US20110128307A1 - Method and device for manipulating color in a display - Google Patents
Method and device for manipulating color in a display Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20110128307A1 US20110128307A1 US13/025,870 US201113025870A US2011128307A1 US 20110128307 A1 US20110128307 A1 US 20110128307A1 US 201113025870 A US201113025870 A US 201113025870A US 2011128307 A1 US2011128307 A1 US 2011128307A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- spectral
- light
- display
- spectral peak
- width
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B26/00—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements
- G02B26/001—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements based on interference in an adjustable optical cavity
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
Definitions
- the field of the invention relates to microelectromechanical systems (MEMS).
- MEMS microelectromechanical systems
- Microelectromechanical systems include micro mechanical elements, actuators, and electronics. Micromechanical elements may be created using deposition, etching, and or other micromachining processes that etch away parts of substrates and/or deposited material layers or that add layers to form electrical and electromechanical devices.
- One type of MEMS device is called an interferometric modulator.
- interferometric modulator or interferometric light modulator refers to a device that selectively absorbs and/or reflects light using the principles of optical interference.
- an interferometric modulator may comprise a pair of conductive plates, one or both of which may be transparent and/or reflective in whole or part and capable of relative motion upon application of an appropriate electrical signal.
- one plate may comprise a stationary layer deposited on a substrate and the other plate may comprise a metallic membrane separated from the stationary layer by an air gap.
- the position of one plate in relation to another can change the optical interference of light incident on the interferometric modulator.
- Such devices have a wide range of applications, and it would be beneficial in the art to utilize and/or modify the characteristics of these types of devices so that their features can be exploited in improving existing products and creating new products that have not yet been developed.
- One embodiment includes a display.
- the display includes at least one interferometric modulator configured to selectively reflect light having a characteristic color.
- the modulator has a spectral response characterized by a first spectral peak.
- the display further includes at least one color filter having a spectral response characterized by a second spectral peak.
- the filter is configured to filter the selectively reflected light to output light characterized by a third spectral peak.
- the third spectral peak has a spectral width that is narrower than the spectral width of the first spectral peak.
- Another embodiment includes a method of making a display.
- the method includes forming at least one interferometric modulator configured to selectively reflect light having a characteristic color.
- the modulator has a spectral response characterized by a first spectral peak.
- the method further includes forming at least one color filter having a spectral response characterized by a second spectral peak.
- the filter is formed so as to filter the selectively reflected light to output light characterized by a third spectral peak.
- the third spectral peak has a spectral width that is substantially equal to or narrower than the spectral width of the first spectral peak.
- the display includes means for selectively reflecting light having a characteristic color.
- the reflecting means has a spectral response characterized by a first spectral peak.
- the display further includes means for selectively filtering and transmitting light.
- the filtering means has a spectral response characterized by a second spectral peak such that the filtering means transmits colored light when illuminated by white light.
- the filtering means is configured to filter the selectively reflected light to output light characterized by a third spectral peak.
- the third spectral peak has a spectral width that is substantially equal to or narrower than the spectral width of the first spectral peak.
- the display includes at least one interferometric modulator configured to selectively reflect light having a characteristic color.
- the modulator has a spectral response characterized by a first spectral peak.
- the display further includes at least one source of colored light having a spectral response characterized by a second spectral peak.
- the light source is configured to illuminate the modulator so that the selectively reflected light is characterized by a third spectral peak.
- the third spectral peak has a spectral width that is narrower than the spectral width of the first spectral peak.
- the display includes means for selectively reflecting light having a characteristic color.
- the reflecting means has a spectral response characterized by a first spectral peak.
- the display further includes means for illuminating the means for selectively reflecting light with colored light having a spectral response characterized by a second spectral peak so as to output light characterized by a third spectral peak.
- the third spectral peak has a spectral width that is substantially equal to or narrower than the spectral width of the first spectral peak.
- the display includes at least one interferometric modulator configured to selectively reflect light having a characteristic color.
- the modulator has a spectral response characterized by a first spectral peak.
- the display further includes a photoluminescent material configured to emit colored light having a spectral distribution characterized by a second spectral peak that has a spectral width that is substantially equal to or narrower than the spectral width of the first spectral peak.
- Another embodiment includes a method of making a display.
- the method includes forming at least one interferometric modulator configured to selectively reflect light having a characteristic color.
- the modulator has a spectral response characterized by a first spectral peak.
- the method further includes forming a layer including photoluminescent material configured to absorb light and emit colored light characterized by a second spectral peak.
- the emitted light is modulated by the at least one modulator so as to output light characterized by a third spectral peak.
- the third spectral peak has a spectral width that is substantially equal to or narrower than the spectral width of the first spectral peak.
- Another embodiment includes a display.
- the display includes means for selectively reflecting light having a characteristic color.
- the means having a spectral response characterized by a first spectral peak.
- the display further includes means for emitting colored light characterized by a second spectral peak.
- the emitted light is modulated by the at least one modulator so as to output light characterized by a third spectral peak.
- the third spectral peak has a spectral width that is substantially equal to or narrower than the spectral width of the first spectral peak.
- FIG. 1 is an isometric view depicting a portion of one embodiment of an interferometric modulator display in which a movable reflective layer of a first interferometric modulator is in a relaxed position and a movable reflective layer of a second interferometric modulator is in an actuated position.
- FIG. 2 is a system block diagram illustrating one embodiment of an electronic device incorporating a 3 ⁇ 3 interferometric modulator display.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram of movable mirror position versus applied voltage for one exemplary embodiment of an interferometric modulator of FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 4 is an illustration of a set of row and column voltages that may be used to drive an interferometric modulator display.
- FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate one exemplary timing diagram for row and column signals that may be used to write a frame of display data to the 3 ⁇ 3 interferometric modulator display of FIG. 2 .
- FIGS. 6A and 6B are system block diagrams illustrating an embodiment of a visual display device comprising a plurality of interferometric modulators.
- FIG. 7A is a cross section of the device of FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 7B is a cross section of an alternative embodiment of an interferometric modulator.
- FIG. 7C is a cross section of another alternative embodiment of an interferometric modulator.
- FIG. 7D is a cross section of yet another alternative embodiment of an interferometric modulator.
- FIG. 7E is a cross section of an additional alternative embodiment of an interferometric modulator.
- FIG. 8 is a graphical diagram that illustrates the spectral response of an exemplary display that includes the interferometric modulator viewed through a wavelength filter.
- FIG. 9 is a graphical diagram that illustrates the spectral response of another exemplary display that includes the interferometric modulator 12 viewed through a wavelength filter.
- FIG. 10 a side cross-sectional view of an exemplary display that includes an interferometric modulator and a wavelength filter.
- FIG. 11 is a partial schematic diagram that illustrates an exemplary color display that includes one or more narrow band illumination sources.
- FIG. 12 a side cross-sectional view of another exemplary display that includes the interferometric modulator and a light producing layer that includes photoluminescent material.
- FIG. 13 is a side cross-sectional view of an exemplary display that includes the interferometric modulator and a light source.
- FIG. 14 is a front view of an exemplary display that includes several regions that each display an image in a different color.
- the embodiments may be implemented in or associated with a variety of electronic devices such as, but not limited to, mobile telephones, wireless devices, personal data assistants (PDAs), hand-held or portable computers, GPS receivers/navigators, cameras, MP3 players, camcorders, game consoles, wrist watches, clocks, calculators, television monitors, flat panel displays, computer monitors, auto displays (e.g., odometer display, etc.), cockpit controls and/or displays, display of camera views (e.g., display of a rear view camera in a vehicle), electronic photographs, electronic billboards or signs, projectors, architectural structures, packaging, and aesthetic structures (e.g., display of images on a piece of jewelry).
- MEMS devices of similar structure to those described herein can also be used in non-display applications such as in electronic switching devices.
- One embodiment is a display that includes color interferometric modulators in which light received by the modulators is filtered using a color or wavelength filter to increase the color gamut of the display by increasing the saturation of light output by the modulators.
- Another embodiment is a display that includes color interferometric modulators that are illuminated using light having a narrow spectral content that increases the saturation of light output by the modulators so as to improve the color gamut of the display.
- the illumination is provided by a photoluminescent material.
- Other embodiments include a display comprising separate regions or sections that output different predetermined colors of light.
- FIG. 1 One interferometric modulator display embodiment comprising an interferometric MEMS display element is illustrated in FIG. 1 .
- the pixels are in either a bright or dark state.
- the display element In the bright (“on” or “open”) state, the display element reflects a large portion of incident visible light to a user.
- the dark (“off” or “closed”) state When in the dark (“off” or “closed”) state, the display element reflects little incident visible light to the user.
- the light reflectance properties of the “on” and “off” states may be reversed.
- MEMS pixels can be configured to reflect predominantly at selected colors, allowing for a color display in addition to black and white.
- FIG. 1 is an isometric view depicting two adjacent pixels in a series of pixels of a visual display, wherein each pixel comprises a MEMS interferometric modulator.
- an interferometric modulator display comprises a row/column array of these interferometric modulators.
- Each interferometric modulator includes a pair of reflective layers positioned at a variable and controllable distance from each other to form a resonant optical cavity with at least one variable dimension.
- one of the reflective layers may be moved between two positions. In the first position, referred to herein as the relaxed position, the movable reflective layer is positioned at a relatively large distance from a fixed partially reflective layer.
- the movable reflective layer In the second position, referred to herein as the actuated position, the movable reflective layer is positioned more closely adjacent to the partially reflective layer. Incident light that reflects from the two layers interferes constructively or destructively depending on the position of the movable reflective layer, producing either an overall reflective or non-reflective state for each pixel.
- the depicted portion of the pixel array in FIG. 1 includes two adjacent interferometric modulators 12 a and 12 b .
- a movable reflective layer 14 a is illustrated in a relaxed position at a predetermined distance from an optical stack 16 a , which includes a partially reflective layer.
- the movable reflective layer 14 b is illustrated in an actuated position adjacent to the optical stack 16 b.
- optical stack 16 typically comprise of several fused layers, which can include an electrode layer, such as indium tin oxide (ITO), a partially reflective layer, such as chromium, and a transparent dielectric.
- ITO indium tin oxide
- the optical stack 16 is thus electrically conductive, partially transparent and partially reflective, and may be fabricated, for example, by depositing one or more of the above layers onto a transparent substrate 20 .
- the layers are patterned into parallel strips, and may form row electrodes in a display device as described further below.
- the movable reflective layers 14 a , 14 b may be formed as a series of parallel strips of a deposited metal layer or layers (orthogonal to the row electrodes of 16 a , 16 b ) deposited on top of posts 18 and an intervening sacrificial material deposited between the posts 18 . When the sacrificial material is etched away, the movable reflective layers 14 a , 14 b are separated from the optical stacks 16 a , 16 b by a defined gap 19 .
- a highly conductive and reflective material such as aluminum may be used for the reflective layers 14 , and these strips may form column electrodes in a display device.
- the cavity 19 remains between the movable reflective layer 14 a and optical stack 16 a , with the movable reflective layer 14 a in a mechanically relaxed state, as illustrated by the pixel 12 a in FIG. 1 .
- a potential difference is applied to a selected row and column, the capacitor formed at the intersection of the row and column electrodes at the corresponding pixel becomes charged, and electrostatic forces pull the electrodes together.
- the movable reflective layer 14 is deformed and is forced against the optical stack 16 .
- a dielectric layer within the optical stack 16 may prevent shorting and control the separation distance between layers 14 and 16 , as illustrated by pixel 12 b on the right in FIG. 1 .
- the behavior is the same regardless of the polarity of the applied potential difference. In this way, row/column actuation that can control the reflective vs. non-reflective pixel states is analogous in many ways to that used in conventional LCD and other display technologies.
- FIGS. 2 through 5 illustrate one exemplary process and system for using an array of interferometric modulators in a display application.
- FIG. 2 is a system block diagram illustrating one embodiment of an electronic device that may incorporate aspects of the invention.
- the electronic device includes a processor 21 which may be any general purpose single- or multi-chip microprocessor such as an ARM, Pentium®, Pentium II®, Pentium III®, Pentium IV®, Pentium® Pro, an 8051, a MIPS®, a Power PC®, an ALPHA®, or any special purpose microprocessor such as a digital signal processor, microcontroller, or a programmable gate array.
- the processor 21 may be configured to execute one or more software modules.
- the processor may be configured to execute one or more software applications, including a web browser, a telephone application, an email program, or any other software application.
- the processor 21 is also configured to communicate with an array driver 22 .
- the array driver 22 includes a row driver circuit 24 and a column driver circuit 26 that provide signals to a display array or panel 30 .
- the cross section of the array illustrated in FIG. 1 is shown by the lines 1 - 1 in FIG. 2 .
- the row/column actuation protocol may take advantage of a hysteresis property of these devices illustrated in FIG. 3 . It may require, for example, a 10 volt potential difference to cause a movable layer to deform from the relaxed state to the actuated state. However, when the voltage is reduced from that value, the movable layer maintains its state as the voltage drops back below 10 volts.
- the movable layer does not relax completely until the voltage drops below 2 volts.
- There is thus a range of voltage, about 3 to 7 V in the example illustrated in FIG. 3 where there exists a window of applied voltage within which the device is stable in either the relaxed or actuated state. This is referred to herein as the “hysteresis window” or “stability window.”
- hysteresis window or “stability window.”
- the row/column actuation protocol can be designed such that during row strobing, pixels in the strobed row that are to be actuated are exposed to a voltage difference of about 10 volts, and pixels that are to be relaxed are exposed to a voltage difference of close to zero volts. After the strobe, the pixels are exposed to a steady state voltage difference of about 5 volts such that they remain in whatever state the row strobe put them in. After being written, each pixel sees a potential difference within the “stability window” of 3-7 volts in this example. This feature makes the pixel design illustrated in FIG. 1 stable under the same applied voltage conditions in either an actuated or relaxed pre-existing state.
- each pixel of the interferometric modulator is essentially a capacitor formed by the fixed and moving reflective layers, this stable state can be held at a voltage within the hysteresis window with almost no power dissipation. Essentially no current flows into the pixel if the applied potential is fixed.
- a display frame may be created by asserting the set of column electrodes in accordance with the desired set of actuated pixels in the first row.
- a row pulse is then applied to the row 1 electrode, actuating the pixels corresponding to the asserted column lines.
- the asserted set of column electrodes is then changed to correspond to the desired set of actuated pixels in the second row.
- a pulse is then applied to the row 2 electrode, actuating the appropriate pixels in row 2 in accordance with the asserted column electrodes.
- the row 1 pixels are unaffected by the row 2 pulse, and remain in the state they were set to during the row 1 pulse. This may be repeated for the entire series of rows in a sequential fashion to produce the frame.
- the frames are refreshed and/or updated with new display data by continually repeating this process at some desired number of frames per second.
- protocols for driving row and column electrodes of pixel arrays to produce display frames are also well known and may be used in conjunction with the present invention.
- FIGS. 4 and 5 illustrate one possible actuation protocol for creating a display frame on the 3 ⁇ 3 array of FIG. 2 .
- FIG. 4 illustrates a possible set of column and row voltage levels that may be used for pixels exhibiting the hysteresis curves of FIG. 3 .
- actuating a pixel involves setting the appropriate column to ⁇ V bias , and the appropriate row to + ⁇ V, which may correspond to ⁇ 5 volts and +5 volts respectively Relaxing the pixel is accomplished by setting the appropriate column to +V bias , and the appropriate row to the same + ⁇ V, producing a zero volt potential difference across the pixel.
- the pixels are stable in whatever state they were originally in, regardless of whether the column is at +V bias , or ⁇ V bias .
- voltages of opposite polarity than those described above can be used, e.g., actuating a pixel can involve setting the appropriate column to +V bias , and the appropriate row to ⁇ V.
- releasing the pixel is accomplished by setting the appropriate column to ⁇ V bias , and the appropriate row to the same ⁇ V, producing a zero volt potential difference across the pixel.
- FIG. 5B is a timing diagram showing a series of row and column signals applied to the 3 ⁇ 3 array of FIG. 2 which will result in the display arrangement illustrated in FIG. 5A , where actuated pixels are non-reflective.
- the pixels Prior to writing the frame illustrated in FIG. 5A , the pixels can be in any state, and in this example, all the rows are at 0 volts, and all the columns are at +5 volts. With these applied voltages, all pixels are stable in their existing actuated or relaxed states.
- pixels (1,1), (1,2), (2,2), (3,2) and (3,3) are actuated.
- columns 1 and 2 are set to ⁇ 5 volts
- column 3 is set to +5 volts. This does not change the state of any pixels, because all the pixels remain in the 3-7 volt stability window.
- Row 1 is then strobed with a pulse that goes from 0, up to 5 volts, and back to zero. This actuates the (1,1) and (1,2) pixels and relaxes the (1,3) pixel. No other pixels in the array are affected.
- column 2 is set to ⁇ 5 volts
- columns 1 and 3 are set to +5 volts.
- Row 3 is similarly set by setting columns 2 and 3 to ⁇ 5 volts, and column 1 to +5 volts.
- the row 3 strobe sets the row 3 pixels as shown in FIG. 5A .
- the row potentials are zero, and the column potentials can remain at either +5 or ⁇ 5 volts, and the display is then stable in the arrangement of FIG. 5A . It will be appreciated that the same procedure can be employed for arrays of dozens or hundreds of rows and columns.
- FIGS. 6A and 6B are system block diagrams illustrating an embodiment of a display device 40 .
- the display device 40 can be, for example, a cellular or mobile telephone.
- the same components of display device 40 or slight variations thereof are also illustrative of various types of display devices such as televisions and portable media players.
- the display device 40 includes a housing 41 , a display 30 , an antenna 43 , a speaker 44 , an input device 48 , and a microphone 46 .
- the housing 41 is generally formed from any of a variety of manufacturing processes as are well known to those of skill in the art, including injection molding, and vacuum forming.
- the housing 41 may be made from any of a variety of materials, including but not limited to plastic, metal, glass, rubber, and ceramic, or a combination thereof.
- the housing 41 includes removable portions (not shown) that may be interchanged with other removable portions of different color, or containing different logos, pictures, or symbols.
- the display 30 of exemplary display device 40 may be any of a variety of displays, including a bi-stable display, as described herein.
- the display 30 includes a flat-panel display, such as plasma, EL, OLED, STN LCD, or TFT LCD as described above, or a non-flat-panel display, such as a CRT or other tube device, as is well known to those of skill in the art.
- the display 30 includes an interferometric modulator display, as described herein.
- the components of one embodiment of exemplary display device 40 are schematically illustrated in FIG. 6B .
- the illustrated exemplary display device 40 includes a housing 41 and can include additional components at least partially enclosed therein.
- the exemplary display device 40 includes a network interface 27 that includes an antenna 43 which is coupled to a transceiver 47 .
- the transceiver 47 is connected to a processor 21 , which is connected to conditioning hardware 52 .
- the conditioning hardware 52 may be configured to condition a signal (e.g. filter a signal).
- the conditioning hardware 52 is connected to a speaker 45 and a microphone 46 .
- the processor 21 is also connected to an input device 48 and a driver controller 29 .
- the driver controller 29 is coupled to a frame buffer 28 , and to an array driver 22 , which in turn is coupled to a display array 30 .
- a power supply 50 provides power to all components as required by the particular exemplary display device 40 design.
- the network interface 27 includes the antenna 43 and the transceiver 47 so that the exemplary display device 40 can communicate with one or more devices over a network. In one embodiment the network interface 27 may also have some processing capabilities to relieve requirements of the processor 21 .
