US20110159794A1 - Abrasive article with open structure - Google Patents
Abrasive article with open structure Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20110159794A1 US20110159794A1 US12/980,174 US98017410A US2011159794A1 US 20110159794 A1 US20110159794 A1 US 20110159794A1 US 98017410 A US98017410 A US 98017410A US 2011159794 A1 US2011159794 A1 US 2011159794A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- abrasive article
- front face
- threads
- abrasive
- knitted
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- 239000006061 abrasive grain Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 239000011796 hollow space material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 68
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 claims description 19
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 229920001568 phenolic resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000005011 phenolic resin Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methoxy-6-methylphenol Chemical compound [CH]OC1=CC=CC([CH])=C1O KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920002050 silicone resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920000178 Acrylic resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004925 Acrylic resin Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000877 Melamine resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- ZFSLODLOARCGLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N isocyanuric acid Chemical compound OC1=NC(O)=NC(O)=N1 ZFSLODLOARCGLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000009719 polyimide resin Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 34
- -1 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 33
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 32
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 29
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 14
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 14
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 13
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 13
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 12
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 10
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- ISAOCJYIOMOJEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzoin Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(O)C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 ISAOCJYIOMOJEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 8
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- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 7
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 7
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- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N bisphenol A Chemical compound C=1C=C(O)C=CC=1C(C)(C)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000012952 cationic photoinitiator Substances 0.000 description 6
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- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000003999 initiator Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 6
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- PXKLMJQFEQBVLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N bisphenol F Chemical compound C1=CC(O)=CC=C1CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 PXKLMJQFEQBVLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
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- ODGAOXROABLFNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N polynoxylin Chemical compound O=C.NC(N)=O ODGAOXROABLFNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
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- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 5
- VPWNQTHUCYMVMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,4'-sulfonyldiphenol Chemical class C1=CC(O)=CC=C1S(=O)(=O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 VPWNQTHUCYMVMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229930185605 Bisphenol Natural products 0.000 description 4
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- KWVGIHKZDCUPEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(OC)(OC)C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 KWVGIHKZDCUPEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 150000004056 anthraquinones Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- RWCCWEUUXYIKHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzophenone Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 RWCCWEUUXYIKHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000003490 calendering Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004924 electrostatic deposition Methods 0.000 description 3
- 125000003700 epoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 3
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 150000003077 polyols Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 235000013824 polyphenols Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- BOCJQSFSGAZAPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-chloroanthracene-9,10-dione Chemical compound O=C1C2=CC=CC=C2C(=O)C2=C1C=CC=C2Cl BOCJQSFSGAZAPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012956 1-hydroxycyclohexylphenyl-ketone Substances 0.000 description 2
- CQGDBBBZCJYDRY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methoxyanthracene-9,10-dione Chemical compound O=C1C2=CC=CC=C2C(=O)C2=C1C=CC=C2OC CQGDBBBZCJYDRY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KMNCBSZOIQAUFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethoxy-1,2-diphenylethanone Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(OCC)C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 KMNCBSZOIQAUFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SJEBAWHUJDUKQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethylanthraquinone Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)C3=CC(CC)=CC=C3C(=O)C2=C1 SJEBAWHUJDUKQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XMLYCEVDHLAQEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenylpropan-1-one Chemical compound CC(C)(O)C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 XMLYCEVDHLAQEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BQZJOQXSCSZQPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methoxy-1,2-diphenylethanone Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(OC)C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 BQZJOQXSCSZQPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LWRBVKNFOYUCNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyl-1-(4-methylsulfanylphenyl)-2-morpholin-4-ylpropan-1-one Chemical compound C1=CC(SC)=CC=C1C(=O)C(C)(C)N1CCOCC1 LWRBVKNFOYUCNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NJWGQARXZDRHCD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylanthraquinone Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)C3=CC(C)=CC=C3C(=O)C2=C1 NJWGQARXZDRHCD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- QYEXBYZXHDUPRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N B#[Ti]#B Chemical compound B#[Ti]#B QYEXBYZXHDUPRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052580 B4C Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052582 BN Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron nitride Chemical compound N#B PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical class S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydroquinone Chemical compound OC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 2
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JHWNWJKBPDFINM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Laurolactam Chemical compound O=C1CCCCCCCCCCCN1 JHWNWJKBPDFINM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000571 Nylon 11 Polymers 0.000 description 2
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- 229920002292 Nylon 6 Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002302 Nylon 6,6 Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004820 Pressure-sensitive adhesive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052581 Si3N4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910033181 TiB2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001252 acrylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- GZCGUPFRVQAUEE-SLPGGIOYSA-N aldehydo-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C=O GZCGUPFRVQAUEE-SLPGGIOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- PYKYMHQGRFAEBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthraquinone Natural products CCC(=O)c1c(O)c2C(=O)C3C(C=CC=C3O)C(=O)c2cc1CC(=O)OC PYKYMHQGRFAEBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920003235 aromatic polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 150000008366 benzophenones Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- MQDJYUACMFCOFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis[2-(1-hydroxycyclohexyl)phenyl]methanone Chemical compound C=1C=CC=C(C(=O)C=2C(=CC=CC=2)C2(O)CCCCC2)C=1C1(O)CCCCC1 MQDJYUACMFCOFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- INAHAJYZKVIDIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N boron carbide Chemical compound B12B3B4C32B41 INAHAJYZKVIDIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WERYXYBDKMZEQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N butane-1,4-diol Chemical compound OCCCCO WERYXYBDKMZEQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000012241 calcium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium sulfate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 2
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- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- CETPSERCERDGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N ceric oxide Chemical compound O=[Ce]=O CETPSERCERDGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000422 cerium(IV) oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001610 cryolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- ZWAJLVLEBYIOTI-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexene oxide Chemical group C1CCCC2OC21 ZWAJLVLEBYIOTI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- 239000004205 dimethyl polysiloxane Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 230000005670 electromagnetic radiation Effects 0.000 description 2
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- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 239000002223 garnet Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001519 homopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000391 magnesium silicate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000012243 magnesium silicates Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- HQKMJHAJHXVSDF-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium stearate Chemical compound [Mg+2].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O HQKMJHAJHXVSDF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
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- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 229920000435 poly(dimethylsiloxane) Polymers 0.000 description 2
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- 229920002239 polyacrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001083 polybutene Polymers 0.000 description 2
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- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 229920003987 resole Polymers 0.000 description 2
- GHMLBKRAJCXXBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N resorcinol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC(O)=C1 GHMLBKRAJCXXBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical compound N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920005573 silicon-containing polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 2
- RIOQSEWOXXDEQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylphosphine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 RIOQSEWOXXDEQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- QNODIIQQMGDSEF-UHFFFAOYSA-N (1-hydroxycyclohexyl)-phenylmethanone Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(=O)C1(O)CCCCC1 QNODIIQQMGDSEF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QRWAIZJYJNLOPG-UHFFFAOYSA-N (2-oxo-1,2-diphenylethyl) acetate Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(OC(=O)C)C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 QRWAIZJYJNLOPG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-GSVOUGTGSA-N (R)-(-)-Propylene glycol Chemical compound C[C@@H](O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-GSVOUGTGSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MSAHTMIQULFMRG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-diphenyl-2-propan-2-yloxyethanone Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(OC(C)C)C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 MSAHTMIQULFMRG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DVFAVJDEPNXAME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-dimethylanthracene-9,10-dione Chemical compound O=C1C2=CC=CC=C2C(=O)C2=C1C(C)=CC=C2C DVFAVJDEPNXAME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XUDYHODVSUXRPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(4-phenylsulfanylphenyl)ethanone Chemical compound C1=CC(C(=O)C)=CC=C1SC1=CC=CC=C1 XUDYHODVSUXRPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CHUGKEQJSLOLHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2-Bis(bromomethyl)propane-1,3-diol Chemical compound OCC(CO)(CBr)CBr CHUGKEQJSLOLHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CERJZAHSUZVMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2-dichloro-1-phenylethanone Chemical compound ClC(Cl)C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 CERJZAHSUZVMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LNBMZFHIYRDKNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2-dimethoxy-1-phenylethanone Chemical compound COC(OC)C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 LNBMZFHIYRDKNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PUGOMSLRUSTQGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-di(prop-2-enoyloxy)propyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound C=CC(=O)OCC(OC(=O)C=C)COC(=O)C=C PUGOMSLRUSTQGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RROZRFLLVCBVQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4-dihydroxy-2,4-dimethyl-1,5-bis(4-propan-2-ylphenyl)pentan-3-one Chemical compound C1=CC(C(C)C)=CC=C1CC(C)(O)C(=O)C(C)(O)CC1=CC=C(C(C)C)C=C1 RROZRFLLVCBVQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WNISWKAEAPQCJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[(2-nonylphenoxy)methyl]oxirane Chemical group CCCCCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1OCC1OC1 WNISWKAEAPQCJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AGXAFZNONAXBOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[[3-(oxiran-2-ylmethyl)phenyl]methyl]oxirane Chemical compound C=1C=CC(CC2OC2)=CC=1CC1CO1 AGXAFZNONAXBOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FDSUVTROAWLVJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[[3-hydroxy-2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propoxy]methyl]-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol;prop-2-enoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C=C.OC(=O)C=C.OC(=O)C=C.OC(=O)C=C.OC(=O)C=C.OCC(CO)(CO)COCC(CO)(CO)CO FDSUVTROAWLVJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FSYPIGPPWAJCJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[[4-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)phenoxy]methyl]oxirane Chemical compound C1OC1COC(C=C1)=CC=C1OCC1CO1 FSYPIGPPWAJCJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IGZBSJAMZHNHKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[[4-[bis[4-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)phenyl]methyl]phenoxy]methyl]oxirane Chemical compound C1OC1COC(C=C1)=CC=C1C(C=1C=CC(OCC2OC2)=CC=1)C(C=C1)=CC=C1OCC1CO1 IGZBSJAMZHNHKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UHFFVFAKEGKNAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-benzyl-2-(dimethylamino)-1-(4-morpholin-4-ylphenyl)butan-1-one Chemical compound C=1C=C(N2CCOCC2)C=CC=1C(=O)C(CC)(N(C)C)CC1=CC=CC=C1 UHFFVFAKEGKNAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DZZAHLOABNWIFA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-butoxy-1,2-diphenylethanone Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(OCCCC)C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 DZZAHLOABNWIFA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YOJAHTBCSGPSOR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-triphenylpropan-1-one Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(=O)C(C=1C=CC=CC=1)(O)CC1=CC=CC=C1 YOJAHTBCSGPSOR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LRRQSCPPOIUNGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-hydroxy-1,2-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanone Chemical compound C1=CC(OC)=CC=C1C(O)C(=O)C1=CC=C(OC)C=C1 LRRQSCPPOIUNGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- VOLRSQPSJGXRNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-nitrobenzyl bromide Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)C1=CC=C(CBr)C=C1 VOLRSQPSJGXRNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NHJIDZUQMHKGRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptan-4-yl 2-(7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptan-4-yl)acetate Chemical compound C1CC2OC2CC1OC(=O)CC1CC2OC2CC1 NHJIDZUQMHKGRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YWFPGFJLYRKYJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9,9-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)fluorene Chemical compound C1=CC(O)=CC=C1C1(C=2C=CC(O)=CC=2)C2=CC=CC=C2C2=CC=CC=C21 YWFPGFJLYRKYJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LCFVJGUPQDGYKZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether Chemical class C=1C=C(OCC2OC2)C=CC=1C(C)(C)C(C=C1)=CC=C1OCC1CO1 LCFVJGUPQDGYKZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SDDLEVPIDBLVHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bisphenol Z Chemical compound C1=CC(O)=CC=C1C1(C=2C=CC(O)=CC=2)CCCCC1 SDDLEVPIDBLVHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- PJANXHGTPQOBST-VAWYXSNFSA-N Stilbene Natural products C=1C=CC=CC=1/C=C/C1=CC=CC=C1 PJANXHGTPQOBST-VAWYXSNFSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZJCCRDAZUWHFQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trimethylolpropane Chemical compound CCC(CO)(CO)CO ZJCCRDAZUWHFQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DAKWPKUUDNSNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trimethylolpropane triacrylate Chemical compound C=CC(=O)OCC(CC)(COC(=O)C=C)COC(=O)C=C DAKWPKUUDNSNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LFOXEOLGJPJZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N [(2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl)-(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphoryl]-(2,6-dimethoxyphenyl)methanone Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC(OC)=C1C(=O)P(=O)(CC(C)CC(C)(C)C)C(=O)C1=C(OC)C=CC=C1OC LFOXEOLGJPJZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HVVWZTWDBSEWIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N [2-(hydroxymethyl)-3-prop-2-enoyloxy-2-(prop-2-enoyloxymethyl)propyl] prop-2-enoate Chemical compound C=CC(=O)OCC(CO)(COC(=O)C=C)COC(=O)C=C HVVWZTWDBSEWIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003082 abrasive agent Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000010923 batch production Methods 0.000 description 1
- WURBFLDFSFBTLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzil Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(=O)C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 WURBFLDFSFBTLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VCCBEIPGXKNHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N biphenyl-4,4'-diol Chemical compound C1=CC(O)=CC=C1C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 VCCBEIPGXKNHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JVASZXZJOJUKDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(1-aminocyclohexa-2,4-dien-1-yl)methanone Chemical compound C1C=CC=CC1(N)C(=O)C1(N)CC=CC=C1 JVASZXZJOJUKDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CQAIBOSCGCTHPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(1-hydroxycyclohexa-2,4-dien-1-yl)methanone Chemical compound C1C=CC=CC1(O)C(=O)C1(O)CC=CC=C1 CQAIBOSCGCTHPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DJUWPHRCMMMSCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptan-4-ylmethyl) hexanedioate Chemical compound C1CC2OC2CC1COC(=O)CCCCC(=O)OCC1CC2OC2CC1 DJUWPHRCMMMSCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LMMDJMWIHPEQSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis[(3-methyl-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptan-4-yl)methyl] hexanedioate Chemical compound C1C2OC2CC(C)C1COC(=O)CCCCC(=O)OCC1CC2OC2CC1C LMMDJMWIHPEQSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XUCHXOAWJMEFLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N bisphenol F diglycidyl ether Chemical class C1OC1COC(C=C1)=CC=C1CC(C=C1)=CC=C1OCC1CO1 XUCHXOAWJMEFLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 239000012954 diazonium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001989 diazonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- QDOXWKRWXJOMAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichromium trioxide Chemical compound O=[Cr]O[Cr]=O QDOXWKRWXJOMAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003618 dip coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- VFHVQBAGLAREND-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenylphosphoryl-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)methanone Chemical compound CC1=CC(C)=CC(C)=C1C(=O)P(=O)(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 VFHVQBAGLAREND-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- 125000003055 glycidyl group Chemical group C(C1CO1)* 0.000 description 1
- 150000004820 halides Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen iodide Chemical class I XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 1
- SLCVBVWXLSEKPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N neopentyl glycol Chemical compound OCC(C)(C)CO SLCVBVWXLSEKPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000000454 talc Substances 0.000 description 1
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- YRHRIQCWCFGUEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N thioxanthen-9-one Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)C3=CC=CC=C3SC2=C1 YRHRIQCWCFGUEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- MTPVUVINMAGMJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethyl)silane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F MTPVUVINMAGMJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten carbide Chemical compound [W+]#[C-] UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010456 wollastonite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052882 wollastonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24D—TOOLS FOR GRINDING, BUFFING OR SHARPENING
- B24D3/00—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents
- B24D3/02—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents the constituent being used as bonding agent
- B24D3/20—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents the constituent being used as bonding agent and being essentially organic
- B24D3/28—Resins or natural or synthetic macromolecular compounds
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
- B24B55/00—Safety devices for grinding or polishing machines; Accessories fitted to grinding or polishing machines for keeping tools or parts of the machine in good working condition
- B24B55/06—Dust extraction equipment on grinding or polishing machines
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24D—TOOLS FOR GRINDING, BUFFING OR SHARPENING
- B24D11/00—Constructional features of flexible abrasive materials; Special features in the manufacture of such materials
- B24D11/001—Manufacture of flexible abrasive materials
- B24D11/005—Making abrasive webs
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24D—TOOLS FOR GRINDING, BUFFING OR SHARPENING
- B24D11/00—Constructional features of flexible abrasive materials; Special features in the manufacture of such materials
- B24D11/02—Backings, e.g. foils, webs, mesh fabrics
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04B—KNITTING
- D04B21/00—Warp knitting processes for the production of fabrics or articles not dependent on the use of particular machines; Fabrics or articles defined by such processes
- D04B21/10—Open-work fabrics
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B2403/00—Details of fabric structure established in the fabric forming process
- D10B2403/02—Cross-sectional features
- D10B2403/021—Lofty fabric with equidistantly spaced front and back plies, e.g. spacer fabrics
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B2403/00—Details of fabric structure established in the fabric forming process
- D10B2403/02—Cross-sectional features
- D10B2403/024—Fabric incorporating additional compounds
- D10B2403/0242—Fabric incorporating additional compounds enhancing chemical properties
- D10B2403/02421—Fabric incorporating additional compounds enhancing chemical properties containing particulate matter, e.g. powder or granulate
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B2403/00—Details of fabric structure established in the fabric forming process
- D10B2403/02—Cross-sectional features
- D10B2403/024—Fabric incorporating additional compounds
- D10B2403/0243—Fabric incorporating additional compounds enhancing functional properties
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B2501/00—Wearing apparel
- D10B2501/06—Details of garments
- D10B2501/063—Fasteners
- D10B2501/0632—Fasteners of the touch-and-close type
Definitions
- This disclosure in general, relates to abrasive articles with flexible open structures and to methods for making and using same.
