075	435	1795	515	9282	136	241	1118	11	--	340	3.3

9019.0088	ESILRRRFTHQSDVW	Her2/neu.892	Her2/neu	892	1525		794	7977	2375	9598			1159		16,279	2726		818	5305

9019.0089	SDVWSYGVTVWELMT	Her2/neu.903	Her2/neu	903	165		2760	3621	1900	546			2639		467	1879		--	5423

9019.0090	GVTVWELMTFGAKPY	Her2/neu.909	Her2/neu	909	40		377	4.1	2107	558			315		8860	20		1171	34

9019.0091	VWELMTFGAKPYDGI	Her2/neu.912	Her2/neu	912	36		676	144	4704	191			1952		7553	245		3565	65

9019.0092	AKPYDGIPAREIPDL	Her2/neu.920	Her2/neu	920	136		--	--	12,548	41			-		19,575	6957		--	3044

1622.04	ICTIDVYMIMVKCWM	Her2/neu.946	Her2/neu	946	--		717	--	955	--			1480		--	2652		--	--

9019.0094	DVYMIMVKCWMIDSE	Her2/neu.950	Her2/neu	950	1312		189	7807	274	297			179		395	1303		697	716

9019.0095	RPRFRELVSEFSRMA	Her2/neu.966	Her2/neu	966	26	6218	38	62	151	309	376	2321	125	1779	12,182	348	--	351	26

9019.0096	FRELVSEFSRMARDP	Her2/neu.969	Her2/neu	969	20	150	22	51	1497	5055	1714	--	381	--	--	124	4537	123.2	380

9019.0004	FSRMARDPQRFVVIQ	Her2/neu.976	Her2/neu	976	29	35	512	2224	555	1422	798	1481	49	6867	240	1408	901	227	45

9019.0097	DGDLGMGAAKGLQSL	Her2/neu.1087	Her2/neu	1087	110		254	506	5799	828			2233		3224	1684		896	2141

9019.0098	AKGLQSLPTHDPSPL	Her2/neu.1095	Her2/neu	1095	149		194	19	3864	4459			6806		3991	1665		572	--

9019.0099	LQRYSEDPTVPLPSE	Her2/neu.1109	Her2/neu	1109	1367	18	25	13,089	226	107			94		280	5310		--	--

9019.0100	PEYVNQPDVRPQPPS	Her2/neu.1137	Her2/neu	1137	6165		150			--					1714

9019.0101	EGPLPAARPAGETLE	Her2/neu.1154	Her2/neu	1154	17,288		--			7463					10,247

9019.0102	GATLERPKTLSPGKN	Her2/neu.1164	Her2/neu	1164	1812		2792			--					5332

9919.0103	KDVFAFGGAVENPEY	Her2/neu.1182	Her2/neu	1182	1505		--			1577					16,146

9919.0173	LPRVGCPALPLPPPP	IGFBP2.2	IGFBP2	2	1906		6543			--					8936

9019.0174	ALLPLPPPPLLPLLP	IGFBP2.9	IGFBP2	9	174	--	18	4.2	20	336	1087	--	41	1337	1524	262	--	40	9665

9019.0175	PPPLLPLLPLLLLLL	IGFBP2.14	IGFBP2	14	15	5816	15	16	65	13	86	307	121	23	1322	5.0	16,239	2.1	121

9019.0176	LLPLLPLLLLLLGAS	IGFBP2.17	IGFBP2	17	119	--	337	35	674	964	213	5893	403	320	2922	182	--	19	2390

9019.0177	PLLLLLLGASGGGGG	IGFBP2.22	IGFBP2	22	20	18,033	339	2144	1422	5882	5696	--	12,818	18,255	2164	253	--	316	--