- the antenna 43 is any antenna known to those of skill in the art for transmitting and receiving signals. In one embodiment, the antenna transmits and receives RF signals according to the IEEE 802.11 standard, including IEEE 802.11(a), (b), or (g). In another embodiment, the antenna transmits and receives RF signals according to the BLUETOOTH standard. In the case of a cellular telephone, the antenna is designed to receive CDMA, GSM, AMPS or other known signals that are used to communicate within a wireless cell phone network.
- the transceiver 47 pre-processes the signals received from the antenna 43 so that they may be received by and further manipulated by the processor 21 .
- the transceiver 47 also processes signals received from the processor 21 so that they may be transmitted from the exemplary display device 40 via the antenna 43 .
- the transceiver 47 can be replaced by a receiver.
- network interface 27 can be replaced by an image source, which can store or generate image data to be sent to the processor 21 .
- the image source can be a digital video disc (DVD) or a hard-disc drive that contains image data, or a software module that generates image data.
- Processor 21 generally controls the overall operation of the exemplary display device 40 .
- the processor 21 receives data, such as compressed image data from the network interface 27 or an image source, and processes the data into raw image data or into a format that is readily processed into raw image data.
- the processor 21 then sends the processed data to the driver controller 29 or to frame buffer 28 for storage.
- Raw data typically refers to the information that identifies the image characteristics at each location within an image. For example, such image characteristics can include color, saturation, and gray-scale level.
- the processor 21 includes a microcontroller, CPU, or logic unit to control operation of the exemplary display device 40 .
- Conditioning hardware 52 generally includes amplifiers and filters for transmitting signals to the speaker 45 , and for receiving signals from the microphone 46 .
- Conditioning hardware 52 may be discrete components within the exemplary display device 40 , or may be incorporated within the processor 21 or other components.
- the driver controller 29 takes the raw image data generated by the processor 21 either directly from the processor 21 or from the frame buffer 28 and reformats the raw image data appropriately for high speed transmission to the array driver 22 . Specifically, the driver controller 29 reformats the raw image data into a data flow having a raster-like format, such that it has a time order suitable for scanning across the display array 30 . Then the driver controller 29 sends the formatted information to the array driver 22 .
- a driver controller 29 such as a LCD controller, is often associated with the system processor 21 as a stand-alone Integrated Circuit (IC), such controllers may be implemented in many ways. They may be embedded in the processor 21 as hardware, embedded in the processor 21 as software, or fully integrated in hardware with the array driver 22 .
- the array driver 22 receives the formatted information from the driver controller 29 and reformats the video data into a parallel set of waveforms that are applied many times per second to the hundreds and sometimes thousands of leads coming from the display's x-y matrix of pixels.
- driver controller 29 is a conventional display controller or a bi-stable display controller (e.g., an interferometric modulator controller).
- array driver 22 is a conventional driver or a bi-stable display driver (e.g., an interferometric modulator display).
- a driver controller 29 is integrated with the array driver 22 .
- display array 30 is a typical display array or a bi-stable display array (e.g., a display including an array of interferometric modulators).
- the input device 48 allows a user to control the operation of the exemplary display device 40 .
- input device 48 includes a keypad, such as a QWERTY keyboard or a telephone keypad, a button, a switch, a touch-sensitive screen, a pressure- or heat-sensitive membrane.
- the microphone 46 is an input device for the exemplary display device 40 . When the microphone 46 is used to input data to the device, voice commands may be provided by a user for controlling operations of the exemplary display device 40 .
- Power supply 50 can include a variety of energy storage devices as are well known in the art.
- power supply 50 is a rechargeable battery, such as a nickel-cadmium battery or a lithium ion battery.
- power supply 50 is a renewable energy source, a capacitor, or a solar cell, including a plastic solar cell, and solar-cell paint.
- power supply 50 is configured to receive power from a wall outlet.
- control programmability resides, as described above, in a driver controller which can be located in several places in the electronic display system. In some cases control programmability resides in the array driver 22 . Those of skill in the art will recognize that the above-described optimization may be implemented in any number of hardware and/or software components and in various configurations.
- FIGS. 7A-7E illustrate five different embodiments of the movable reflective layer 14 and its supporting structures.
- FIG. 7A is a cross section of the embodiment of FIG. 1 , where a strip of metal material 14 is deposited on orthogonally extending supports 18 .
- FIG. 7B the moveable reflective layer 14 is attached to supports at the corners only, on tethers 32 .
- FIG. 7C the moveable reflective layer 14 is suspended from a deformable layer 34 , which may comprise a flexible metal.
- the deformable layer 34 connects, directly or indirectly, to the substrate 20 around the perimeter of the deformable layer 34 .
- connection posts are herein referred to as support posts.
- the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 7D has support post plugs 42 upon which the deformable layer 34 rests.
- the movable reflective layer 14 remains suspended over the cavity, as in FIGS. 7A-7C , but the deformable layer 34 does not form the support posts by filling holes between the deformable layer 34 and the optical stack 16 . Rather, the support posts are formed of a planarization material, which is used to form support post plugs 42 .
- the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 7E is based on the embodiment shown in FIG. 7D , but may also be adapted to work with any of the embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 7A-7C as well as additional embodiments not shown. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 7E , an extra layer of metal or other conductive material has been used to form a bus structure 44 . This allows signal routing along the back of the interferometric modulators, eliminating a number of electrodes that may otherwise have had to be formed on the substrate 20 .
- the interferometric modulators function as direct-view devices, in which images are viewed from the front side of the transparent substrate 20 , the side opposite to that upon which the modulator is arranged.
- the reflective layer 14 optically shields the portions of the interferometric modulator on the side of the reflective layer opposite the substrate 20 , including the deformable layer 34 and the bus structure 44 . This allows the shielded areas to be configured and operated upon without negatively affecting the image quality.
- This separable modulator architecture allows the structural design and materials used for the electromechanical aspects and the optical aspects of the modulator to be selected and to function independently of each other.
- the modulator 12 (i.e., both modulators 12 a and 12 b ) includes an optical cavity formed between the reflective layers 14 (i.e., reflective layers 14 a and 14 b ) and 16 (reflective layers 16 a and 16 b , respectively).
- the characteristic distance, or effective optical path length, d, of the optical cavity determines the resonant wavelengths, ⁇ , of the optical cavity and thus of the interferometric modulator 12 .
- a peak resonant visible wavelength, ⁇ , of the interferometric modulator 12 generally corresponds to the perceived color of light reflected by the modulator 12 .
- the optical path length d is equal to 1 ⁇ 2 N ⁇ , where N is an integer.
- the integer N may be referred to as the order of interference of the reflected light.
- the order of a modulator 12 also refers to the order N of light reflected by the modulator 12 when the reflective layer 14 is in at least one position.
- a first order red interferometric modulator 12 may have an optical path length d of about 325 nm, corresponding to a wavelength ⁇ of about 650 nm.
- a second order red interferometric modulator 12 may have an optical path length d of about 650 nm.
- the optical path length, d is substantially equal to the distance between the reflective layers that form the optical cavity of the interferometric modulators.
- the space between the reflective layers comprises only a gas (e.g., air) having an index of refraction of approximately 1
- the effective optical path length is substantially equal to the distance between the reflective layers.
- a layer of dielectric material in the optical path typically have an index of refraction greater than one.
- the optical cavity is formed to have the desired optical path length d by selecting both the distance between the reflective layers and the thickness and index of refraction of the dielectric layer, or of any other layers between the reflective layers.
- the optical path length d is equal to d 1 n 1 +d 2 n 2 , where d 1 is the thickness of dielectric layer, n 1 is the index of refraction of the dielectric layer and similarly d 2 is the thickness of air gap and n 2 is the index of refraction of the air gap.
- modulators 12 reflect light that has one or more spectral peaks when wavelength is plotted versus intensity.
- the perceived color of light produced by a modulator 12 depends on the number, spectral location, and spectral width of these peaks of the modulator 12 within the visible spectrum.
- the spectral width of such peaks may be characterized by a range of wavelengths at which the peak exceeds a particular threshold intensity, such as the half maximum of intensity of reflected light, e.g., the full width at half maximum.
- higher order modulators 12 reflect light over a narrower range of wavelengths, e.g., have a narrower peak or higher “Q” value, and thus produce colored light that is more saturated.
- the saturation of the modulators 12 that comprise a color pixel affects properties of a display such as the color gamut and white point of the display.
- the second order modulator 12 may be selected to have a different central peak optical wavelength.
- the modulators 12 may be formed so as to increase the color saturation of reflected light. Saturation is a measure of the narrowness of the distribution of output wavelengths of color light. A highly saturated hue has a vivid, intense color, while a less saturated hue appears more muted and pastel. For example, a laser, which produces a very narrow range of wavelengths, produces highly saturated light. Conversely, a typical incandescent light bulb produces white light that may have a desaturated red or blue color.
- the modulator 12 is formed with a distance d corresponding to higher order of interference, e.g., 2nd or 3rd order, to increase the saturation of reflected color light.
- An exemplary color display includes red, green, and blue display elements. Other colors are produced in such a display by varying the relative intensity of light produced by the red, green, and blue elements. Such mixtures of primary colors such as red, green, and blue are perceived by the human eye as other colors.
- the relative values of red, green, and blue in such a color system may be referred to as tristimulus values in reference to the stimulation of red, green, and blue light sensitive portions of the human eye.
- the range of colors that can be produced by a particular display may be referred to as the color gamut of the display. In general, increasing the saturation of the primary colors increases the color gamut, or range of colors that can be produced by the display. While an exemplary color system based on red, green, and blue are disclosed herein, in other embodiments, the display may include modulators 12 having sets of colors that define other color systems in terms of sets of primary colors other than red, green, and blue.
- an output spectral peak of a light modulator that is broad or wide will appear brighter than one that is narrow.
- the broader spectrum will appear brighter, it will also appear pastel in color, i.e., less saturated.
- the saturation of light output by a display that includes the interferometric modulator 12 is increased using a color filter.
- a display may include a color filter that is configured to output light having a wavelength response peak that is narrower than the visible light wavelength response peak of the modulator 12 .
- FIG. 8 is a graphical diagram that illustrates the spectral response of an exemplary display that includes the interferometric modulator 12 viewed through a wavelength filter.
- the vertical axis represents the total fraction of optical intensity of light incident on the interferometric modulator that is reflected by the interferometric modulator or transmitted by the wavelength filter when illuminated by white light.
- the modulator 12 is configured to reflect light that is perceived as a particular color when illuminated by white light.
- a trace 102 illustrates the spectral response of the interferometric modulator 12 when viewed without the wavelength filter.
- a trace 104 illustrates the spectral response of the wavelength filter in isolation.
- a trace 106 illustrates the spectral response of reflected light of an embodiment of a display that includes the wavelength filter and the interferometric modulator 12 .
- the trace 102 includes a single peak in the visible spectrum.
- the trace 104 includes a single peak in the visible spectrum that is narrower in width, and substantially centered within the peak defined by the trace 102 .
- the peak spectral response of the interferometric modulator 12 is substantially narrowed.
- the peak response of the combined optical system of the wavelength filter and the interferometric modulator is reduced to be similar in width to the width of the peak of the wavelength filter, which is smaller than the width of the peak spectral response of the modulator 12 in isolation.
- the narrower peaked response of the display provides more saturated colors and thereby an improved color gamut.
- the color gamut of the display may thus be adjusted without modifying the spectral response of the interferometric modulators 12 .
- FIG. 9 is a graphical diagram that illustrates the spectral response of another exemplary display that includes the interferometric modulator 12 viewed through a wavelength filter.
- the vertical axis represents the total fraction of optical intensity of light incident on the interferometric modulator that is reflected by the interferometric modulator or transmitted by the wavelength filter.
- a trace 102 illustrates the spectral response of the interferometric modulator 12 when viewed without the wavelength filter.
- a trace 108 illustrates the spectral response of the wavelength filter in isolation.
- a trace 108 illustrates the spectral response of reflected light of an embodiment of a display that includes the wavelength filter and the interferometric modulator 12 .
- the trace 102 includes a single peak in the visible spectrum.
- the trace 108 includes a single peak in the visible spectrum that is narrower in width than the trace 102 .
- the area under the trace 108 partially overlaps the area defined under the trace 102 , rather than fully overlapping the area under the trace 102 as in FIG. 8 .
- the peak spectral response of the interferometric modulator 12 is even more narrowed than the peak system response illustrated by the trace 106 of FIG. 8 .
- the peak response of the combined optical system of the wavelength filter and the interferometric modulator is narrower than even the peak of the wavelength filter.
- the spectral response of the combined optical system formed by the wavelength filter and the interferometric modulator 12 has a central peak spectral response that is shifted from the separate peak responses of the filter and interferometric modulator 12 .
- line A 1 indicates the approximate center of the peak response of the interferometric modulator 12 .
- Line A 2 indicates the shifted center of the peak response of the combined output of the modulator 12 and the filter.
- Such a filter may thus be employed to adjust both the saturation and the hue of the display by both narrowing and shifting the spectral profile of the spectral response of the system illustrated by the trace 110 relative to the spectral response of the modulator 12 as illustrated by the trace 102 .
- FIG. 10 a side cross-sectional view of an exemplary display that includes the interferometric modulator 12 and a wavelength filter 114 .
- the wavelength filter 114 is positioned with the substrate 20 between the filter 114 and the modulator 12 .
- the filter 114 may be positioned between the substrate 20 and the modulator 12 .
- the filter 114 includes one or more layers of light absorptive material that selectively transmit light having a spectral peak in the visible spectrum, such as illustrated by the traces 104 and 108 of FIGS. 8 and 9 , respectively.
- the materials may have two or more transmissive spectral peaks.
- a filter for a color display may have transmissive peaks in the red, green, and blue portions of the visible spectrum.
- the filter 114 comprises one or more layers of material that are deposited on a substrate, e.g., between one or more layers of the interferometric modulator 12 and the substrate 20 .
- the filter 114 may comprise a film that is deposited or applied to the substrate 20 . In one such embodiment, the filter applied so that the substrate 20 is between the 114 and the modulator 12 .
- the filter 114 includes an optical stack that defines one or more interference filters.
- an interference filter includes two partially reflective layers separated by one or more layers of dielectric material.
- the filter 114 includes a combination of interference and absorptive filters.
- the modulator 12 is effectively illuminated by a light source that is filtered by the wavelength filter 114 .
- a filtering effect is obtained by illuminating the interferometric modulator 12 with a narrow band light source.
- FIG. 11 is a partial schematic diagram that illustrates an exemplary color display that includes one or more narrow band illumination sources 132 a , 132 b , 132 c .
- red, green, and blue light sources 132 a , 132 b , and 132 c are positioned to illuminate red, green, and blue light modulators 12 a , 12 b , and 12 c .
- one or more mirrors or prisms such as mirrors 134 are configured to direct the light from the light sources 132 to the modulators 12 .
- a light guide plate 152 such as illustrated in FIG. 13 may be used to direct the light from the light sources 132 to the modulators 12 of FIG. 11 .
- each of the modulators 12 a , 12 b , and 12 c and respective light source 132 a , 132 b , and 132 c are configured to have corresponding spectral responses, for example that are similar to the filter spectral responses 104 and 108 as illustrated in FIGS. 8 and 9 .
- the light sources 132 include light emitting diodes (LED) with suitable spectral responses.
- LEDs are produced by Nichia Corporation, Mountville, Pa.
- the red modulator 12 a may have a response similar to that defined by the trace 102 in FIG. 8 and the red light source 132 a may have a response similar to that defined by trace 104 .
- the green and blue modulators 12 b , 12 c and the green and blue light sources 132 b , 132 c may have similar properties.
- one or both of the green or blue modulators 12 b , 12 c and light sources 132 b , 132 c may have spectral responses similar to those illustrated in FIG. 9 .
- each of the red, green, and blue modulators 12 a , 12 b , 12 c and red, green, and blue light sources 132 a , 132 b , 132 c may selected to be similar to one of the responses illustrated in FIG. 8 or 9 to define different combined optical responses.
- interferometric modulators may be used and the interferometric modulators may have the spectral properties and optical path lengths, d, adjusted so as to achieve the desired final colored light.
- the particular spectral overlap can be determined by one of skill in the art in light of the present disclosure and can vary depending on the particular use of the device and other factors.
- FIG. 12 a side cross-sectional view of another exemplary display that includes the interferometric modulator 12 and a light producing layer 142 that includes photoluminescent material.
- the color gamut of the display of FIG. 12 is enhanced by receiving light emitted by a photoluminescent material that has a selected spectral response, similar, for example, to one of the responses illustrated by traces 104 or 108 of FIGS. 8 and 9 , respectively.
- light producing layer 142 is between the substrate 20 and the interferometric modulator 12 .
- the substrate 20 is between the light producing layer 142 and the modulator 12 .
- the photoluminescent light producing layer 142 may be referred to as a photoluminescent screen.
- the photoluminescent light producing layer 142 may include materials such as phosphorescent or florescent materials.
- one or more photons of light of a first wavelength travel along path 144 until received by the photoluminescent material in the layer 142 .
- the light may be ambient light, such as sunlight, or artificial light. Alternatively, the light may be light provided by a front light associated with the display.
- the photoluminescent material subsequently emits photons at a second wavelength that may travel in any direction. A portion of these photons travel along a path such as 146 and are reflected to a viewer along path 148 towards a viewing position 149 .
- the photoluminescent material may be selected from a wide variety of substances and can depend, in part, upon the particular benefits sought by the addition of the photoluminescent material.
- the photoluminescent material absorbs in the UV spectrum and emits in a narrow band of the visible light spectrum. Such a display thus outputs a greater intensity of visible light by converting light from UV, or other non-visible wavelengths to visible output in a range of wavelengths that is more narrow than the range of wavelengths output by the interferometric modulator 12 .
- the photoluminescent material absorbs at various wavelengths, but emits over a relatively narrow range of wavelengths. Such embodiments may thus provide relatively high intensity light over a very narrow range of wavelengths to produce bright and saturated colors, as described above with reference to FIGS. 8 and 9 . Examples of possible materials include those described in U.S. Pat. No.
- the interferometric modulators 12 are thus illuminated by both available light and light emitted by the layer 142 .
- the overall spectral response of the display is thus the combination of a first response of the modulator 12 to the available light (for example, as illustrated by the trace 102 in FIGS. 8 and 9 when illuminated by white light) and a second response of the modulator 12 to the light emitted by the layer 142 .
- the light emitted by the layer 142 has a similar spectral response to one of those illustrated by traces 104 and 108 in FIGS. 8 and 9 so that the second response of the modulator 12 is similar to one of the respective traces 106 or 110 .
- the light emitted by the layer 142 and reflected by the modulator 12 is greater in intensity than the ambient light reflected by the modulator 12 so that color saturation of the modulator 12 is improved.
- FIG. 13 is a side cross-sectional view of an exemplary display that includes the interferometric modulator 12 and a light source 150 .
- the light source 150 illuminates the modulator 12 via the light guide plate 152 .
- a light guide 154 is configured to direct light from the light source 150 to the light guide plate 152 .
- the light guide plate 152 may include grooves 156 that are formed by angled surfaces 158 and 159 from which light 160 may be reflected.
- the light 160 emitted by light source 150 is maintained within the light guide plate 152 by total internal reflection until the light 160 reflects from the surfaces 158 and 159 , from which it is reflected through the substrate 20 and into the modulator 12 .
- the light source 150 is a front light positioned to illuminate the interferometric modulator 12 .
- One suitable light source includes one or more color light emitting diodes (LEDs) that have narrow band spectral outputs. Light reflected by the light guide plate 152 into the modulator 12 passes through the light producing layer 142 so as to produce a spectral response as described with reference to FIG. 12 .
