US20110103111A1 - Switching Power Converter With Efficient Switching Control Signal Period Generation - Google Patents
Switching Power Converter With Efficient Switching Control Signal Period Generation Download PDFInfo
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- US20110103111A1 US20110103111A1 US12/986,761 US98676111A US2011103111A1 US 20110103111 A1 US20110103111 A1 US 20110103111A1 US 98676111 A US98676111 A US 98676111A US 2011103111 A1 US2011103111 A1 US 2011103111A1
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- period
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
- H02M1/42—Circuits or arrangements for compensating for or adjusting power factor in converters or inverters
- H02M1/4208—Arrangements for improving power factor of AC input
- H02M1/4225—Arrangements for improving power factor of AC input using a non-isolated boost converter
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03M—CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
- H03M3/00—Conversion of analogue values to or from differential modulation
- H03M3/30—Delta-sigma modulation
- H03M3/458—Analogue/digital converters using delta-sigma modulation as an intermediate step
- H03M3/476—Non-linear conversion systems
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
- Y02B70/10—Technologies improving the efficiency by using switched-mode power supplies [SMPS], i.e. efficient power electronics conversion e.g. power factor correction or reduction of losses in power supplies or efficient standby modes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P80/00—Climate change mitigation technologies for sector-wide applications
- Y02P80/10—Efficient use of energy, e.g. using compressed air or pressurized fluid as energy carrier
Definitions
- FIG. 1 (labeled prior art) depicts a power control system, which includes a switching power converter.
- an optimal value of period TT is a matter of design choice and is, for example, dependent upon the values of the components of switching power converter 402 such as the characteristics of inductor 110 , switch 108 , capacitor 106 , and diode 111 along with the instantaneous primary supply voltage V X , the primary supply RMS voltage V X — RMS , and the power transferred to load 112 .
- Power control system 400 is, in at least one embodiment, more efficient than conventional power control system 100 because the switching frequency of switch 108 increases as more power is supplied by voltage source 404 , thus, the controller achieves an efficient correlation between the switching period with associated switching losses of switch 108 .
- the PFC and output voltage controller 800 is implemented as a programmable PFC and output voltage controller as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/967,275, entitled “Programmable Power Control System”, filing date Dec. 31, 2007, assignee Cirrus Logic, Inc., and inventor John L. Melanson.
- U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/967,275 includes exemplary systems and methods and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. As the optimum period depends upon the design choice of switching components, allowing programmability of the efficient period control algorithm allows each design to be optimized for efficiency while utilizing the same integrated circuit embodiment of PFC and output voltage controller 800 .
Abstract
A power control system includes a switching power converter and a controller, and the controller responds to a time-varying voltage source signal by generating a switch control signal having a period that varies in accordance with at least one of the following: (i) the period of the switch control signal trends inversely to estimated power delivered to a load coupled to the switching power converter, (ii) the period of the switch control signal trends inversely to instantaneous voltage levels of the voltage source signal, and (iii) the period of the switch control signal trends directly with a line voltage level of the time-varying voltage source signal. In at least one embodiment, the controller achieves an efficient correlation between the switching period with associated switching losses and the instantaneous power transferred to the switching power converter while providing power factor correction (PFC).
Description
- This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) and 37 C.F.R. §1.78 of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/915,547, filed on May 2, 2007 and entitled “Power Factor Correction (PFC) Controller Apparatuses and Methods”.
- 1. Field of the Invention
- The present invention relates in general to the field of electronics, and more specifically to a system and method for voltage conversion using a switching power converter with efficient switching control signal period generation.
- 2. Description of the Related Art
- Many devices utilize electrical power to operate. Power is initially supplied by a power source, such as a public utility company, and power sources generally provide a steady state input voltage. However, the voltage levels utilized by various devices may differ from the steady state input voltage provided by the power source. For example, light emitting diode (LED) based lighting systems, typically operate from voltage levels that differ from voltage level supplied by a public utility company. To accommodate the difference between the voltage from the power source and the voltage utilized by the device, power converters are connected between the power source and the device to convert a supply voltage level from an alternating current (AC) power source to, for example, another AC power source having a voltage level different than the supply voltage level. Power converters can also convert AC power into direct (DC) power and DC power into AC power.
- Switching power converters represent one example of a type of power converter. A switching power converter utilizes switching and energy storage technology to convert an input voltage into an output voltage suitable for use by a particular device connected to the switching power converter.
