US20110051472A1 - Method and system for efficient power control with multiple modes - Google Patents
Method and system for efficient power control with multiple modes Download PDFInfo
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- US20110051472A1 US20110051472A1 US12/893,474 US89347410A US2011051472A1 US 20110051472 A1 US20110051472 A1 US 20110051472A1 US 89347410 A US89347410 A US 89347410A US 2011051472 A1 US2011051472 A1 US 2011051472A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
- H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
- H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
- H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
- H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
- H02M3/33507—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of the output voltage or current, e.g. flyback converters
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
- H02M1/0003—Details of control, feedback or regulation circuits
- H02M1/0032—Control circuits allowing low power mode operation, e.g. in standby mode
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
- Y02B70/10—Technologies improving the efficiency by using switched-mode power supplies [SMPS], i.e. efficient power electronics conversion e.g. power factor correction or reduction of losses in power supplies or efficient standby modes
Definitions
- the present invention is related to integrated circuits. More specifically, the present invention can be applied to devices used controlling power supply. According to various embodiments, the present invention provides various power control schemes to improve system stability and performance. Merely by way of example, the present invention can be used in a power system that is selectively operable in various power modes based on operating conditions, such as the output power level, power consumption, etc. It is to be appreciated that the present invention has a broad range of applications.
- the pulse width modulation (PWM) technique is widely used in power supply systems. More specifically, the PWM technique has been adopted in many regulated switch mode power converter designs. Among other thing, a benefit of the regulated switch mode power converters is their higher efficiency comparing to linear regulator. As energy saving requirement and efficiency regulations becoming more stringent, regulated switch mode power converters are becoming increasingly more popular. In comparison, linear regulators are becoming less popular and may be out of market for its poor power efficiency and power saving capabilities. In the near future, switching power converters are likely to become the main topology for power supply system.
- power switches are often implemented using power MOSFET, Power bipolar transistor, IGBT or other type of transistor as the switching elements.
- the amount of energy transferring is regulated by power switching on and off time.
- the on and/or off time of the PFM signals are controlled in accordance with the output load.
- the output voltage and/or current is regulated by sensing the output voltage and/or current and applying the corresponding control signals to the power switches.
- FIG. 1 is a simplified diagram illustrating a conventional flyback switching power conversion system.
- the system 100 includes a PWM controller 101 is used to control and drive a power MOSFET 102 , which turns on and off to control the power delivered to the load in the secondary side.
- the output voltage and current are sensed in the secondary side and compared with the desired output voltage and current reference.
- the error signal is amplified and feedback to the controller in primary side via a photo-coupler.
- a TL431 e.g., a component for providing isolated feedback
- PC817 e.g., a photo coupler
- similar type ICs are used in the secondary side for the isolation feedback.
- FIG. 2 is a simplified diagram illustrating an alternative conventional flyback switching power conversion system.
- a system 200 has a primary side and a secondary side.
- sensing, amplification, and the signal transferring are omitted, which largely reduces the manufacturing costs of the system 200 .
- the output voltage is imaged to the auxiliary winding (AUX).
- AUX auxiliary winding
- the output voltage can be sensed by monitoring the voltage at auxiliary winding (AUX).
- the output voltage is regulated by comparing the voltage at AUX with the desired voltage reference. More specifically, the output voltage signal is mapped to the signal at node 201 .
- the regulation of voltage at the node 201 translates into the regulation of the output voltage.
- V FB and V out are expressed as:
- V FB n ⁇ R 2 R 1 + R 2 ⁇ V out , ( 1 )
- n is the ratio of auxiliary winding to secondary winding.
- Vout is expressed as the following:
- V out k ⁇ V FB (2)
- the present invention is related to integrated circuits. More specifically, the present invention can be applied to devices used controlling power supply. According to various embodiments, the present invention provides various power control schemes to improve system stability and performance. Merely by way of example, the present invention can be used in a power system that is selectively operable in various power modes based on operating conditions, such as the output power level, power consumption, etc. It is to be appreciated that the present invention has a broad range of applications.
- power systems according to the present invention operate in multiple power modes. For example, when the output voltage is lower than a threshold voltage level, the power system operates in a pulse frequency modulation (PFM) mode. At the PFM mode, the peak current stays substantially the same for almost all loading conditions, and the switching frequency changes according to the output voltage. On the other hand, when the output reaches and/or passes the threshold voltage level, the power system operates in a PWM mode, where voltage regulation is accomplished by varying pulse width.
- PFM pulse frequency modulation
- the present invention provides a power system with selectable power modes.
- the power system includes a first terminal for outputting energy, and the first terminal is electrically coupled to a load.
- the system also includes a pulse-frequency modulation (PFM) component that is configured to adjust a pulse frequency based on the load.
- the system additionally includes a pulse-width modulation (PWM) component that is configured to adjust a pulse width based on the load.
- the system further includes a switch that is electrically coupled to the first terminal.
- the system includes a control component, the control component being configured to provide a control signal that is capable of causing the switch to be turned on or off.
- the control signal is associated with an output of the PWM component and the pulse width if an output is greater than a predetermined value.
- the control signal is associated with an output of the PFM component and the pulse frequency if the output is lower than the predetermined value.
- the present invention provides a method for supplying power.
- the method includes receiving a power input from an input source.
- the method also includes delivering a power output to a load.
- the method additionally includes measuring a feedback voltage that is associated with an output voltage for the load.
- the method further includes comparing the feedback voltage to a first threshold voltage.
- the method also includes delivering power using a pulse-width modulation if the feedback voltage is higher than the first threshold voltage.
- the method also includes delivering power using a pulse-frequency modulation if the feedback voltage is lower than the first threshold voltage.
- the method includes terminating the power output to the load if the feedback voltage is lower than a second threshold voltage.
- the present invention provides an apparatus for output power using a pulse frequency modulation.
- the apparatus includes an input for receiving a feedback signal.
- the apparatus also includes a pulse generator.
- the pulse generate is configured to generate pulses at substantially a constant frequency.
- the apparatus includes an oscillator configured to provide output signals at a frequency that is associated with the feedback signal.
- the method includes a logic component that is configured to provide a control signal based at least on the pulses and the output signals.
- the method provides an energy efficient and high performance way that provides power to both light and heavy loads.
- the amounted of energy wasted during a power switching process is reduced, and the switching time is reduced as well.
- the method provides a process that is compatible with conventional process technology without substantial modifications to conventional equipment and processes. Depending upon the embodiment, one or more of these benefits may be achieved.
- FIG. 1 is a simplified diagram illustrating a conventional flyback switching power conversion system.
- FIG. 2 is a simplified diagram illustrating an alternative conventional flyback switching power conversion system.
- FIG. 3( a ) is a simplified graph illustrating outputs of a conventional system.
- FIG. 3( b ) is a simplified conventional graph illustrating the output characteristic desired by some applications.
- FIG. 4 is a simplified diagram illustrating an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a simplified diagram illustrating a PWM component according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a simplified timing diagram illustrating output of a PWM component according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is a simplified diagram illustrating a PFM modulation device according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 8 is a simplified diagram illustrating a voltage controlled oscillator according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 9 is a simplified diagram illustrating a circuit for implementing a voltage controlled oscillator according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 10 is a timing diagramming illustrating waveforms generated by a PFM module according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 11 is a simplified diagram illustrating an alternative embodiment of a power system according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the present invention is related to integrated circuits. More specifically, the present invention can be applied to devices used controlling power supply. According to various embodiments, the present invention provides various power control schemes to improve system stability and performance. Merely by way of example, the present invention can be used in a power system that is selectively operable in various power modes based on operating conditions, such as the output power level, power consumption, etc. It is to be appreciated that the present invention has a broad range of applications.