9019.0178	AEVLPRCPPCTPERL	IGFBP2.39	IGFBP2	39	1285		1611			15,970					5774

9019.0179	PERLAACGPPPVAPP	IGFBP2.50	IGFBP2	50	28		5545	163	4353	--			3541		3618	4054		4455	19,685

9019.0180	PPPVAPPAAVAAVAG	IGFBP2.58	IGFBP2	58	178	--	380	81	--	2684	--	317	--	--	237	1378	--	1888	--

9019.0181	GARMPGAELVREPGC	IGFBP2.73	IGFBP2	73	164		11,638	13,072	--	--			2968		16,279	--		4697	--

9019.0015	CAELVREPGCGCCSV	IGFBP2.78	IGFBP2	78		12,298

9019.0016	CARLEGEACGVYTPR	IGFBP2.93	IGFBP2	93		--

9019.0182	ELPLQALVMGEGTCE	IGFBP2.121	IGFBP2	121	1502		6782			15,638					9167

9019.0017	QALVMGEGTCEKRRD	IGFBP2.125	IGFBP2	125		2240

9019.0183	SEGGLVENHVDSTMN	IGFBP2.157	IGFBP2	157	1153		1196			4623					2518

9019.0184	TMNMLGGGGSAGRKP	IGFBP2.169	IGFBP2	169	1021		791			6177					5686

9019.0185	LKSGMKELAVFREKV	IGFBP2.154	IGFBP2	154	607	--	881	862	34	--	260	--	163	1768	4974	91	--	417	843

9019.0186	KELAVFREKVTEQHR	IGFBP2.189	IGFBP2	189	2045			26			--					--

9019.0018	ELAVFREKVIEQHRQ	IGFBP2.190	IGFBP2	190		8621

9019.0019	REKVTEQHRQMGKGG	IGFBP2.195	IGFBP2	195		2839

9019.0187	GKHHLGLEEPKKLRP	IGFBP2.209	IGFBP2	209	238		1654	2756	6494	3697			16,749		3029	3345		1378	6390

9019.0020	KHHLGLEEPKKLRPP	IGFBP2.210	IGFBP2	210		4016

9019.0188	EPKKLRPPPARIPCQ	IGFBP2.217	IGFBP2	217	1258		806			1122					1213

9019.0189	LDQVLERISTMRLPD	IGFBP2.234	IGFBP2	234	795	452	25	20	18	5.2	1607	52	467	324	1052	84	--	367	223

9019.0021	IMRLPDERGPLEHLV	IGFBP2.243	IGFBP2	243		--

9019.0190	ERGPLEHLYSLHIPN	IGFBP2.249	IGFBP2	249	7.7	--	497	29	110	18	9361	638	1993	50	1149	23	--	1648	4000

9019.0191	GLYNLKQCKMSLNGQ	IGFBP2.268	IGFBP2	269	923	--	743	2835	5589	1791	204	9434	2600	413	561	223	--	1613	5609

9019.0192	TGKLIQGAPTIRGDP	IGFBP2.293	IGFBP2	293	148	9554	40	27	608	683	5160	700	7989	2691	927	1733	2191	465	36

9019.0022	APTIRGDPECHLFYN	IGFBP2.300	IGFBP2	300	4031	31	1643	2908	--	16,779	--	--	--	16,917	1674	3669	191	2510	--

9019.0023	CHLFYNEQQEARGVH	IGFBP2.309	IGFBP2	309	2490	162	1600	3187	--	--	--	--	--	1855	146	--	18,902	5310	--

-- indicates binding affinity ≧ 20,000nM

TABLE II

Breast/Ovarian HLA-DR Supertype Candidates

IC₅₀ μM to purified HLA

Peptide

Pro-

Posi-

DRB1

DRB3

DRB4

DRB5

Total

No.