- Abrading is used in a variety of industries to affect surface properties of a material.
- abrading is used in industries as diverse as electronic manufacturing, automotive painting, or even furniture manufacturing.
- abrasive materials are selected based on material removal rate and the properties imparted to the final surface, but there is often a trade off between material removal rate and surface properties.
- One difficulty associated with the abrading process is the removal of swarf or waste material abraded from the surface of a work piece being abraded.
- dust composed of waste material abraded from the surface of a work piece and grains and other material detached from the abrasive article become a problem.
- the dust for example, can lodge between the abrasive article and the work piece, influencing surface quality and material removal rates.
- particles of hard material such as cleaved abrasive grains, can lodge between the abrasive article and the work piece, causing scratching on the surface of the work piece.
- softer particles and dust can gather between the abrasive article and the work piece, resulting in less contact between the abrasive article and the work piece, reducing the material removal rate.
- the abraded waste material can result in a reduced surface quality and performance of the abrasive article.
- FIG. 1 includes an illustration of an exemplary abrasive system.
- FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 include illustrations of an exemplary abrasive article.
- an abrasive article includes a backing having a front face and a back face and adhesive grains adhered to the front face of the backing.
- the backing includes a fabric.
- the front face of the backing is formed of knitted yarns of the fabric.
- Each yarn of the knitted yarns includes a plurality of filaments.
- the fabric can include a plurality of threads intertwined with the knitted yarns and extending between the front face and the back face of the backing.
- the threads are a single fiber element and can be thicker than the filaments of the yarn.
- the plurality of threads defines a hollow space between the front face and the back face of the backing.
- the knitted yarns can form a set of openings or aveoli that permit the flow of waste material and air from the front face of the backing into the hollow space between the front and back face of the backing.
- the abrasive grains are adhered to the front face of the backing using a binder that forms a continuous coating over the front face of the backing except over the aveoli.
- an abrasive article can be formed by dispensing a fabric including a front face and a back face, applying a binder formulation to the front face of the fabric, and applying abrasive grains to the front face of the fabric.
- the front face of the fabric is formed of knitted yarns. Each yarn of the knitted yarns includes a plurality of filaments. A plurality of threads is intertwined with the knitted yarns and extends between the front face and the back face. The threads define a hollow space between the front face and the back face.
- applying the binder formulation includes calendaring the binder formulation to the front face and the applying the abrasive grains includes depositing the abrasive grains by electrostatic deposition.
- the binder formulation and abrasive grains can be mixed and applied together in a slurry.
- the abrasive article can be coupled to an abrading device that repetitively moves the abrasive article parallel to a plane.
- the front face of the abrasive article is contacted with a surface of an article to be abraded and waste material is drawn from the front face of the work piece to the back face through a hollow space defined by the threads and the aveoli defined by the knitted yarns.
- FIG. 1 includes an illustration of an exemplary abrading system 100 .
- the abrading system 100 includes an abrading device 102 and an abrasive article 104 .
- the abrading device 102 moves the abrasive article in a motion relative to a plane, such as a plane defined by the major surface of the abrasive article 104 .
- the motion of the abrasive device 102 can be a circular motion or can be an oscillating motion.
- the abrasive article 104 includes a backing 106 having a front face 124 and a back face 126 . To the front face 124 of the backing 106 , a binder coating 108 adheres abrasive grains 110 .
- the fabric 106 is coupled to the abrasive device 102 .
- the fabric 106 can be coupled to the abrasive device with a material 112 .
- the material 112 is a hook and loop material, such as Velcro®.
- the material 112 is an adhesive material, such as a pressure sensitive adhesive material.
- the adhesive material can be applied to the back face 126 of the backing 106 in such a manner that permits air flow through the back face 126 of the backing 106 .
- a pressure sensitive foam that has an open cell structure can be applied.
- a pressure sensitive adhesive can be applied in nodules, lines, or open patterns, only covering a portion of the back face 126 of the backing 106 .
- the backing 106 includes a fabric including a knitted front face 114 that defines a plurality of aveoli 116 .
- An aveoli 116 is a patterned opening that provides access from the front surface 124 to the hollow space 128 .
- the knitted layer 114 is knitted from a plurality of yarns. Each yarn includes a plurality of filaments.
- the binder 108 is coated over the knitted layer 114 in a continuous coating without covering the aveoli 116 .
- the fabric includes threads 118 extending between the front face 124 and the back face 126 and defining a hollow space 128 between the front face 124 and the back face 126 .
- the threads 118 can be intertwined with the knitted layer 114 .
- the threads can be adhered to the knitted layer 114 .
- the fabric can include a knitted layer 120 .
- the knitted layer 120 binds the threads 118 at a back surface 126 of the backing 106 .
- the knitted layer 120 can be formed of a plurality of yarns, each including a plurality of filaments. Further, the knitted layer 120 can form a surface onto which the coupling material 112 is disposed. Alternatively, the threads 118 can be adhered together at the back surface 126 .
- the front face 124 of the abrasive article 104 is placed in contact with a work piece to be abraded, resulting in the abrasive grains 110 contacting the work piece.
- the abrading device 102 can optionally move the abrasive article 104 in a direction parallel to a plane, such as a plane parallel to the major surface 124 of the abrasive article 104 , for example, in a reciprocating motion, a circular motion, or a combination thereof.
- a user can facilitate movement of the abrasive article and abrasive device 102 .
- waste material can form.
- the waste material can be drawn through the aveoli 116 of the knitted layer 114 into the hollow space 128 of the abrasive article.
- the abrasive device 102 includes access holes 122 through which a vacuum can be applied or air moved.
- the waste material can be drawn from the hollow space 128 through the optional knitted layer 120 and through the access holes 122 .
- the waste material is drawn from the work piece and between the abrasive article 104 and the work piece through the abrasive article and then to the abrasive device 102 , preventing dust from being spread into the air or from hindering abrading the work piece.
- FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 include illustrations of an exemplary abrasive article 200 .
- the abrasive article 200 includes a knitted layer 202 and threads 204 extending from the knitted layer 202 in a direction opposite an abrasive surface.
- Abrasive grains 212 are secured to the knitted layer 202 by a binder coating 210 opposite the threads 204 .
- a knitted layer 206 is joined to the threads 204 opposite the knitted layer 202 .
- the knitted layer 202 is formed from a plurality of knitted yarns.
- Each of the knitted yarns includes a plurality of filaments 208 .
- the filaments 208 are formed of polymeric material, such as a polyamide, a polyester, a polyolefin, polyaramid, polyacrylonitrile, or a combination thereof.
- An exemplary polyamide includes nylon 6, nylon 6,6, nylon 11, nylon 12, or any combination thereof.
- the polyester includes a polyethylene terephthalate.