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FIG. 1 depicts apower control system 100, which includes aswitching power converter 102.Voltage source 101 supplies an AC input “mains” voltage Vmains to a full,diode bridge rectifier 103. Thevoltage source 101 is, for example, a public utility, and the AC mains voltage Vmains is, for example, a 60 Hz/120 V mains voltage in the United States of America or a 50 Hz/230 V mains voltage in Europe. Therectifier 103 rectifies the input mains voltage Vmains. Therectifier 103 rectifies the input mains voltage Vmains and supplies a rectified, time-varying, primary supply voltage VX to the switching power converter. Theswitching power converter 102 provides approximately constant voltage power to load 112 while maintaining a resistive input characteristic tovoltage source 101. Providing approximately constant voltage power to load 112 while maintaining an approximately resistive input characteristic tovoltage source 101 is referred to as power factor correction (PFC). Thus, a power factor correctedswitching power converter 102 is controlled so that an input current iL to theswitching power converter 102 varies in approximate proportion to the AC mains voltage Vmains. - PFC and
output voltage controller 114 controls the conductivity ofPFC switch 108 so as to provide power factor correction and to regulate the output voltage VC of switchingpower converter 102. The PFC andoutput voltage controller 114 attempts to control the inductor current iL so that the average inductor current iL is linearly and directly proportional to the primary supply voltage VX. A proportionality constant relates the inductor current iL to the primary supply voltage VX, and the proportionality constant is adjusted to regulate the voltage to load 112. The PFC andoutput voltage controller 114 supplies a pulse width modulated (PWM) switch control signal CS0 to control the conductivity ofswitch 108. In at least one embodiment,switch 108 is a field effect transistor (FET), and switch control signal CS0 is the gate voltage ofswitch 108. The values of the pulse width and duty cycle of switch control signal CS0 depend on at least two signals, namely, the primary supply voltage VX and the capacitor voltage/output voltage VC. Output voltage VC is also commonly referred to as a “link voltage”.Current control loop 119 provides current iRTN to PFC andoutput voltage controller 114 to allow PFC andoutput voltage controller 114 to adjust an average iL current 210 (FIG. 2 ) to equal a target iL current 208 (FIG. 2 ). - Capacitor 106 supplies stored energy to load 112 when
diode 111 is reverse biased and when the primary supply voltage VX is below the RMS value of the input mains. The value ofcapacitor 106 is a matter of design choice and, in at least one embodiment, is sufficiently large so as to maintain a substantially constant output voltage VC, as established by a PFC andoutput voltage controller 114. A typical value forcapacitor 106, when used with a 400 V output voltage VC, is 1 microfarad per watt of maximum output power supplied viaswitching power converter 102. The output voltage VC remains at a substantially constant target value during constant load conditions with ripple at the frequency of primary supply voltage VX. However, as load conditions change, the output voltage VC changes. The PFC andoutput voltage controller 114 responds to the changes in voltage VC by adjusting the switch control signal CS0 to return the output voltage VC to the target value. In at least one embodiment, the PFC andoutput voltage controller 114 includes asmall capacitor 115 to filter any high frequency signals from the primary supply voltage VX. - The
switching power converter 102 incurs switching losses each time switch 108 switches between nonconductive and conductive states due to parasitic impedances. The parasitic impedances include aparasitic capacitance 132 acrossswitch 108. During each period TT of switching switch control signal CS0, energy is used to, for example, chargeparasitic capacitance 132. Thus,switching power converter 102 incurs switching losses during each period TT of switch control signal CS0. - PFC and
output voltage controller 114 controlsswitching power converter 102 so that a desired amount of power is transferred tocapacitor 106. The desired amount of power depends upon the voltage and current requirements ofload 112. An inputvoltage control loop 116 provides a sample of primary supply voltage VX to PFC andoutput voltage controller 114. PFC andoutput voltage controller 114 determines a difference between a reference voltage VREF, which indicates a target voltage for output voltage VC, and the actual output voltage VC sensed fromnode 122 and received as feedback fromvoltage loop 118. The PFC andoutput voltage controller 114 generally utilizes technology, such as proportional integral (PI) compensation control, to respond to differences in the output voltage VC relative to the reference voltage VREF. The PFC andoutput voltage controller 114 processes the differences to smoothly adjust the output voltage VC to avoid causing rapid fluctuations in the output voltage VC in response to small error signals. The PFC andoutput voltage controller 114 generates a pulse width modulated switch control signal CS0 that drivesswitch 108. Prodić, Compensator Design and Stability Assessment for Fast Voltage Loops of Power Factor Correction Rectifiers, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 12, No. 5, September 1007, pp. 1719-1729 (referred to herein as “Prodić”), describes an example of PFC andoutput voltage controller 114. -
FIGS. 2 and 3 depict respective switching control strategies utilized by typical switching power converters, such asswitching power converter 102, to convert the input voltage VX into a power factor corrected output voltage VC.FIG. 2 depicts a transition switching strategy, andFIG. 3 depicts a constant period switching strategy. Referring toFIGS. 1 and 2 , PFC andoutput voltage controller 114 controls the conductivity ofPFC switch 108. The primarysupply voltage V X 202 is, in at least one embodiment, a rectified sine wave. To regulate the amount of power transferred and maintain a power factor close to one, PFC andoutput voltage controller 114 varies the period TT of switch control signal CS0 so that the inductor current iL (also referred to as the ‘input current’) tracks changes in primary supply voltage VX and holds the output voltage VC constant. Thetransition switching strategy 204 illustrates that, as the primary supply voltage VX increases, PFC andoutput voltage controller 114 increases the period TT of switch control signal CS0. As the primary supply voltage VX decreases, PFC andoutput voltage controller 114 decreases the period of switch control signal CS0. In one embodiment oftransition switching strategy 204, the pulse width time T1 is approximately constant. - Time T2 represents the flyback time of
inductor 110 that occurs whenswitch 108 is nonconductive and thediode 111 is conductive. In at least one embodiment, the value ofinductor 110 is a matter of design choice. In at least one embodiment, the value ofinductor 110 is chosen to store sufficient power transferred fromvoltage source 101 when switch 108 conducts in order to transfer power tocapacitor 106 whenswitch 108 is non-conductive to maintain a desired output voltage VC. For thetransition switching strategy 204, the pulse width time T1 plus the flyback time T2 equals the period TT of switch control signal CS0. - The inductor current iL
waveform 206 depicts the general behavior of inductor current iL over time relative to the primary supply voltage VX. The inductor current iL ramps ‘up’ during pulse width T1 when theswitch 108 conducts, i.e. is “ON”. The inductor current iL ramps down during flyback time T2 whenswitch 108 is nonconductive, i.e. is “OFF”, and supplies inductor current iL throughdiode 111 to rechargecapacitor 106. Discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) occurs when the inductor current iL reaches 0 during the period TT of switch control signal CS0. Continuous conduction mode (CCM) occurs when the inductor current iL is greater than 0 during the entire period TT.Transition switching strategy 204 operatesswitching power converter 102 at the boundary of DCM and CCM by beginning each period of switch control signal CS0 when the inductor current iL just equals 0. Thefrequency 1/TT of switch control signal CS0 is, for example, between 20 kHz and 130 kHz. The period TT of switch control signal CS0 and, thus, the duration of each cycle of inductor iL depicted in inductor current iL waveform 206 is exaggerated for visual clarity.Transition switching strategy 204 operates theswitch 108 at high frequencies when little power is transferred fromvoltage source 101, such as near the zerocrossing 212 of the mains voltage Vmains and at light load, i.e. when the power demand ofload 112 is light. - The PFC and
output voltage controller 114 sets a target current 208 that tracks the primary supply voltage VX. When the inductor current iL reaches the target current 208 during the pulse width T1, the switch control signal CS0 opensswitch 108, and inductor current iL decreases to zero during flyback time T2. The average current 210 represents the average inductor current iL. The average inductor current iL tracks the primary supply voltage VX, thus, providing power factor correction. - Referring to