Sequence

Source

tein

tion

*0101

*0301

*0401

*0404

*0405

*0701

*0802

*0901

*1101

*1201

*1202

*1501

* 0101

*0101

XRN

9019.0105	LLTFWNPPTTAKLTI	CEA.24	CEA	24	6.9	16,313	273	52	258	3.7	174	5779	52	4995	245	46	--	2171	13	10

9019.0106	TAKLTIESTPENVAE	CEA.33	CEA	33	72	613	106	41	383	70	1736	4019	5997	2907	35	140	--	53	3550	6

9019.0107	EVLLLVHNLPQHLFG	CEA.50	CEA	50	2.7	830	3.4	1.7	30	5.4	59	989	4.	5.4	0.36	4.7	334	50	1088	14

9019.0108	YSWYKGERVDGNRQI	CEA.65	CEA	65	511	--	34	585	360	866	8432	--	1840	--	533	306	3002	453	1043	8

9019.0109	NRQIIGYVIGTQQAT	CEA.76	CEA	76	216	--	108	1.5	29	46	46	345	36	4351	990	2.6	--	5.2	2230	11

9019.0112	GREIIYPNASLLIQN	CEA.97	CEA	97	62	433	251	88	550	29	1959	1355	2209	212	24	49	4035	43	10,612	10

9019.0113	DTGFYTLHVIKSDLV	CEA.116	CEA	116	64	984	84	260	95	23	90	83	174	174	1072	65	14,943	18	564	13

9019.0114	FYTLHVIKSDLVNEE	CEA.119	CEA	119	101	80	184	169	41	56	514	718	6385	616	1340	14	14,343	22	4501	11

9019.0118	YLWWVNNQSLPVSPR	CEA.176	CEA	176	2.4	100	832	203	80	17	119	1912	22	1511	22	116	248	555	923	13

9019.0123	QELFIPNITVNNSGS	CEA.282	CEA	282	147	644	25	227	379	1658	293	1086	358	1299	26	740	--	3880	3869	9

9019.0126	YLWWVNNQSLPVSPR	CEA.354	CEA	354	1123	234	12	248	88	28	243	299	33	2121	1921	227	1088	861	2284	10

9019.0128	SYTYYRPGVNLSLSC	CEA.423	CEA	423	1.6	4425	68	4036	300	5.4	21	1372	776	371	7.2	46	2626	1784	135	10

9019.0131	RTTVKTITVSAELPK	CEA.488	CEA	488	99		58	54	11	4.2			6988.0		962	29		1263	1917	7

9019.0140	NGTYACFVSNLATGR	CEA.650	CEA	650	839	818	11	558	30	20	70	377	2174	2052	30	2351	6963	3247	37	10

9019.0141	TACFVSNLATGRNNS	CEA.653	CEA	653	183	774	225	41	327	531	1774	4520	217	2399	107	1237	--	1569	17	9

9019.0142	NNSIVKSITVSASGT	CEA.665	CEA	665	34	103	43	1.8	128	34	184	469	209	1328	4.4	274	15,808	26	2280	12

9019.0006	HQLLCCEVETIRRAY	Cyclin	Cyclin	3	953	21	746	256	4200	11,553	16,297	5607	3471	5585	349	325	--	60	2016	7
		D1.3	D1

9019.0012	QKEVLPSMRKIVATW	Cyclin	Cyclin	49	9825	111	12,182	1102	3720	481	1155	1088	58	1121	700	228	--	108	2019	6
		D1.49	D1