- the system 100 as illustrated in FIG. 1 is often expensive to implement (e.g., due to added cost of switched power conversion system) and inefficient.
- the system 200 as illustrated in FIG. 2 is relatively less expensive to implement, as various components used in the secondary side of system 100 is simplified and/or eliminated in system 200 .
- the reduced cost of manufacturing the system 200 is allows the system to be widely adopted for various applications, such as for handle equipment, cellular phones, etc.
- system 200 offers certain advantage over the system 100 , it is still often inadequate for various applications. Among other things, system 200 or the like are often unable to provide constant output voltage and/or current.
- FIG. 3( a ) is a simplified graph illustrating outputs of a conventional system.
- the conventional system is or substantially similar to the system 200 .
- the output voltage is kept regulated as described above.
- the output is non-linear and therefore undesirable for many applications.
- FIG. 3( b ) is a simplified conventional graph illustrating the output characteristic desired by some applications.
- various embodiments of the present invention provide a cost-effective solution that is capable of providing substantially linear power delivery and efficient energy consumption.
- certain embodiments of the present invention provide a constant current over a range of voltage values, a desirable characteristic as shown in FIG. 3( b ).
- the present invention provides a technique where a power system delivers energy by pulse frequency modulation, the detail of which is presented below.
- the power delivered to the secondary side output can be expressed as in the following equation:
- the maximum power P is expressed as:
- Equation 4 f is the switching frequency.
- T is the switching period.
- Lp is the inductance of the primary winding.
- Ipeak is the primary winding peak current at the end of the switching on time.
- the peak current is controlled by the feedback signal, the error of Vout to the desired voltage is amplified and that controls the PWM pulse width thus the turn on time of the switch.
- the output voltage is regulated through the closed feedback loop.
- the output current are not sensed in the primary side (e.g., at the primary inductor of the power system) controlled converter.
- voltage regulation is performed by other means.
- power regulation is accomplished by modulating the peak current level at different output voltage levels. For example, the power regulation is expressed as the following:
- I peak 2 ⁇ V out ⁇ I out f ⁇ L p ( 5 )
- the peak current increases when the output voltage increases, thereby maintaining the output current constant.
- the power regulation is performed by modulating switching frequency.
- the frequency modulation is expression as the following:
- Equation 6 the peak current stays the same when output voltage varies.
- Iout the switching frequency increases with the output voltage, while the output current stays constant.
- Equation 6 illustrates a principle of operation for PFM techniques.
- the power regulation according to Equation 5 is more difficult to implement compared to the power regulation method according to Equation 6. More specifically, the power regulation according to Equation 5 is nonlinear function (square root), therefore complicate to implement. In comparison, the power regulation method according to the Equation 6 is a linear function, and therefore it is relatively easy to implement. More specifically, power regulation methods according to Equation 6 are typically useful when output voltage level is lower than a certain threshold voltage.
- FIG. 4 is a simplified diagram illustrating an embodiment of the present invention. This diagram is merely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications.
- a power system 400 includes the following components:
- resistors 411 and 412 are arranged in series with resistors 411 and 412 ;
- the system 400 receives power from the input voltage 404 .
- the system 400 sets the output power level based on the output load and provides the output 417 .
- the system 400 includes both the primary winding 402 and the auxiliary winding 403 .
- the primary winding 402 is used to deliver power to the output 417 .
- the auxiliary winding 403 is used to obtain a feedback signals for the system 400 to set the output power level.
- the system 400 sets the output level by operating the switch 415 .
- the switch 415 is implemented by a power MOSFET.
- the switch 415 may be implemented by other types of switching components (e.g., BJT, etc.).
- the system 400 sets the power level through the power control component 401 .
- the system 400 is capable of operating in both PFM mode and PWM mode.
- the power control component 401 turns the switch 415 on and off at various frequencies with constant pulse width based on the output load condition.
- the power control component 401 turns the switch 415 at different “on” times based output the output load condition.
- the system 400 switches between the PFM and PWM mode based on the output load condition. For example, when the output voltage is above a threshold level, the system 400 operates at the PWM mode. On the other hand, when the output voltage is at or below the threshold level, the system 400 operates at the PFM mode. For example, the output current remains constant when operating in the PFM mode, as explained above.
- the control component 401 determines the operation mode by sensing the load via the auxiliary winding 403 .
- both power delivery and feedback sensing features are implemented using inductive devices (i.e., inductors). But it is to be understood that other types of electrical devices may be used as well.
- the auxiliary winding 403 is coupled with second side winding. As a result, the output voltage can be approximately imaged to the auxiliary winding.
- the voltage in auxiliary winding is also as the power supply for the control component 401 .
- the voltage after rectification and attenuated is also fed into an FB pin as the control signal for the control component 401 .
- a feedback voltage is obtained by the auxiliary winding 403 and the capacitor 413 and the resistors 412 and 411 .
- the feedback voltage is associated with the output load condition.
- the feedback voltage is stabilized by the capacitor 413 and the resistors 412 and 411 .
- the capacitor 413 is used for loop stability as the voltage at FB is nearly a DC voltage which is proportional to the output voltage at output 417 .
- the divided voltage between the resistors 412 and 411 is averaged by the RC filter included a resistive divider and the capacitor 413 , and the divided voltage is proportional to the output voltage.
- the control component 401 is configured to provide two operation modes: PFM and PWM modes. For example, when an initial output voltage is less than the predetermined voltage level, the power conversion needed to be operated in a Constant Current (CC) Mode.
- the attenuated feedback signal at FB is fed respectively into the error amplifier (EA) 410 and the PFM component 406 .
- EA error amplifier
- the PFM component 406 controls the on and off of the switch 415 .
- the feedback voltage at FB is provided to the input of EA 410 .
- the feedback voltage gradually increases when the output voltage increase (e.g., due to an increase in load condition).
- the output of EA falls a level lower than the predetermined voltage, thereby causing the mode selector 408 to disable the PFM operation mode and enable the PWM operation mode.
- the PWM component 407 controls the on/off of the switch 415 .
- the system 400 is also operating according to a Constant Voltage (CV) Mode.
- CV Constant Voltage
- FIG. 5 is a simplified diagram illustrating a PWM component according to an embodiment of the present invention. This diagram is merely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications. As shown in FIG. 5 , a PWM component 506 includes the following:
- logic components 502 and 503 are identical to logic components 502 and 503 ;
- the configuration and parts of the component 500 may be added, removed, replaced based on the specific application.
- the logic component 503 is a flip-flop and the logic component 502 is an AND gate.
- the PWM comparator 504 generates and output Comp_out based on the values at inputs 505 and 506 .
- the output of the PWM comparator 504 is based on the difference between the inputs 505 and 506 , allow the PWM component 500 to adjust pulse-width based on the feedback output signal (EA_out) 506 .
- the logic component generates the output 501 based on the input 509 , which provides a clock frequency for the pulse.
- the output of the PWM comparator 504 and inputs 507 and 508 determine the width of each pulse.