- An exemplary polyolefin includes a polyolefin homopolymer, such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutene, polypentene, or polymethylpentene; a polyolefin copolymer, such as ethylene-propylene copolymer, ethylene-butene copolymer, or ethylene-octene copolymer; or any combination thereof.
- a polyolefin homopolymer such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutene, polypentene, or polymethylpentene
- a polyolefin copolymer such as ethylene-propylene copolymer, ethylene-butene copolymer, or ethylene-octene copolymer
- the knitted layer 202 forms a set of openings or aveoli 316 as illustrated in FIG. 3 .
- the aveoli 316 provide access from the front surface of an abrasive article 200 to a hollow space defined by the threads 204 .
- air and waste material can pass through the aveoli 316 .
- the aveoli 316 define a pattern of openings.
- the aveoli 316 can be aligned in rows and columns.
- the aveoli 316 can be aligned in rows that are offset from adjacent rows, as illustrated.
- the aveoli 316 can have a cross section having a shape, such as a triangle, a quadrilateral, a pentagon, hexagon, a heptagon, or another polygon, or any combination thereof.
- the shape can be approximately circular or ovular.
- the aveoli 316 have a cross dimension 320 , defined as the longest length across at the opening or aveoli 316 , in a range of 0.2 mm to 25 mm.
- the cross dimension can be in a range of 0.2 mm to 10 mm, such as a range of 0.5 mm to 5 mm, or even a range of 0.5 mm to 2 mm.
- the aveoli 316 can be spaced and sized to provide a desired pattern of openings to provide a desirable open area relative to the area defined by the front face of the abrasive article 200 .
- the pattern of aveoli 316 can provide at least 5% open area relative to the area defined by the front face, such as an open area in a range of 5% to 70%, a range of 15% to 50%, or even a range of 35% to 50% of the area defined by the front face of the abrasive article 200 .
- the threads 204 define a hollow space on a side of the knitted layer 202 opposite an abrasive surface of the abrasive article 200 .
- the threads 204 are formed of a polymeric material, such as a polyamide, a polyester, a polyolefin, polyaramid, polyacrylonitrile, or a combination thereof.
- An exemplary polyamide includes nylon 6, nylon 6,6, nylon 11, nylon 12, or any combination thereof.
- the polyester includes a polyethylene terephthalate.
- An exemplary polyolefin includes a polyolefin homopolymer, such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutene, polypentene, or polymethylpentene; a polyolefin copolymer, such as ethylene-propylene copolymer, ethylene-butene copolymer, or ethylene-octene copolymer; or any combination thereof.
- a polyolefin homopolymer such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutene, polypentene, or polymethylpentene
- a polyolefin copolymer such as ethylene-propylene copolymer, ethylene-butene copolymer, or ethylene-octene copolymer
- the threads 204 are thicker and have a larger cross sectional area than the filaments 208 .
- the threads 204 can have a diameter at least 50% greater than the diameter of the filaments.
- the diameter of the threads 204 can be at least 75% greater than the diameter of the filaments, or even at least 100% greater than the diameter of the filaments (e.g., at least twice the diameter of the filaments).
- a percent increase is calculated relative to the diameter of the filaments 208 .
- the threads 204 have a diameter in a range of 0.05 mm to 5 mm, such as a range of 0.05 mm to 3 mm, or even a range of 1 mm to 3 mm.
- the threads 204 are joined to the knitted fabric 202 mechanically, such as intertwining the threads 204 with the yarns 214 of the knitted fabric 202 .
- the threads 204 can be punched through the knitted fabric 202 and secured to the knitted fabric 202 frictionally or with the binder coating 210 .
- the threads 204 can be bonded to the knitted layer 202 with an adhesive.
- Optional layer 206 can be formed of knitted yarns.
- the layer 206 can be knitted to intertwine the threads 204 .
- the yarns of the knitted layer 206 can be yarns similar to the yarns of the knitted layer 202 .
- the yarns of the knitted layer 206 can be different from the yarns of the knitted layer 202 .
- each of the yarns of the knitted layer 206 can be formed of a plurality of filaments.
- the knitted layer 206 can be knitted with threads, such as threads similar to threads 204 or threads that are different from the threads 204 , the threads being a single fiber element as opposed to yarns having a plurality of filaments.
- the knitted layer 206 can be bonded to the threads 204 using an adhesive.
- the knitted layer 206 is a loose knit providing porosity for the easy flow of air and dust particles.
- the knitted layer 206 can be a tight knit construction including additional aveoli.
- the optional knitted layer 206 forms a surface on which coupling mechanisms can be attached.
- additional hook or loop structures can be attached to the knitted layer 206 provided that access remains for the passage of air and dust particles.
- adhesives can be applied to the optional knitted layer 206 .
- additional yarns can extend between the front and back knitted layers ( 202 or 206 ) through the hollow space of the fabric.
- Such yarns include a plurality of filaments that have a smaller diameter than the threads 204 that also extend between the front and back knitted layers ( 202 or 206 ).
- the optional yarns can be the same as the yarns forming the front knitted layer 202 or the back knitted layer 206 .
- the yarns can be different from the yarns of the knitted layers ( 202 or 206 ).
- Abrasive grains 212 are bonded to the first knitted layer 202 using a binder coating 210 opposite the threads 204 .
- the binder coating 210 forms a continuous coating of the knitted layer 202 without covering the aveoli 316 .
- the continuous surface 318 surrounding the aveoli 316 can be coated with the binder coating 210 to form a continuous coat of binder.
- Such a coating is to be differentiated from separated agglomerates which can form a discontinuous layer over a surface.
- the binder coating 210 is contiguous with the surface of the front knitted layer 202 formed by the yarns, not including the aveoli.
- the binder is a resin selected from the group consisting of phenolic resin, urea-formaldehyde resin, acrylic resin, epoxy resin, silicone resin, isocyanurate resin, melamine-formaldehyde resin, polyimide resin, or any combination thereof.
- An exemplary phenolic resin includes resole and novolac.
- Resole phenolic resins can be alkaline catalyzed and have a ratio of formaldehyde to phenol of greater than or equal to one, such as from 1:1 to 3:1.
- Novolac phenolic resins can be acid catalyzed and have a ratio of formaldehyde to phenol of less than one, such as 0.5:1 to 0.8:1.
- An epoxy resin can include an aromatic epoxy or an aliphatic epoxy.
- Aromatic epoxies components include one or more epoxy groups and one or more aromatic rings.
- An example aromatic epoxy includes epoxy derived from a polyphenol, e.g., from bisphenols, such as bisphenol A (4,4′-isopropylidenediphenol), bisphenol F (bis[4-hydroxyphenyl]methane), bisphenol S (4,4′-sulfonyldiphenol), 4,4′-cyclohexylidenebisphenol, 4,4′-biphenol, or 4,4′-(9-fluorenylidene)diphenol.
- bisphenols such as bisphenol A (4,4′-isopropylidenediphenol), bisphenol F (bis[4-hydroxyphenyl]methane), bisphenol S (4,4′-sulfonyldiphenol), 4,4′-cyclohexylidenebisphenol, 4,4′-biphenol, or 4,4′-(9-
- the bisphenol can be alkoxylated (e.g., ethoxylated or propoxylated) or halogenated (e.g., brominated).
- alkoxylated e.g., ethoxylated or propoxylated
- halogenated e.g., brominated
- bisphenol epoxies include bisphenol diglycidyl ethers, such as diglycidyl ether of Bisphenol A or Bisphenol F.
- a further example of an aromatic epoxy includes triphenylolmethane triglycidyl ether, 1,1,1-tris(p-hydroxyphenyl)ethane triglycidyl ether, or an aromatic epoxy derived from a monophenol, e.g., from resorcinol (for example, resorcin diglycidyl ether) or hydroquinone (for example, hydroquinone diglycidyl ether). Another example is nonylphenyl glycidyl ether.
- an example of an aromatic epoxy includes epoxy novolac, for example, phenol epoxy novolac and cresol epoxy novolac. Aliphatic epoxy components have one or more epoxy groups and are free of aromatic rings.
- the external phase can include one or more aliphatic epoxies.