FIG. 3 , the constantperiod switching strategy 302 maintains a constant period TT of switch control signal CS0 and varies the pulse width T1 of switch control signal CS0 to control inductor current iL. As the primary supply voltage VX increases from 0 to line peak, PFC andoutput voltage controller 114 decreases the pulse width T1 of switch control signal CS0. Constantperiod switching strategy 302 operates switchingpower converter 102 in DCM so that the flyback time T2 plus the pulse width T1 is less than or equal to the period TT of switch control signal CS0. Inductor current iL waveform 304 depicts the effects of the constantperiod switching strategy 302 on the inductor current iL relative to the primary supply voltage VX. As with thetransition switching strategy 204, for the constantperiod switching strategy 302, the PFC andoutput voltage controller 114 sets a target current 208 that tracks the primary supply voltage VX. Forconstant period strategy 302, TT≧(T1+T2), so switchingpower converter 102 operates in DCM. - PFC and
output voltage controller 114 updates the switch control signal CS0 at a frequency much greater than the frequency of input voltage VX. The frequency of input voltage VX is generally 50-60 Hz. Thefrequency 1/TT of switch control signal CS0 is, for example, between 10 kHz and 130 kHz. Frequencies at or above 20 kHz avoid audio frequencies and frequencies at or below 130 kHz avoids significant switching inefficiencies. - The constant
period switching strategy 302 is not efficient in terms of switching losses versus power delivered to load 112. Thetransition switching strategy 204 is even less efficient than the constantperiod switching strategy 302. - In one embodiment of the present invention, a system includes a controller to generate a switch control signal to control conductivity of a switch included in a switching power converter. Controlling conductivity of the switch causes an input current to the switching power converter to vary in approximate proportion to a time varying voltage source signal supplied to the switching power converter. The controller includes a period generator to determine a period of the switch control signal so that the period of the switch control signal varies in accordance with at least one of:
-
- (i) the period of the switch control signal trends inversely to estimated power delivered to a load coupled to the switching power converter;
- (ii) the period of the switch control signal trends inversely to instantaneous voltage levels of the time-varying voltage source signal; and
- (iii) the period of the switch control signal trends directly with a line voltage level of the time-varying voltage source signal; and
The controller also includes a pulse width generator to determine a pulse width of the switch control signal in response to at least one of: (i) the determined period of the switch control signal, (ii) the instantaneous voltage levels of the voltage source signal, and (iii) a voltage level of the output voltage signal of the switching power converter.
- In another embodiment of the present invention, a method includes generating a switch control signal to control conductivity of a switch included in a switching power converter. Controlling conductivity of the switch causes an input current to the switching power converter to vary in approximate proportion to a time varying voltage source signal supplied to the switching power converter. The method further includes determining a period of the switch control signal so that the period of the switch control signal varies in accordance with at least one of:
-
- (i) the period of the switch control signal trends inversely to estimated power delivered to a load coupled to the switching power converter;
- (ii) the period of the switch control signal trends inversely to instantaneous voltage levels of the voltage source signal; and
- (iii) the period of the switch control signal trends directly with a line voltage level of the time-varying voltage source signal;
The method also includes determining a pulse width of the switch control signal in response to at least one of: (i) the determined period of the switch control signal, (ii) a voltage level of the voltage source signal, and (iii) a voltage level of the output voltage signal of the switching power converter. The method further includes providing the switch control signal to the switching power converter.
- In another embodiment of the present invention, an apparatus includes means for generating a switch control signal to control conductivity of a switch included in a switching power converter. Controlling conductivity of the switch causes an input current to the switching power converter to vary in approximate proportion to a time varying voltage source signal supplied to the switching power converter. The apparatus further comprises means for determining a period of the switch control signal so that the period of the switch control signal varies in accordance with at least one of:
-
- (i) the period of the switch control signal trends inversely to instantaneous power transferred to the switching power converter;
- (ii) the period of the switch control signal trends inversely to voltage level changes of the voltage source signal; and
- (iii) the period of the switch control signal trends directly with a line voltage level of the time-varying voltage source signal; and
The apparatus also includes means for determining a pulse width of the switch control signal in response to at least one of: (i) the determined period of the switch control signal, (ii) a voltage level of the voltage source signal, and (iii) a voltage level of the output voltage signal of the switching power converter.
- The present invention may be better understood, and its numerous objects, features and advantages made apparent to those skilled in the art by referencing the accompanying drawings. The use of the same reference number throughout the several figures designates a like or similar element.
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FIG. 1 (labeled prior art) depicts a power control system, which includes a switching power converter. -
FIG. 2 (labeled prior art) depicts a transition switching control strategy and the effect of the transition switching control strategy on an inductor current of the switching power converter ofFIG. 1 . -
FIG. 3 (labeled prior art) depicts a constant period switching control strategy and the effect of the constant period switching control strategy on an inductor current of the switching power converter ofFIG. 1 . -
FIG. 4 depicts a power control system having a switching power converter and a control signal period-power transfer correlation strategy module. -
FIG. 5 depicts a collection of correlated waveforms that depict a correlation between a primary supply voltage, an inductor current, and transferred power in the power control system ofFIG. 4 . -
FIG. 6 depicts an efficient period-instantaneous primary supply voltage VX correlation strategy. -
FIG. 7 depicts correlated waveforms between an inductor current and switch control signal of the power control system ofFIG. 4 . -
FIG. 8 depicts a power factor correction (PFC) and output voltage controller of the power control system ofFIG. 4 . -
FIGS. 9-13 depict efficient period-instantaneous primary supply voltage VX correlation strategies. -
FIG. 14 depicts a nonlinear delta-sigma modulator. -
FIG. 15 depicts a proportional integrator. -
FIGS. 16 and 17 depict respective root mean square value generators. -
FIG. 18 depicts another embodiment of a PFC and output voltage controller of the power control system ofFIG. 4 . -
FIGS. 19-21 depict efficient period-power transfer-instantaneous primary supply voltage correlation strategies for multiple primary supply RMS voltages and multiple power transfer percentages. - A power control system includes a switching power converter and a controller, and the controller responds to a time-varying voltage source signal by generating a switch control signal having a period that varies in accordance with at least one of: (i) the period of the switch control signal trends inversely to estimated power delivered to a load coupled to the switching power converter, (ii) the period of the switch control signal trends inversely to instantaneous voltage levels of the voltage source signal, and (iii) the period of the switch control signal trends directly with a line voltage level of the time-varying voltage source signal. The power control system also includes a pulse width generator to determine a pulse width of the switch control signal in response to at least one of (i) the determined period of the switch control signal, (ii) the instantaneous voltage levels of the voltage source signal, and (iii) a voltage level of the output voltage signal of the switching power converter. Thus, the period can be determined in accordance with a one-way function, two-way function, or three-way function of the variables: (i) estimated power delivered to a load coupled to the switching power converter, (ii) instantaneous voltage levels of the voltage source signal, and (iii) line voltage level of the time-varying voltage source signal (collectively referred to as the “Period Determination Variables”). A “one-way function” indicates that one of the Period Determination Variables (i), (ii), or (iii) is used to determine the switch control signal period. A “two-way function” indicates that any two of the Period Determination Variables (i), (ii), or (iii) are used to determine the switch control signal period. A “three-way function” indicates that all three of the Period Determination Variables (i), (ii), or (iii) are used to determine the switch control signal period.