- the light source is a UV emitter and the light producing layer 142 comprises a photoluminescent material that converts UV light from the UV emitter into a suitable range of visible light.
- the position of a light source relative to the modulators 12 may result in a shift in the color output of the display when light from the light source is incident on the display 30 at a non-normal angle to the reflective surfaces 14 and 16 of the modulator 12 .
- the embodiments of FIGS. 11 and 13 also may reduce such illumination angle dependent color shift of the display because a source of the light is at a predetermined and consistent position and distance relative to the reflective layers 14 and 16 of the modulator 12 .
- the interferometric modulator 12 can be tuned to reduce or eliminate this color shift.
- the light guide plate 152 may include the photoluminescent layer.
- embodiments may also include other layers and features not illustrated in FIG. 13 .
- the display may also include the filter layer 114 to further adjust the spectral response of the display.
- Displays that include photoluminescent layer 142 may thus have increased saturation (and thereby an increased color gamut). In addition, such displays may also have increased output optical intensity by conversion of non-visible to visible wavelengths by the layer 142 .
- full color displays e.g., displays capable of displaying different shades of red, green, and blue
- full color displays generally require the device 40 in which the display is included to process more data than monochrome display.
- more modulators 12 along with more complex control circuits are also generally included in some embodiments of full color displays than in monochrome displays. This complexity tends to cause color displays to be more expensive to produce than monochrome display of similar size and pixel resolution.
- color output of shades of a single predetermined color may be acceptable.
- one embodiment includes a display that comprises two or more sections or regions that each output a different predetermined color.
- FIG. 14 is a front view of an exemplary display 30 that includes several regions 180 that each display an image in a different color.
- the region 180 a displays an indicator image in a first color, e.g., green
- the second exemplary region 180 b displays a map image in a second color, e.g., blue
- the third exemplary region 180 c displays directions in a third color, e.g., red.
- the modulators 12 in a particular region 180 may be configured to output colored light when the movable reflective layer 14 of each is in one position and be non-reflective or black when the movable layer 14 is in another position.
- such modulators 12 may be configured to output colored light when the movable reflective layer 14 is in the relaxed position and to be non-reflective (to appear black) when in an activated position.
- the modulators 12 in a particular region may be configured to output colored light when the movable reflective layer 14 of each is in one position and white (or light perceived as white) when the movable layer 14 is in another position.
- such modulators 12 may be configured to output colored light when the movable reflective layer 14 is in the relaxed position and to reflect white light in an activated position.
- the color monochrome regions of the display may in one embodiment produce only the particular color and black (or the particular color and white). In other embodiments, one or more of the color monochrome regions may produce a plurality of shades of the particular color between the color and black (or the between the color and white).
- two or more of the regions 180 a , 180 b , 180 c display the same color.
- one or more of the regions is configured to display white (when activated) or black (when relaxed), rather than a narrow band color, such as red, green, or blue (when relaxed) and black (when activated).
- one or more of the regions 180 are configured to display a single predetermined color, e.g., green or shades thereof, while one or more other regions are configured to display full color (red, blue, and green).
- the region 180 a displays data in monochrome green (e.g., green and black), the region 180 b displays data in monochrome red (e.g., red and white), and the region 180 c displays data in full color using red, green, and blue light producing modulators 12 .
- monochrome green e.g., green and black
- monochrome red e.g., red and white
- the region 180 c displays data in full color using red, green, and blue light producing modulators 12 .
- each of the pixels of a monochrome region comprise a single display element, e.g., an interferometric modulator 12 .
- each of the pixels of a monochrome region comprise subpixels.
- Each of the subpixels may comprise one or more display elements such as interferometric modulators.
- Such a display 30 such as illustrated in FIG. 14 can be especially useful in systems in which multiple streams of information are displayed concurrently but in which the cost of a full color display is to be avoided. By dividing the information by color and placing it in separate sections of the display, the risk of confusion as to the source of data may also be reduced.
- one embodiment may include a device for displaying blood pressure in one color and heart rate in a second color on a diagnostic display screen.
- devices may include various regions of colored interferometric modulators in predefined patterns or representations.
- one region of color interferometric modulators 12 may be used to provide time or phone information for a cell phone, while the other regions of color interferometric modulators 12 may be arranged in the shape of warning indicators such as a “low battery” indicator.
Abstract
Description
- This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/208,085, filed Aug. 19, 2005, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/613,491 filed Sep. 27, 2004; and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/623,072, filed Oct. 28, 2004. Each of the above referenced applications is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
- The field of the invention relates to microelectromechanical systems (MEMS).
- Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) include micro mechanical elements, actuators, and electronics. Micromechanical elements may be created using deposition, etching, and or other micromachining processes that etch away parts of substrates and/or deposited material layers or that add layers to form electrical and electromechanical devices. One type of MEMS device is called an interferometric modulator. As used herein, the term interferometric modulator or interferometric light modulator refers to a device that selectively absorbs and/or reflects light using the principles of optical interference. In certain embodiments, an interferometric modulator may comprise a pair of conductive plates, one or both of which may be transparent and/or reflective in whole or part and capable of relative motion upon application of an appropriate electrical signal. In a particular embodiment, one plate may comprise a stationary layer deposited on a substrate and the other plate may comprise a metallic membrane separated from the stationary layer by an air gap. As described herein in more detail, the position of one plate in relation to another can change the optical interference of light incident on the interferometric modulator. Such devices have a wide range of applications, and it would be beneficial in the art to utilize and/or modify the characteristics of these types of devices so that their features can be exploited in improving existing products and creating new products that have not yet been developed.
- The system, method, and devices of the invention each have several aspects, no single one of which is solely responsible for its desirable attributes. Without limiting the scope of this invention, its more prominent features will now be discussed briefly. After considering this discussion, and particularly after reading the section entitled “Detailed Description of Preferred Embodiments” one will understand how the features of this invention provide advantages over other display devices.
- One embodiment includes a display. The display includes at least one interferometric modulator configured to selectively reflect light having a characteristic color. The modulator has a spectral response characterized by a first spectral peak. The display further includes at least one color filter having a spectral response characterized by a second spectral peak. The filter is configured to filter the selectively reflected light to output light characterized by a third spectral peak. The third spectral peak has a spectral width that is narrower than the spectral width of the first spectral peak.
- Another embodiment includes a method of making a display. The method includes forming at least one interferometric modulator configured to selectively reflect light having a characteristic color. The modulator has a spectral response characterized by a first spectral peak. The method further includes forming at least one color filter having a spectral response characterized by a second spectral peak. The filter is formed so as to filter the selectively reflected light to output light characterized by a third spectral peak. The third spectral peak has a spectral width that is substantially equal to or narrower than the spectral width of the first spectral peak.
- Another embodiment includes a display. The display includes means for selectively reflecting light having a characteristic color. The reflecting means has a spectral response characterized by a first spectral peak. The display further includes means for selectively filtering and transmitting light. The filtering means has a spectral response characterized by a second spectral peak such that the filtering means transmits colored light when illuminated by white light. The filtering means is configured to filter the selectively reflected light to output light characterized by a third spectral peak. The third spectral peak has a spectral width that is substantially equal to or narrower than the spectral width of the first spectral peak.
- Another embodiment includes a display. The display includes at least one interferometric modulator configured to selectively reflect light having a characteristic color. The modulator has a spectral response characterized by a first spectral peak. The display further includes at least one source of colored light having a spectral response characterized by a second spectral peak. The light source is configured to illuminate the modulator so that the selectively reflected light is characterized by a third spectral peak. The third spectral peak has a spectral width that is narrower than the spectral width of the first spectral peak.
- Another embodiment includes a display. The display includes means for selectively reflecting light having a characteristic color. The reflecting means has a spectral response characterized by a first spectral peak. The display further includes means for illuminating the means for selectively reflecting light with colored light having a spectral response characterized by a second spectral peak so as to output light characterized by a third spectral peak. The third spectral peak has a spectral width that is substantially equal to or narrower than the spectral width of the first spectral peak.
- Another embodiment includes a display. The display includes at least one interferometric modulator configured to selectively reflect light having a characteristic color. The modulator has a spectral response characterized by a first spectral peak. The display further includes a photoluminescent material configured to emit colored light having a spectral distribution characterized by a second spectral peak that has a spectral width that is substantially equal to or narrower than the spectral width of the first spectral peak.
- Another embodiment includes a method of making a display. The method includes forming at least one interferometric modulator configured to selectively reflect light having a characteristic color. The modulator has a spectral response characterized by a first spectral peak. The method further includes forming a layer including photoluminescent material configured to absorb light and emit colored light characterized by a second spectral peak. The emitted light is modulated by the at least one modulator so as to output light characterized by a third spectral peak. The third spectral peak has a spectral width that is substantially equal to or narrower than the spectral width of the first spectral peak.
- Another embodiment includes a display. The display includes means for selectively reflecting light having a characteristic color. The means having a spectral response characterized by a first spectral peak. The display further includes means for emitting colored light characterized by a second spectral peak. The emitted light is modulated by the at least one modulator so as to output light characterized by a third spectral peak. The third spectral peak has a spectral width that is substantially equal to or narrower than the spectral width of the first spectral peak.
-
FIG. 1 is an isometric view depicting a portion of one embodiment of an interferometric modulator display in which a movable reflective layer of a first interferometric modulator is in a relaxed position and a movable reflective layer of a second interferometric modulator is in an actuated position. -
FIG. 2 is a system block diagram illustrating one embodiment of an electronic device incorporating a 3×3 interferometric modulator display. -
FIG. 3 is a diagram of movable mirror position versus applied voltage for one exemplary embodiment of an interferometric modulator ofFIG. 1 . -
FIG. 4 is an illustration of a set of row and column voltages that may be used to drive an interferometric modulator display. -
FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate one exemplary timing diagram for row and column signals that may be used to write a frame of display data to the 3×3 interferometric modulator display ofFIG. 2 . -
FIGS. 6A and 6B are system block diagrams illustrating an embodiment of a visual display device comprising a plurality of interferometric modulators. -
FIG. 7A is a cross section of the device ofFIG. 1 . -
FIG. 7B is a cross section of an alternative embodiment of an interferometric modulator. -
FIG. 7C is a cross section of another alternative embodiment of an interferometric modulator. -
FIG. 7D is a cross section of yet another alternative embodiment of an interferometric modulator. -
FIG. 7E is a cross section of an additional alternative embodiment of an interferometric modulator. -
FIG. 8 is a graphical diagram that illustrates the spectral response of an exemplary display that includes the interferometric modulator viewed through a wavelength filter. -
FIG. 9 is a graphical diagram that illustrates the spectral response of another exemplary display that includes theinterferometric modulator 12 viewed through a wavelength filter. -
FIG. 10 a side cross-sectional view of an exemplary display that includes an interferometric modulator and a wavelength filter. -
FIG. 11 is a partial schematic diagram that illustrates an exemplary color display that includes one or more narrow band illumination sources. -
FIG. 12 a side cross-sectional view of another exemplary display that includes the interferometric modulator and a light producing layer that includes photoluminescent material. -
FIG. 13 is a side cross-sectional view of an exemplary display that includes the interferometric modulator and a light source. -
FIG. 14 is a front view of an exemplary display that includes several regions that each display an image in a different color. - The following detailed description is directed to certain specific embodiments of the invention. However, the invention can be embodied in a multitude of different ways. In this description, reference is made to the drawings wherein like parts are designated with like numerals throughout. As will be apparent from the following description, the embodiments may be implemented in any device that is configured to display an image, whether in motion (e.g., video) or stationary (e.g., still image), and whether textual or pictorial. More particularly, it is contemplated that the embodiments may be implemented in or associated with a variety of electronic devices such as, but not limited to, mobile telephones, wireless devices, personal data assistants (PDAs), hand-held or portable computers, GPS receivers/navigators, cameras, MP3 players, camcorders, game consoles, wrist watches, clocks, calculators, television monitors, flat panel displays, computer monitors, auto displays (e.g., odometer display, etc.), cockpit controls and/or displays, display of camera views (e.g., display of a rear view camera in a vehicle), electronic photographs, electronic billboards or signs, projectors, architectural structures, packaging, and aesthetic structures (e.g., display of images on a piece of jewelry). MEMS devices of similar structure to those described herein can also be used in non-display applications such as in electronic switching devices.
- One embodiment is a display that includes color interferometric modulators in which light received by the modulators is filtered using a color or wavelength filter to increase the color gamut of the display by increasing the saturation of light output by the modulators. Another embodiment is a display that includes color interferometric modulators that are illuminated using light having a narrow spectral content that increases the saturation of light output by the modulators so as to improve the color gamut of the display. In one such embodiment, the illumination is provided by a photoluminescent material. Other embodiments include a display comprising separate regions or sections that output different predetermined colors of light.
- One interferometric modulator display embodiment comprising an interferometric MEMS display element is illustrated in
FIG. 1 . In these devices, the pixels are in either a bright or dark state. In the bright (“on” or “open”) state, the display element reflects a large portion of incident visible light to a user. When in the dark (“off” or “closed”) state, the display element reflects little incident visible light to the user. Depending on the embodiment, the light reflectance properties of the “on” and “off” states may be reversed. MEMS pixels can be configured to reflect predominantly at selected colors, allowing for a color display in addition to black and white. -
FIG. 1 is an isometric view depicting two adjacent pixels in a series of pixels of a visual display, wherein each pixel comprises a MEMS interferometric modulator. In some embodiments, an interferometric modulator display comprises a row/column array of these interferometric modulators. Each interferometric modulator includes a pair of reflective layers positioned at a variable and controllable distance from each other to form a resonant optical cavity with at least one variable dimension. In one embodiment, one of the reflective layers may be moved between two positions. In the first position, referred to herein as the relaxed position, the movable reflective layer is positioned at a relatively large distance from a fixed partially reflective layer. In the second position, referred to herein as the actuated position, the movable reflective layer is positioned more closely adjacent to the partially reflective layer. Incident light that reflects from the two layers interferes constructively or destructively depending on the position of the movable reflective layer, producing either an overall reflective or non-reflective state for each pixel. - The depicted portion of the pixel array in
FIG. 1 includes two adjacentinterferometric modulators interferometric modulator 12 a on the left, a movablereflective layer 14 a is illustrated in a relaxed position at a predetermined distance from anoptical stack 16 a, which includes a partially reflective layer. In theinterferometric modulator 12 b on the right, the movablereflective layer 14 b is illustrated in an actuated position adjacent to theoptical stack 16 b. - The optical stacks 16 a and 16 b (collectively referred to as optical stack 16), as referenced herein, typically comprise of several fused layers, which can include an electrode layer, such as indium tin oxide (ITO), a partially reflective layer, such as chromium, and a transparent dielectric. The
optical stack 16 is thus electrically conductive, partially transparent and partially reflective, and may be fabricated, for example, by depositing one or more of the above layers onto atransparent substrate 20. In some embodiments, the layers are patterned into parallel strips, and may form row electrodes in a display device as described further below. The movablereflective layers posts 18 and an intervening sacrificial material deposited between theposts 18. When the sacrificial material is etched away, the movablereflective layers optical stacks gap 19. A highly conductive and reflective material such as aluminum may be used for thereflective layers 14, and these strips may form column electrodes in a display device. - With no applied voltage, the
cavity 19 remains between the movablereflective layer 14 a andoptical stack 16 a, with the movablereflective layer 14 a in a mechanically relaxed state, as illustrated by thepixel 12 a inFIG. 1 . However, when a potential difference is applied to a selected row and column, the capacitor formed at the intersection of the row and column electrodes at the corresponding pixel becomes charged, and electrostatic forces pull the electrodes together. If the voltage is high enough, the movablereflective layer 14 is deformed and is forced against theoptical stack 16. A dielectric layer (not illustrated in this Figure) within theoptical stack 16 may prevent shorting and control the separation distance betweenlayers pixel 12 b on the right inFIG. 1 . The behavior is the same regardless of the polarity of the applied potential difference. In this way, row/column actuation that can control the reflective vs. non-reflective pixel states is analogous in many ways to that used in conventional LCD and other display technologies. -
FIGS. 2 through 5 illustrate one exemplary process and system for using an array of interferometric modulators in a display application. -
FIG. 2 is a system block diagram illustrating one embodiment of an electronic device that may incorporate aspects of the invention. In the exemplary embodiment, the electronic device includes aprocessor 21 which may be any general purpose single- or multi-chip microprocessor such as an ARM, Pentium®, Pentium II®, Pentium III®, Pentium IV®, Pentium® Pro, an 8051, a MIPS®, a Power PC®, an ALPHA®, or any special purpose microprocessor such as a digital signal processor, microcontroller, or a programmable gate array. As is conventional in the art, theprocessor 21 may be configured to execute one or more software modules. In addition to executing an operating system, the processor may be configured to execute one or more software applications, including a web browser, a telephone application, an email program, or any other software application. - In one embodiment, the
processor 21 is also configured to communicate with anarray driver 22. In one embodiment, thearray driver 22 includes arow driver circuit 24 and acolumn driver circuit 26 that provide signals to a display array orpanel 30. The cross section of the array illustrated inFIG. 1 is shown by the lines 1-1 inFIG. 2 . For MEMS interferometric modulators, the row/column actuation protocol may take advantage of a hysteresis property of these devices illustrated inFIG. 3 . It may require, for example, a 10 volt potential difference to cause a movable layer to deform from the relaxed state to the actuated state. However, when the voltage is reduced from that value, the movable layer maintains its state as the voltage drops back below 10 volts. In the exemplary embodiment ofFIG. 3 , the movable layer does not relax completely until the voltage drops below 2 volts. There is thus a range of voltage, about 3 to 7 V in the example illustrated inFIG. 3 , where there exists a window of applied voltage within which the device is stable in either the relaxed or actuated state. This is referred to herein as the “hysteresis window” or “stability window.” For a display array having the hysteresis characteristics ofFIG. 3 , the row/column actuation protocol can be designed such that during row strobing, pixels in the strobed row that are to be actuated are exposed to a voltage difference of about 10 volts, and pixels that are to be relaxed are exposed to a voltage difference of close to zero volts. After the strobe, the pixels are exposed to a steady state voltage difference of about 5 volts such that they remain in whatever state the row strobe put them in. After being written, each pixel sees a potential difference within the “stability window” of 3-7 volts in this example. This feature makes the pixel design illustrated inFIG. 1 stable under the same applied voltage conditions in either an actuated or relaxed pre-existing state. Since each pixel of the interferometric modulator, whether in the actuated or relaxed state, is essentially a capacitor formed by the fixed and moving reflective layers, this stable state can be held at a voltage within the hysteresis window with almost no power dissipation. Essentially no current flows into the pixel if the applied potential is fixed. - In typical applications, a display frame may be created by asserting the set of column electrodes in accordance with the desired set of actuated pixels in the first row. A row pulse is then applied to the
row 1 electrode, actuating the pixels corresponding to the asserted column lines. The asserted set of column electrodes is then changed to correspond to the desired set of actuated pixels in the second row. A pulse is then applied to therow 2 electrode, actuating the appropriate pixels inrow 2 in accordance with the asserted column electrodes. Therow 1 pixels are unaffected by therow 2 pulse, and remain in the state they were set to during therow 1 pulse. This may be repeated for the entire series of rows in a sequential fashion to produce the frame. Generally, the frames are refreshed and/or updated with new display data by continually repeating this process at some desired number of frames per second. A wide variety of protocols for driving row and column electrodes of pixel arrays to produce display frames are also well known and may be used in conjunction with the present invention. -
FIGS. 4 and 5 illustrate one possible actuation protocol for creating a display frame on the 3×3 array ofFIG. 2 .FIG. 4 illustrates a possible set of column and row voltage levels that may be used for pixels exhibiting the hysteresis curves ofFIG. 3 . In theFIG. 4 embodiment, actuating a pixel involves setting the appropriate column to −Vbias, and the appropriate row to +ΔV, which may correspond to −5 volts and +5 volts respectively Relaxing the pixel is accomplished by setting the appropriate column to +Vbias, and the appropriate row to the same +ΔV, producing a zero volt potential difference across the pixel. In those rows where the row voltage is held at zero volts, the pixels are stable in whatever state they were originally in, regardless of whether the column is at +Vbias, or −Vbias. As is also illustrated inFIG. 4 , it will be appreciated that voltages of opposite polarity than those described above can be used, e.g., actuating a pixel can involve setting the appropriate column to +Vbias, and the appropriate row to −ΔV. In this embodiment, releasing the pixel is accomplished by setting the appropriate column to −Vbias, and the appropriate row to the same −ΔV, producing a zero volt potential difference across the pixel. -