- the input 507 is provided by a PFM component and the input 508 is provided by an UVLO component.
- FIG. 6 is a simplified timing diagram illustrating output of a PWM component according to an embodiment of the present invention. This diagram is merely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications. As shown, a PWM signals are associated with a fixed frequency, and the pulse width is based on the result of comparing the peak value of a current sensing signal to the output voltage of EA.
- FIG. 7 is a simplified diagram illustrating a PFM modulation device according to an embodiment of the present invention. This diagram is merely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications.
- a PFM module 700 includes a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) 704 , a selector 705 , a comparator 703 , a logic gate 702 , and a flip-flop 701 .
- VCO voltage controlled oscillator
- the output of the VCO 704 is used as a clock signal for the flip-flop.
- the VCO 704 generates a clock signal that is used to synchronize PFM signals.
- the VCO 704 varies clock frequency based on the feedback voltage from the input 712 . When the feedback voltage is high, the clock frequency is high. On the other hand, when the feedback voltage is low, the clock frequency is low.
- high feedback voltages typically indicates a high load condition. Therefore it is important to increase the frequency of pulses that deliver power to the load.
- the feedback voltage is low, it is typically an indication that the load condition is low; thereby the frequency associated with pulses for power deliver is to be reduced.
- the PFM modulation is turned off at the PFM module 700 .
- FIG. 8 is a simplified diagram illustrating a voltage controlled oscillator according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- a VCO 800 includes a voltage to current converter 801 and a current controlled oscillator 802 .
- the current controlled oscillator 802 generates a clock signal whose frequency has a direct relationship with the feedback voltage 803 .
- the clock frequency is high when the feedback voltage is high (i.e., high load condition).
- the clock frequency is low when the load condition is low.
- the VCO 800 may be implemented using other components.
- FIG. 9 is a simplified diagram illustrating a circuit for implementing a voltage controlled oscillator according to an embodiment of the present invention. This diagram is merely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications. As shown in FIG. 9 , a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) 900 is implemented using a number of both analog and logical components. As shown in FIG. 9 , the VCO 900 provides an clock output signal based on an operation mode and a feedback reference voltage.
- VCO voltage controlled oscillator
- each pulse can turn on a power switch (e.g., the switch 415 in system 400 ) for substantially the same amount of time, thereby allowing constant pulse of power to be delivered.
- the constant pulses are based on the inputs 709 , 713 , and 711 .
- the pulse width is related the sensed current (i.e., sensed current associated with the load and the feedback condition).
- the constant pulses generated by the components in box 710 allow precise control of amount of power to be delivered to the load.
- the voltage at FB is converted to the current and then the current is injected to the oscillator to control the oscillation frequency.
- the generated clock, CLK is used to trigger the switching-on of the power switch.
- the switching on time is determined by a PFM comparator.
- FIG. 10 is a timing diagramming illustrating waveforms generated by a PFM module according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- This diagram is merely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims.
- the PFM output is characterized by a constant pulse width.
- the amount of power delivered to the load is controlled by the clock signal, which is in turn based on the feedback voltage.
- a PFM comparator is applied in which the sensed current signal is compared with a predetermined threshold level. Once the sensed current signal exceeds the threshold level, the output of the comparator changes to turn off the power switch.
- the pulse width is based on the predetermined threshold level and the slop of the sensed current signal. For example, since the amount of energy stored in the inductor of primary side winding is associated with the peak current, which is equal to the threshold level, the energy stored in the inductor of the primary side winding is constant for every cycle.
- the power transferred to the secondary side depends on the switching frequency which is controlled by the feedback voltage.
- the clock speed that controls the pulse frequency is in a direct relationship to the feedback voltage (i.e., a function of the load condition).
- the feedback voltage i.e., a function of the load condition.
- the clock speed for the pulse frequency stays at a predetermined level. For example, once the threshold voltage is reached, the power system (e.g., the power system 400 in FIG. 4 ) switches to the pulse width modulation mode.
- the control component 401 also includes the UVLO component 416 for providing under-voltage lockout (UVLO), which may cause the system 400 to shut down and reinitiate.
- UVLO under-voltage lockout
- the threshold voltage for triggering the functioning of the UVLO component 416 may be changed.
- the system 400 operates in, depending on the load condition, PWM mode or PFM mode. More specifically, the system 400 operates in PWM mode when load condition is high and operates in PFM mode when the load condition is low.
- the UVLO component 416 is used to provide desirable under-voltage lockout. It is to be understood that there can be variations that are within the scope of the present invention.
- FIG. 11 is a simplified diagram illustrating an alternative embodiment of a power system according to an embodiment of the present invention. This diagram is merely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications.
- a power system 1100 includes the following components:
- resistors 1111 and 1112 are arranged in series with resistors 1111 and 1112 ;
- the system 1100 receives power from the input voltage 1104 .
- the system 1100 sets the output power level based on the output load and provides the output 1117 .
- the system 1100 includes both the primary winding 1102 and the auxiliary winding 1103 .
- the primary winding 1102 is used to deliver power to the output 1117 .
- the auxiliary winding 1103 is used to obtain a feedback signals for the system 1100 to set the output power level.
- the system 1100 sets the output level by operating the switch 1115 .
- the switch 1115 is implemented by a power MOSFET.
- the switch 1115 may be implemented by other types of switching components (e.g., BJT, etc.).
- the system 1100 sets the power level through the power control component 1101 .
- the system 1100 is capable of operating in both PFM mode and PWM mode.
- the power control component 1101 turns the switch 1115 on and off at various frequencies based on the output load condition.
- the power control component 1101 turns the switch 1115 at different “on” times based on the output load condition.
- the system 1100 switches between the PFM and PWM mode based on the output load condition. For example, when the output voltage is above a threshold level, the system 1100 operates at the PWM mode. On the other hand, when the output voltage is at or below the threshold level, the system 1100 operates at the PFM mode. For example, the output current remains constant when operating in the PFM mode, as explained above.
- the control component 1101 determines the operation mode by sensing the load via the auxiliary winding 1103 .
- both power delivery and feedback sensing features are implemented using inductive devices (i.e., inductors). But it is to be understood that other types of electrical devices may be used as well.
- the auxiliary winding 1103 is coupled with second side winding. As a result, the output voltage can be approximately imaged to the auxiliary winding.
- the voltage in auxiliary winding is also as the power supply for the control component 1101 .
- the voltage after rectification and attenuated is also fed into an FB pin as the control signal for the control component 1101 .
- a feedback voltage is obtained by the auxiliary winding 1103 and the capacitor 1113 and the resistors 1112 and 1111 .
- the feedback voltage is associated with the output load condition.
- the feedback voltage is stabilized by the capacitor 1113 and the resistors 1112 and 1111 .
- the capacitor 1113 is used for loop stability as the voltage at FB is nearly a DC voltage which is proportional to the output voltage at output 1117 .
- the divided voltage between the resistors 1112 and 1111 is averaged by the RC filter included a resistive divider and the capacitor 1113 , and the divided voltage is proportional to the output voltage.
- the control component 1101 is configured to provide two operation modes: PFM and PWM modes. For example, when an initial output voltage is less than the predetermined voltage level, the power conversion needs to be operated in a Constant Current (CC) Mode.