- For power supplies having a voltage source signal that approximates a sine wave, the switching power converter transfers 80% of the power from the voltage source to the load when a phase angle of the voltage source signal is between 45° and 135°. Switching losses in the switching power converter generally increase as switching periods decrease, or, in other words, switching losses in the switching power converter generally increase as switching frequencies increase. By varying the period of the switch control signal so that the period trends in accordance with the one-way function, two-way function, or three-way function of the Period Determination Variables, in at least one embodiment, the controller achieves an efficient correlation between the switching period with associated switching losses and the Period Determination Variable(s) while providing power factor correction (PFC).
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FIG. 4 depicts apower control system 400 having a switchingpower converter 402 and an efficient controlsignal period generator 408. In at least one embodiment, switchingpower converter 402 is configured in the same manner as switchingpower converter 102.Rectifier 103 rectifies the input voltage VIN supplied byvoltage source 404 to generate time varying, primary supply voltage VX. In at least one embodiment,voltage source 404 is identical tovoltage source 101, and input voltage VIN is identical to the mains voltage Vmains.Power control system 400 also includes PFC andoutput voltage controller 406. PFC andoutput voltage controller 406 generates switch control signal CS1 using feedback signals representing the primary supply voltage VX and output voltage VC. PFC andoutput voltage controller 406 includes the efficient controlsignal period generator 408 to efficiently correlate a period TT of switch control signal CS1 with the Period Determination Variables to, for example, increase the efficiency ofpower control system 400. - In at least one embodiment, the Period Determination Variables are the: (i) estimated power delivered to load 112, (ii) instantaneous voltage levels of primary supply voltage VX, and (iii) line voltage level of primary supply voltage VX. In at least one embodiment, the estimated power delivered to load 112 is estimated by multiplying the average output voltage V0 obtained via
voltage control loop 418 and the average output current iOUT of switchingpower converter 402. In at least one embodiment, the estimated power delivered to load 112 is a value “K” determined by the loadpower demand estimator 803 ofFIG. 8 . In at least one embodiment, the instantaneous voltage levels of primary supply voltage VX represent a values of primary supply voltage VX sampled viavoltage loop 416 at a rate approximately equal to 1/TT, where 1/TT represents the frequency of switch control signal CS1. The term “instantaneous” includes delays, such as any transmission and processing delays, in obtaining the sampled value of primary supply voltage VX. In at least one embodiment, the line voltage level of primary supply voltage VX represents a measure of the primary supply voltage VX for at least one period of primary supply voltage VX. For example, in at least one embodiment, the line voltage level is the root mean square (RMS) of primary supply voltage VX, a peak of primary supply RMS voltage VX— RMS, or an average of primary supply voltage VX. For example, the line voltage in the United States of America is nominally 120 Vrms, and the line voltage in Europe is nominally 230 Vrms, where “Vrms” represents an RMS voltage. In general, the line voltage level and the load power demand will be updated at a rate of 50-240 Hz, and the instantaneous voltage will be updated at the switching frequency ofswitch 108, i.e. the frequency of switch control signal CS1. - In at least one embodiment, the efficient control
signal period generator 408 includes a control signal period strategy that allows the PFC andoutput voltage controller 406 to generate a period TT of the switch control signal CS1 that varies in accordance with at least one of the Period Determination Variables. -
FIG. 5 depicts a collection of correlatedwaveforms 500 that depict a correlation between the primarysupply voltage V X 502, the inductor current iL 504, andpower 506 transferred fromvoltage source 404 to switchingpower converter 402. One-half of the period of primary supply voltage VX occurs betweenphase angles 0°-45° plus phase angles 135°-180°. The RMS voltage of primary supply voltage VX equals the voltage at phase angles 45° and 135°. Thus, primary supply voltage VX is greater than the primary supply RMS voltage VX— RMS for a time equal to half the period TT of primary supply voltage VX and less than the primary supply RMS voltage VX— RMS for a time equal to half the period of TT. The peak voltage of a sine wave primary supply voltage VX is √2·VX— RMS. To provide power factor correction, PFC andoutput voltage controller 406 generates switch control signal CS1 so that the average inductor current iL 508 tracks the primary supply voltage VX. Power 506 transferred fromvoltage source 404 to switchingpower converter 402 equals VX·iL. Eighty percent of thepower 506 is transferred to switchingpower converter 402 when primary supply voltage VX is greater than primary supply RMS voltage VX— RMS, and twenty percent of thepower 506 is transferred when primary supply voltage VX is less than primary supply RMS voltage VX— RMS. In other words, 80% of thepower 506 is transferred when primary supply voltage VX is between phase angles 45° and 135°, and 20% of thepower 506 is transferred in the troughs of primary supply voltage VX. In at least one embodiment, the troughs of primary supply voltage VX are below primary supply RMS voltage VX— RMS and, for a sine wave, are betweenphase angles 0°-45° and between phase angles 135°-180°. -
Switching power converter 402 also incurs switching losses eachtime switch 108 switches between nonconductive and conductive states due to parasitic impedances. During each period TT of switching switch control signal CS1, power is used to, for example, chargeparasitic capacitance 132.Switching power converter 402 incurs switching losses during each period TT of switch control signal CS1. Thus, the higher the frequency of controls signal CS1, the higher the switching loss. - Referring to
FIGS. 1-5 , with respect to the conventionaltransition switching strategy 204, the frequency of switch control signal CS0 is highest betweenphase angles 0°-45° and phase angles 135°-180°. Thus, the conventionaltransition switching strategy 204 incurs the greatest switching loss during the time of the lowest amount of power transfer fromvoltage source 101 to switchingpower converter 102. In at least one embodiment, more than half (>50%) of the switching loss associated with the conventionaltransition switching strategy 204 occurs during the transfer of 20% of the power fromvoltage source 101 to switchingpower converter 102. The constantperiod switching strategy 302 is somewhat more efficient because only approximately 50% of the switching loss associated with the conventionaltransition switching strategy 204 occurs during the transfer of 20% of the power fromvoltage source 101 to switchingpower converter 102. - In at least one embodiment, the efficient control