- An example of an aliphatic epoxy includes glycidyl ether of C2-C30 alkyl; 1,2 epoxy of C3-C30 alkyl; mono or multi glycidyl ether of an aliphatic alcohol or polyol such as 1,4-butanediol, neopentyl glycol, cyclohexane dimethanol, dibromo neopentyl glycol, trimethylol propane, polytetramethylene oxide, polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, glycerol, and alkoxylated aliphatic alcohols; or polyols.
- the aliphatic epoxy includes one or more cycloaliphatic ring structures.
- the aliphatic epoxy can have one or more cyclohexene oxide structures, for example, two cyclohexene oxide structures.
- An example of an aliphatic epoxy comprising a ring structure includes hydrogenated bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, hydrogenated bisphenol F diglycidyl ether, hydrogenated bisphenol S diglycidyl ether, bis(4-hydroxycyclohexyl)methane diglycidyl ether, 2,2-bis(4-hydroxycyclohexyl)propane diglycidyl ether, 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3,4-epoxycyclohexanecarboxylate, 3,4-epoxy-6-methylcyclohexylmethyl-3,4-epoxy-6-methylcyclohexanecarboxylate, di(3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl)hexaned
- An exemplary multifunctional acrylic can include trimethylolpropane triacrylate, glycerol triacrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, methacrylate, dipentaerythritol pentaacrylate, sorbitol triacrylate, sorbital hexacrylate, or any combination thereof.
- an acrylic polymer can be formed from a monomer having an alkyl group having from 1-4 carbon atoms, a glycidyl group or a hydroxyalkyl group having from 1-4 carbon atoms.
- Acrylic polymers include polymethyl methacrylate, polyethyl methacrylate, polybutyl methacrylate, polyglycidyl methacrylate, polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate, polymethyl acrylate, polyethyl acrylate, polybutyl acrylate, polyglycidyl acrylate, polyhydroxyethyl acrylate and mixtures thereof.
- a silicone resin can, for example, include polyalkylsiloxanes, such as silicone polymers formed of a precursor, such as dimethylsiloxane, diethylsiloxane, dipropylsiloxane, methylethylsiloxane, methylpropylsiloxane, or combinations thereof.
- the polyalkylsiloxane includes a polydialkylsiloxane, such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS).
- the silicone polymer can include a polar silicone, such as silicone including halide functional groups, such as chlorine and fluorine, and silicone including phenyls functional groups.
- the silicone can include trifluoropropylmethylsiloxane polymers.
- the silicone can include polyphenyl methyl siloxane.
- the binder formulation can be thermally curable or can be curable through actinic radiation, such as UV radiation, to form the binder.
- the binder formulation can also include catalysts and initiators.
- a cationic initiator can catalyze reactions between cationic polymerizable constituents.
- a radical initiator can activate free-radical polymerization of radically polymerizable constituents.
- the initiator can be activated by thermal energy or actinic radiation.
- an initiator can include a cationic photoinitiator that catalyzes cationic polymerization reactions when exposed to actinic radiation.
- the initiator can include a radical photoinitiator that initiates free-radical polymerization reactions when exposed to actinic radiation.
- Actinic radiation includes particulate or non-particulate radiation and is intended to include electron beam radiation and electromagnetic radiation.
- electromagnetic radiation includes radiation having at least one wavelength in the range of about 100 nm to about 700 nm and, in particular, wavelengths in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum.
- cationic photoinitiators are materials that form active species that, if exposed to actinic radiation, are capable of at least partially polymerizing epoxides or oxetanes.
- a cationic photoinitiator can, upon exposure to actinic radiation, form cations that can initiate the reactions of cationically polymerizable components, such as epoxies or oxetanes.
- An example of a cationic photoinitiator includes, for example, onium salt with anions of weak nucleophilicity.
- An example includes a halonium salt, an iodosyl salt or a sulfonium salt, a sulfoxonium salt, or a diazonium salt, or any combination thereof.
- Other examples of cationic photoinitiators include metallocene salt.
- the binder formulation includes, relative to the total weight of the composite binder formulation, about 0.1 wt % to about 15 wt % of one or more cationic photoinitiators, for example, about 1 wt % to about 10 wt %.
- the binder formulation can optionally include photoinitiators useful for photocuring free-radically polyfunctional acrylates.
- a free radical photoinitiator includes benzophenone (e.g., benzophenone, alkyl-substituted benzophenone, or alkoxy-substituted benzophenone); benzoin (e.g., benzoin, benzoin ethers, such as benzoin methyl ether, benzoin ethyl ether, and benzoin isopropyl ether, benzoin phenyl ether, and benzoin acetate); acetophenone, such as acetophenone, 2,2-dimethoxyacetophenone, 4-(phenylthio)acetophenone, and 1,1-dichloroacetophenone; benzil ketal, such as benzil dimethyl ketal, and benzil diethyl ketal; anthraquinone, such as 2-methylanthraquinone
- An exemplary photoinitiator includes benzoin or its derivative such as ⁇ -methylbenzoin; U-phenylbenzoin; ⁇ -allylbenzoin; ⁇ -benzylbenzoin; benzoin ethers such as benzil dimethyl ketal (available, for example, under the trade designation “IRGACURE 651” from Ciba Specialty Chemicals), benzoin methyl ether, benzoin ethyl ether, benzoin n-butyl ether; acetophenone or its derivative, such as 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-1-propanone (available, for example, under the trade designation “DAROCUR 1173” from Ciba Specialty Chemicals) and 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone (available, for example, under the trade designation “IRGACURE 184” from Ciba Specialty Chemicals); 2-methyl-1-[4-(methylthio)phenyl]-2-(4-morpholinyl)-1-prop
- Another useful photoinitiator includes pivaloin ethyl ether, anisoin ethyl ether; anthraquinones, such as anthraquinone, 2-ethylanthraquinone, 1-chloroanthraquinone, 1,4-dimethylanthraquinone, 1-methoxyanthraquinone, benzanthraquinonehalomethyltriazines, and the like; benzophenone or its derivative; iodonium salt or sulfonium salt as described hereinabove; a titanium complex such as bis( ⁇ 5-2,4-cyclopentadienyl)bis[2,-6-difluoro-3-(1H-pyrrolyl)phenyl)titanium (commercially available under the trade designation “CGI784DC”, also from Ciba Specialty Chemicals); a halomethylnitrobenzene such as 4-bromomethylnitrobenzene and the like; or mono-
- a further suitable free radical photoinitiator includes an ionic dye-counter ion compound, which is capable of absorbing actinic rays and producing free radicals, which can initiate the polymerization of the acrylates.
- a photoinitiator can be present in an amount not greater than about 20 wt %, for example, not greater than about 10 wt %, or not greater than about 5 wt %, based on the total weight of the binder formulation.
- a photoinitiator can be present in an amount of 0.1 wt % to 20.0 wt %, such as 0.1 wt % to 5.0 wt %, or 0.1 wt % to 2.0 wt %, based on the total weight of the binder formulation, although amounts outside of these ranges can also be useful.
- the photoinitiator is present in an amount at least about 0.1 wt %, such as at least about 1.0 wt % or in an amount 1.0 wt % to 10.0 wt %.
- the binder formulation can also include other components such as solvents, plasticizers, crosslinkers, chain transfer agents, stabilizers, dispersants, curing agents, reaction mediators and agents for influencing the fluidity of the dispersion.
- the binder formulation can also include one or more chain transfer agents selected from the group consisting of polyol, polyamine, linear or branched polyglycol ether, polyester and polylactone.
- the abrasive grains 212 can be formed of any one of or a combination of abrasive grains, including silica, alumina (fused or sintered), zirconia, zirconia/alumina oxides, silicon carbide, garnet, diamond, cubic boron nitride, silicon nitride, ceria, titanium dioxide, titanium diboride, boron carbide, tin oxide, tungsten carbide, titanium carbide, iron oxide, chromia, flint, emery, or any combination thereof.
- silica silica, alumina (fused or sintered), zirconia, zirconia/alumina oxides, silicon carbide, garnet, diamond, cubic boron nitride, silicon nitride, ceria, titanium dioxide, titanium diboride, boron carbide, tin oxide, tungsten carbide, titanium carbide, iron oxide, chromia, flint, emery
- the abrasive grains 212 can be selected from a group consisting of silica, alumina, zirconia, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, boron nitride, garnet, diamond, cofused alumina zirconia, ceria, titanium diboride, boron carbide, flint, emery, alumina nitride, or a blend thereof. Particular embodiments have been created by use of dense abrasive grains comprised principally of alpha-alumina.