- the attenuated feedback signal at FB is fed respectively into the error amplifier (EA) 1110 and the PFM component 1106 .
- EA error amplifier
- the PFM component 1106 controls the on and off of the switch 1115 .
- the feedback voltage at FB is provided to the input of EA 1110 .
- the feedback voltage gradually increases when the output voltage increase (e.g., due to an increase in load condition).
- the output of EA falls a level lower than the predetermined voltage, thereby causing the mode selector 1108 to disable the PFM operation mode and enable the PWM operation mode.
- the PWM component 1107 controls the on/off of the switch 1115 .
- the system 1100 is also operating according to a Constant Voltage (CV) Mode.
- CV Constant Voltage
- the control component 1101 also includes the UVLO component 1116 for providing under-voltage lockout (UVLO), which may cause the system 1100 to shut down and reinitiate.
- UVLO under-voltage lockout
- the threshold voltage for triggering the functioning of the UVLO component 1116 may be changed.
- the UVLO component 1116 is controlled by a power-on reset signal.
- the system 1100 operates in, depending on the load condition, PWM mode or PFM mode. More specifically, the system 1100 operates in PWM mode when load condition is high and operates in PFM mode when the load condition is low.
- the UVLO component 1116 is used to provide under-voltage lockout. It is to be understood that there can be variations that are within the scope of the present invention.
- the present invention provides a power system with selectable power modes.
- the power system includes a first terminal for outputting energy, and the first terminal is electrically coupled to a load.
- the system also includes a pulse-frequency modulation (PFM) component that is configured to adjust a pulse frequency based on the load.
- the system additionally includes a pulse-width modulation (PWM) component that is configured to adjust a pulse width based on the load.
- the system further includes a switch that is electrically coupled to the first terminal.
- the system includes a control component, the control component being configured to provide a control signal that is capable of causing the switch to be turned on or off.
- the control signal is associated with an output of the PWM component and the pulse width if an output is greater than a predetermined value.
- the control signal is associated with an output of the PFM component and the pulse frequency if the output is lower than the predetermined value.
- FIGS. 4 and 11 the embodiment is illustrated according to FIGS. 4 and 11 .
- the present invention provides a method for supplying power.
- the method includes receiving a power input from an input source.
- the method also includes delivering a power output to a load.
- the method additionally includes measuring a feedback voltage that is associated with an output voltage for the load.
- the method further includes comparing the feedback voltage to a first threshold voltage.
- the method also includes delivering power using a pulse-width modulation if the feedback voltage is higher than the first threshold voltage.
- the method also includes delivering power using a pulse-frequency modulation if the feedback voltage is lower than the first threshold voltage.
- the method includes terminating the power output to the load if the feedback voltage is lower than a second threshold voltage.
- the embodiment is illustrated according to FIG. 4 .
- the present invention provides an apparatus for output power using a pulse frequency modulation.
- the apparatus includes an input for receiving a feedback signal.
- the apparatus also includes a pulse generator.
- the pulse generate is configured to generate pulses at substantially a constant frequency.
- the apparatus includes an oscillator configured to provide output signals at a frequency that is associated with the feedback signal.
- the method includes a logic component that is configured to provide a control signal based at least on the pulses and the output signals. For example, the embodiment is illustrated according to FIGS. 7-9 .
- the method provides an energy efficient and high performance way that provides power to both light and heavy loads.
- the amounted of energy wasted during a power switching process is reduced, and the switching time is reduced as well.
- the method provides a process that is compatible with conventional process technology without substantial modifications to conventional equipment and processes. Depending upon the embodiment, one or more of these benefits may be achieved.
Abstract
Method and system for efficient power control with multiple modes. According to an embodiment, the present invention provides a power system with selectable power modes. The power system includes a first terminal for outputting energy, and the first terminal is electrically coupled to a load. The system also includes a pulse-frequency modulation (PFM) component that is configured to adjust a pulse frequency based on the load. The system additionally includes a pulse-width modulation (PWM) component that is configured to adjust a pulse width based on the load. The system further includes a switch that is electrically coupled to the first terminal. Also, the system includes a control component, the control component being configured to provide a control signal that is capable of causing the switch to be turned on or off. The control signal is associated with an output of the PWM component and the pulse width if an output is greater than a predetermined value. The control signal is associated with an output of the PFM component and the pulse frequency if an output is lower than a predetermined value.
Description
- This application claims priority to Chinese Patent Application No. 200810033749.0, filed Feb. 18, 2008, entitled “Method and System for Efficient Power Control with Multiple Modes,” by inventors Xiuhong Zhang, Zhen Zhu, Yarning Cao, and Lieyi Fang, commonly assigned, incorporated by reference herein for all purposes.
- NOT APPLICABLE
- NOT APPLICABLE
- The present invention is related to integrated circuits. More specifically, the present invention can be applied to devices used controlling power supply. According to various embodiments, the present invention provides various power control schemes to improve system stability and performance. Merely by way of example, the present invention can be used in a power system that is selectively operable in various power modes based on operating conditions, such as the output power level, power consumption, etc. It is to be appreciated that the present invention has a broad range of applications.
- The pulse width modulation (PWM) technique is widely used in power supply systems. More specifically, the PWM technique has been adopted in many regulated switch mode power converter designs. Among other thing, a benefit of the regulated switch mode power converters is their higher efficiency comparing to linear regulator. As energy saving requirement and efficiency regulations becoming more stringent, regulated switch mode power converters are becoming increasingly more popular. In comparison, linear regulators are becoming less popular and may be out of market for its poor power efficiency and power saving capabilities. In the near future, switching power converters are likely to become the main topology for power supply system.
- In the switching power conversion systems, power switches are often implemented using power MOSFET, Power bipolar transistor, IGBT or other type of transistor as the switching elements. The amount of energy transferring is regulated by power switching on and off time. For example, the on and/or off time of the PFM signals are controlled in accordance with the output load. In a specific example, the output voltage and/or current is regulated by sensing the output voltage and/or current and applying the corresponding control signals to the power switches.
-
FIG. 1 is a simplified diagram illustrating a conventional flyback switching power conversion system. Thesystem 100 includes aPWM controller 101 is used to control and drive apower MOSFET 102, which turns on and off to control the power delivered to the load in the secondary side. The output voltage and current are sensed in the secondary side and compared with the desired output voltage and current reference. The error signal is amplified and feedback to the controller in primary side via a photo-coupler. Usually, a TL431 (e.g., a component for providing isolated feedback) or similar type of ICs and PC817 (e.g., a photo coupler) or similar type ICs are used in the secondary side for the isolation feedback. -
FIG. 2 is a simplified diagram illustrating an alternative conventional flyback switching power conversion system. As shown inFIG. 2 , asystem 200 has a primary side and a secondary side. As shown, sensing, amplification, and the signal transferring (e.g., accomplished by the photo coupler in system 100) are omitted, which largely reduces the manufacturing costs of thesystem 200. In the primary side controlled switched power conversion system, the output voltage is imaged to the auxiliary winding (AUX). As a result, the output voltage can be sensed by monitoring the voltage at auxiliary winding (AUX). In various application, the output voltage is regulated by comparing the voltage at AUX with the desired voltage reference. More specifically, the output voltage signal is mapped to the signal atnode 201. The regulation of voltage at thenode 201 translates into the regulation of the output voltage. - To further illustrate, the primary side regulation, the relationship of VFB and Vout is expressed as:
-
- Where n is the ratio of auxiliary winding to secondary winding.