signal period generator 408 allows the PFC andoutput voltage controller 406 to improve the efficiency ofpower control system 400 by increasing the period TT of switch control signal CS1, or in other words decreasing the switching rate ofswitch 108, during times of low power transfer to load 112, low instantaneous primary supply voltage VX, and/or higher primary supply RMS voltage VX— RMS. Table 1 sets forth an exemplary switching loss to power transfer ratio comparison: The actual power savings and optimum switch control signal CS1 period TT generation strategy depend on power components ofpower control system 400. -
TABLE 1 (45) EXEMPLARY (44) SWITCHING STRATEGY SWITCHING LOSS (46) Transition Switching Strategy 204 (47) >50% switching of switch 108 in the troughs ofprimary supply voltage VX (48) Constant Period Switching (49) 50% switching of Strategy 302switch 108 in the troughs ofprimary supply voltage VX (50) Efficient Control Signal Period (51) <50% switching of Generator 408switch 108 in the troughs ofprimary supply voltage VX. - As previously stated, in at least one embodiment, the troughs of primary supply voltage VX are below primary supply RMS voltage VX
— RMS and, for a sine wave, are betweenphase angles 0°-45° and between phase angles 135°-180°. -
FIG. 6 depicts an exemplary efficient period-instantaneous primary supply voltage VX correlation strategy 600 for efficient controlsignal period generator 408. Referring toFIGS. 5 and 6 , as primary supply voltage VX increases towards a peak voltage √2·VX— RMS, the power transfer fromvoltage source 404 to switchingpower converter 402 increases nonlinearly. For any given value of primary supply voltage VX and power output by switchingpower converter 402, there is an optimum switching period TT. The optimum period generally increases in the troughs of primary supply voltage VX. If the period TT is too short, there is excess switching loss. If the period TT is too long, there will be excessive loss in resistive parasitics, such as the respective resistances ofswitch 108 andinductor 110 and in core losses ofinductor 110. The efficient period-instantaneous primary supply voltage VX correlation strategy 600 provides a strategy for determining the period TT as a function of the instantaneous primary supply voltage VX. The actual value of an optimal value of period TT is a matter of design choice and is, for example, dependent upon the values of the components of switchingpower converter 402 such as the characteristics ofinductor 110,switch 108,capacitor 106, anddiode 111 along with the instantaneous primary supply voltage VX, the primary supply RMS voltage VX— RMS, and the power transferred to load 112.Power control system 400 is, in at least one embodiment, more efficient than conventionalpower control system 100 because the switching frequency ofswitch 108 increases as more power is supplied byvoltage source 404, thus, the controller achieves an efficient correlation between the switching period with associated switching losses ofswitch 108. - In at least one embodiment, the switching
power converter 402 operates in DCM. Thefrequency 1/TT of switch control signal CS1 is, for example, between 10 kHz and 130 kHz. The period TT of switch control signal CS1 and, thus, the duration of each cycle of inductor iL depicted in inductor current iL waveform 504 is exaggerated for visual clarity. -
FIG. 7 depicts exemplary, correlatedwaveforms 700 between an exemplary inductor current iL and switch control signal CS1. During the time T1 of each pulse width of switch control signal CS1, inductor current iL rises as energy is transferred fromvoltage source 404 toinductor 110. During the flyback time T2, inductor current iL decreases as the inductor storedenergy charges capacitor 106. The average inductor current iL— AVG 706 tracks primary supply voltage VX to provide power factor correction. -
FIG. 8 depicts a PFC andoutput voltage controller 800, which represents one embodiment of PFC andoutput voltage controller 406. PFC andoutput voltage controller 800 determines switch control signal CS1 in accordance with the switch control signal generation strategy implemented by control signal periodgeneration strategy module 802. Efficient control signal periodgeneration strategy module 802 represents one embodiment of efficient controlsignal period generator 408. In at least one embodiment, the control signal periodgeneration strategy module 802 generates TT as a function of at least one of: the instantaneous primary supply voltage VX and the estimated power delivered to load 112. In at least one embodiment, the control signal periodgeneration strategy module 802 generates TT as a function of both the primary supply voltage VX and the estimated power delivered to load 112. - The PFC and
output voltage controller 800 determines the period TT and pulse width T1 of switch control signal CS1 to, for example, provide power transfer efficiency and power factor correction for switchingpower converter 402. In at least one embodiment, the estimated power delivered to load 112 is represented by “K”, the output value of loadpower demand estimator 803 in thevoltage control loop 418. In at least one embodiment, the square of the pulse width period T1, i.e. T1 2, is determined in accordance with Equation 1: -
- “T1” is the pulse width (on-time) of the control signal CS1. “L” represents an inductor value of
inductor 110. VX— RMS represents the primary supply RMS voltage VX— RMS. “K” represents an estimate of the power demand ofload 112 as determined by loadpower demand estimator 803. “TT” is the period of control signal CS1 as generated by control signal periodgeneration strategy module 802. “VX” is a sampled value of the current value of primary supply voltage VX. “VC” is a sampled value of the output voltage VC. In the preferred embodiment, this calculation will be performed in fixed-point arithmetic with appropriately scaled values and work lengths. - The
RMS value generator 804 determines primary supply RMS voltage VX— RMS from a sampled primary supply voltage VX. Module 806 receives the primary supply RMS voltage VX— RMS value and determines 2·L/(VX— RMS 2). “2·L/(VX— RMS 2)” represents a scaling factor. Boostfactor module 808 determines a boost factor (1−VX/VC).Multiplier 810 multiplies switch control signal CS1, period TT, the output value ofmodule 806, the output value ofboost factor module 808, and estimated power demand K to generate T1 2. Nonlinear delta-sigma modulator 812 determines the pulse width T1 of switch control signal CS1. Pulse width modulator (PWM) 814 receives the pulse width T1 and period TT and generates switch control signal CS1 so that switch control signal CS1 has a pulse width T1 and a period TT. - In at least one embodiment, to ensure that switching