FIG. 5B is a timing diagram showing a series of row and column signals applied to the 3×3 array ofFIG. 2 which will result in the display arrangement illustrated inFIG. 5A , where actuated pixels are non-reflective. Prior to writing the frame illustrated inFIG. 5A , the pixels can be in any state, and in this example, all the rows are at 0 volts, and all the columns are at +5 volts. With these applied voltages, all pixels are stable in their existing actuated or relaxed states. - In the
FIG. 5A frame, pixels (1,1), (1,2), (2,2), (3,2) and (3,3) are actuated. To accomplish this, during a “line time” forrow 1,columns column 3 is set to +5 volts. This does not change the state of any pixels, because all the pixels remain in the 3-7 volt stability window.Row 1 is then strobed with a pulse that goes from 0, up to 5 volts, and back to zero. This actuates the (1,1) and (1,2) pixels and relaxes the (1,3) pixel. No other pixels in the array are affected. To setrow 2 as desired,column 2 is set to −5 volts, andcolumns Row 3 is similarly set by settingcolumns column 1 to +5 volts. Therow 3 strobe sets therow 3 pixels as shown inFIG. 5A . After writing the frame, the row potentials are zero, and the column potentials can remain at either +5 or −5 volts, and the display is then stable in the arrangement ofFIG. 5A . It will be appreciated that the same procedure can be employed for arrays of dozens or hundreds of rows and columns. It will also be appreciated that the timing, sequence, and levels of voltages used to perform row and column actuation can be varied widely within the general principles outlined above, and the above example is exemplary only, and any actuation voltage method can be used with the systems and methods described herein. -
FIGS. 6A and 6B are system block diagrams illustrating an embodiment of adisplay device 40. Thedisplay device 40 can be, for example, a cellular or mobile telephone. However, the same components ofdisplay device 40 or slight variations thereof are also illustrative of various types of display devices such as televisions and portable media players. - The
display device 40 includes ahousing 41, adisplay 30, anantenna 43, aspeaker 44, aninput device 48, and amicrophone 46. Thehousing 41 is generally formed from any of a variety of manufacturing processes as are well known to those of skill in the art, including injection molding, and vacuum forming. In addition, thehousing 41 may be made from any of a variety of materials, including but not limited to plastic, metal, glass, rubber, and ceramic, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment thehousing 41 includes removable portions (not shown) that may be interchanged with other removable portions of different color, or containing different logos, pictures, or symbols. - The
display 30 ofexemplary display device 40 may be any of a variety of displays, including a bi-stable display, as described herein. In other embodiments, thedisplay 30 includes a flat-panel display, such as plasma, EL, OLED, STN LCD, or TFT LCD as described above, or a non-flat-panel display, such as a CRT or other tube device, as is well known to those of skill in the art. However, for purposes of describing the present embodiment, thedisplay 30 includes an interferometric modulator display, as described herein. - The components of one embodiment of
exemplary display device 40 are schematically illustrated inFIG. 6B . The illustratedexemplary display device 40 includes ahousing 41 and can include additional components at least partially enclosed therein. For example, in one embodiment, theexemplary display device 40 includes anetwork interface 27 that includes anantenna 43 which is coupled to atransceiver 47. Thetransceiver 47 is connected to aprocessor 21, which is connected toconditioning hardware 52. Theconditioning hardware 52 may be configured to condition a signal (e.g. filter a signal). Theconditioning hardware 52 is connected to aspeaker 45 and amicrophone 46. Theprocessor 21 is also connected to aninput device 48 and adriver controller 29. Thedriver controller 29 is coupled to aframe buffer 28, and to anarray driver 22, which in turn is coupled to adisplay array 30. Apower supply 50 provides power to all components as required by the particularexemplary display device 40 design. - The
network interface 27 includes theantenna 43 and thetransceiver 47 so that theexemplary display device 40 can communicate with one or more devices over a network. In one embodiment thenetwork interface 27 may also have some processing capabilities to relieve requirements of theprocessor 21. Theantenna 43 is any antenna known to those of skill in the art for transmitting and receiving signals. In one embodiment, the antenna transmits and receives RF signals according to the IEEE 802.11 standard, including IEEE 802.11(a), (b), or (g). In another embodiment, the antenna transmits and receives RF signals according to the BLUETOOTH standard. In the case of a cellular telephone, the antenna is designed to receive CDMA, GSM, AMPS or other known signals that are used to communicate within a wireless cell phone network. Thetransceiver 47 pre-processes the signals received from theantenna 43 so that they may be received by and further manipulated by theprocessor 21. Thetransceiver 47 also processes signals received from theprocessor 21 so that they may be transmitted from theexemplary display device 40 via theantenna 43. - In an alternative embodiment, the
transceiver 47 can be replaced by a receiver. In yet another alternative embodiment,network interface 27 can be replaced by an image source, which can store or generate image data to be sent to theprocessor 21. For example, the image source can be a digital video disc (DVD) or a hard-disc drive that contains image data, or a software module that generates image data. -
Processor 21 generally controls the overall operation of theexemplary display device 40. Theprocessor 21 receives data, such as compressed image data from thenetwork interface 27 or an image source, and processes the data into raw image data or into a format that is readily processed into raw image data. Theprocessor 21 then sends the processed data to thedriver controller 29 or to framebuffer 28 for storage. Raw data typically refers to the information that identifies the image characteristics at each location within an image. For example, such image characteristics can include color, saturation, and gray-scale level. - In one embodiment, the
processor 21 includes a microcontroller, CPU, or logic unit to control operation of theexemplary display device 40.Conditioning hardware 52 generally includes amplifiers and filters for transmitting signals to thespeaker 45, and for receiving signals from themicrophone 46.Conditioning hardware 52 may be discrete components within theexemplary display device 40, or may be incorporated within theprocessor 21 or other components. - The
driver controller 29 takes the raw image data generated by theprocessor 21 either directly from theprocessor 21 or from theframe buffer 28 and reformats the raw image data appropriately for high speed transmission to thearray driver 22. Specifically, thedriver controller 29 reformats the raw image data into a data flow having a raster-like format, such that it has a time order suitable for scanning across thedisplay array 30. Then thedriver controller 29 sends the formatted information to thearray driver 22. Although adriver controller 29, such as a LCD controller, is often associated with thesystem processor 21 as a stand-alone Integrated Circuit (IC), such controllers may be implemented in many ways. They may be embedded in theprocessor 21 as hardware, embedded in theprocessor 21 as software, or fully integrated in hardware with thearray driver 22. - Typically, the
array driver 22 receives the formatted information from thedriver controller 29 and reformats the video data into a parallel set of waveforms that are applied many times per second to the hundreds and sometimes thousands of leads coming from the display's x-y matrix of pixels. - In one embodiment, the
driver controller 29,array driver 22, anddisplay array 30 are appropriate for any of the types of displays described herein. For example, in one embodiment,driver controller 29 is a conventional display controller or a bi-stable display controller (e.g., an interferometric modulator controller). In another embodiment,array driver 22 is a conventional driver or a bi-stable display driver (e.g., an interferometric modulator display). In one embodiment, adriver controller 29 is integrated with thearray driver 22. Such an embodiment is common in highly integrated systems such as cellular phones, watches, and other small area displays. In yet another embodiment,display array 30 is a typical display array or a bi-stable display array (e.g., a display including an array of interferometric modulators). - The
input device 48 allows a user to control the operation of theexemplary display device 40. In one embodiment,input device 48 includes a keypad, such as a QWERTY keyboard or a telephone keypad, a button, a switch, a touch-sensitive screen, a pressure- or heat-sensitive membrane. In one embodiment, themicrophone 46 is an input device for theexemplary display device 40. When themicrophone 46 is used to input data to the device, voice commands may be provided by a user for controlling operations of theexemplary display device 40. -
Power supply 50 can include a variety of energy storage devices as are well known in the art. For example, in one embodiment,power supply 50 is a rechargeable battery, such as a nickel-cadmium battery or a lithium ion battery. In another embodiment,power supply 50 is a renewable energy source, a capacitor, or a solar cell, including a plastic solar cell, and solar-cell paint. In another embodiment,power supply 50 is configured to receive power from a wall outlet. - In some implementations control programmability resides, as described above, in a driver controller which can be located in several places in the electronic display system. In some cases control programmability resides in the
array driver 22. Those of skill in the art will recognize that the above-described optimization may be implemented in any number of hardware and/or software components and in various configurations. - The details of the structure of interferometric modulators that operate in accordance with the principles set forth above may vary widely. For example,
FIGS. 7A-7E illustrate five different embodiments of the movablereflective layer 14 and its supporting structures.FIG. 7A is a cross section of the embodiment ofFIG. 1 , where a strip ofmetal material 14 is deposited on orthogonally extending supports 18. InFIG. 7B , the moveablereflective layer 14 is attached to supports at the corners only, ontethers 32. InFIG. 7C , the moveablereflective layer 14 is suspended from adeformable layer 34, which may comprise a flexible metal. Thedeformable layer 34 connects, directly or indirectly, to thesubstrate 20 around the perimeter of thedeformable layer 34. These connections are herein referred to as support posts. The embodiment illustrated inFIG. 7D has support post plugs 42 upon which thedeformable layer 34 rests. The movablereflective layer 14 remains suspended over the cavity, as inFIGS. 7A-7C , but thedeformable layer 34 does not form the support posts by filling holes between thedeformable layer 34 and theoptical stack 16. Rather, the support posts are formed of a planarization material, which is used to form support post plugs 42. The embodiment illustrated inFIG. 7E is based on the embodiment shown inFIG. 7D , but may also be adapted to work with any of the embodiments illustrated inFIGS. 7A-7C as well as additional embodiments not shown. In the embodiment shown inFIG. 7E , an extra layer of metal or other conductive material has been used to form abus structure 44. This allows signal routing along the back of the interferometric modulators, eliminating a number of electrodes that may otherwise have had to be formed on thesubstrate 20. - In embodiments such as those shown in
FIG. 7 , the interferometric modulators function as direct-view devices, in which images are viewed from the front side of thetransparent substrate 20, the side opposite to that upon which the modulator is arranged. In these embodiments, thereflective layer 14 optically shields the portions of the interferometric modulator on the side of the reflective layer opposite thesubstrate 20, including thedeformable layer 34 and thebus structure 44. This allows the shielded areas to be configured and operated upon without negatively affecting the image quality. This separable modulator architecture allows the structural design and materials used for the electromechanical aspects and the optical aspects of the modulator to be selected and to function independently of each other. Moreover, the embodiments shown inFIGS. 7C-7E have additional benefits deriving from the decoupling of the optical properties of thereflective layer 14 from its mechanical properties, which are carried out by thedeformable layer 34. This allows the structural design and materials used for thereflective layer 14 to be optimized with respect to the optical properties, and the structural design and materials used for thedeformable layer 34 to be optimized with respect to desired mechanical properties. - As discussed above with reference to
FIG. 1 , the modulator 12 (i.e., bothmodulators reflective layers reflective layers interferometric modulator 12. A peak resonant visible wavelength, λ, of theinterferometric modulator 12 generally corresponds to the perceived color of light reflected by themodulator 12. Mathematically, the optical path length d is equal to ½ N λ, where N is an integer. A given resonant wavelength, λ, is thus reflected byinterferometric modulators 12 having optical path lengths d of ½λ(N=1), λ(N=2), 3/2λ (N=3), etc. The integer N may be referred to as the order of interference of the reflected light. As used herein, the order of amodulator 12 also refers to the order N of light reflected by themodulator 12 when thereflective layer 14 is in at least one position. For example, a first order redinterferometric modulator 12 may have an optical path length d of about 325 nm, corresponding to a wavelength λ of about 650 nm. Accordingly, a second order redinterferometric modulator 12 may have an optical path length d of about 650 nm. - In certain embodiments, the optical path length, d, is substantially equal to the distance between the reflective layers that form the optical cavity of the interferometric modulators. Where the space between the reflective layers comprises only a gas (e.g., air) having an index of refraction of approximately 1, the effective optical path length is substantially equal to the distance between the reflective layers. In certain embodiments, a layer of dielectric material in the optical path. Such dielectric materials typically have an index of refraction greater than one. In such embodiments, the optical cavity is formed to have the desired optical path length d by selecting both the distance between the reflective layers and the thickness and index of refraction of the dielectric layer, or of any other layers between the reflective layers. For example, in the embodiment in which the optical cavity includes a layer of a dielectric in addition to the air gap, the optical path length d is equal to d1n1+d2n2, where d1 is the thickness of dielectric layer, n1 is the index of refraction of the dielectric layer and similarly d2 is the thickness of air gap and n2 is the index of refraction of the air gap.
- Generally, modulators 12 reflect light that has one or more spectral peaks when wavelength is plotted versus intensity. The perceived color of light produced by a
modulator 12 depends on the number, spectral location, and spectral width of these peaks of themodulator 12 within the visible spectrum. The spectral width of such peaks may be characterized by a range of wavelengths at which the peak exceeds a particular threshold intensity, such as the half maximum of intensity of reflected light, e.g., the full width at half maximum. Generally,higher order modulators 12 reflect light over a narrower range of wavelengths, e.g., have a narrower peak or higher “Q” value, and thus produce colored light that is more saturated. The saturation of themodulators 12 that comprise a color pixel affects properties of a display such as the color gamut and white point of the display. For example, in order for a display using asecond order modulator 12 to have the same white point or color balance as a display that includes a first order modulator reflecting the same general color of light, thesecond order modulator 12 may be selected to have a different central peak optical wavelength. - In designing a display using
interferometric modulators 12, themodulators 12 may be formed so as to increase the color saturation of reflected light. Saturation is a measure of the narrowness of the distribution of output wavelengths of color light. A highly saturated hue has a vivid, intense color, while a less saturated hue appears more muted and pastel. For example, a laser, which produces a very narrow range of wavelengths, produces highly saturated light. Conversely, a typical incandescent light bulb produces white light that may have a desaturated red or blue color. In one embodiment, themodulator 12 is formed with a distance d corresponding to higher order of interference, e.g., 2nd or 3rd order, to increase the saturation of reflected color light. - An exemplary color display includes red, green, and blue display elements. Other colors are produced in such a display by varying the relative intensity of light produced by the red, green, and blue elements. Such mixtures of primary colors such as red, green, and blue are perceived by the human eye as other colors. The relative values of red, green, and blue in such a color system may be referred to as tristimulus values in reference to the stimulation of red, green, and blue light sensitive portions of the human eye. The range of colors that can be produced by a particular display may be referred to as the color gamut of the display. In general, increasing the saturation of the primary colors increases the color gamut, or range of colors that can be produced by the display. While an exemplary color system based on red, green, and blue are disclosed herein, in other embodiments, the display may include
modulators 12 having sets of colors that define other color systems in terms of sets of primary colors other than red, green, and blue. - In certain embodiments, a trade off exists between producing light that appears bright and producing saturated colors (thereby increasing the color gamut of the display) Generally, given the same relative intensity levels, an output spectral peak of a light modulator that is broad or wide will appear brighter than one that is narrow. However, while the broader spectrum will appear brighter, it will also appear pastel in color, i.e., less saturated.
- In one embodiment, the saturation of light output by a display that includes the
interferometric modulator 12 is increased using a color filter. In particular, such a display may include a color filter that is configured to output light having a wavelength response peak that is narrower than the visible light wavelength response peak of themodulator 12. -
FIG. 8 is a graphical diagram that illustrates the spectral response of an exemplary display that includes theinterferometric modulator 12 viewed through a wavelength filter. The vertical axis represents the total fraction of optical intensity of light incident on the interferometric modulator that is reflected by the interferometric modulator or transmitted by the wavelength filter when illuminated by white light. In one embodiment, themodulator 12 is configured to reflect light that is perceived as a particular color when illuminated by white light. Atrace 102 illustrates the spectral response of theinterferometric modulator 12 when viewed without the wavelength filter. Atrace 104 illustrates the spectral response of the wavelength filter in isolation. Atrace 106 illustrates the spectral response of reflected light of an embodiment of a display that includes the wavelength filter and theinterferometric modulator 12. Thetrace 102 includes a single peak in the visible spectrum. Thetrace 104 includes a single peak in the visible spectrum that is narrower in width, and substantially centered within the peak defined by thetrace 102. When viewed through the wavelength filter, the peak spectral response of theinterferometric modulator 12 is substantially narrowed. In particular, as illustrated by thetrace 106, the peak response of the combined optical system of the wavelength filter and the interferometric modulator is reduced to be similar in width to the width of the peak of the wavelength filter, which is smaller than the width of the peak spectral response of themodulator 12 in isolation. The narrower peaked response of the display provides more saturated colors and thereby an improved color gamut. The color gamut of the display may thus be adjusted without modifying the spectral response of theinterferometric modulators 12. -
FIG. 9 is a graphical diagram that illustrates the spectral response of another exemplary display that includes theinterferometric modulator 12 viewed through a wavelength filter. The vertical axis represents the total fraction of optical intensity of light incident on the interferometric modulator that is reflected by the interferometric modulator or transmitted by the wavelength filter. Atrace 102 illustrates the spectral response of theinterferometric modulator 12 when viewed without the wavelength filter. Atrace 108 illustrates the spectral response of the wavelength filter in isolation. Atrace 108 illustrates the spectral response of reflected light of an embodiment of a display that includes the wavelength filter and theinterferometric modulator 12. Thetrace 102 includes a single peak in the visible spectrum. Thetrace 108 includes a single peak in the visible spectrum that is narrower in width than thetrace 102. The area under thetrace 108 partially overlaps the area defined under thetrace 102, rather than fully overlapping the area under thetrace 102 as inFIG. 8 . When viewed through the wavelength filter, the peak spectral response of theinterferometric modulator 12 is even more narrowed than the peak system response illustrated by thetrace 106 ofFIG. 8 . In particular, as illustrated by thetrace 110, the peak response of the combined optical system of the wavelength filter and the interferometric modulator is narrower than even the peak of the wavelength filter. Using the wavelength filter with the non-overlapping areas under the spectral peaks thus provides even more saturated colors than using a filter with the spectral properties illustrated inFIG. 8 . Moreover, the spectral response of the combined optical system formed by the wavelength filter and theinterferometric modulator 12 has a central peak spectral response that is shifted from the separate peak responses of the filter andinterferometric modulator 12. For example, inFIG. 9 , line A1 indicates the approximate center of the peak response of theinterferometric modulator 12. Line A2 indicates the shifted center of the peak response of the combined output of themodulator 12 and the filter. Such a filter may thus be employed to adjust both the saturation and the hue of the display by both narrowing and shifting the spectral profile of the spectral response of the system illustrated by thetrace 110 relative to the spectral response of themodulator 12 as illustrated by thetrace 102. -
FIG. 10 a side cross-sectional view of an exemplary display that includes theinterferometric modulator 12 and awavelength filter 114. In the illustrated embodiment, thewavelength filter 114 is positioned with thesubstrate 20 between thefilter 114 and themodulator 12. However, in other embodiments, thefilter 114 may be positioned between thesubstrate 20 and themodulator 12. - In one embodiment, the
filter 114 includes one or more layers of light absorptive material that selectively transmit light having a spectral peak in the visible spectrum, such as illustrated by thetraces FIGS. 8 and 9 , respectively. In one embodiment, the materials may have two or more transmissive spectral peaks. For example, in one embodiment, a filter for a color display may have transmissive peaks in the red, green, and blue portions of the visible spectrum. - In one embodiment, the
filter 114 comprises one or more layers of material that are deposited on a substrate, e.g., between one or more layers of theinterferometric modulator 12 and thesubstrate 20. In another embodiment, thefilter 114 may comprise a film that is deposited or applied to thesubstrate 20. In one such embodiment, the filter applied so that thesubstrate 20 is between the 114 and themodulator 12. - Another embodiment, the
filter 114 includes an optical stack that defines one or more interference filters. In one embodiment, an interference filter includes two partially reflective layers separated by one or more layers of dielectric material. In another embodiment, thefilter 114 includes a combination of interference and absorptive filters. - In embodiments illustrated with reference to
FIGS. 8 , 9, and 10, themodulator 12 is effectively illuminated by a light source that is filtered by thewavelength filter 114. In other embodiments, such a filtering effect is obtained by illuminating theinterferometric modulator 12 with a narrow band light source. -
FIG. 11 is a partial schematic diagram that illustrates an exemplary color display that includes one or more narrowband illumination sources light sources light modulators mirrors 134 are configured to direct the light from the light sources 132 to themodulators 12. In another embodiment, alight guide plate 152 such as illustrated inFIG. 13 may be used to direct the light from the light sources 132 to themodulators 12 ofFIG. 11 . InFIG. 11 , each of themodulators light source spectral responses FIGS. 8 and 9 . In one embodiment, the light sources 132 include light emitting diodes (LED) with suitable spectral responses. For example, suitable LEDs are produced by Nichia Corporation, Mountville, Pa. One such LED is Nichia Corporation, part number NSTM515AS. This particular LED includes a common anode lead and separate cathode leads for red, blue, and green. - In one embodiment, the
red modulator 12 a may have a response similar to that defined by thetrace 102 inFIG. 8 and thered light source 132 a may have a response similar to that defined bytrace 104. In one embodiment, the green andblue modulators light sources blue modulators light sources FIG. 9 . In other embodiments, each of the red, green, andblue modulators light sources FIG. 8 or 9 to define different combined optical responses. - Other configurations are also possible. For example, in some embodiments, other suitable illumination sources may also be used. Additionally, various interferometric modulators may be used and the interferometric modulators may have the spectral properties and optical path lengths, d, adjusted so as to achieve the desired final colored light. The particular spectral overlap can be determined by one of skill in the art in light of the present disclosure and can vary depending on the particular use of the device and other factors.