9019.0150	LPSMRKIVATWMLEV	Cyclin	Cyclin	53	8.5	826	238	28	123	4.6	1182	137	886	145	8.5	7.1	8449	50	47	13
		D1.53	D1

9019.0153	VFPLAMNYLDRFLSL	Cyclin	Cyclin	77	146	107	2352	1567	609	3332	259	19,713	27	79	5.4	39	239	2.6	2005	10
		D1.77	D1

9019.0007	DRFLSLEPVKKSRLQ	Cyclin	Cyclin	86	16	290	18	61	159	1057	37	18,378	46	4128	--	394	--	359	3.0	10
		D1.86	D1

9019.0156	RLQLLGATCMFVASK	Cyclin	Cyclin	98	12	--	91	633	1439	468	3144	--	831	513	227	277	--	421	564	10
		D1.98	D1

1622.06	LLQMELLLVNKLSWN	Cyclin	Cyclin	137	39	--	3539	6.4	332	2196	765	6097	187	1325	44	28	--	321	39	9
		D1.137	D1

9019.0163	MELLLVNKLKWNLAA	Cyclin	Cyclin	140	46	9006	177	491	2411	1979	368	3090	48	162	4.9	246	--	39	19	10
		D1.140	D1

9019.0164	VNKLKWNLAAMTPHD	Cyclin	Cyclin	145	46	1419	88	781	747	382	702	449	1043	116	3.0	356	5867	1839	2519	10
		D1.145	D1

9019.0165	KWNLAAMIPHDFIEH	Cyclin	Cyclin	149	33	6249	3405	653	122	1100	18,625	4876	11,907	194	332	356	--	576	41	8
		D1.149	D1

9019.0167	NKQIIRKHAQTFVAL	Cyclin	Cyclin	174	4.7	561	65 23	25	4.4	195	236	34	3.9	2.0	3.3	342	8.7	23	15
		D1.174	D1

9019.0168	AQTFVALCATDVKFI	Cyclin	Cyclin	182	8.4	551	26	133	55	13	445	536	276	132	219	97	--	46	18	14
		D1.182	D1

9019.0169	VKFISNPPSMVAAGS	Cyclin	Cyclin	193	6.7	4128	12	18	117	304	319	752	88	21	24	84	5290	290	826	13
		D1.193	D1

9019.0170	PPSMVAAGSVVAAVQ	Cyclin	Cyclin	199	6.8	--	12	26	1718	133	1401	301	466	10,090	55	26	--	91	957	10
		D1.199	D1

9019.0171	VAAVQGLNLRSPNNF	Cyclin	Cyclin	209	44	18,558	226	532	4248	161	10,850	--	11,089	2018	171	1205	--	296	3541	6
		D1.209	D1