power converter 402 operates in DCM, the value L ofinductor 110 is set in accordance with Equation [2]: -
- “L” is the value of the
inductor 110. “Vmin” is the minimum expected primary supply RMS voltage VX— RMS. “Pmax” is the maximum power demand ofload 112. “J” is an overdesign factor and any value greater than 1 indicates an overdesign. In at least one embodiment, “J” is 1.1. “fmax” is a maximum frequency of control signal CS1. “VC” is a nominal expected output voltage VC. The flyback time T2 can be determined in accordance with Equation [3]: -
- In at least one embodiment, to avoid saturation of
inductor 110, the value L ofinductor 110 is chosen so that a peak inductor current, iL— PEAK is greater than or equal to the greatest value of VX·T1/L. Generally, the peak inductor current iL— PEAK occurs at full output power at the peak of primary supply voltage VX during low line voltage operation. - The efficient control signal period generation strategy used by PFC and
output voltage controller 406 to determine a period of the switch control signal CS1 is a matter of design choice and can be set to optimize to the efficiency of switchingpower converter 402. - Additionally, in at least one embodiment, the range of possible primary supply voltage levels also influences the time of period TT. For example, to remain in DCM operation, the period TT is increased for high line voltage conditions in order to remain in DCM operation.
-
FIGS. 9-13 depict exemplary efficient period-instantaneous primary supply voltage VX correlation strategies. The particular strategy used to provide an efficient period-instantaneous primary supply voltage VX correlation depends on a number of operational factors such as the component values of a power control system, such aspower control system 400, operational frequencies, and power delivered to load 112.FIGS. 9-13 illustrate a variety of strategies that provide efficient period-instantaneous primary supply voltage VX correlation. Other period-instantaneous primary supply voltage VX correlation strategies that inversely relate a trend of the switch control signal CS1 period and the instantaneous primary supply voltage VX can be used is a matter of design choice based, for example, on operational parameters of a power control system. -
FIG. 9 depicts efficient period-instantaneous primary supply voltage VX correlation strategy 900. The period TT decreases linearly from primary supply voltage VX equal to 0 to primary supply voltage VX equal to 0.75·√2·VX— RMS and remains constant until primary supply voltage VX equals √2·VX— RMS. The constant period TT above voltage VB sets an upper limit on the switching frequency of switch control signal CS1 to, for example, prevent excessive switching losses ofswitch 108. -
FIG. 10 depicts efficient period-instantaneous primary supply voltage VX correlation strategy 1000. The efficient period-instantaneous primary supply voltage VX correlation strategy 1000 maintains a constant switch control signal CSi period TT until primary supply RMS voltage VX— RMS equals 0.25·√2·VX— RMS, decreases linearly thereafter until primary supply RMS voltage VX— RMS equals 0.75·√2·VX— RMS, and then remains constant until primary supply RMS voltage VX— RMS equals √2·VX— RMS. The constant period TT above voltage VA sets an upper limit for the switching frequency of switch control signal CS1 to, for example, prevent excessive switching losses ofswitch 108. The constant period TT below voltage VB sets a lower limit on the switching frequency ofswitch 108 to, for example, avoid frequencies in a human audible frequency band. -
FIG. 11 depicts efficient period-instantaneous primary supply voltage VX correlation strategy 1100. The efficient period-instantaneous primary supply voltage VX correlation strategy 1100 is a step function, and, thus, period TT need only be determined upon the transition from step to step. -
FIG. 12 depicts efficient period-instantaneous primary supply voltage VX correlation strategy 1200. The efficient period-instantaneous primary supply voltage VX correlation strategy 1200 initially increases as primary supply RMS voltage VX— RMS increases from 0 and then nonlinearly decreases as primary supply voltage VX approaches √2·VX— RMS. Even though efficient period-instantaneous primary supply voltage VX correlation strategy 1200 briefly increases, efficient period-instantaneous primary supply voltage VX correlation strategy 1200 causes the period TT of the switch control signal CS1 to trend inversely to the instantaneous primary supply voltage VX. In at least one embodiment, the efficient period-instantaneous primary supply voltage VX correlation strategy 1200 causes theinductor 110 to get close to saturation. -
FIG. 13 depicts efficient period-instantaneous primary supply voltage VX correlation strategy 1300. The efficient period-instantaneous primary supply voltage VX correlation strategy 1300 generally follows a decreases quadratically until primary supply voltage VX equals √2·VX— RMS. - The particular period-power transfer correlation strategy used by efficient control
signal period generator 408 is a matter of design choice and can be tailored to meet, for example, efficiency, power factor correction, computation complexity, and component characteristics. In the preferred embodiment,period generator 408 is implemented in digital logic and receives digitized representations of input values. The efficient controlsignal period generator 408 can generate the switch control signal CS1 period TT in any of a number of ways. For example, the period-instantaneous primary supply voltage VX strategy used by control signal periodgeneration strategy module 802 can be stored as an algorithm, and control signal periodgeneration strategy module 802 can determine the switch control signal CS1 period TT in accordance with the algorithm. In another embodiment, the period-power transfer correlation strategy can be stored in an optional memory 816. In at least one embodiment, the memory 816 includes a look-up table that correlates values of the period TT and values of primary supply voltage VX. The control signal periodgeneration strategy module 802 can then retrieve the value of period TT based on the value of primary supply voltage VX. - In at least one embodiment, the PFC and