-
FIG. 12 a side cross-sectional view of another exemplary display that includes theinterferometric modulator 12 and alight producing layer 142 that includes photoluminescent material. In one embodiment, the color gamut of the display ofFIG. 12 is enhanced by receiving light emitted by a photoluminescent material that has a selected spectral response, similar, for example, to one of the responses illustrated bytraces FIGS. 8 and 9 , respectively. In the exemplary display ofFIG. 12 ,light producing layer 142 is between thesubstrate 20 and theinterferometric modulator 12. In other embodiments, thesubstrate 20 is between the light producinglayer 142 and themodulator 12. The photoluminescentlight producing layer 142 may be referred to as a photoluminescent screen. The photoluminescentlight producing layer 142 may include materials such as phosphorescent or florescent materials. - In operation, one or more photons of light of a first wavelength travel along
path 144 until received by the photoluminescent material in thelayer 142. The light may be ambient light, such as sunlight, or artificial light. Alternatively, the light may be light provided by a front light associated with the display. The photoluminescent material subsequently emits photons at a second wavelength that may travel in any direction. A portion of these photons travel along a path such as 146 and are reflected to a viewer alongpath 148 towards aviewing position 149. The photoluminescent material may be selected from a wide variety of substances and can depend, in part, upon the particular benefits sought by the addition of the photoluminescent material. For example, in one embodiment, the photoluminescent material absorbs in the UV spectrum and emits in a narrow band of the visible light spectrum. Such a display thus outputs a greater intensity of visible light by converting light from UV, or other non-visible wavelengths to visible output in a range of wavelengths that is more narrow than the range of wavelengths output by theinterferometric modulator 12. In another embodiment, the photoluminescent material absorbs at various wavelengths, but emits over a relatively narrow range of wavelengths. Such embodiments may thus provide relatively high intensity light over a very narrow range of wavelengths to produce bright and saturated colors, as described above with reference toFIGS. 8 and 9 . Examples of possible materials include those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,278,135 to LUMI (long afterglow photoluminescent pigment, from Global Trade Alliance Inc, Scottsdale, Ariz.), and the materials that comprise BC-482A and BC-484, wavelength shifter bars (Saint-Gobaln Crystals and Detectors, Newbury Ohio). - In the exemplary display of
FIG. 12 , theinterferometric modulators 12 are thus illuminated by both available light and light emitted by thelayer 142. The overall spectral response of the display is thus the combination of a first response of themodulator 12 to the available light (for example, as illustrated by thetrace 102 inFIGS. 8 and 9 when illuminated by white light) and a second response of themodulator 12 to the light emitted by thelayer 142. In one embodiment, the light emitted by thelayer 142 has a similar spectral response to one of those illustrated bytraces FIGS. 8 and 9 so that the second response of themodulator 12 is similar to one of therespective traces layer 142 and reflected by themodulator 12 is greater in intensity than the ambient light reflected by themodulator 12 so that color saturation of themodulator 12 is improved. -
FIG. 13 is a side cross-sectional view of an exemplary display that includes theinterferometric modulator 12 and alight source 150. In the exemplary display, thelight source 150 illuminates themodulator 12 via thelight guide plate 152. In one embodiment, alight guide 154 is configured to direct light from thelight source 150 to thelight guide plate 152. Thelight guide plate 152 may includegrooves 156 that are formed byangled surfaces light source 150 is maintained within thelight guide plate 152 by total internal reflection until the light 160 reflects from thesurfaces substrate 20 and into themodulator 12. In other embodiments, any suitable guiding structure may be used. In some embodiments, thelight source 150 is a front light positioned to illuminate theinterferometric modulator 12. One suitable light source includes one or more color light emitting diodes (LEDs) that have narrow band spectral outputs. Light reflected by thelight guide plate 152 into the modulator 12 passes through thelight producing layer 142 so as to produce a spectral response as described with reference toFIG. 12 . In some embodiments, the light source is a UV emitter and thelight producing layer 142 comprises a photoluminescent material that converts UV light from the UV emitter into a suitable range of visible light. - The position of a light source relative to the
modulators 12 may result in a shift in the color output of the display when light from the light source is incident on thedisplay 30 at a non-normal angle to thereflective surfaces modulator 12. The embodiments ofFIGS. 11 and 13 also may reduce such illumination angle dependent color shift of the display because a source of the light is at a predetermined and consistent position and distance relative to thereflective layers modulator 12. Thus, if there is any color shift due to the position of thelight source 150 relative to themodulators 12, theinterferometric modulator 12 can be tuned to reduce or eliminate this color shift. - While the embodiment illustrated in
FIG. 13 depicts a separatelight guide plate 152 and light producinglayer 142, in some embodiments, thelight guide plate 152 may include the photoluminescent layer. Moreover, embodiments may also include other layers and features not illustrated inFIG. 13 . For example, in one embodiment, the display may also include thefilter layer 114 to further adjust the spectral response of the display. - Displays that include
photoluminescent layer 142 may thus have increased saturation (and thereby an increased color gamut). In addition, such displays may also have increased output optical intensity by conversion of non-visible to visible wavelengths by thelayer 142. - Although full color displays, e.g., displays capable of displaying different shades of red, green, and blue, provide more vibrant and colorful output than monochrome displays, full color displays generally require the
device 40 in which the display is included to process more data than monochrome display. In addition,more modulators 12 along with more complex control circuits are also generally included in some embodiments of full color displays than in monochrome displays. This complexity tends to cause color displays to be more expensive to produce than monochrome display of similar size and pixel resolution. However, in certain applications, color output of shades of a single predetermined color may be acceptable. Thus, one embodiment includes a display that comprises two or more sections or regions that each output a different predetermined color. -
FIG. 14 is a front view of anexemplary display 30 that includes several regions 180 that each display an image in a different color. For example, theregion 180 a displays an indicator image in a first color, e.g., green, the secondexemplary region 180 b displays a map image in a second color, e.g., blue, and the thirdexemplary region 180 c displays directions in a third color, e.g., red. - In one embodiment, the
modulators 12 in a particular region 180 may be configured to output colored light when the movablereflective layer 14 of each is in one position and be non-reflective or black when themovable layer 14 is in another position. For example,such modulators 12 may be configured to output colored light when the movablereflective layer 14 is in the relaxed position and to be non-reflective (to appear black) when in an activated position. In another embodiment, themodulators 12 in a particular region may be configured to output colored light when the movablereflective layer 14 of each is in one position and white (or light perceived as white) when themovable layer 14 is in another position. For example,such modulators 12 may be configured to output colored light when the movablereflective layer 14 is in the relaxed position and to reflect white light in an activated position. Note that the color monochrome regions of the display may in one embodiment produce only the particular color and black (or the particular color and white). In other embodiments, one or more of the color monochrome regions may produce a plurality of shades of the particular color between the color and black (or the between the color and white). - In one embodiment, two or more of the
regions region 180 a displays data in monochrome green (e.g., green and black), theregion 180 b displays data in monochrome red (e.g., red and white), and theregion 180 c displays data in full color using red, green, and bluelight producing modulators 12. - In one embodiment, each of the pixels of a monochrome region comprise a single display element, e.g., an
interferometric modulator 12. In another embodiment, each of the pixels of a monochrome region comprise subpixels. Each of the subpixels may comprise one or more display elements such as interferometric modulators. - Such a
display 30 such as illustrated inFIG. 14 can be especially useful in systems in which multiple streams of information are displayed concurrently but in which the cost of a full color display is to be avoided. By dividing the information by color and placing it in separate sections of the display, the risk of confusion as to the source of data may also be reduced. For example, one embodiment may include a device for displaying blood pressure in one color and heart rate in a second color on a diagnostic display screen. Alternatively, in other embodiments devices may include various regions of colored interferometric modulators in predefined patterns or representations. For example, one region ofcolor interferometric modulators 12 may be used to provide time or phone information for a cell phone, while the other regions ofcolor interferometric modulators 12 may be arranged in the shape of warning indicators such as a “low battery” indicator. - While the above detailed description has shown, described, and pointed out novel features of the invention as applied to various embodiments, it will be understood that various omissions, substitutions, and changes in the form and details of the device or process illustrated may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention. As will be recognized, the present invention may be embodied within a form that does not provide all of the features and benefits set forth herein, as some features may be used or practiced separately from others. The scope of the invention is indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.
Claims (33)
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US13/025,870 US20110128307A1 (en) | 2004-09-27 | 2011-02-11 | Method and device for manipulating color in a display |
US13/613,854 US20130009855A1 (en) | 2004-09-27 | 2012-09-13 | Method and device for manipulating color in a display |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US61349104P | 2004-09-27 | 2004-09-27 | |
US62307204P | 2004-10-28 | 2004-10-28 | |
US11/208,085 US7911428B2 (en) | 2004-09-27 | 2005-08-19 | Method and device for manipulating color in a display |
US13/025,870 US20110128307A1 (en) | 2004-09-27 | 2011-02-11 | Method and device for manipulating color in a display |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US11/208,085 Division US7911428B2 (en) | 2004-09-27 | 2005-08-19 | Method and device for manipulating color in a display |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US13/613,854 Division US20130009855A1 (en) | 2004-09-27 | 2012-09-13 | Method and device for manipulating color in a display |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20110128307A1 true US20110128307A1 (en) | 2011-06-02 |
Family
ID=35457959
Family Applications (3)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US11/208,085 Expired - Fee Related US7911428B2 (en) | 2004-09-27 | 2005-08-19 | Method and device for manipulating color in a display |
US13/025,870 Abandoned US20110128307A1 (en) | 2004-09-27 | 2011-02-11 | Method and device for manipulating color in a display |
US13/613,854 Abandoned US20130009855A1 (en) | 2004-09-27 | 2012-09-13 | Method and device for manipulating color in a display |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US11/208,085 Expired - Fee Related US7911428B2 (en) | 2004-09-27 | 2005-08-19 | Method and device for manipulating color in a display |
Family Applications After (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US13/613,854 Abandoned US20130009855A1 (en) | 2004-09-27 | 2012-09-13 | Method and device for manipulating color in a display |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (3) | US7911428B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1807725A1 (en) |
JP (2) | JP5048502B2 (en) |
MX (1) | MX2007003597A (en) |
TW (2) | TWI391706B (en) |
WO (1) | WO2006036519A1 (en) |
Cited By (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20090296191A1 (en) * | 2004-09-27 | 2009-12-03 | Idc, Llc | Method and device for generating white in an interferometric modulator display |
US20100245975A1 (en) * | 2004-09-27 | 2010-09-30 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Display device having an array of spatial light modulators with integrated color filters |
US20110193770A1 (en) * | 2004-09-27 | 2011-08-11 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Device and method for wavelength filtering |
US8193441B2 (en) | 2007-12-17 | 2012-06-05 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Photovoltaics with interferometric ribbon masks |
US8362987B2 (en) | 2004-09-27 | 2013-01-29 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Method and device for manipulating color in a display |
US20130027444A1 (en) * | 2011-07-25 | 2013-01-31 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Field-sequential color architecture of reflective mode modulator |
US8416154B2 (en) | 2004-09-27 | 2013-04-09 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Apparatus and method for reducing perceived color shift |
US8736590B2 (en) | 2009-03-27 | 2014-05-27 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Low voltage driver scheme for interferometric modulators |
US8791897B2 (en) | 2004-09-27 | 2014-07-29 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Method and system for writing data to MEMS display elements |
US8848294B2 (en) | 2010-05-20 | 2014-09-30 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Method and structure capable of changing color saturation |
Families Citing this family (100)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6674562B1 (en) * | 1994-05-05 | 2004-01-06 | Iridigm Display Corporation | Interferometric modulation of radiation |
US7907319B2 (en) * | 1995-11-06 | 2011-03-15 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Method and device for modulating light with optical compensation |
US8928967B2 (en) | 1998-04-08 | 2015-01-06 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Method and device for modulating light |
KR100703140B1 (en) | 1998-04-08 | 2007-04-05 | 이리다임 디스플레이 코포레이션 | Interferometric modulation and its manufacturing method |
US7821503B2 (en) * | 2003-04-09 | 2010-10-26 | Tegic Communications, Inc. | Touch screen and graphical user interface |
WO2003007049A1 (en) * | 1999-10-05 | 2003-01-23 | Iridigm Display Corporation | Photonic mems and structures |
TWI289708B (en) | 2002-12-25 | 2007-11-11 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies Inc | Optical interference type color display |
US7342705B2 (en) * | 2004-02-03 | 2008-03-11 | Idc, Llc | Spatial light modulator with integrated optical compensation structure |
US7706050B2 (en) | 2004-03-05 | 2010-04-27 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Integrated modulator illumination |
US7855824B2 (en) * | 2004-03-06 | 2010-12-21 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Method and system for color optimization in a display |
US7561323B2 (en) * | 2004-09-27 | 2009-07-14 | Idc, Llc | Optical films for directing light towards active areas of displays |
US7813026B2 (en) | 2004-09-27 | 2010-10-12 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | System and method of reducing color shift in a display |
US7710636B2 (en) * | 2004-09-27 | 2010-05-04 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Systems and methods using interferometric optical modulators and diffusers |
US7911428B2 (en) * | 2004-09-27 | 2011-03-22 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Method and device for manipulating color in a display |
US20060132383A1 (en) * | 2004-09-27 | 2006-06-22 | Idc, Llc | System and method for illuminating interferometric modulator display |
US7355780B2 (en) | 2004-09-27 | 2008-04-08 | Idc, Llc | System and method of illuminating interferometric modulators using backlighting |
US8031133B2 (en) * | 2004-09-27 | 2011-10-04 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Method and device for manipulating color in a display |
US7349141B2 (en) * | 2004-09-27 | 2008-03-25 | Idc, Llc | Method and post structures for interferometric modulation |
US7508571B2 (en) * | 2004-09-27 | 2009-03-24 | Idc, Llc | Optical films for controlling angular characteristics of displays |
US7630123B2 (en) | 2004-09-27 | 2009-12-08 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Method and device for compensating for color shift as a function of angle of view |
US20060066557A1 (en) * | 2004-09-27 | 2006-03-30 | Floyd Philip D | Method and device for reflective display with time sequential color illumination |
US8004504B2 (en) * | 2004-09-27 | 2011-08-23 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Reduced capacitance display element |
US7807488B2 (en) * | 2004-09-27 | 2010-10-05 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Display element having filter material diffused in a substrate of the display element |
US20060077148A1 (en) * | 2004-09-27 | 2006-04-13 | Gally Brian J | Method and device for manipulating color in a display |
US7750886B2 (en) | 2004-09-27 | 2010-07-06 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Methods and devices for lighting displays |
US8102407B2 (en) * | 2004-09-27 | 2012-01-24 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Method and device for manipulating color in a display |
US7916980B2 (en) | 2006-01-13 | 2011-03-29 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Interconnect structure for MEMS device |
US7603001B2 (en) * | 2006-02-17 | 2009-10-13 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Method and apparatus for providing back-lighting in an interferometric modulator display device |
US8004743B2 (en) * | 2006-04-21 | 2011-08-23 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Method and apparatus for providing brightness control in an interferometric modulator (IMOD) display |
US7766498B2 (en) | 2006-06-21 | 2010-08-03 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Linear solid state illuminator |
US7845841B2 (en) * | 2006-08-28 | 2010-12-07 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Angle sweeping holographic illuminator |
US7855827B2 (en) | 2006-10-06 | 2010-12-21 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Internal optical isolation structure for integrated front or back lighting |
KR20090094241A (en) * | 2006-10-06 | 2009-09-04 | 퀄컴 엠이엠스 테크놀로지스, 인크. | Thin light bar and method of manufacturing |
US8872085B2 (en) | 2006-10-06 | 2014-10-28 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Display device having front illuminator with turning features |
EP2366945A1 (en) | 2006-10-06 | 2011-09-21 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Optical loss layer integrated in an illumination apparatus of a display |
EP2069838A2 (en) | 2006-10-06 | 2009-06-17 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Illumination device with built-in light coupler |