- Setting
-
- Vout is expressed as the following:
-
V out =k·V FB (2) - Both the
system 100 andsystem 200 as illustrated above are useful for certain applications. Unfortunately, these conventional system are often inadequate. - Therefore, improved systems and methods for providing power supply are desired.
- The present invention is related to integrated circuits. More specifically, the present invention can be applied to devices used controlling power supply. According to various embodiments, the present invention provides various power control schemes to improve system stability and performance. Merely by way of example, the present invention can be used in a power system that is selectively operable in various power modes based on operating conditions, such as the output power level, power consumption, etc. It is to be appreciated that the present invention has a broad range of applications.
- According to various embodiments, power systems according to the present invention operate in multiple power modes. For example, when the output voltage is lower than a threshold voltage level, the power system operates in a pulse frequency modulation (PFM) mode. At the PFM mode, the peak current stays substantially the same for almost all loading conditions, and the switching frequency changes according to the output voltage. On the other hand, when the output reaches and/or passes the threshold voltage level, the power system operates in a PWM mode, where voltage regulation is accomplished by varying pulse width.
- According to an embodiment, the present invention provides a power system with selectable power modes. The power system includes a first terminal for outputting energy, and the first terminal is electrically coupled to a load. The system also includes a pulse-frequency modulation (PFM) component that is configured to adjust a pulse frequency based on the load. The system additionally includes a pulse-width modulation (PWM) component that is configured to adjust a pulse width based on the load. The system further includes a switch that is electrically coupled to the first terminal. Also, the system includes a control component, the control component being configured to provide a control signal that is capable of causing the switch to be turned on or off. The control signal is associated with an output of the PWM component and the pulse width if an output is greater than a predetermined value. The control signal is associated with an output of the PFM component and the pulse frequency if the output is lower than the predetermined value.
- According to an alternative embodiment, the present invention provides a method for supplying power. The method includes receiving a power input from an input source. The method also includes delivering a power output to a load. The method additionally includes measuring a feedback voltage that is associated with an output voltage for the load. The method further includes comparing the feedback voltage to a first threshold voltage. The method also includes delivering power using a pulse-width modulation if the feedback voltage is higher than the first threshold voltage. The method also includes delivering power using a pulse-frequency modulation if the feedback voltage is lower than the first threshold voltage. In addition, the method includes terminating the power output to the load if the feedback voltage is lower than a second threshold voltage.
- According to an alternative embodiment, the present invention provides an apparatus for output power using a pulse frequency modulation. The apparatus includes an input for receiving a feedback signal. The apparatus also includes a pulse generator. The pulse generate is configured to generate pulses at substantially a constant frequency. In addition, the apparatus includes an oscillator configured to provide output signals at a frequency that is associated with the feedback signal. In addition, the method includes a logic component that is configured to provide a control signal based at least on the pulses and the output signals.
- Many benefits are achieved by way of the present invention over conventional techniques. In some embodiments, the method provides an energy efficient and high performance way that provides power to both light and heavy loads. By practicing embodiment of the present invention, the amounted of energy wasted during a power switching process is reduced, and the switching time is reduced as well. Additionally, the method provides a process that is compatible with conventional process technology without substantial modifications to conventional equipment and processes. Depending upon the embodiment, one or more of these benefits may be achieved. These and other benefits will be described in more throughout the present specification and more particularly below.
- Various additional objects, features and advantages of the present invention can be more fully appreciated with reference to the detailed description and accompanying drawings that follow.
-
FIG. 1 is a simplified diagram illustrating a conventional flyback switching power conversion system. -
FIG. 2 is a simplified diagram illustrating an alternative conventional flyback switching power conversion system. -
FIG. 3( a) is a simplified graph illustrating outputs of a conventional system. -
FIG. 3( b) is a simplified conventional graph illustrating the output characteristic desired by some applications. -
FIG. 4 is a simplified diagram illustrating an embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 5 is a simplified diagram illustrating a PWM component according to an embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 6 is a simplified timing diagram illustrating output of a PWM component according to an embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 7 is a simplified diagram illustrating a PFM modulation device according to an embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 8 is a simplified diagram illustrating a voltage controlled oscillator according to an embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 9 is a simplified diagram illustrating a circuit for implementing a voltage controlled oscillator according to an embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 10 is a timing diagramming illustrating waveforms generated by a PFM module according to an embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 11 is a simplified diagram illustrating an alternative embodiment of a power system according to an embodiment of the present invention. - The present invention is related to integrated circuits. More specifically, the present invention can be applied to devices used controlling power supply. According to various embodiments, the present invention provides various power control schemes to improve system stability and performance. Merely by way of example, the present invention can be used in a power system that is selectively operable in various power modes based on operating conditions, such as the output power level, power consumption, etc. It is to be appreciated that the present invention has a broad range of applications.
- As described above, conventional system are often inadequate. For example, the
system 100 as illustrated inFIG. 1 is often expensive to implement (e.g., due to added cost of switched power conversion system) and inefficient. In comparison, thesystem 200 as illustrated inFIG. 2 is relatively less expensive to implement, as various components used in the secondary side ofsystem 100 is simplified and/or eliminated insystem 200. For example, the reduced cost of manufacturing thesystem 200 is allows the system to be widely adopted for various applications, such as for handle equipment, cellular phones, etc. - While
system 200 offers certain advantage over thesystem 100, it is still often inadequate for various applications. Among other things,system 200 or the like are often unable to provide constant output voltage and/or current. -
FIG. 3( a) is a simplified graph illustrating outputs of a conventional system. For example, the conventional system is or substantially similar to thesystem 200. As shown inFIG. 3( a), the output voltage is kept regulated as described above. However, it is difficult to keep the output current constant when the output voltage is below a threshold voltage. As a result, the output is non-linear and therefore undesirable for many applications. In contrast,FIG. 3( b) is a simplified conventional graph illustrating the output characteristic desired by some applications. - It is to be appreciated that various embodiments of the present invention provide a cost-effective solution that is capable of providing substantially linear power delivery and efficient energy consumption. For example, certain embodiments of the present invention provide a constant current over a range of voltage values, a desirable characteristic as shown in
FIG. 3( b). - According to certain embodiments, the present invention provides a technique where a power system delivers energy by pulse frequency modulation, the detail of which is presented below.
- For typical flyback switched power conversion systems operated in discontinues current mode (DCM), the power delivered to the secondary side output can be expressed as in the following equation:
-
- The maximum power P is expressed as:
-
- In Equation 4, f is the switching frequency. T is the switching period. Lp is the inductance of the primary winding. Ipeak is the primary winding peak current at the end of the switching on time.
- In the voltage regulation (constant voltage) mode, the peak current is controlled by the feedback signal, the error of Vout to the desired voltage is amplified and that controls the PWM pulse width thus the turn on time of the switch. The output voltage is regulated through the closed feedback loop.