output voltage controller 800 is implemented as a programmable PFC and output voltage controller as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/967,275, entitled “Programmable Power Control System”, filing date Dec. 31, 2007, assignee Cirrus Logic, Inc., and inventor John L. Melanson. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/967,275 includes exemplary systems and methods and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. As the optimum period depends upon the design choice of switching components, allowing programmability of the efficient period control algorithm allows each design to be optimized for efficiency while utilizing the same integrated circuit embodiment of PFC andoutput voltage controller 800. -
FIG. 14 depicts nonlinear delta-sigma modulator 1400, which represents one embodiment of nonlinear delta-sigma modulator 812. The nonlinear delta-sigma modulator 1400 models a nonlinear power transfer process of switchingpower converter 402. The nonlinear power transfer process of switchingpower converter 402 can be modeled as a square function, x2. Nonlinear delta-sigma modulator 1400 includes a nonlinearsystem feedback model 1402 represented by x2. The output offeedback model 1402 is the square of delay-by-one quantizer output signal T1, i.e. [T1(n−1]2.Delay z −1 1406 represents a delay-by-one of quantizer output signal T1. Negative [T1(n−1)]2 is added to T1 2 byadder 1412. The nonlinear delta-sigma modulator 1400 includes acompensation module 1404 that is separate fromquantizer 1408. Thenonlinearity compensation module 1404 processes output signal u(n) of theloop filter 1410 with a square root function x1/2 to compensate for nonlinearities introduced by thenonlinear feedback model 1402. The output c(n) ofcompensation module 1404 is quantized byquantizer 1408 to generate pulse width T1 for switch control signal CS1. -
FIG. 15 depicts a proportional integrator (PI)compensator 1500, which represents one embodiment of loadpower demand estimator 803. ThePI compensator 1500 generates the load power demand signal K. The load power demand signal K varies as the difference between a reference voltage VREF and the output voltage VC, as represented by error signal ev fromerror generator 1501, varies. The reference signal VREF is set to a desired value of output voltage VC. ThePI compensator 1500 includes anintegral signal path 1502 and aproportional signal path 1504. Theintegral signal path 1502 includes anintegrator 1506 to integrate the error signal ev, and again module 1508 to multiply the integral of error signal ev by a gain factor g2 and generate the integrated output signal IPW. Theproportional path 1504 includes again module 1510 to multiply the error signal ev by a gain factor g1 and generate the proportional output signal PPW. Adder 1512 adds the integrated output signal IPW and the proportional output signal PPW to generate the load power demand signal K. - The values of gain factors g1 and g2 are a matter of design choice. The gain factors g1 and g2 affect the responsiveness of PFC and
output voltage controller 406. Exemplary values of gain factors g1 and g2 are set forth in the emulation code of FIGS. 8-31 of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/967,269, entitled “Power Control System Using a Nonlinear Delta-Sigma Modulator with Nonlinear Power Conversion Process Modeling”, filed Dec. 31, 2007, assignee Cirrus Logic, Inc., and inventor John L. Melanson. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/967,269 describes exemplary systems and methods and is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Faster response times of the PFC andoutput voltage controller 406 allow the switch control signal CS1 to more rapidly adjust to minimize the error signal ev. If the response is too slow, then the output voltage VC may fail to track changes in power demand ofload 112 and, thus, fail to maintain an approximately constant value. If the response is too fast, then the output voltage VC may react to minor, brief fluctuations in the power demand ofload 112. Such fast reactions could cause oscillations in PFC andoutput voltage controller 406, damage or reduce the longevity of components, or both. The particular rate of response byproportional integrator 1500 is a design choice. -
FIGS. 16 and 17 depict respective exemplary embodiments ofRMS value generator 804. The RMS value of primary supply voltage VX is the square root of the average of the squares of primary supply voltage VX.RMS value generator 1600 receives a set {VX} samples of primary supply voltage VX during a cycle of primary supply voltage VX and squaringmodule 1602 squares each sample of primary supply voltage to determine a set {VX 2}.Low pass filter 1604 determines a mean VX— MEAN 2 of the set {VX 2}.Square root module 1606 determines the square root of VX— MEAN 2 to determine the primary supply RMS voltage VX— RMS. - The
RMS value generator 1700 receives the primary supply voltage VX andpeak detector 1702 determines a peak value VX— PEAK of primary supply voltage VX. Since primary supply voltage VX is a sine wave in at least one embodiment, multiplying VX— PEAK by √2/2 withmultiplier 1704 generates primary supply RMS voltage VX— RMS. In at least one embodiment, as the exact value of VX— PEAK is not critical, the determination of VX— PEAK byRMS value generator 1700 is generally adequate. -
FIG. 18 depicts a PFC andoutput voltage controller 1800 that represents one embodiment of PFC andoutput voltage controller 406. In at least one embodiment, multi-way function control signal periodgeneration strategy module 1802 determines the period TT of switch control signal CS1 as a one-way, two-way, or three-way function of the Period Determination Variables. As primary supply RMS voltage VX— RMS increases the average input current, and hence the average inductor current iL required to supply a given amount of power decreases. For example, for primary supply RMS voltage VX— RMS=120V, to supply 30 watts of power, the input equals 250 mA, i.e. P=V·I. For primary supply RMS voltage VX— RMS=240V, to supply 30 watts of power, the RMS inductor current iL— RMS equals 125 mA. Thus, the period TT of switch control signal CS1 can be increased with increasing values of primary supply RMS voltage VX— RMS, which decreases the frequency of switch control signal CS1. Decreasing the frequency of switch control signal CS1 increases the efficiency ofpower control system 400. In at least one embodiment, PFC andoutput voltage controller 1800 functions the same way as PFC andoutput voltage controller 800 except thestrategy module 1802 determines the period TT of switch control signal CS1 as a one-way, two-way, or three-way function of the Period Determination Variables. -