US8107155B2 (en) * | 2006-10-06 | 2012-01-31 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | System and method for reducing visual artifacts in displays |
WO2008045463A2 (en) * | 2006-10-10 | 2008-04-17 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Display device with diffractive optics |
US7864395B2 (en) | 2006-10-27 | 2011-01-04 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Light guide including optical scattering elements and a method of manufacture |
US8068255B2 (en) | 2006-11-17 | 2011-11-29 | Microsoft Corporation | Gamut mapping spectral content to reduce perceptible differences in color appearance |
US7777954B2 (en) | 2007-01-30 | 2010-08-17 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Systems and methods of providing a light guiding layer |
US8072402B2 (en) * | 2007-08-29 | 2011-12-06 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Interferometric optical modulator with broadband reflection characteristics |
US20090078316A1 (en) * | 2007-09-24 | 2009-03-26 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Interferometric photovoltaic cell |
JP5209727B2 (en) * | 2007-10-19 | 2013-06-12 | クォルコム・メムズ・テクノロジーズ・インコーポレーテッド | Display with integrated photovoltaic device |
US8058549B2 (en) * | 2007-10-19 | 2011-11-15 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Photovoltaic devices with integrated color interferometric film stacks |
US8552965B2 (en) * | 2007-10-30 | 2013-10-08 | Nlt Technologies, Ltd. | Display device and electronic appliance |
US20090293955A1 (en) * | 2007-11-07 | 2009-12-03 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Photovoltaics with interferometric masks |
US7729036B2 (en) * | 2007-11-12 | 2010-06-01 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Capacitive MEMS device with programmable offset voltage control |
EP2210282A1 (en) * | 2007-11-16 | 2010-07-28 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc | Thin film planar sonar concentrator/ collector and diffusor used with an active display |
US20090126792A1 (en) * | 2007-11-16 | 2009-05-21 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Thin film solar concentrator/collector |
US8941631B2 (en) | 2007-11-16 | 2015-01-27 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Simultaneous light collection and illumination on an active display |
US8068710B2 (en) | 2007-12-07 | 2011-11-29 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Decoupled holographic film and diffuser |
US7949213B2 (en) | 2007-12-07 | 2011-05-24 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Light illumination of displays with front light guide and coupling elements |
CA2710198A1 (en) * | 2007-12-21 | 2009-07-09 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Multijunction photovoltaic cells |
US20090168459A1 (en) * | 2007-12-27 | 2009-07-02 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Light guide including conjugate film |
WO2009102731A2 (en) | 2008-02-12 | 2009-08-20 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Devices and methods for enhancing brightness of displays using angle conversion layers |
CN101946334B (en) * | 2008-02-12 | 2013-08-21 | 高通Mems科技公司 | Dual layer thin film holographic solar concentrator/collector |
US7660028B2 (en) * | 2008-03-28 | 2010-02-09 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Apparatus and method of dual-mode display |
JP2011517118A (en) * | 2008-04-11 | 2011-05-26 | クォルコム・メムズ・テクノロジーズ・インコーポレーテッド | Methods for improving PV aesthetics and efficiency |
US8049951B2 (en) * | 2008-04-15 | 2011-11-01 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Light with bi-directional propagation |
US20090323144A1 (en) * | 2008-06-30 | 2009-12-31 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Illumination device with holographic light guide |
US20100051089A1 (en) * | 2008-09-02 | 2010-03-04 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Light collection device with prismatic light turning features |
KR20110069071A (en) * | 2008-09-18 | 2011-06-22 | 퀄컴 엠이엠스 테크놀로지스, 인크. | Increasing the angular range of light collection in solar collectors/concentrators |
US8866698B2 (en) * | 2008-10-01 | 2014-10-21 | Pleiades Publishing Ltd. | Multi-display handheld device and supporting system |
US20100096011A1 (en) * | 2008-10-16 | 2010-04-22 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | High efficiency interferometric color filters for photovoltaic modules |
TWI382551B (en) * | 2008-11-06 | 2013-01-11 | Ind Tech Res Inst | Solar concentrating module |
US20100157406A1 (en) * | 2008-12-19 | 2010-06-24 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | System and method for matching light source emission to display element reflectivity |
BRPI0924132A2 (en) * | 2009-01-23 | 2016-02-10 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies Inc | lighting device and system and lighting device manufacturing and object movement detection methods through lighting panel |
US8172417B2 (en) * | 2009-03-06 | 2012-05-08 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Shaped frontlight reflector for use with display |
US20100195310A1 (en) * | 2009-02-04 | 2010-08-05 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Shaped frontlight reflector for use with display |
WO2010111306A1 (en) * | 2009-03-25 | 2010-09-30 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Em shielding for display devices |
WO2010138763A1 (en) | 2009-05-29 | 2010-12-02 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Illumination devices and methods of fabrication thereof |
US20110032214A1 (en) * | 2009-06-01 | 2011-02-10 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Front light based optical touch screen |
US8902484B2 (en) | 2010-12-15 | 2014-12-02 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Holographic brightness enhancement film |
JP5856758B2 (en) | 2011-05-23 | 2016-02-10 | ピクストロニクス,インコーポレイテッド | Display device and manufacturing method thereof |
US9324250B2 (en) * | 2011-09-09 | 2016-04-26 | Dolby Laboratories Licensing Corporation | High dynamic range displays comprising MEMS/IMOD components |
US9897796B2 (en) | 2014-04-18 | 2018-02-20 | Snaptrack, Inc. | Encapsulated spacers for electromechanical systems display apparatus |
US9751458B1 (en) * | 2016-02-26 | 2017-09-05 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Vehicle illumination system |
US10420189B2 (en) | 2016-05-11 | 2019-09-17 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Vehicle lighting assembly |
US10205338B2 (en) | 2016-06-13 | 2019-02-12 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Illuminated vehicle charging assembly |
KR102443267B1 (en) * | 2016-06-17 | 2022-09-14 | 쏘흐본느 유니베흐시테 | Apparatus and related methods for illuminating objects with controlled light intensity |
US10131237B2 (en) | 2016-06-22 | 2018-11-20 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Illuminated vehicle charging system |
US10086751B2 (en) | 2016-06-24 | 2018-10-02 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Vehicle lighting system having a spotlight |
US9987974B2 (en) | 2016-06-24 | 2018-06-05 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Lighting system having pointer device |
US9840191B1 (en) | 2016-07-12 | 2017-12-12 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Vehicle lamp assembly |
US9840193B1 (en) | 2016-07-15 | 2017-12-12 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Vehicle lighting assembly |
US10065555B2 (en) | 2016-09-08 | 2018-09-04 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Directional approach lighting |
US10043396B2 (en) | 2016-09-13 | 2018-08-07 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Passenger pickup system and method using autonomous shuttle vehicle |
US9863171B1 (en) | 2016-09-28 | 2018-01-09 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Vehicle compartment |
US10137829B2 (en) | 2016-10-06 | 2018-11-27 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Smart drop off lighting system |
US10046688B2 (en) | 2016-10-06 | 2018-08-14 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Vehicle containing sales bins |
US9802534B1 (en) | 2016-10-21 | 2017-10-31 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Illuminated vehicle compartment |
US10118538B2 (en) | 2016-12-07 | 2018-11-06 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Illuminated rack |
US10106074B2 (en) | 2016-12-07 | 2018-10-23 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Vehicle lamp system |
US10173582B2 (en) | 2017-01-26 | 2019-01-08 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Light system |
US10053006B1 (en) | 2017-01-31 | 2018-08-21 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Illuminated assembly |
US9849829B1 (en) | 2017-03-02 | 2017-12-26 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Vehicle light system |
US10483678B2 (en) | 2017-03-29 | 2019-11-19 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Vehicle electrical connector |
US10720551B1 (en) | 2019-01-03 | 2020-07-21 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Vehicle lamps |
CN111210780B (en) * | 2020-02-27 | 2022-06-07 | 深圳大学 | Display method and device for simulating spectrum presentation of real object |
Citations (27)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4389096A (en) * | 1977-12-27 | 1983-06-21 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Image display apparatus of liquid crystal valve projection type |
US4980775A (en) * | 1988-07-21 | 1990-12-25 | Magnascreen Corporation | Modular flat-screen television displays and modules and circuit drives therefor |
US5044736A (en) * | 1990-11-06 | 1991-09-03 | Motorola, Inc. | Configurable optical filter or display |
US5398170A (en) * | 1992-05-18 | 1995-03-14 | Lee; Song S. | Optical-fiber display with intensive brightness |
US5835255A (en) * | 1986-04-23 | 1998-11-10 | Etalon, Inc. | Visible spectrum modulator arrays |
US5868480A (en) * | 1996-12-17 | 1999-02-09 | Compaq Computer Corporation | Image projection apparatus for producing an image supplied by parallel transmitted colored light |
US5914804A (en) * | 1998-01-28 | 1999-06-22 | Lucent Technologies Inc | Double-cavity micromechanical optical modulator with plural multilayer mirrors |
US6040937A (en) * | 1994-05-05 | 2000-03-21 | Etalon, Inc. | Interferometric modulation |
US20020126364A1 (en) * | 1994-05-05 | 2002-09-12 | Iridigm Display Corporation, A Delaware Corporation | Interferometric modulation of radiation |
US20030011864A1 (en) * | 2001-07-16 | 2003-01-16 | Axsun Technologies, Inc. | Tilt mirror fabry-perot filter system, fabrication process therefor, and method of operation thereof |
US20030020672A1 (en) * | 1999-05-14 | 2003-01-30 | Ken-Ichi Takatori | Light modulator, light source using the light modulator, display apparatus using the light modulator, and method for driving the light modulator |
US20030043157A1 (en) * | 1999-10-05 | 2003-03-06 | Iridigm Display Corporation | Photonic MEMS and structures |
US20030210363A1 (en) * | 2000-04-21 | 2003-11-13 | Seiko Epson Corporation | Electrooptical device, projection-type display apparatus, and method for manufacturing the electrooptical device |
US6674562B1 (en) * | 1994-05-05 | 2004-01-06 | Iridigm Display Corporation | Interferometric modulation of radiation |
US20040188599A1 (en) * | 2000-06-29 | 2004-09-30 | Pierre Viktorovitch | Optoelectronic device with integrated wavelength filtering |
US20050046919A1 (en) * | 2003-08-29 | 2005-03-03 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Interferometric modulator and display unit |
US20060022966A1 (en) * | 2004-07-29 | 2006-02-02 | Mar Eugene J | Method and system for controlling the output of a diffractive light device |
US20060077149A1 (en) * | 2004-09-27 | 2006-04-13 | Gally Brian J | Method and device for manipulating color in a display |
US7031133B2 (en) * | 2003-10-16 | 2006-04-18 | Ulrich Riebel | Aerosol charge altering device |
US7123216B1 (en) * | 1994-05-05 | 2006-10-17 | Idc, Llc | Photonic MEMS and structures |
US7126738B2 (en) * | 1995-05-01 | 2006-10-24 | Idc, Llc | Visible spectrum modulator arrays |
US20060274243A1 (en) * | 2003-04-21 | 2006-12-07 | Seiko Epson Corporation | Liquid crystal display device and electronic apparatus |
US7327510B2 (en) * | 2004-09-27 | 2008-02-05 | Idc, Llc | Process for modifying offset voltage characteristics of an interferometric modulator |
US7342709B2 (en) * | 2002-12-25 | 2008-03-11 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Optical interference type of color display having optical diffusion layer between substrate and electrode |
US7372449B2 (en) * | 2003-09-08 | 2008-05-13 | Fujifilm Corporation | Display device, image display device and display method |
US7911428B2 (en) * | 2004-09-27 | 2011-03-22 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Method and device for manipulating color in a display |
US7928928B2 (en) * | 2004-09-27 | 2011-04-19 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Apparatus and method for reducing perceived color shift |
Family Cites Families (288)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2677714A (en) | 1951-09-21 | 1954-05-04 | Alois Vogt Dr | Optical-electrical conversion device comprising a light-permeable metal electrode |
US3247392A (en) | 1961-05-17 | 1966-04-19 | Optical Coating Laboratory Inc | Optical coating and assembly used as a band pass interference filter reflecting in the ultraviolet and infrared |
US3448334A (en) | 1966-09-30 | 1969-06-03 | North American Rockwell | Multicolored e.l. displays using external colored light sources |
US3653741A (en) | 1970-02-16 | 1972-04-04 | Alvin M Marks | Electro-optical dipolar material |
US4287449A (en) | 1978-02-03 | 1981-09-01 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Light-absorption film for rear electrodes of electroluminescent display panel |
US4200472A (en) | 1978-06-05 | 1980-04-29 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Solar power system and high efficiency photovoltaic cells used therein |
DE3109653A1 (en) | 1980-03-31 | 1982-01-28 | Jenoptik Jena Gmbh, Ddr 6900 Jena | "RESONANCE ABSORBER" |
US4377324A (en) | 1980-08-04 | 1983-03-22 | Honeywell Inc. | Graded index Fabry-Perot optical filter device |
US4441791A (en) | 1980-09-02 | 1984-04-10 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Deformable mirror light modulator |
US4400577A (en) | 1981-07-16 | 1983-08-23 | Spear Reginald G | Thin solar cells |
US4633031A (en) | 1982-09-24 | 1986-12-30 | Todorof William J | Multi-layer thin film, flexible silicon alloy photovoltaic cell |
JPH0642029B2 (en) * | 1983-12-19 | 1994-06-01 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | Color display |
US4832459A (en) | 1984-02-06 | 1989-05-23 | Rogers Corporation | Backlighting for electro-optical passive displays and transflective layer useful therewith |
JPS61124923A (en) * | 1984-11-22 | 1986-06-12 | Ricoh Co Ltd | Liquid-crystal color display device |
US5345322A (en) | 1985-03-01 | 1994-09-06 | Manchester R&D Limited Partnership | Complementary color liquid crystal display |
US4878741A (en) | 1986-09-10 | 1989-11-07 | Manchester R & D Partnership | Liquid crystal color display and method |
JPS63309917A (en) * | 1987-06-11 | 1988-12-19 | Seiko Epson Corp | Projection type color display device |
JPS6432289A (en) * | 1987-07-28 | 1989-02-02 | Seiko Epson Corp | Projection type color display device |
JPH01114884A (en) | 1987-10-29 | 1989-05-08 | Toshiba Corp | Color liquid crystal display device |
JPH01108501U (en) | 1988-01-16 | 1989-07-21 | ||
EP0330361B1 (en) | 1988-02-16 | 1993-04-21 | General Electric Company | Color display device |
US5233447A (en) | 1988-10-26 | 1993-08-03 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Liquid crystal apparatus and display system |
US4982184A (en) | 1989-01-03 | 1991-01-01 | General Electric Company | Electrocrystallochromic display and element |
KR100202246B1 (en) | 1989-02-27 | 1999-06-15 | 윌리엄 비. 켐플러 | Apparatus and method for digital video system |
US5192946A (en) | 1989-02-27 | 1993-03-09 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Digitized color video display system |
NL8900637A (en) | 1989-03-16 | 1990-10-16 | Philips Nv | DISPLAY FOR COLOR RENDERING. |
US4961617A (en) | 1989-07-19 | 1990-10-09 | Ferrydon Shahidi | Fibre optic waveguide illuminating elements |
US5022745A (en) | 1989-09-07 | 1991-06-11 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Electrostatically deformable single crystal dielectrically coated mirror |
JPH03296720A (en) * | 1990-04-17 | 1991-12-27 | Citizen Watch Co Ltd | Optical modulating device |
US5233459A (en) | 1991-03-06 | 1993-08-03 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Electric display device |
US5142414A (en) | 1991-04-22 | 1992-08-25 | Koehler Dale R | Electrically actuatable temporal tristimulus-color device |
US5287215A (en) | 1991-07-17 | 1994-02-15 | Optron Systems, Inc. | Membrane light modulation systems |
US5168406A (en) | 1991-07-31 | 1992-12-01 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Color deformable mirror device and method for manufacture |
US5233385A (en) | 1991-12-18 | 1993-08-03 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | White light enhanced color field sequential projection |
US5356488A (en) | 1991-12-27 | 1994-10-18 | Rudolf Hezel | Solar cell and method for its manufacture |
US6381022B1 (en) | 1992-01-22 | 2002-04-30 | Northeastern University | Light modulating device |
US5638084A (en) | 1992-05-22 | 1997-06-10 | Dielectric Systems International, Inc. | Lighting-independent color video display |
JPH06214169A (en) | 1992-06-08 | 1994-08-05 | Texas Instr Inc <Ti> | Controllable optical and periodic surface filter |
US5339179A (en) | 1992-10-01 | 1994-08-16 | International Business Machines Corp. | Edge-lit transflective non-emissive display with angled interface means on both sides of light conducting panel |
US5648860A (en) | 1992-10-09 | 1997-07-15 | Ag Technology Co., Ltd. | Projection type color liquid crystal optical apparatus |
JP2823470B2 (en) | 1993-03-09 | 1998-11-11 | シャープ株式会社 | Optical scanning device, display device using the same, and image information input / output device |
GB2278222A (en) | 1993-05-20 | 1994-11-23 | Sharp Kk | Spatial light modulator |
US5365283A (en) | 1993-07-19 | 1994-11-15 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Color phase control for projection display using spatial light modulator |
DE69424741T2 (en) | 1993-10-26 | 2000-11-30 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Device for three-dimensional image display |
US5452024A (en) | 1993-11-01 | 1995-09-19 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | DMD display system |
US5517347A (en) | 1993-12-01 | 1996-05-14 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Direct view deformable mirror device |
US5448314A (en) | 1994-01-07 | 1995-09-05 | Texas Instruments | Method and apparatus for sequential color imaging |
DE4407067C2 (en) | 1994-03-03 | 2003-06-18 | Unaxis Balzers Ag | Dielectric interference filter system, LCD display and CCD arrangement as well as method for producing a dielectric interference filter system |
US7460291B2 (en) | 1994-05-05 | 2008-12-02 | Idc, Llc | Separable modulator |
US7138984B1 (en) | 2001-06-05 | 2006-11-21 | Idc, Llc | Directly laminated touch sensitive screen |
US5805117A (en) | 1994-05-12 | 1998-09-08 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Large area tiled modular display system |
WO1996002862A1 (en) | 1994-07-15 | 1996-02-01 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Head-up display apparatus, liquid crystal display panel and production method thereof |
US5636052A (en) | 1994-07-29 | 1997-06-03 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Direct view display based on a micromechanical modulation |
US5619059A (en) | 1994-09-28 | 1997-04-08 | National Research Council Of Canada | Color deformable mirror device having optical thin film interference color coatings |
US6560018B1 (en) | 1994-10-27 | 2003-05-06 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Illumination system for transmissive light valve displays |
JPH08136910A (en) | 1994-11-07 | 1996-05-31 | Hitachi Ltd | Color liquid crystal display device and its production |