- In a constant current mode, the output current are not sensed in the primary side (e.g., at the primary inductor of the power system) controlled converter. In various embodiment, voltage regulation is performed by other means. According to a specific embodiment, power regulation is accomplished by modulating the peak current level at different output voltage levels. For example, the power regulation is expressed as the following:
-
- As shown in
FIG. 5 , the peak current increases when the output voltage increases, thereby maintaining the output current constant. - According to another embodiment, the power regulation is performed by modulating switching frequency. For example, the frequency modulation is expression as the following:
-
- As shown in Equation 6, the peak current stays the same when output voltage varies. For a given output current (Iout), the switching frequency increases with the output voltage, while the output current stays constant. For example, Equation 6 illustrates a principle of operation for PFM techniques.
- Usually, the power regulation according to Equation 5 is more difficult to implement compared to the power regulation method according to Equation 6. More specifically, the power regulation according to Equation 5 is nonlinear function (square root), therefore complicate to implement. In comparison, the power regulation method according to the Equation 6 is a linear function, and therefore it is relatively easy to implement. More specifically, power regulation methods according to Equation 6 are typically useful when output voltage level is lower than a certain threshold voltage.
-
FIG. 4 is a simplified diagram illustrating an embodiment of the present invention. This diagram is merely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications. - As shown in
FIG. 4 , apower system 400 includes the following components: - 1. primary winding 402;
- 2. an auxiliary winding 403;
- 3. an
input voltage 404; - 4. an
MUX selector 405; - 5. a
PFM component 406; - 6. a
PWM component 407; - 7. a
mode selector 408; - 8. a
threshold voltage 409; - 9. an
error amplifier 410; - 10.
resistors - 11. a
capacitor 413; - 12. a switch 415;
- 13. an UVLO component 416;
- 14. a
gate driver 414; and - 15. an output 417.
- During operation, the
system 400 receives power from theinput voltage 404. Thesystem 400 sets the output power level based on the output load and provides the output 417. As shown inFIG. 4 , thesystem 400 includes both the primary winding 402 and the auxiliary winding 403. The primary winding 402 is used to deliver power to the output 417. - The auxiliary winding 403 is used to obtain a feedback signals for the
system 400 to set the output power level. Thesystem 400 sets the output level by operating the switch 415. For example, the switch 415 is implemented by a power MOSFET. Depending on the specific application, the switch 415 may be implemented by other types of switching components (e.g., BJT, etc.). - The
system 400 sets the power level through the power control component 401. According to various embodiments, thesystem 400 is capable of operating in both PFM mode and PWM mode. When thesystem 400 operates in the PFM mode, the power control component 401 turns the switch 415 on and off at various frequencies with constant pulse width based on the output load condition. When thesystem 400 operates in the PWM mode, the power control component 401 turns the switch 415 at different “on” times based output the output load condition. Thesystem 400 switches between the PFM and PWM mode based on the output load condition. For example, when the output voltage is above a threshold level, thesystem 400 operates at the PWM mode. On the other hand, when the output voltage is at or below the threshold level, thesystem 400 operates at the PFM mode. For example, the output current remains constant when operating in the PFM mode, as explained above. - The control component 401 determines the operation mode by sensing the load via the auxiliary winding 403. As shown in
FIG. 4 , both power delivery and feedback sensing features are implemented using inductive devices (i.e., inductors). But it is to be understood that other types of electrical devices may be used as well. The auxiliary winding 403 is coupled with second side winding. As a result, the output voltage can be approximately imaged to the auxiliary winding. In a specific embodiment, the voltage in auxiliary winding is also as the power supply for the control component 401. The voltage after rectification and attenuated is also fed into an FB pin as the control signal for the control component 401. - A feedback voltage is obtained by the auxiliary winding 403 and the
capacitor 413 and theresistors capacitor 413 and theresistors capacitor 413 is used for loop stability as the voltage at FB is nearly a DC voltage which is proportional to the output voltage at output 417. As merely an example, the divided voltage between theresistors capacitor 413, and the divided voltage is proportional to the output voltage. - As shown, the control component 401 is configured to provide two operation modes: PFM and PWM modes. For example, when an initial output voltage is less than the predetermined voltage level, the power conversion needed to be operated in a Constant Current (CC) Mode. The attenuated feedback signal at FB is fed respectively into the error amplifier (EA) 410 and the
PFM component 406. When the FB signal is lower than the reference voltage of EA, the output of EA will be pull up to high voltage level, thereby causing the mode selector to output a signal to select thePFM component 406 for power control. For example, thePFM component 406 controls the on and off of the switch 415. At the PFM mode, the feedback voltage at FB is provided to the input ofEA 410. The feedback voltage gradually increases when the output voltage increase (e.g., due to an increase in load condition). When feedback voltage at the node FB is close to the reference voltage for theEA 410, the output of EA falls a level lower than the predetermined voltage, thereby causing themode selector 408 to disable the PFM operation mode and enable the PWM operation mode. At the PWM operation mode, thePWM component 407 controls the on/off of the switch 415. In addition, when operating at the PWM mode, thesystem 400 is also operating according to a Constant Voltage (CV) Mode. -
FIG. 5 is a simplified diagram illustrating a PWM component according to an embodiment of the present invention. This diagram is merely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications. As shown inFIG. 5 , aPWM component 506 includes the following: - 1. an
output 501; - 2.
logic components - 3.a
PWM comparator 504; and - 4.
inputs - It is to be appreciated that the configuration and parts of the
component 500 may be added, removed, replaced based on the specific application. As an example, thelogic component 503 is a flip-flop and thelogic component 502 is an AND gate. ThePWM comparator 504 generates and output Comp_out based on the values atinputs PWM comparator 504 is based on the difference between theinputs PWM component 500 to adjust pulse-width based on the feedback output signal (EA_out) 506. According to an embodiment, the logic component generates theoutput 501 based on theinput 509, which provides a clock frequency for the pulse. The output of thePWM comparator 504 andinputs input 507 is provided by a PFM component and theinput 508 is provided by an UVLO component. -
FIG. 6 is a simplified timing diagram illustrating output of a PWM component according to an embodiment of the present invention. This diagram is merely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications. As shown, a PWM signals are associated with a fixed frequency, and the pulse width is based on the result of comparing the peak value of a current sensing signal to the output voltage of EA. - Now referring back to
FIG. 4 . ThePFM component 406 is implemented alongside the PWM component to provide pulse frequency modulation.FIG. 7 is a simplified diagram illustrating a PFM modulation device according to an embodiment of the present invention. This diagram is merely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications. As shown inFIG. 7 , aPFM module 700 includes a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) 704, aselector 705, acomparator 703, alogic gate 702, and a flip-flop 701. - Components as shown within the
box 710 are used to generate constant pulse width. The output of theVCO 704 is used as a clock signal for the flip-flop. For example, theVCO 704 generates a clock signal that is used to synchronize PFM signals. TheVCO 704 varies clock frequency based on the feedback voltage from theinput 712. When the feedback voltage is high, the clock frequency is high. On the other hand, when the feedback voltage is low, the clock frequency is low. Among other things, high feedback voltages typically indicates a high load condition. Therefore it is important to increase the frequency of pulses that deliver power to the load. On the other hand, if the feedback voltage is low, it is typically an indication that the load condition is low; thereby the frequency associated with pulses for power deliver is to be reduced. According to an embodiment, when the load condition is below an under voltage lock out threshold voltage, the PFM modulation is turned off at thePFM module 700. -