FIGS. 19 , 20, and 21 depict respective efficientperiod determination strategies FIG. 19 , the estimated power delivered to load 112 is greater than half (>50%) of a maximum deliverable power to load 112. As the value of primary supply RMS voltage VX— RMS increases,period determination strategy 1900 increases the value of period TT for a given primary supply RMS voltage VX— RMS value. Additionally, the period TT also trends inversely relative to the instantaneous primary supply voltage VX. Theperiod determination strategy 1900 represents one embodiment of an efficient period determination strategy that can be utilized by the VX— RMS based efficient control signal periodgeneration strategy module 1802. The period-power transfer correlation strategies ofFIGS. 10-13 can also be utilized by VX— RMS based efficient control signal periodgeneration strategy module 1802 by increasing the period TT of switch control signal CS1 with increasing values of primary supply RMS voltage VX— RMS. -
FIG. 20 depicts an efficientperiod determination strategy 2000 that represents a three-way function of the Period Determination Variables. The estimated power delivered to load 112 ranges from greater than 20% to 50% of a maximum deliverable power to load 112. As the value of primary supply RMS voltage VX— RMS increases,period determination strategy 2000 increases the value of period TT for a given primary supply RMS voltage VX— RMS value. Additionally, the period TT also trends inversely relative to the instantaneous primary supply voltage VX. Theperiod determination strategy 2000 represents one embodiment of an efficient period determination strategy that can be utilized by the VX— RMS based efficient control signal periodgeneration strategy module 1802. The period-power transfer correlation strategies ofFIGS. 10-13 can also be utilized by VX— RMS based efficient control signal periodgeneration strategy module 1802 by increasing the period TT of switch control signal CS1 with increasing values of primary supply RMS voltage VX— RMS. -
FIG. 21 depicts an efficientperiod determination strategy 2100 that represents a three-way function of the instantaneous voltage levels of the Period Determination Variables. The estimated power delivered to load 112 ranges from 0% to 20% of a maximum deliverable power to load 112. As the value of primary supply RMS voltage VX— RMS increases,period determination strategy 2000 increases the value of period TT for a given primary supply RMS voltage VX— RMS value. For primary supply RMS voltage VX— RMS equal to 240V, if the relationship between period TT and the instantaneous primary supply voltage VX at √2·240 at a constant rate as primary supply RMS voltage VX— RMS decreased, the period TT would be 80 micro seconds at instantaneous primary supply voltage VX equal 0 V. However, to keep the frequency ofswitch 108 above 20 kHz, the upper limit of the human audible frequency band,period determination strategy 2100 limits a maximum period TT to 50 micro seconds, i.e. 20 kHz. Additionally, the period TT also trends inversely relative to the instantaneous primary supply voltage VX. Theperiod determination strategy 2100 represents one embodiment of an efficient period determination strategy that can be utilized by the VX— RMS based efficient control signal periodgeneration strategy module 1802. The period-power transfer correlation strategies ofFIGS. 10-13 can also be utilized by VX— RMS based efficient control signal periodgeneration strategy module 1802 by increasing the period TT of switch control signal CS1 with increasing values of primary supply RMS voltage VX— RMS. -
FIGS. 19-21 taken together depict an exemplary function of the period of the switch control signal switch control signal CS1 trending inversely to estimated power delivered to load 112. Although a particular embodiment of the estimated power delivered to load 112 and the period TT of switch control signal CS1 is depicted, the particular relationship where the period TT of switch control signal CS1 varies inversely to the estimated power delivered to load 112 is a matter of design choice. Additionally,FIGS. 19-21 can be used to as a two-way function of (i) the primary supply voltage VX and (ii) the primary supply RMS voltage VX— RMS, while providing power factor correction (PFC) if the estimated power delivered to load 112 is held constant. Additionally,FIGS. 19-21 can be used as a one-way function of the primary supply RMS voltage VX— RMS, while providing power factor correction (PFC) by using only inverse relationships between the primary supply RMS voltage VX— RMS and the period TT of switch control signal CS1. - Thus, PFC and
output voltage controller 406 achieves an efficient correlation between the switching period with associated switching losses and (i) the instantaneous power transferred to the switching power converter, (ii) the primary supply voltage VX, and/or (iii) the primary supply RMS voltage VX— RMS, while providing power factor correction (PFC). - Although the present invention has been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made hereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims (2)
1. A system comprising:
a controller to generate a switch control signal to control conductivity of a switch included in a switching power converter, wherein controlling conductivity of the switch causes an input current to the switching power converter to vary in approximate proportion to a time varying voltage source signal supplied to the switching power converter, wherein the controller comprises:
a period generator to determine a period of the switch control signal so that the period of the switch control signal varies in accordance with at least one of:
(i) the period of the switch control signal trends inversely to estimated power delivered to a load coupled to the switching power converter;
(ii) the period of the switch control signal trends inversely to instantaneous voltage levels of the time-varying voltage source signal; and
(iii) the period of the switch control signal trends directly with a line voltage level of the time-varying voltage source signal; and
a pulse width generator to determine a pulse width of the switch control signal in response to at least one of: (i) the determined period of the switch control signal, (ii) the instantaneous voltage levels of the voltage source signal, and (iii) a voltage level of the output voltage signal of the switching power converter.
2.-26. (canceled)
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US12/986,761 US20110103111A1 (en) | 2007-05-02 | 2011-01-07 | Switching Power Converter With Efficient Switching Control Signal Period Generation |
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US12/107,613 Active 2028-07-21 US7821237B2 (en) | 2007-05-02 | 2008-04-22 | Power factor correction (PFC) controller and method using a finite state machine to adjust the duty cycle of a PWM control signal |
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US11/967,272 Active 2029-01-14 US7888922B2 (en) | 2007-05-02 | 2007-12-31 | Power factor correction controller with switch node feedback |
US11/967,271 Expired - Fee Related US8040703B2 (en) | 2007-03-12 | 2007-12-31 | Power factor correction controller with feedback reduction |
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