- the abrasive grains 212 can also have a particular shape.
- An example of such a shape includes a rod, a triangle, a pyramid, a cone, a solid sphere, a hollow sphere or the like.
- the abrasive grain 212 can be randomly shaped.
- the abrasive grains 212 generally have an average grain size not greater than 2000 microns, such as not greater than about 1500 microns. In another example, the abrasive grain size is not greater than about 750 microns, such as not greater than about 350 microns.
- the abrasive grain size can be at least 0.1 microns, such as from about 0.1 microns to about 1500 microns, and more typically from about 0.1 microns to about 200 microns or from about 1 micron to about 100 microns.
- the grain size of the abrasive grains 212 is typically specified to be the longest dimension of the abrasive grain. Generally, there is a range distribution of grain sizes. In some instances, the grain size distribution is tightly controlled.
- the abrasive grains 212 provide from about 10% to about 90%, such as from about 30% to about 80%, of the weight of the abrasive slurry.
- the binder formulation, abrasive slurry, or abrasive layer can further include a grinding aid to increase the grinding efficiency and cut rate.
- a useful grinding aid can be inorganic based, such as a halide salt, for example, sodium cryolite, and potassium tetrafluoroborate; or organic based, such as a chlorinated wax, for example, polyvinyl chloride.
- a particular embodiment includes cryolite and potassium tetrafluoroborate with particle size ranging from 1 micron to 80 microns, and most typically from 5 microns to 30 microns.
- the weight percent of grinding aid is generally not greater than about 50 wt %, such as from about 0 wt % to 50 wt %, and most typically from about 10 wt % to 30 wt % of the entire slurry (including the abrasive grains).
- the abrasive layer can be treated with a coating of an anti-loading material.
- An exemplary anti-loading material includes metal silicates, silicas, metal carbonates, metal sulfates or any combination thereof.
- the metal silicates can include consisting of magnesium silicates, potassium aluminum silicates, aluminum silicates, calcium silicates, or any combination thereof.
- the magnesium silicates include talc
- the potassium aluminum silicates include micas
- the aluminum silicates include clays
- the calcium silicates include wollastonite.
- the silicas can be selected from the group consisting of fused silica, fumed silica, and precipitated amorphous silica.
- the metal carbonates can include calcium carbonate.
- the metal sulfates can include hydrous calcium sulfate or anhydrous calcium sulfate.
- the anti-loading material can include a metal salt of a long chain fatty acid, such as a metal stearate, for example, sodium, calcium, or magnesium stearate.
- the fabric of the backing can be dispensed, for example in a continuous process.
- the process can be a batch process and the fabric can be provided in cut sheets ready for processing.
- the fabric includes a front face and a back face and the front face includes a set of knitted yarns defining the aveoli.
- a binder formulation is applied to the front face of the fabric, and abrasive grains are applied to the front face of the fabric over the binder formulation to be adhered with the binder to the front face.
- the binder formulation can be applied to form a continuous layer of binder.
- the binder formulation can be calendared to the front face of the fabric.
- the abrasive grains can be applied over the binder formulation, and bonded to the fabric.
- the abrasive grains can be deposited on to the binder, such as through electrostatic deposition.
- the binder and abrasive can be applied in combination as a slurry.
- a slurry including the binder formulation and abrasive grains can be coated on to the front face of the fabric, such as by calendaring.
- the binder formulation can be applied using other coating techniques, such as spray coating, dip coating, or any combination thereof.
- the abrasive article has desirable properties resulting from its construction.
- the abrasive article can have a desirable flow through rate.
- Air permeability of the abrasive article is evaluated using a Texttest AG (Switzerland) Model 3300 Air Permeability Tester with a test pressure of 200 Pa and a test head area of 20 cm 2 .
- the air permeability is at least 1000 mm/s, such as at least 1200 mm/s, at least 1400 mm/s, at least 1600 mm/s, at least 2000 mm/s, or even at least 3000 mm/s.
- the air permeability can be in a range of 1000 mm/s to 6000 mm/s, such as a range of 1200 mm/s to 6000 mm/s, a range of 1600 mm/s to 5500 mm/s, or even a range of 2100 mm/s to 5500 mm/s.
- the abrasive article can provide desirable material removal rates.
- Material Removal Performance is defined as the cumulative material removal over a 10 minute period as determined in accordance with the method of Example 1.
- the abrasive article can have a Material Removal Performance of at least 1 gram, such as at least 1.5 grams, at least 2.0 grams, at least 3.0 grams, at least 4.0 grams, or even at least 4.2 grams.
- the abrasive article can have a desirable spring back or conformability.
- the conformable nature of the abrasive article allows it to compensate for moderate curvature within the component being abraded. Springy nature helps to keep the abrasive layers in contact with the surface, particularly an uneven surface, and provides near constant force on the abrasive layers, preventing uneven abrading due to excessive force in one region relative to another.
- the abrasive article has a desirable force to compress at 30% compression and 50% compression.
- the abrasive article can have a force-to-compress as measured in accordance with ASTM D1667 as modified to receive the compressible construction of the abrasive article and measured instantaneously, of at least 0.5 N/cm 2 at 50% compression.
- the abrasive article has a 50% force-to-compress of at least 1.0 N/cm 2 , such as at least 2.0 N/cm 2 .
- the abrasive article can have a 50% force-to compress of not greater than 12 N/cm 2 , such as not greater than 10 N/cm 2 , not greater than 8 N/cm 2 , or even not greater than 7 N/cm 2 .
- the force-to-compress at 30% compression can be at least 0.5 N/cm 2 , such as at least 0.7 N/cm 2 , at least 1.1 N/cm 2 , or even at least 1.3 N/cm 2 .
- the force-to-compress at 30% compression can be not greater than 10 N/cm 2 , such as not greater than 8.5 N/cm 2 , not greater than 5 N/cm 2 , or even not greater than 3 N/cm 2 .
- Sample abrasive articles are prepared using either phenolic resin binder or urea-formaldehyde binder and P320 semi-friable aluminum oxide grains.
- the samples may or may not have an anti-loading layer formed of a metal stearate.
- Samples are compared with comparative samples of A295 and A277 abrasive articles, available from Saint-Gobain.
- MRP Material Removal Performance
- the samples provide desirable MRP of as much as 4.2 grams.
- Open-mesh backings from different suppliers are tested.
- samples formed with open-mesh backing and including phenolic resin binder and abrasive grains with a Velcro® layer are tested.
- Multi-Air and Multi-Air soft-touch products A275 available from Saint-Gobain, and Abranet and Abranet soft products available from Mirka are tested.
- Table 2 illustrates the air permeability.
- Samples 1 and 2 exhibit comparable air permeability to commercial comparative samples.
- Sample 3 exhibits desirably greater air permeability than other commercial samples.
- Compressibility and spring back of the abrasive articles are determined based on force-to-compress testing at 30% compression and 50% compression. Force-to-compress is measured in accordance with ASTM D1667 as modified to receive a compressible material having a surface area of 650 mm 2 and measured instantaneously instead of waiting 60 seconds.
- Open-mesh backings from different suppliers are tested.
- samples formed with open-mesh backing and including phenolic resin binder and abrasive grains with a Velcro® layer are tested.
- a Multi-Air soft-touch product A975 available from Saint-Gobain is tested. Table 3 illustrates the force-to-compress.
- the sample abrasive articles exhibit greater force-to-compress that then comparative sample, yet are not stiff or rigid.
- the samples exhibit similar or greater permeability than the comparative sample.
- an abrasive article in a first aspect, includes a fabric comprising a front face and a back face.
- the front face is formed of first knitted yarns.
- Each yarn of the first knitted yarns includes a plurality of filaments.
- a plurality of threads is intertwined with the first knitted yarns and extends between the front face and the back face. The plurality of threads defines a hollow space between the front face and the back face.
- the abrasive article also includes abrasive grains adhered to the front face of the fabric.
- the abrasive article has a force-to-compress at 50% compression of at least 0.5 N/cm 2 , such as at least 1.0 N/cm 2 , or at least 2.0 N/cm 2 .