FIG. 8 is a simplified diagram illustrating a voltage controlled oscillator according to an embodiment of the present invention. This diagram is merely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications. As shown, aVCO 800 includes a voltage tocurrent converter 801 and a current controlledoscillator 802. The current controlledoscillator 802 generates a clock signal whose frequency has a direct relationship with thefeedback voltage 803. For example, the clock frequency is high when the feedback voltage is high (i.e., high load condition). On the other hand, the clock frequency is low when the load condition is low. It is to be understood that theVCO 800 may be implemented using other components. -
FIG. 9 is a simplified diagram illustrating a circuit for implementing a voltage controlled oscillator according to an embodiment of the present invention. This diagram is merely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications. As shown inFIG. 9 , a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) 900 is implemented using a number of both analog and logical components. As shown inFIG. 9 , theVCO 900 provides an clock output signal based on an operation mode and a feedback reference voltage. - Various components within the
box 710 as shown are used to provide constant pulse width. According to various embodiments, each pulse can turn on a power switch (e.g., the switch 415 in system 400) for substantially the same amount of time, thereby allowing constant pulse of power to be delivered. As shown inFIG. 7 , the constant pulses are based on theinputs box 710 allow precise control of amount of power to be delivered to the load. The voltage at FB is converted to the current and then the current is injected to the oscillator to control the oscillation frequency. The generated clock, CLK, is used to trigger the switching-on of the power switch. For example, the switching on time is determined by a PFM comparator. -
FIG. 10 is a timing diagramming illustrating waveforms generated by a PFM module according to an embodiment of the present invention. This diagram is merely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications. As can be seen inFIG. 10( a), the PFM output is characterized by a constant pulse width. The amount of power delivered to the load is controlled by the clock signal, which is in turn based on the feedback voltage. For example, a PFM comparator is applied in which the sensed current signal is compared with a predetermined threshold level. Once the sensed current signal exceeds the threshold level, the output of the comparator changes to turn off the power switch. As a result, the pulse width is based on the predetermined threshold level and the slop of the sensed current signal. For example, since the amount of energy stored in the inductor of primary side winding is associated with the peak current, which is equal to the threshold level, the energy stored in the inductor of the primary side winding is constant for every cycle. The power transferred to the secondary side depends on the switching frequency which is controlled by the feedback voltage. - As shown in
FIG. 10( b), the clock speed that controls the pulse frequency is in a direct relationship to the feedback voltage (i.e., a function of the load condition). Once the feedback voltage reaches a threshold voltage level (i.e., Vref as shown inFIG. 10) , the clock speed for the pulse frequency stays at a predetermined level. For example, once the threshold voltage is reached, the power system (e.g., thepower system 400 inFIG. 4 ) switches to the pulse width modulation mode. - Now referring back to
FIG. 4 . The control component 401 also includes the UVLO component 416 for providing under-voltage lockout (UVLO), which may cause thesystem 400 to shut down and reinitiate. Depending on the application, the threshold voltage for triggering the functioning of the UVLO component 416 may be changed. - In summary, the
system 400 operates in, depending on the load condition, PWM mode or PFM mode. More specifically, thesystem 400 operates in PWM mode when load condition is high and operates in PFM mode when the load condition is low. When necessary, the UVLO component 416 is used to provide desirable under-voltage lockout. It is to be understood that there can be variations that are within the scope of the present invention. -
FIG. 11 is a simplified diagram illustrating an alternative embodiment of a power system according to an embodiment of the present invention. This diagram is merely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications. - As shown in
FIG. 11 , apower system 1100 includes the following components: - 1. primary winding 1102;
- 2. an auxiliary winding 1103;
- 3. an
input voltage 1104; - 4. an
MUX selector 1105; - 5. a
PFM component 1106; - 6. a
PWM component 1107; - 7. a
mode selector 1108; - 8. a
threshold voltage 1109; - 9. an
error amplifier 1110; - 10.
resistors - 11. a
capacitor 1113; - 12. a
switch 1115; - 13. an
UVLO component 1116; - 14. a
gate driver 1114; and - 15. an
output 1117. - During operation, the
system 1100 receives power from theinput voltage 1104. Thesystem 1100 sets the output power level based on the output load and provides theoutput 1117. As shown inFIG. 11 , thesystem 1100 includes both the primary winding 1102 and the auxiliary winding 1103. The primary winding 1102 is used to deliver power to theoutput 1117. The auxiliary winding 1103 is used to obtain a feedback signals for thesystem 1100 to set the output power level. Thesystem 1100 sets the output level by operating theswitch 1115. For example, theswitch 1115 is implemented by a power MOSFET. Depending on the specific application, theswitch 1115 may be implemented by other types of switching components (e.g., BJT, etc.). - The
system 1100 sets the power level through thepower control component 1101. According to various embodiments, thesystem 1100 is capable of operating in both PFM mode and PWM mode. When thesystem 1100 operates in the PFM mode, thepower control component 1101 turns theswitch 1115 on and off at various frequencies based on the output load condition. When thesystem 1100 operates in the PWM mode, thepower control component 1101 turns theswitch 1115 at different “on” times based on the output load condition. Thesystem 1100 switches between the PFM and PWM mode based on the output load condition. For example, when the output voltage is above a threshold level, thesystem 1100 operates at the PWM mode. On the other hand, when the output voltage is at or below the threshold level, thesystem 1100 operates at the PFM mode. For example, the output current remains constant when operating in the PFM mode, as explained above. - The
control component 1101 determines the operation mode by sensing the load via the auxiliary winding 1103. As shown inFIG. 11 , both power delivery and feedback sensing features are implemented using inductive devices (i.e., inductors). But it is to be understood that other types of electrical devices may be used as well. The auxiliary winding 1103 is coupled with second side winding. As a result, the output voltage can be approximately imaged to the auxiliary winding. In a specific embodiment, the voltage in auxiliary winding is also as the power supply for thecontrol component 1101. The voltage after rectification and attenuated is also fed into an FB pin as the control signal for thecontrol component 1101. - A feedback voltage is obtained by the auxiliary winding 1103 and the
capacitor 1113 and theresistors capacitor 1113 and theresistors capacitor 1113 is used for loop stability as the voltage at FB is nearly a DC voltage which is proportional to the output voltage atoutput 1117. As merely an example, the divided voltage between theresistors capacitor 1113, and the divided voltage is proportional to the output voltage. - As shown, the
control component 1101 is configured to provide two operation modes: PFM and PWM modes. For example, when an initial output voltage is less than the predetermined voltage level, the power conversion needs to be operated in a Constant Current (CC) Mode. The attenuated feedback signal at FB is fed respectively into the error amplifier (EA) 1110 and thePFM component 1106. When the FB signal is lower than the reference voltage of EA, the output of EA will be pull up to high voltage level, thereby causing the mode selector to output a signal to select thePFM component 1106 for power control. For example, thePFM component 1106 controls the on and off of theswitch 1115. At the PFM mode, the feedback voltage at FB is provided to the input ofEA 1110. The feedback voltage gradually increases when the output voltage increase (e.g., due to an increase in load condition). When feedback voltage at the node FB is close to the reference voltage for theEA 1110, the output of EA falls a level lower than the predetermined voltage, thereby causing themode selector 1108 to disable the PFM operation mode and enable the PWM operation mode. At the PWM operation mode, thePWM component 1107 controls the on/off of theswitch 1115. In addition, when operating at the PWM mode, thesystem 1100 is also operating according to a Constant Voltage (CV) Mode. - The
control component 1101 also includes theUVLO component 1116 for providing under-voltage lockout (UVLO), which may cause thesystem 1100 to shut down and reinitiate. Depending on the application, the threshold voltage for triggering the functioning of theUVLO component 1116 may be changed. As an example, theUVLO component 1116 is controlled by a power-on reset signal. - In summary, the