9019.0030	NLELTYLPTNASLSF	Her2/	Her2/	59	4.9	7356	6.2	2.7	38	7.2	94	3055	30	141	105	23	--	29	189	12
		neu.59	neu

9019.0031	LTYLPTNASLSFLQD	Her2/	Her2/	62	9.3	3364	19	16	80	15	426	1081	213	150	47	132	141	1633	173	12
		neu.62	neu

9019.0032	IQEVQGYVLLAHNQV	Her2/	Her2/	77	57	7763	111	178	102	35	213	302	165	3438	103	75	13,508	546	1361	11
		neu.77	neu

9019.0033	TVLIAHNQVRQVPLQ	Her2/	Her2/	83	28	454	53	104	1185	92	300	358	208	302	1.9	679	349	1234	18	14
		neu.83	neu

9019.0034	HNQVRQVPLQRLRIV	Her2/	Her2/	88	950	971	840	78	1303	80	85	6644	21	42	270	340	--	18	173	12
		neu.88	neu

9019.0045	MEHLREVRAVTSANI	Her2/	Her2/	347	9.6	2970	533	12	200	9.7	95	4345	262	221	23	86	--	81	216	12
		neu.347	neu

9019.0046	LREVRAVTSANIQEF	Her2/	Her2/	350	17	3913	43	8.2	50	12	456	5187	661	161	1.5	27	--	163	94	12
		neu.350	neu

9019.0052	LSVFQNLQVIRGRIL	Her2/	Her2/	422	1.3	345	6.3	33	26	7.1	1484	859	9.6	486	80	3.3	--	67	17	14
		neu.422	neu

9019.0054	RGRILHNGAYSLTLQ	Her2/	Her2/	432	2.4	710	480	129	2845	5.6	5077	430	773	40	1.3	5.4	358	562	82	13
		neu.432	neu

9019.0057	LRSLRELGSGLALIH	Her2/	Her2/	455	7.1	--	896	14	603	142	1075	594	309	498	16	24	16.142	549	726	12
		neu.455	neu

9019.0069	VLGVVFGILIKRRQQ	Her2/	Her2/	666	67	2449	177	335	101	17	35	--	12	268	17	185	--	958	38	12
		neu.666	neu

9019.0079	SRLLGICLTSTVQLV	Her2/	Her2/	783	80	2923	85	13	80	9.0	634	137	80	446	4.7	39	3567	481	392	13
		neu.783	neu

9019.0087	PIKWMALESHLRRRF	Her2/	Her2/	885	12	30	14	250	161	664	312	3620	133	66	349	3.3	--	62	3.4	13
		neu.885	neu

9019.0003	IKWMALESILRRRFT	Her2/	Her2/	886	16	10	37	1075	435	1795	515	9282	136	241	1118	11	--	340	3.3	10
		neu.886	neu

9019.0004	FRSMARDPQRFVVIQ	Her2/	Her2/	976	29	35	512	2224	855	1423	798	1481	49	6867	240	1408	901	227	45	10
		neu.976	neu

9019.0174	ALPLPPPPLLPLLPL	IGFBP	IGFBP2	9	174	--	18	4.2	20	336	1087	--	41	1337	1524	262	--	2.1	9665	8
		2.9

9019.0175	PPPLLPLLPLLLLLL	IGFBP	IGFBP2	14	15	5816	15	16	65	13	86	307	121	23	1322	5.0	16,239	2.1	121	12
		2.14

9019.0176	LLPLLPLLLLLLGAS	IGFBP	IGFBP2	17	119	--	337	35	674	964	213	5893	458	320	2022	182	--	19	2390	10
		2.17

9019.0177	PLLLLLLGASGGGGG	IGFBP	IGFBP2	22	20	18,033	339	2144	1422	5882	5696	--	12,818	18,255	2164	253	--	316	--	4
		2.22

9019.0180	PPPVAPPAAVAAVAG	IGFBP	IGFBP2	58	178	--	380	81	--	2684	--	317	--	--	237	1378	--	1888	--	5
		2.58

9019.0185	LKSGMKELAVFREKV	IGFBP	IGFBP2	184	607	--	881	862	34	--	260	--	163	1768	4974	91	--	417	843	9
		2.184

9019.0189	LDQVLERISTMRLPD	IGFBP	IGFBP2	234	795	452	25	20	18	5.2	1607	52	467	314	1052	84	--	367	223	12
		2.234

9019.0190	ERGPLEHLYSLHIPN	IGFBP	IGFBP2	249	7.7	--	497	29	110	18	9361	631	1993	50	1149	23	--	1648	4000	8
		2.249

9019.0191	GLYNLKQCKMSLNGQ	IGFBP	IGFBP2	268	923	--	743	2835	5589	1791	204	9434	2600	413	561	223	--	1613	5609	6
		2.268

9019.0192	TGKLIQGAPTIRGDP	IGFBP	IGFBP2	293	148	9554	40	27	608	883	5160	700	7989	2691	927	1733	2191	465	36	9
		2.293

-- indicates binding affinity ≧ 20.000nM

TABLE III

Vaccine Candidates

		DRB1	DRB1	DRB1	DRB1	DRB1	DRB1	DRB1	DRB1
EPITOPE	%	*0101	*0301	*0401	*0404	*0405	*0701	*0802	*0901

HER2/NEU.59	15	X		X	X	X	X	X
HER2/NEU.885	25	X	X	X	X	X		X
CEA.24	17	X		X	X	X	X	X
CEA.653	25	X		X	X	X
IGFBP2.17	19	X		X	X			X
IGFBP2.249	23	X		X	X	X	X
CYCLIND1.53	13	X		X	X	X	X		X
CYCLIND1.199	13	X		X	X		X		X