- the force-to-compress at 50% compression can be not greater than 12.0 N/cm 2 , such as not greater than 10 N/cm 2 .
- the threads have a diameter at least 50% greater than the diameter of the filaments, such as at least 75% greater than the diameter of the filaments, or at least 100% greater than the diameter of the filaments.
- the diameter can be between 0.05 mm and 5 mm.
- the knitted yarns define a pattern of openings.
- Each opening in the pattern of openings can have a cross-dimension in a range of 0.2 mm to 25 mm, such as a range of 0.2 mm to 10 mm, or a range of 0.5 mm to 5 mm.
- the pattern of openings provides at least 5% open area relative to the area defined by the front face, such as a range of 5% to 70% of the area, a range of 15% to 50% of the area, or a range of 35% to 50% of the area defined by the front face.
- the threads include polyamide.
- the filaments include polyester.
- the filaments include polyamide.
- the abrasive article further includes a binder.
- the binder adheres to the abrasive grains to the front face.
- the binder is a resin selected from the group consisting of phenolic resin, ureaformaldahyde resin, acrylic resin, epoxy resin, silicone resin, isocyanurate resin, melamine-formaldehyde resin, polyimide resin, or any combination thereof.
- the binder is thermally curable.
- the binder is radiation curable.
- the binder forms a layer contiguous with the first knitted yarns of the front face of the fabric.
- the back face includes second knitted yarns.
- the plurality of threads is intertwined with the second knitted yarns of the back face.
- an abrasive article in a second aspect, includes a fabric including a front face and a back face.
- the front face is formed of first knitted yarns.
- Each yarn of the first knitted yarns includes a plurality of filaments.
- a plurality of threads is intertwined with the first knitted yarns and extends between the front face and the back face.
- the back face is formed of second knitted yarns.
- the plurality of threads is intertwined with the second knitted yarns.
- the threads define a hollow space between the front face and the back face.
- the abrasive article further includes a binder disposed on the front face of the fabric and abrasive grains adhered to the binder.
- the binder is contiguous with the first knitted yarns.
- the threads have a diameter at least 50% greater than the diameter of the filaments.
- the first knitted yarns define a pattern of openings.
- the abrasive article has a force-to-compress at 50% compression of at least 0.5 N/cm 2 or not greater than 12.0 N/cm 2 .
- an abrasive article in a third aspect, includes a fabric comprising a front face and a back face.
- the front face is formed of first knitted yarns.
- a plurality of threads extends between the front face and the back face. The plurality of threads defines a hollow space between the front face and the back face.
- the abrasive article further includes abrasive grains adhered to the front face of the fabric.
- the abrasive article has a force-to-compress at 50% compression of at least 0.5 N/cm 2 .
- the abrasive article has a force-to-compress at 50% compression of at least 1.0 N/cm 2 or not greater than 12.0 N/cm 2 .
- the first knitted yarns define a pattern of openings.
- each opening in the pattern of openings has a cross-dimension in a range of 0.2 mm to 25 mm.
- the pattern of openings provides at least 5% open area relative to the area defined by the front face.
- the abrasive article includes a binder.
- the binder adheres the abrasive grains to the front face.
- the binder is a resin selected from the group consisting of phenolic resin, urea-formaldehyde resin, acrylic resin, epoxy resin, silicone resin, isocyanurate resin, melamine-formaldehyde resin, polyimide resin, or any combination thereof.
- the binder forms a layer contiguous with the first knitted yarns of the front face of the fabric.
- the back face includes second knitted yarns. The plurality of threads is intertwined with the second knitted yarns of the back face.
- a method of forming an abrasive article includes dispensing a fabric comprising a front face and a back face.
- the front face is formed of first knitted yarns.
- Each yarn of the first knitted yarns includes a plurality of filaments.
- a plurality of threads is intertwined with the first knitted yarns and extends between the front face and the back face.
- the threads define a hollow space between the front face and the back face.
- the method further includes applying a binder formulation to the front face of the fabric and applying abrasive grains to the front face of the fabric.
- the back face is formed of second knitted yarns and the plurality of threads is intertwined with the second knitted yarns.
- applying the binder formulation includes forming a layer of the binder formulation contiguous with the first knitted yarns.
- applying the binder formulation and applying the abrasive includes applying a slurry comprising the abrasive grains and the binder formulation.
- applying the binder formulation includes calendering the binder formulation to the front face of the fabric.
- applying the abrasive grains includes depositing the abrasive grains by electrostatic deposition.
- a method of abrading a work piece includes coupling an abrasive article to an abrading device.
- the abrading device is to repetitively move the abrasive article parallel to a plane.
- the abrasive article includes a fabric including a front face and a back face.
- the front face is formed of first knitted yarns.
- Each yarn of the first knitted yarns includes a plurality of filaments.
- a plurality of threads is intertwined with the first knitted yarns and extends between the front face and the back face.
- the threads defines a hollow space between the front face and the back face.
- the abrasive article further includes abrasive grains adhered to the front face of the fabric.
- the method further includes contacting the front face of the abrasive article to a surface of the work piece and drawing abraded material from the front face of the abrasive article to the back face through the hollow space.
- the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion.
- a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of features is not necessarily limited only to those features but may include other features not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.
- “or” refers to an inclusive-or and not to an exclusive-or. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present).
Abstract
An abrasive article includes a fabric comprising a front face and a back face. The front face is formed of first knitted yarns. Each yarn of the first knitted yarns includes a plurality of filaments. A plurality of threads intertwines with the first knitted yarns and extending between the front face and the back face. The plurality of threads defines a hollow space between the front face and the back face. The abrasive article also includes abrasive grains adhered to the front face of the fabric.
Description
- The present application claims priority from French Patent Application No. 09 06380, filed Dec. 29, 2009, entitled “ABRASIVE ARTICLE WITH OPEN STRUCTURE,” naming inventors Mervyn Chung-Fat, Virginie Vaubert and Sergio Rodrigues, which application is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
- This disclosure, in general, relates to abrasive articles with flexible open structures and to methods for making and using same.
- Abrading is used in a variety of industries to affect surface properties of a material. For example, abrading is used in industries as diverse as electronic manufacturing, automotive painting, or even furniture manufacturing. In each of these industries, abrasive materials are selected based on material removal rate and the properties imparted to the final surface, but there is often a trade off between material removal rate and surface properties.
- One difficulty associated with the abrading process is the removal of swarf or waste material abraded from the surface of a work piece being abraded. Particularly in dry abrasive processes, dust composed of waste material abraded from the surface of a work piece and grains and other material detached from the abrasive article become a problem. The dust, for example, can lodge between the abrasive article and the work piece, influencing surface quality and material removal rates. In particular, particles of hard material, such as cleaved abrasive grains, can lodge between the abrasive article and the work piece, causing scratching on the surface of the work piece. In another example, softer particles and dust can gather between the abrasive article and the work piece, resulting in less contact between the abrasive article and the work piece, reducing the material removal rate. In either case, the abraded waste material can result in a reduced surface quality and performance of the abrasive article.
- As such, an improved abrasive article would be desirable.
- The present disclosure may be better understood, and its numerous features and advantages made apparent to those skilled in the art by referencing the accompanying drawings.
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FIG. 1 includes an illustration of an exemplary abrasive system. -
FIG. 2 andFIG. 3 include illustrations of an exemplary abrasive article. - The use of the same reference symbols in different drawings indicates similar or identical items.
- In a particular embodiment, an abrasive article includes a backing having a front face and a back face and adhesive grains adhered to the front face of the backing. In an example, the backing includes a fabric. The front face of the backing is formed of knitted yarns of the fabric. Each yarn of the knitted yarns includes a plurality of filaments. In addition, the fabric can include a plurality of threads intertwined with the knitted yarns and extending between the front face and the back face of the backing. The threads are a single fiber element and can be thicker than the filaments of the yarn. The plurality of threads defines a hollow space between the front face and the back face of the backing. Further, the knitted yarns can form a set of openings or aveoli that permit the flow of waste material and air from the front face of the backing into the hollow space between the front and back face of the backing. In an example, the abrasive grains are adhered to the front face of the backing using a binder that forms a continuous coating over the front face of the backing except over the aveoli.