system 1100 operates in, depending on the load condition, PWM mode or PFM mode. More specifically, thesystem 1100 operates in PWM mode when load condition is high and operates in PFM mode when the load condition is low. When necessary, theUVLO component 1116 is used to provide under-voltage lockout. It is to be understood that there can be variations that are within the scope of the present invention. - According to an embodiment, the present invention provides a power system with selectable power modes. The power system includes a first terminal for outputting energy, and the first terminal is electrically coupled to a load. The system also includes a pulse-frequency modulation (PFM) component that is configured to adjust a pulse frequency based on the load. The system additionally includes a pulse-width modulation (PWM) component that is configured to adjust a pulse width based on the load. The system further includes a switch that is electrically coupled to the first terminal. Also, the system includes a control component, the control component being configured to provide a control signal that is capable of causing the switch to be turned on or off. The control signal is associated with an output of the PWM component and the pulse width if an output is greater than a predetermined value. The control signal is associated with an output of the PFM component and the pulse frequency if the output is lower than the predetermined value. For example, the embodiment is illustrated according to
FIGS. 4 and 11 . - According to an alternative embodiment, the present invention provides a method for supplying power. The method includes receiving a power input from an input source. The method also includes delivering a power output to a load. The method additionally includes measuring a feedback voltage that is associated with an output voltage for the load. The method further includes comparing the feedback voltage to a first threshold voltage. The method also includes delivering power using a pulse-width modulation if the feedback voltage is higher than the first threshold voltage. The method also includes delivering power using a pulse-frequency modulation if the feedback voltage is lower than the first threshold voltage. In addition, the method includes terminating the power output to the load if the feedback voltage is lower than a second threshold voltage. For example, the embodiment is illustrated according to
FIG. 4 . - According to an alternative embodiment, the present invention provides an apparatus for output power using a pulse frequency modulation. The apparatus includes an input for receiving a feedback signal. The apparatus also includes a pulse generator. The pulse generate is configured to generate pulses at substantially a constant frequency. In addition, the apparatus includes an oscillator configured to provide output signals at a frequency that is associated with the feedback signal. In addition, the method includes a logic component that is configured to provide a control signal based at least on the pulses and the output signals. For example, the embodiment is illustrated according to
FIGS. 7-9 . - Many benefits are achieved by way of the present invention over conventional techniques. In some embodiments, the method provides an energy efficient and high performance way that provides power to both light and heavy loads. By practicing embodiment of the present invention, the amounted of energy wasted during a power switching process is reduced, and the switching time is reduced as well. Additionally, the method provides a process that is compatible with conventional process technology without substantial modifications to conventional equipment and processes. Depending upon the embodiment, one or more of these benefits may be achieved.
- Although specific embodiments of the present invention have been described, it will be understood by those of skill in the art that there are other embodiments that are equivalent to the described embodiments. Accordingly, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited by the specific illustrated embodiments, but only by the scope of the appended claims.
Claims (23)
1. A power system with selectable power modes, the power system comprising:
a first terminal for outputting energy, the first terminal being electrically coupled to a load;
a pulse-frequency modulation (PFM) component, the PFM component being configured to adjust a pulse frequency based on the load;
a pulse-width modulation (PWM) component, the PWM component being configured to adjust a pulse width based on the load;
a switch being electrically coupled to the first terminal; and
a control component, the control component being configured to provide a control signal, the control signal being capable of causing the switch to be turned on or off;
wherein:
the control signal is associated with an output of the PWM component and the pulse width if an output is greater than a predetermined value;
the control signal is associated with an output of the PFM component and the pulse frequency if the output is lower than the predetermined value.
2. The system of claim 1 wherein the output of the PWM component is associated with a constant frequency.
3. The system of claim 1 wherein the output of the PFM component is associated with a constant pulse width.
4. The system of claim 1 wherein the control signal is associated with an output of the PFM component and the pulse frequency if the an output is equal to the predetermined value.
5. The system of claim 1 wherein the power system operates in accordance to a constant voltage mode if the output is greater than a predetermined value.
6. The system of claim 1 wherein the power system operates in accordance to a constant current mode if the output is lower than a predetermined value.
7. The system of claim 1 further comprising an under-voltage lockout component.
8. The system of claim 7 wherein the under-voltage lockout component is controlled by a power on reset signal.
9. The system of claim 7 wherein the under-voltage lockout component is controlled by a feedback signal.
10. The system of claim 1 wherein the PFM component comprises a voltage controlled oscillator.
11. A method for supplying power, the method comprising:
receiving a power input from an input source;
delivering a power output to a load;
measuring a feedback voltage, the feedback voltage being associated a output voltage for the load;
comparing the feedback voltage to a first threshold voltage;
delivering power using a pulse-width modulation if the feedback voltage is higher than the first threshold voltage;
delivering power using a pulse-frequency modulation if the feedback voltage is lower than the first threshold voltage; and
terminating the power output to the load is if the feedback voltage is lower than a second threshold voltage.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein the terminating the power output comprises an under voltage lockout process.
13. The method of claim 11 further comprising amplifying the output voltage.
14. The method of claim 11 wherein the deliver power using a pulse-width modulation comprises modulating pulse width of power control signals, the power control signals being associated with a predetermined frequency.
15. The method of claim 11 wherein the deliver power using a pulse-frequency modulation comprises modulating pulse frequency of power control signals, the power control signals being associated with a predetermined pulse width.
16. The method of claim 11 wherein the deliver power using a pulse-frequency modulation comprises causing a switch to turn on and off based on a pulse frequency.
17. The method of claim 11 wherein the deliver power using a pulse-width modulation comprises causing a switch to turn on and off based on a pulse width.
18. An apparatus for output power using a pulse frequency modulation, the apparatus comprising:
an input for receiving a feedback signal;
a pulse generator, the pulse generate being configured to generate pulses at substantially a constant frequency;
an oscillator configured to provide output signals at a frequency, the frequency being associated with the feedback signal;
a logic component configured to provide a control signal based at least on the pulses and the output signals.
19. The apparatus of claim 18 wherein the oscillator comprises a voltage controlled oscillator.
20. The apparatus of claim 18 wherein the oscillator comprises a current controlled oscillator.
21. The apparatus of claim 18 wherein the logic component comprises a flip-flop.
22. The apparatus of claim 18 wherein the logic component comprises an AND gate.
23. The apparatus of claim 18 further comprises an input voltage, the input voltage being associated with a predetermined reference voltage.
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US12/893,474 US8339814B2 (en) | 2008-02-18 | 2010-09-29 | Method and system for efficient power control with multiple modes |
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CN103746546A (en) * | 2013-12-13 | 2014-04-23 | 巨尔(上海)光电照明有限公司 | Pulse frequency modulation circuit and power adapter |
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US20090206814A1 (en) | 2009-08-20 |
US7826237B2 (en) | 2010-11-02 |
CN101515756A (en) | 2009-08-26 |
CN101515756B (en) | 2011-11-23 |
US8339814B2 (en) | 2012-12-25 |
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