	DRB1	DRB1	DRB1	DRB1	DRB3	DRB4	DRB5
EPITOPE	*1101	*1201	*1302	*1501	*0101	*0101	*0101

HER2/NEU.59	X	X	X	X		X	X
HER2/NEU.885	X	X	X	X		X	X
CEA.24	X		X	X			X
CEA.653	X		X				X
IGFBP2.17	X	X		X		X
IGFBP2.249		X		X
CYCLIND1.53		X	X	X		X	X
CYCLIND1.199	X		X	X		X

% = Percent of patients with responses

Claims

1-37. (canceled)

38. A composition comprising an isolated HLA-DR binding peptide selected from the group consisting of the peptides listed in Table 1.

39. The composition of claim 38, further comprising a second HTL-inducing peptide.

40. The composition of claim 38, further comprising a CTL peptide.

41. The composition of claim 38, further comprising a lipid.

42. The composition of claim 38, further comprising a liposome.

43. The composition of claim 38, wherein said peptide is linked to a spacer molecule.

44. The composition of claim 38, further comprising a carrier.

45. The composition of claim 38, further comprising an antigen presenting cell.

46. A composition comprising at least one HLA-DR binding peptide thirty residues or less in length, wherein said peptide comprises an HTL epitope selected from any one of the HTL epitopes listed in Table 1, and admixtures thereof.

47. The composition of claim 46, wherein said composition comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54 or 55 peptides.

48. The composition of claim 46, comprising at least two Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) HTL peptides, at least two Cyclin D1 HTL peptides, at least two Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER-2/neu) HTL peptides, and at least two Insulin Growth Factor Binding Protein 2 (IGFBP-2) HTL peptides.

49. The composition of claim 46, consisting of two Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) HTL peptides, at least two Cyclin D1 HTL peptides, at least two Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER-2/neu) HTL peptides, and at least two Insulin Growth Factor Binding Protein 2 (IGFBP-2) HTL peptides.

50. The composition of claim 46, comprising at least two peptides selected from the group consisting of: HER-2/neu p59, HER-2/neu p83, HER-2/neu p88, HER-2/neu p422, HER-2/neu p885, CEA p24, CEA p75, CEA p176, CEA p423, CEA p488, CEA p650, CEA p663, IGFBP-2 p17, IGFBP-2 p22, IGFBP-2 p249, IGFBP-2 p293, Cyclin D1 p3, Cyclin D1 p49, Cyclin D1 p53, Cyclin D1 p98, Cyclin D1 p137, Cyclin D1 p145, Cyclin D1 p174, and Cyclin D1 p199.

51. A composition comprising at least one HLA-DR binding peptide thirty residues or less in length, wherein said peptide comprises an HTL epitope selected from any one of the HTL epitopes listed in Table 2, and admixtures thereof.

52. The composition of claim 51, wherein said composition comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54 or 55 peptides.

53. The composition of claim 51, comprising at least two Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) HTL peptides, at least two Cyclin D1 HTL peptides, at least two Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER-2/neu) HTL peptides, and at least two Insulin Growth Factor Binding Protein 2 (IGFBP-2) HTL peptides.

54. The composition of claim 51, consisting of two Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) HTL peptides, at least two Cyclin D1 HTL peptides, at least two Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER-2/neu) HTL peptides, and at least two Insulin Growth Factor Binding Protein 2 (IGFBP-2) HTL peptides.

55. The composition of claim 51, comprising at least two peptides selected from the group consisting of: HER-2/neu p59, HER-2/neu p83, HER-2/neu p88, HER-2/neu p422, HER-2/neu p885, CEA p24, CEA p75, CEA p176, CEA p423, CEA p488, CEA p650, CEA p663, IGFBP-2 p17, IGFBP-2 p22, IGFBP-2 p249, IGFBP-2 p293, Cyclin D1 p3, Cyclin D1 p49, Cyclin D1 p53, Cyclin D1 p98, Cyclin D1 p137, Cyclin D1 p145, Cyclin D1 p174, and Cyclin D1 p199.