US5815229A (en) | 1994-11-21 | 1998-09-29 | Proxima Corporation | Microlens imbedded liquid crystal projection panel including thermal insulation layer |
JP2916887B2 (en) | 1994-11-29 | 1999-07-05 | キヤノン株式会社 | Electron emitting element, electron source, and method of manufacturing image forming apparatus |
US5886688A (en) | 1995-06-02 | 1999-03-23 | National Semiconductor Corporation | Integrated solar panel and liquid crystal display for portable computer or the like |
US6046840A (en) | 1995-06-19 | 2000-04-04 | Reflectivity, Inc. | Double substrate reflective spatial light modulator with self-limiting micro-mechanical elements |
US6147728A (en) | 1995-07-17 | 2000-11-14 | Seiko Epson Corporation | Reflective color LCD with color filters having particular transmissivity |
US6324192B1 (en) | 1995-09-29 | 2001-11-27 | Coretek, Inc. | Electrically tunable fabry-perot structure utilizing a deformable multi-layer mirror and method of making the same |
US5739945A (en) | 1995-09-29 | 1998-04-14 | Tayebati; Parviz | Electrically tunable optical filter utilizing a deformable multi-layer mirror |
US7907319B2 (en) | 1995-11-06 | 2011-03-15 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Method and device for modulating light with optical compensation |
WO1997017628A1 (en) * | 1995-11-06 | 1997-05-15 | Etalon, Inc. | Interferometric modulation |
US5933183A (en) | 1995-12-12 | 1999-08-03 | Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. | Color spatial light modulator and color printer using the same |
US5737115A (en) | 1995-12-15 | 1998-04-07 | Xerox Corporation | Additive color tristate light valve twisting ball display |
JP3799092B2 (en) | 1995-12-29 | 2006-07-19 | アジレント・テクノロジーズ・インク | Light modulation device and display device |
US5771321A (en) | 1996-01-04 | 1998-06-23 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Micromechanical optical switch and flat panel display |
EP0786911B1 (en) | 1996-01-26 | 2003-09-10 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Autostereoscopic display |
GB2309609A (en) | 1996-01-26 | 1997-07-30 | Sharp Kk | Observer tracking autostereoscopic directional display |
DE19622748A1 (en) | 1996-06-05 | 1997-12-11 | Forschungszentrum Juelich Gmbh | Interference filter based on porous silicon |
KR100213968B1 (en) | 1996-07-15 | 1999-08-02 | 구자홍 | Liquid crystal display device |
US5710656A (en) | 1996-07-30 | 1998-01-20 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Micromechanical optical modulator having a reduced-mass composite membrane |
GB2315902A (en) | 1996-08-01 | 1998-02-11 | Sharp Kk | LIquid crystal device |
JPH09189910A (en) * | 1996-10-28 | 1997-07-22 | Seiko Epson Corp | Color display device |
GB2321532A (en) | 1997-01-22 | 1998-07-29 | Sharp Kk | Multi-colour reflector device and display |
US5981112A (en) | 1997-01-24 | 1999-11-09 | Eastman Kodak Company | Method of making color filter arrays |
FR2760559B1 (en) | 1997-03-07 | 1999-05-28 | Sextant Avionique | LIQUID CRYSTAL MATRIX SCREEN WITH DISSYMMETRICAL COLORED PIXELS |
EP0879991A3 (en) | 1997-05-13 | 1999-04-21 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Illuminating system |
US6259082B1 (en) | 1997-07-31 | 2001-07-10 | Rohm Co., Ltd. | Image reading apparatus |
US6031653A (en) | 1997-08-28 | 2000-02-29 | California Institute Of Technology | Low-cost thin-metal-film interference filters |
US6088102A (en) | 1997-10-31 | 2000-07-11 | Silicon Light Machines | Display apparatus including grating light-valve array and interferometric optical system |
FI107844B (en) | 1997-11-07 | 2001-10-15 | Nokia Display Products Oy | Method for Adjusting Color Temperature in Backlit LCD and Backlit LCD |
US6285424B1 (en) | 1997-11-07 | 2001-09-04 | Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited | Black mask, color filter and liquid crystal display |
US6322901B1 (en) | 1997-11-13 | 2001-11-27 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Highly luminescent color-selective nano-crystalline materials |
US6028690A (en) | 1997-11-26 | 2000-02-22 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Reduced micromirror mirror gaps for improved contrast ratio |
US6492065B2 (en) | 1997-12-05 | 2002-12-10 | Victor Company Of Japan, Limited | Hologram color filter, production method of the same hologram color filter and space light modulating apparatus using the same hologram color filter |
US6278135B1 (en) | 1998-02-06 | 2001-08-21 | General Electric Company | Green-light emitting phosphors and light sources using the same |
US6195196B1 (en) | 1998-03-13 | 2001-02-27 | Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. | Array-type exposing device and flat type display incorporating light modulator and driving method thereof |
US6967779B2 (en) | 1998-04-15 | 2005-11-22 | Bright View Technologies, Inc. | Micro-lens array with precisely aligned aperture mask and methods of producing same |
US6282010B1 (en) | 1998-05-14 | 2001-08-28 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Anti-reflective coatings for spatial light modulators |
WO1999064912A1 (en) | 1998-06-05 | 1999-12-16 | Seiko Epson Corporation | Light source and display device |
KR100357315B1 (en) | 1998-06-25 | 2002-10-19 | 시티즌 도케이 가부시키가이샤 | Reflective liquid crystal display |
GB2340281A (en) | 1998-08-04 | 2000-02-16 | Sharp Kk | A reflective liquid crystal display device |
JP2000075293A (en) | 1998-09-02 | 2000-03-14 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Illuminator, touch panel with illumination and reflective liquid crystal display device |
US6113239A (en) | 1998-09-04 | 2000-09-05 | Sharp Laboratories Of America, Inc. | Projection display system for reflective light valves |
US6323834B1 (en) | 1998-10-08 | 2001-11-27 | International Business Machines Corporation | Micromechanical displays and fabrication method |
US6288824B1 (en) | 1998-11-03 | 2001-09-11 | Alex Kastalsky | Display device based on grating electromechanical shutter |
JP3871176B2 (en) | 1998-12-14 | 2007-01-24 | シャープ株式会社 | Backlight device and liquid crystal display device |
JP2000193933A (en) | 1998-12-25 | 2000-07-14 | Matsushita Electric Works Ltd | Display device |
US6188519B1 (en) | 1999-01-05 | 2001-02-13 | Kenneth Carlisle Johnson | Bigrating light valve |
JP2000214804A (en) | 1999-01-20 | 2000-08-04 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | Light modulation element, aligner, and planar display |
US7683926B2 (en) | 1999-02-25 | 2010-03-23 | Visionsense Ltd. | Optical device |
JP3657143B2 (en) | 1999-04-27 | 2005-06-08 | シャープ株式会社 | Solar cell and manufacturing method thereof |
TW477897B (en) | 1999-05-07 | 2002-03-01 | Sharp Kk | Liquid crystal display device, method and device to measure cell thickness of liquid crystal display device, and phase difference plate using the method thereof |
KR100715133B1 (en) | 1999-05-12 | 2007-05-10 | 코닌클리케 필립스 일렉트로닉스 엔.브이. | White color selection for display on display device |
FI107085B (en) | 1999-05-28 | 2001-05-31 | Ics Intelligent Control System | light Panel |
US6201633B1 (en) | 1999-06-07 | 2001-03-13 | Xerox Corporation | Micro-electromechanical based bistable color display sheets |
US6597419B1 (en) | 1999-07-02 | 2003-07-22 | Minolta Co., Ltd. | Liquid crystal display including filter means with 10-70% transmittance in the selective reflection wavelength range |
US6862029B1 (en) | 1999-07-27 | 2005-03-01 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Color display system |
KR20010030164A (en) | 1999-08-31 | 2001-04-16 | 고지마 아끼로, 오가와 다이스께 | Touch panel and display device using the same |
US6549338B1 (en) | 1999-11-12 | 2003-04-15 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Bandpass filter to reduce thermal impact of dichroic light shift |
JP3805189B2 (en) | 2000-10-30 | 2006-08-02 | コーニンクレッカ フィリップス エレクトロニクス エヌ ヴィ | Liquid crystal display |
JP3987257B2 (en) | 1999-12-10 | 2007-10-03 | ローム株式会社 | Liquid crystal display |
JP2001249287A (en) | 1999-12-30 | 2001-09-14 | Texas Instr Inc <Ti> | Method for operating bistabl micro mirror array |
JP4015342B2 (en) | 2000-03-03 | 2007-11-28 | ローム株式会社 | LIGHTING DEVICE AND LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY DEVICE HAVING THE SAME |
JP2003526190A (en) | 2000-03-06 | 2003-09-02 | テレダイン ライティング アンド ディスプレイ プロダクツ, インコーポレイテッド | Lighting device having quantum dot layer |
US6400738B1 (en) | 2000-04-14 | 2002-06-04 | Agilent Technologies, Inc. | Tunable Fabry-Perot filters and lasers |
TW528169U (en) | 2000-05-04 | 2003-04-11 | Koninkl Philips Electronics Nv | Assembly of a display device and an illumination system |
US6570584B1 (en) | 2000-05-15 | 2003-05-27 | Eastman Kodak Company | Broad color gamut display |
JP2001345458A (en) | 2000-05-30 | 2001-12-14 | Kyocera Corp | Solar cell |
JP2001343514A (en) | 2000-05-30 | 2001-12-14 | Victor Co Of Japan Ltd | Hologram color filter |
US6598987B1 (en) | 2000-06-15 | 2003-07-29 | Nokia Mobile Phones Limited | Method and apparatus for distributing light to the user interface of an electronic device |
JP2001356701A (en) | 2000-06-15 | 2001-12-26 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | Optical element, light source unit and display device |
US7583335B2 (en) | 2000-06-27 | 2009-09-01 | Citizen Holdings Co., Ltd. | Liquid crystal display device |
US6853129B1 (en) | 2000-07-28 | 2005-02-08 | Candescent Technologies Corporation | Protected substrate structure for a field emission display device |
US6795605B1 (en) | 2000-08-01 | 2004-09-21 | Cheetah Omni, Llc | Micromechanical optical switch |
JP2002062505A (en) | 2000-08-14 | 2002-02-28 | Canon Inc | Projection type display deice and interference modulation element used therefor |
US6643069B2 (en) | 2000-08-31 | 2003-11-04 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | SLM-base color projection display having multiple SLM's and multiple projection lenses |
US6778513B2 (en) | 2000-09-29 | 2004-08-17 | Arraycomm, Inc. | Method and apparatus for separting multiple users in a shared-channel communication system |
US7072086B2 (en) | 2001-10-19 | 2006-07-04 | Batchko Robert G | Digital focus lens system |
US6714565B1 (en) | 2000-11-01 | 2004-03-30 | Agilent Technologies, Inc. | Optically tunable Fabry Perot microelectromechanical resonator |
US6556338B2 (en) | 2000-11-03 | 2003-04-29 | Intpax, Inc. | MEMS based variable optical attenuator (MBVOA) |
JP2002174780A (en) | 2000-12-08 | 2002-06-21 | Stanley Electric Co Ltd | Reflection type color display device |
JP3551310B2 (en) | 2000-12-20 | 2004-08-04 | ミネベア株式会社 | Touch panel for display device |
JP4074977B2 (en) | 2001-02-02 | 2008-04-16 | ミネベア株式会社 | Surface lighting device |
JP2002229023A (en) | 2001-02-05 | 2002-08-14 | Rohm Co Ltd | Color liquid crystal display device |
JP2002245835A (en) | 2001-02-15 | 2002-08-30 | Minolta Co Ltd | Illumination device, display device, and electronic equipment |
GB0105781D0 (en) | 2001-03-08 | 2001-04-25 | Dyson Ltd | Wand assembly for a vacuum cleaner |
JP3888075B2 (en) | 2001-03-23 | 2007-02-28 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | Optical switching element, optical switching device, and image display apparatus |
JP2002313121A (en) | 2001-04-16 | 2002-10-25 | Nitto Denko Corp | Luminaire with touch panel and reflective liquid crystal display device |
US6697403B2 (en) | 2001-04-17 | 2004-02-24 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Light-emitting device and light-emitting apparatus using the same |
JP2002328313A (en) * | 2001-05-01 | 2002-11-15 | Sony Corp | Optical switching element, its manufacturing method, and image display device |
US20020191130A1 (en) | 2001-06-19 | 2002-12-19 | Wei-Chen Liang | Color display utilizing combinations of four colors |
US6822628B2 (en) | 2001-06-28 | 2004-11-23 | Candescent Intellectual Property Services, Inc. | Methods and systems for compensating row-to-row brightness variations of a field emission display |
US20030001985A1 (en) | 2001-06-28 | 2003-01-02 | Steve Doe | Electronic display |
JP4526223B2 (en) | 2001-06-29 | 2010-08-18 | シャープ株式会社 | Wiring member, solar cell module and manufacturing method thereof |
JP3760810B2 (en) | 2001-07-06 | 2006-03-29 | ソニー株式会社 | Light modulation element, GLV device, and laser display |
JP2003021821A (en) | 2001-07-09 | 2003-01-24 | Toshiba Corp | Liquid crystal unit and its driving method |
JP4945059B2 (en) | 2001-07-10 | 2012-06-06 | クアルコム メムス テクノロジーズ インコーポレイテッド | Photonic MEMS and structure |
US7595811B2 (en) | 2001-07-26 | 2009-09-29 | Seiko Epson Corporation | Environment-complaint image display system, projector, and program |
TW574586B (en) | 2001-09-19 | 2004-02-01 | Optrex Kk | Liquid crystal display element |
JP4050119B2 (en) | 2001-10-02 | 2008-02-20 | シャープ株式会社 | Liquid crystal display |
US6870581B2 (en) | 2001-10-30 | 2005-03-22 | Sharp Laboratories Of America, Inc. | Single panel color video projection display using reflective banded color falling-raster illumination |
WO2003040829A2 (en) | 2001-11-07 | 2003-05-15 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Maskless printer using photoelectric conversion of a light beam array |
KR100774256B1 (en) | 2001-11-08 | 2007-11-08 | 엘지.필립스 엘시디 주식회사 | liquid crystal display devices |
KR100440405B1 (en) | 2001-11-19 | 2004-07-14 | 삼성전자주식회사 | Device for controlling output of video data using double buffering |
US20030095401A1 (en) | 2001-11-20 | 2003-05-22 | Palm, Inc. | Non-visible light display illumination system and method |
JP3941548B2 (en) | 2002-03-06 | 2007-07-04 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | Liquid crystal display panel, liquid crystal display panel substrate and electronic device |
JP2006504116A (en) | 2001-12-14 | 2006-02-02 | ディジタル・オプティクス・インターナショナル・コーポレイション | Uniform lighting system |
KR20040083476A (en) | 2001-12-19 | 2004-10-02 | 액츄앨리티 시스템즈, 인크. | Radiation conditioning system and method thereof |
JP3999081B2 (en) | 2002-01-30 | 2007-10-31 | シャープ株式会社 | Liquid crystal display |
JP4162900B2 (en) | 2002-02-05 | 2008-10-08 | アルプス電気株式会社 | Illumination device and liquid crystal display device |
JP2003322824A (en) | 2002-02-26 | 2003-11-14 | Namco Ltd | Stereoscopic video display device and electronic apparatus |
US6574033B1 (en) | 2002-02-27 | 2003-06-03 | Iridigm Display Corporation | Microelectromechanical systems device and method for fabricating same |
JP2003255338A (en) | 2002-02-28 | 2003-09-10 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | Liquid crystal display |
US7283112B2 (en) | 2002-03-01 | 2007-10-16 | Microsoft Corporation | Reflective microelectrical mechanical structure (MEMS) optical modulator and optical display system |
JP2003255344A (en) | 2002-03-05 | 2003-09-10 | Citizen Electronics Co Ltd | Front light for color liquid crystal display |
US6768555B2 (en) | 2002-03-21 | 2004-07-27 | Industrial Technology Research Institute | Fabry-Perot filter apparatus with enhanced optical discrimination |
US6965468B2 (en) | 2003-07-03 | 2005-11-15 | Reflectivity, Inc | Micromirror array having reduced gap between adjacent micromirrors of the micromirror array |
KR20030081662A (en) | 2002-04-12 | 2003-10-22 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | Solar cell with double layer antireflection coating |
JP2003315732A (en) | 2002-04-25 | 2003-11-06 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | Image display device |
JP2003315694A (en) | 2002-04-25 | 2003-11-06 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | Image display element and image display device using the same |
US6717650B2 (en) | 2002-05-01 | 2004-04-06 | Anvik Corporation | Maskless lithography with sub-pixel resolution |
KR100433229B1 (en) | 2002-05-17 | 2004-05-28 | 엘지.필립스 엘시디 주식회사 | Liquid Crystal Display and Method of Fabricating the same |
US6689949B2 (en) | 2002-05-17 | 2004-02-10 | United Innovations, Inc. | Concentrating photovoltaic cavity converters for extreme solar-to-electric conversion efficiencies |
JP4123415B2 (en) | 2002-05-20 | 2008-07-23 | ソニー株式会社 | Solid-state imaging device |
US20050179675A1 (en) | 2002-05-27 | 2005-08-18 | Koninklijke Phillips Electonics N.C. | Pixel fault masking |
JP4048844B2 (en) | 2002-06-17 | 2008-02-20 | カシオ計算機株式会社 | Surface light source and display device using the same |
US7019734B2 (en) | 2002-07-17 | 2006-03-28 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Resistive touch sensor having microstructured conductive layer |
US6738194B1 (en) | 2002-07-22 | 2004-05-18 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Resonance tunable optical filter |
US7019876B2 (en) | 2002-07-29 | 2006-03-28 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Micro-mirror with rotor structure |
TWI266106B (en) | 2002-08-09 | 2006-11-11 | Sanyo Electric Co | Display device with a plurality of display panels |
US7106509B2 (en) | 2002-09-06 | 2006-09-12 | Colorlink, Inc. | Filter for enhancing vision and/or protecting the eyes and method of making a filter |
JP4440523B2 (en) | 2002-09-19 | 2010-03-24 | 大日本印刷株式会社 | Organic EL display device by inkjet method, color filter manufacturing method, manufacturing device |
JP4057871B2 (en) | 2002-09-19 | 2008-03-05 | 東芝松下ディスプレイテクノロジー株式会社 | Liquid crystal display |
JP2004133430A (en) | 2002-09-20 | 2004-04-30 | Sony Corp | Display element, display device, and micro lens array |
JP4165165B2 (en) | 2002-09-26 | 2008-10-15 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | Liquid crystal display panel and electronic equipment |
US7271790B2 (en) | 2002-10-11 | 2007-09-18 | Elcos Microdisplay Technology, Inc. | Combined temperature and color-temperature control and compensation method for microdisplay systems |
TW573170B (en) | 2002-10-11 | 2004-01-21 | Toppoly Optoelectronics Corp | Dual-sided display liquid crystal panel |
US6747785B2 (en) | 2002-10-24 | 2004-06-08 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | MEMS-actuated color light modulator and methods |
US7370185B2 (en) | 2003-04-30 | 2008-05-06 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Self-packaged optical interference display device having anti-stiction bumps, integral micro-lens, and reflection-absorbing layers |
JP2003255324A (en) | 2002-11-18 | 2003-09-10 | Seiko Epson Corp | Liquid crystal display panel, substrate for liquid crystal display panel and electronic equipment |
US6958846B2 (en) | 2002-11-26 | 2005-10-25 | Reflectivity, Inc | Spatial light modulators with light absorbing areas |
JP4140499B2 (en) | 2002-11-29 | 2008-08-27 | カシオ計算機株式会社 | Communication terminal and program |
US7230594B2 (en) * | 2002-12-16 | 2007-06-12 | Eastman Kodak Company | Color OLED display with improved power efficiency |
JP2004212673A (en) | 2002-12-27 | 2004-07-29 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | Planar display device and its driving method |
TW594155B (en) | 2002-12-27 | 2004-06-21 | Prime View Int Corp Ltd | Optical interference type color display and optical interference modulator |
JP2004219843A (en) | 2003-01-16 | 2004-08-05 | Seiko Epson Corp | Optical modulator, and display device and their manufacturing methods |
US6930816B2 (en) | 2003-01-17 | 2005-08-16 | Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. | Spatial light modulator, spatial light modulator array, image forming device and flat panel display |
TW557395B (en) | 2003-01-29 | 2003-10-11 | Yen Sun Technology Corp | Optical interference type reflection panel and the manufacturing method thereof |
TW200413810A (en) | 2003-01-29 | 2004-08-01 | Prime View Int Co Ltd | Light interference display panel and its manufacturing method |
TW577549U (en) | 2003-01-30 | 2004-02-21 | Toppoly Optoelectronics Corp | Back light module for flat display device |
US7176861B2 (en) | 2003-02-24 | 2007-02-13 | Barco N.V. | Pixel structure with optimized subpixel sizes for emissive displays |
TWI226504B (en) | 2003-04-21 | 2005-01-11 | Prime View Int Co Ltd | A structure of an interference display cell |
TW567355B (en) | 2003-04-21 | 2003-12-21 | Prime View Int Co Ltd | An interference display cell and fabrication method thereof |
TWI224235B (en) | 2003-04-21 | 2004-11-21 | Prime View Int Co Ltd | A method for fabricating an interference display cell |
TW594360B (en) | 2003-04-21 | 2004-06-21 | Prime View Int Corp Ltd | A method for fabricating an interference display cell |
US7072093B2 (en) | 2003-04-30 | 2006-07-04 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Optical interference pixel display with charge control |
JP4338442B2 (en) | 2003-05-23 | 2009-10-07 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | Manufacturing method of transmissive light modulation element |
US6811267B1 (en) | 2003-06-09 | 2004-11-02 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Display system with nonvisible data projection |
US6822780B1 (en) | 2003-06-23 | 2004-11-23 | Northrop Grumman Corporation | Vertically stacked spatial light modulator with multi-bit phase resolution |
US6917469B2 (en) | 2003-06-27 | 2005-07-12 | Japan Acryace Co., Ltd. | Light diffusing laminated plate |
DE10329917B4 (en) | 2003-07-02 | 2005-12-22 | Schott Ag | Coated cover glass for photovoltaic modules |
US20070201234A1 (en) | 2003-07-21 | 2007-08-30 | Clemens Ottermann | Luminous element |
US7190380B2 (en) | 2003-09-26 | 2007-03-13 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Generating and displaying spatially offset sub-frames |
TW200506479A (en) | 2003-08-15 | 2005-02-16 | Prime View Int Co Ltd | Color changeable pixel for an interference display |
TWI305599B (en) | 2003-08-15 | 2009-01-21 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies Inc | Interference display panel and method thereof |
TW593127B (en) | 2003-08-18 | 2004-06-21 | Prime View Int Co Ltd | Interference display plate and manufacturing method thereof |
US20050057442A1 (en) | 2003-08-28 | 2005-03-17 | Olan Way | Adjacent display of sequential sub-images |
JPWO2005022212A1 (en) | 2003-09-01 | 2007-11-01 | 大日本印刷株式会社 | Antireflection film for plasma display |
CN1853160A (en) | 2003-09-22 | 2006-10-25 | 皇家飞利浦电子股份有限公司 | Touch input screen using a light guide |
US6982820B2 (en) | 2003-09-26 | 2006-01-03 | Prime View International Co., Ltd. | Color changeable pixel |
US7598961B2 (en) | 2003-10-21 | 2009-10-06 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | method and apparatus for converting from a source color space to a target color space |
TW200524236A (en) | 2003-12-01 | 2005-07-16 | Nl Nanosemiconductor Gmbh | Optoelectronic device incorporating an interference filter |
US7430355B2 (en) | 2003-12-08 | 2008-09-30 | University Of Cincinnati | Light emissive signage devices based on lightwave coupling |
US7161728B2 (en) | 2003-12-09 | 2007-01-09 | Idc, Llc | Area array modulation and lead reduction in interferometric modulators |
EP1544657B1 (en) | 2003-12-19 | 2012-04-04 | Barco N.V. | Broadband full white reflective display structure |
US7342705B2 (en) | 2004-02-03 | 2008-03-11 | Idc, Llc | Spatial light modulator with integrated optical compensation structure |
TW200530669A (en) | 2004-03-05 | 2005-09-16 | Prime View Int Co Ltd | Interference display plate and manufacturing method thereof |
US7855824B2 (en) | 2004-03-06 | 2010-12-21 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Method and system for color optimization in a display |
US7025464B2 (en) | 2004-03-30 | 2006-04-11 | Goldeneye, Inc. | Projection display systems utilizing light emitting diodes and light recycling |
JP2005308871A (en) | 2004-04-19 | 2005-11-04 | Aterio Design Kk | Interference color filter |
US7213958B2 (en) | 2004-06-30 | 2007-05-08 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Phosphor based illumination system having light guide and an interference reflector |
JP2006093104A (en) | 2004-08-25 | 2006-04-06 | Seiko Instruments Inc | Lighting system, and display device using the same |
US8031133B2 (en) | 2004-09-27 | 2011-10-04 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Method and device for manipulating color in a display |
US20060077148A1 (en) | 2004-09-27 | 2006-04-13 | Gally Brian J | Method and device for manipulating color in a display |
US20060066557A1 (en) | 2004-09-27 | 2006-03-30 | Floyd Philip D | Method and device for reflective display with time sequential color illumination |
US20060066586A1 (en) | 2004-09-27 | 2006-03-30 | Gally Brian J | Touchscreens for displays |
US7710632B2 (en) | 2004-09-27 | 2010-05-04 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Display device having an array of spatial light modulators with integrated color filters |
US7719500B2 (en) | 2004-09-27 | 2010-05-18 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Reflective display pixels arranged in non-rectangular arrays |
US7304784B2 (en) | 2004-09-27 | 2007-12-04 | Idc, Llc | Reflective display device having viewable display on both sides |
US7750886B2 (en) | 2004-09-27 | 2010-07-06 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Methods and devices for lighting displays |
US7317568B2 (en) | 2004-09-27 | 2008-01-08 | Idc, Llc | System and method of implementation of interferometric modulators for display mirrors |
US7564612B2 (en) | 2004-09-27 | 2009-07-21 | Idc, Llc | Photonic MEMS and structures |
US7679627B2 (en) | 2004-09-27 | 2010-03-16 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Controller and driver features for bi-stable display |
US8102407B2 (en) | 2004-09-27 | 2012-01-24 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Method and device for manipulating color in a display |
US7525730B2 (en) | 2004-09-27 | 2009-04-28 | Idc, Llc | Method and device for generating white in an interferometric modulator display |
US7898521B2 (en) | 2004-09-27 | 2011-03-01 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Device and method for wavelength filtering |
US20060132383A1 (en) | 2004-09-27 | 2006-06-22 | Idc, Llc | System and method for illuminating interferometric modulator display |
US7807488B2 (en) | 2004-09-27 | 2010-10-05 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Display element having filter material diffused in a substrate of the display element |
US7161730B2 (en) | 2004-09-27 | 2007-01-09 | Idc, Llc | System and method for providing thermal compensation for an interferometric modulator display |
JP4688131B2 (en) | 2004-10-21 | 2011-05-25 | 株式会社リコー | Optical deflection apparatus, optical deflection array, optical system, and image projection display apparatus |
KR100735148B1 (en) | 2004-11-22 | 2007-07-03 | (주)케이디티 | Backlight unit by phosphorescent diffusion sheet |
JP4634129B2 (en) | 2004-12-10 | 2011-02-16 | 三菱重工業株式会社 | Light scattering film and optical device using the same |
US20060130889A1 (en) | 2004-12-22 | 2006-06-22 | Motorola, Inc. | Solar panel with optical films |
US7521666B2 (en) | 2005-02-17 | 2009-04-21 | Capella Microsystems Inc. | Multi-cavity Fabry-Perot ambient light filter apparatus |
JP2006270021A (en) | 2005-02-28 | 2006-10-05 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | Laminated photoelectric conversion element |
KR100681521B1 (en) | 2005-04-06 | 2007-02-09 | (주)케이디티 | Backlight unit |
US7346251B2 (en) | 2005-04-18 | 2008-03-18 | The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York | Light emission using quantum dot emitters in a photonic crystal |
TWI259519B (en) | 2005-07-12 | 2006-08-01 | Promos Technologies Inc | Method of forming a semiconductor device |
KR100723681B1 (en) | 2005-08-03 | 2007-05-30 | (주)케이디티 | Photoluminescent diffusion sheet |
US7771103B2 (en) | 2005-09-20 | 2010-08-10 | Guardian Industries Corp. | Optical diffuser with IR and/or UV blocking coating |
US20070113887A1 (en) | 2005-11-18 | 2007-05-24 | Lih-Hong Laih | Material system of photovoltaic cell with micro-cavity |
US20070115415A1 (en) | 2005-11-21 | 2007-05-24 | Arthur Piehl | Light absorbers and methods |
US7561133B2 (en) | 2005-12-29 | 2009-07-14 | Xerox Corporation | System and methods of device independent display using tunable individually-addressable fabry-perot membranes |
WO2007086159A1 (en) | 2006-01-24 | 2007-08-02 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Display device, method for manufacturing display device, substrate and color filter substrate |
US7603001B2 (en) | 2006-02-17 | 2009-10-13 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Method and apparatus for providing back-lighting in an interferometric modulator display device |
US7450295B2 (en) | 2006-03-02 | 2008-11-11 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Methods for producing MEMS with protective coatings using multi-component sacrificial layers |
US20070235072A1 (en) | 2006-04-10 | 2007-10-11 | Peter Bermel | Solar cell efficiencies through periodicity |
US8004743B2 (en) | 2006-04-21 | 2011-08-23 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Method and apparatus for providing brightness control in an interferometric modulator (IMOD) display |
WO2007142978A2 (en) | 2006-06-01 | 2007-12-13 | Light Resonance Technologies, Llc | Light filter/modulator and array of filters/modulators |
WO2008013159A1 (en) | 2006-07-25 | 2008-01-31 | Tanaka Kikinzoku Kogyo K.K. | Noble metal alloy for spark plug and method for producing and processing the same |
TWI331231B (en) | 2006-08-04 | 2010-10-01 | Au Optronics Corp | Color filter and frbricating method thereof |
EP2069838A2 (en) | 2006-10-06 | 2009-06-17 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Illumination device with built-in light coupler |
US20080095997A1 (en) | 2006-10-19 | 2008-04-24 | Tien-Hon Chiang | Function-Enhancing Optical Film |
US20080105298A1 (en) | 2006-11-02 | 2008-05-08 | Guardian Industries Corp. | Front electrode for use in photovoltaic device and method of making same |
JP2008224930A (en) | 2007-03-12 | 2008-09-25 | Seiko Epson Corp | Display device and manufacturing method therefor, and electronic equipment |
US7848003B2 (en) | 2007-09-17 | 2010-12-07 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Semi-transparent/transflective lighted interferometric devices |
US8058549B2 (en) | 2007-10-19 | 2011-11-15 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Photovoltaic devices with integrated color interferometric film stacks |
WO2009079279A2 (en) | 2007-12-17 | 2009-06-25 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Photovoltaics with interferometric back side masks |
US7660028B2 (en) | 2008-03-28 | 2010-02-09 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Apparatus and method of dual-mode display |
US8116005B2 (en) | 2008-04-04 | 2012-02-14 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Light combiner |
US20100096011A1 (en) | 2008-10-16 | 2010-04-22 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | High efficiency interferometric color filters for photovoltaic modules |
WO2010044901A1 (en) | 2008-10-16 | 2010-04-22 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Monolithic imod color enhanced photovoltaic cell |
US20100157406A1 (en) | 2008-12-19 | 2010-06-24 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | System and method for matching light source emission to display element reflectivity |
WO2010111306A1 (en) | 2009-03-25 | 2010-09-30 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Em shielding for display devices |
-
2005
- 2005-08-19 US US11/208,085 patent/US7911428B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-09-09 WO PCT/US2005/032335 patent/WO2006036519A1/en active Application Filing
- 2005-09-09 JP JP2007533524A patent/JP5048502B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-09-09 EP EP05796137A patent/EP1807725A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2005-09-09 MX MX2007003597A patent/MX2007003597A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2005-09-22 TW TW094132852A patent/TWI391706B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2005-09-22 TW TW100116748A patent/TWI420145B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2010
- 2010-12-08 JP JP2010273682A patent/JP5044008B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2011
- 2011-02-11 US US13/025,870 patent/US20110128307A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2012
- 2012-09-13 US US13/613,854 patent/US20130009855A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (32)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4389096A (en) * | 1977-12-27 | 1983-06-21 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Image display apparatus of liquid crystal valve projection type |
US5835255A (en) * | 1986-04-23 | 1998-11-10 | Etalon, Inc. | Visible spectrum modulator arrays |
US4980775A (en) * | 1988-07-21 | 1990-12-25 | Magnascreen Corporation | Modular flat-screen television displays and modules and circuit drives therefor |
US5044736A (en) * | 1990-11-06 | 1991-09-03 | Motorola, Inc. | Configurable optical filter or display |
US5398170A (en) * | 1992-05-18 | 1995-03-14 | Lee; Song S. | Optical-fiber display with intensive brightness |
US5986796A (en) * | 1993-03-17 | 1999-11-16 | Etalon Inc. | Visible spectrum modulator arrays |
US6674562B1 (en) * | 1994-05-05 | 2004-01-06 | Iridigm Display Corporation | Interferometric modulation of radiation |
US7123216B1 (en) * | 1994-05-05 | 2006-10-17 | Idc, Llc | Photonic MEMS and structures |
US6040937A (en) * | 1994-05-05 | 2000-03-21 | Etalon, Inc. | Interferometric modulation |
US20020126364A1 (en) * | 1994-05-05 | 2002-09-12 | Iridigm Display Corporation, A Delaware Corporation | Interferometric modulation of radiation |
US6680792B2 (en) * | 1994-05-05 | 2004-01-20 | Iridigm Display Corporation | Interferometric modulation of radiation |
US7126738B2 (en) * | 1995-05-01 | 2006-10-24 | Idc, Llc | Visible spectrum modulator arrays |
US5868480A (en) * | 1996-12-17 | 1999-02-09 | Compaq Computer Corporation | Image projection apparatus for producing an image supplied by parallel transmitted colored light |
US5914804A (en) * | 1998-01-28 | 1999-06-22 | Lucent Technologies Inc | Double-cavity micromechanical optical modulator with plural multilayer mirrors |
US20030020672A1 (en) * | 1999-05-14 | 2003-01-30 | Ken-Ichi Takatori | Light modulator, light source using the light modulator, display apparatus using the light modulator, and method for driving the light modulator |
US20030043157A1 (en) * | 1999-10-05 | 2003-03-06 | Iridigm Display Corporation | Photonic MEMS and structures |
US7110158B2 (en) * | 1999-10-05 | 2006-09-19 | Idc, Llc | Photonic MEMS and structures |
US20030210363A1 (en) * | 2000-04-21 | 2003-11-13 | Seiko Epson Corporation | Electrooptical device, projection-type display apparatus, and method for manufacturing the electrooptical device |
US20040188599A1 (en) * | 2000-06-29 | 2004-09-30 | Pierre Viktorovitch | Optoelectronic device with integrated wavelength filtering |
US20030011864A1 (en) * | 2001-07-16 | 2003-01-16 | Axsun Technologies, Inc. | Tilt mirror fabry-perot filter system, fabrication process therefor, and method of operation thereof |
US7342709B2 (en) * | 2002-12-25 | 2008-03-11 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Optical interference type of color display having optical diffusion layer between substrate and electrode |
US20060274243A1 (en) * | 2003-04-21 | 2006-12-07 | Seiko Epson Corporation | Liquid crystal display device and electronic apparatus |
US20050046919A1 (en) * | 2003-08-29 | 2005-03-03 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Interferometric modulator and display unit |
US7113339B2 (en) * | 2003-08-29 | 2006-09-26 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Interferometric modulator and display unit |
US7372449B2 (en) * | 2003-09-08 | 2008-05-13 | Fujifilm Corporation | Display device, image display device and display method |
US7031133B2 (en) * | 2003-10-16 | 2006-04-18 | Ulrich Riebel | Aerosol charge altering device |
US20060022966A1 (en) * | 2004-07-29 | 2006-02-02 | Mar Eugene J | Method and system for controlling the output of a diffractive light device |
US20060077149A1 (en) * | 2004-09-27 | 2006-04-13 | Gally Brian J | Method and device for manipulating color in a display |
US7327510B2 (en) * | 2004-09-27 | 2008-02-05 | Idc, Llc | Process for modifying offset voltage characteristics of an interferometric modulator |
US7911428B2 (en) * | 2004-09-27 | 2011-03-22 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Method and device for manipulating color in a display |
US7928928B2 (en) * | 2004-09-27 | 2011-04-19 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Apparatus and method for reducing perceived color shift |
US20110254849A1 (en) * | 2004-09-27 | 2011-10-20 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Apparatus and method for reducing perceived color shift |
Cited By (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20090296191A1 (en) * | 2004-09-27 | 2009-12-03 | Idc, Llc | Method and device for generating white in an interferometric modulator display |
US20100245975A1 (en) * | 2004-09-27 | 2010-09-30 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Display device having an array of spatial light modulators with integrated color filters |
US20110193770A1 (en) * | 2004-09-27 | 2011-08-11 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Device and method for wavelength filtering |
US8098431B2 (en) | 2004-09-27 | 2012-01-17 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Method and device for generating white in an interferometric modulator display |
US8362987B2 (en) | 2004-09-27 | 2013-01-29 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Method and device for manipulating color in a display |
US8416154B2 (en) | 2004-09-27 | 2013-04-09 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Apparatus and method for reducing perceived color shift |
US8791897B2 (en) | 2004-09-27 | 2014-07-29 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Method and system for writing data to MEMS display elements |
US8193441B2 (en) | 2007-12-17 | 2012-06-05 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Photovoltaics with interferometric ribbon masks |
US8736590B2 (en) | 2009-03-27 | 2014-05-27 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Low voltage driver scheme for interferometric modulators |
US8848294B2 (en) | 2010-05-20 | 2014-09-30 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Method and structure capable of changing color saturation |
US20130027444A1 (en) * | 2011-07-25 | 2013-01-31 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Field-sequential color architecture of reflective mode modulator |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1807725A1 (en) | 2007-07-18 |
WO2006036519A1 (en) | 2006-04-06 |
US20130009855A1 (en) | 2013-01-10 |
US20060066541A1 (en) | 2006-03-30 |
TW201133025A (en) | 2011-10-01 |
TW200630640A (en) | 2006-09-01 |
TWI420145B (en) | 2013-12-21 |
JP5048502B2 (en) | 2012-10-17 |
US7911428B2 (en) | 2011-03-22 |
MX2007003597A (en) | 2007-05-23 |
JP5044008B2 (en) | 2012-10-10 |
TWI391706B (en) | 2013-04-01 |
JP2008514994A (en) | 2008-05-08 |
JP2011076109A (en) | 2011-04-14 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US7911428B2 (en) | Method and device for manipulating color in a display | |
US8102407B2 (en) | Method and device for manipulating color in a display | |
US8031133B2 (en) | Method and device for manipulating color in a display | |
EP1640313B1 (en) | Apparatus and method for reducing perceived color shift | |
US7898521B2 (en) | Device and method for wavelength filtering | |
US7612933B2 (en) | Microelectromechanical device with spacing layer | |
US7782517B2 (en) | Infrared and dual mode displays | |
CA2580794C (en) | Method and device for manipulating color in a display | |
EP1767981A2 (en) | Method and device for manipulating color in a display | |
EP1640761A1 (en) | Method and device for manipulating color in a display | |
EP1640779A2 (en) | Method and device for reflectance with a predetermined spectral response |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: IDC, LLC, CALIFORNIA Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:GALLY, BRIAN J.;CUMMINGS, WILLIAM J.;REEL/FRAME:028998/0041 Effective date: 20050819 Owner name: QUALCOMM MEMS TECHNOLOGIES, INC., CALIFORNIA Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:IDC, LLC;REEL/FRAME:028998/0470 Effective date: 20090925 |
|
STCB | Information on status: application discontinuation |
Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO PAY ISSUE FEE |
|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: SNAPTRACK, INC., CALIFORNIA Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:QUALCOMM MEMS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.;REEL/FRAME:039891/0001 Effective date: 20160830 |