- In an additional embodiment, an abrasive article can be formed by dispensing a fabric including a front face and a back face, applying a binder formulation to the front face of the fabric, and applying abrasive grains to the front face of the fabric. The front face of the fabric is formed of knitted yarns. Each yarn of the knitted yarns includes a plurality of filaments. A plurality of threads is intertwined with the knitted yarns and extends between the front face and the back face. The threads define a hollow space between the front face and the back face. In an example, applying the binder formulation includes calendaring the binder formulation to the front face and the applying the abrasive grains includes depositing the abrasive grains by electrostatic deposition. In another example, the binder formulation and abrasive grains can be mixed and applied together in a slurry.
- In use, the abrasive article can be coupled to an abrading device that repetitively moves the abrasive article parallel to a plane. The front face of the abrasive article is contacted with a surface of an article to be abraded and waste material is drawn from the front face of the work piece to the back face through a hollow space defined by the threads and the aveoli defined by the knitted yarns.
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FIG. 1 includes an illustration of anexemplary abrading system 100. Theabrading system 100 includes anabrading device 102 and anabrasive article 104. In an example, theabrading device 102 moves the abrasive article in a motion relative to a plane, such as a plane defined by the major surface of theabrasive article 104. The motion of theabrasive device 102 can be a circular motion or can be an oscillating motion. In particular, theabrasive article 104 includes abacking 106 having afront face 124 and aback face 126. To thefront face 124 of thebacking 106, a binder coating 108 adheresabrasive grains 110. - On the
opposite surface 126, thefabric 106 is coupled to theabrasive device 102. For example, thefabric 106 can be coupled to the abrasive device with amaterial 112. In an example, thematerial 112 is a hook and loop material, such as Velcro®. In another example, thematerial 112 is an adhesive material, such as a pressure sensitive adhesive material. The adhesive material can be applied to theback face 126 of thebacking 106 in such a manner that permits air flow through theback face 126 of thebacking 106. For example, a pressure sensitive foam that has an open cell structure can be applied. In another example, a pressure sensitive adhesive can be applied in nodules, lines, or open patterns, only covering a portion of theback face 126 of thebacking 106. - In an example, the
backing 106 includes a fabric including a knittedfront face 114 that defines a plurality ofaveoli 116. Anaveoli 116 is a patterned opening that provides access from thefront surface 124 to thehollow space 128. The knittedlayer 114 is knitted from a plurality of yarns. Each yarn includes a plurality of filaments. In an example, thebinder 108 is coated over the knittedlayer 114 in a continuous coating without covering theaveoli 116. - In addition, the fabric includes
threads 118 extending between thefront face 124 and theback face 126 and defining ahollow space 128 between thefront face 124 and theback face 126. In an example, thethreads 118 can be intertwined with the knittedlayer 114. In another example, the threads can be adhered to the knittedlayer 114. - Optionally, the fabric can include a knitted
layer 120. In an example, the knittedlayer 120 binds thethreads 118 at aback surface 126 of thebacking 106. The knittedlayer 120 can be formed of a plurality of yarns, each including a plurality of filaments. Further, the knittedlayer 120 can form a surface onto which thecoupling material 112 is disposed. Alternatively, thethreads 118 can be adhered together at theback surface 126. - In an exemplary use, the
front face 124 of theabrasive article 104 is placed in contact with a work piece to be abraded, resulting in theabrasive grains 110 contacting the work piece. The abradingdevice 102 can optionally move theabrasive article 104 in a direction parallel to a plane, such as a plane parallel to themajor surface 124 of theabrasive article 104, for example, in a reciprocating motion, a circular motion, or a combination thereof. Alternatively, a user can facilitate movement of the abrasive article andabrasive device 102. As the work piece is abraded, waste material can form. In an example, the waste material can be drawn through theaveoli 116 of the knittedlayer 114 into thehollow space 128 of the abrasive article. In a particular example, theabrasive device 102 includes access holes 122 through which a vacuum can be applied or air moved. As a result, the waste material can be drawn from thehollow space 128 through the optional knittedlayer 120 and through the access holes 122. In such an example, the waste material is drawn from the work piece and between theabrasive article 104 and the work piece through the abrasive article and then to theabrasive device 102, preventing dust from being spread into the air or from hindering abrading the work piece. -
FIG. 2 andFIG. 3 include illustrations of an exemplaryabrasive article 200. Theabrasive article 200 includes a knittedlayer 202 andthreads 204 extending from the knittedlayer 202 in a direction opposite an abrasive surface.Abrasive grains 212 are secured to the knittedlayer 202 by abinder coating 210 opposite thethreads 204. Optionally, aknitted layer 206 is joined to thethreads 204 opposite the knittedlayer 202. - The
knitted layer 202 is formed from a plurality of knitted yarns. Each of the knitted yarns includes a plurality offilaments 208. In an example, thefilaments 208 are formed of polymeric material, such as a polyamide, a polyester, a polyolefin, polyaramid, polyacrylonitrile, or a combination thereof. An exemplary polyamide includes nylon 6, nylon 6,6, nylon 11, nylon 12, or any combination thereof. In an example, the polyester includes a polyethylene terephthalate. An exemplary polyolefin includes a polyolefin homopolymer, such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutene, polypentene, or polymethylpentene; a polyolefin copolymer, such as ethylene-propylene copolymer, ethylene-butene copolymer, or ethylene-octene copolymer; or any combination thereof. - In a particular example, the
knitted layer 202 forms a set of openings or aveoli 316 as illustrated inFIG. 3 . The aveoli 316 provide access from the front surface of anabrasive article 200 to a hollow space defined by thethreads 204. In an example, air and waste material can pass through the aveoli 316. In particular, the aveoli 316 define a pattern of openings. For example, the aveoli 316 can be aligned in rows and columns. In another example, the aveoli 316 can be aligned in rows that are offset from adjacent rows, as illustrated. Further, the aveoli 316 can have a cross section having a shape, such as a triangle, a quadrilateral, a pentagon, hexagon, a heptagon, or another polygon, or any combination thereof. In a further example, the shape can be approximately circular or ovular. - In a further example, the aveoli 316 have a
cross dimension 320, defined as the longest length across at the opening or aveoli 316, in a range of 0.2 mm to 25 mm. For example, the cross dimension can be in a range of 0.2 mm to 10 mm, such as a range of 0.5 mm to 5 mm, or even a range of 0.5 mm to 2 mm. Further, the aveoli 316 can be spaced and sized to provide a desired pattern of openings to provide a desirable open area relative to the area defined by the front face of theabrasive article 200. For example, the pattern of aveoli 316 can provide at least 5% open area relative to the area defined by the front face, such as an open area in a range of 5% to 70%, a range of 15% to 50%, or even a range of 35% to 50% of the area defined by the front face of theabrasive article 200. - The
threads 204 define a hollow space on a side of the knittedlayer 202 opposite an abrasive surface of theabrasive article 200. In an example, thethreads 204 are formed of a polymeric material, such as a polyamide, a polyester, a polyolefin, polyaramid, polyacrylonitrile, or a combination thereof. An exemplary polyamide includes nylon 6, nylon 6,6, nylon 11, nylon 12, or any combination thereof. In an example, the polyester includes a polyethylene terephthalate. An exemplary polyolefin includes a polyolefin homopolymer, such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutene, polypentene, or polymethylpentene; a polyolefin copolymer, such as ethylene-propylene copolymer, ethylene-butene copolymer, or ethylene-octene copolymer; or any combination thereof. - In particular, the
threads 204 are thicker and have a larger cross sectional area than thefilaments 208. In an example, thethreads 204 can have a diameter at least 50% greater than the diameter of the filaments. For example, the diameter of thethreads 204 can be at least 75% greater than the diameter of the filaments, or even at least 100% greater than the diameter of the filaments (e.g., at least twice the diameter of the filaments). A percent increase is calculated relative to the diameter of thefilaments 208. In an example, thethreads 204 have a diameter in a range of 0.05 mm to 5 mm, such as a range of 0.05 mm to 3 mm, or even a range of 1 mm to 3 mm. - In particular, the
threads 204 are joined to theknitted fabric 202 mechanically, such as intertwining thethreads 204 with theyarns 214 of the knittedfabric 202. Alternatively, thethreads 204 can be punched through theknitted fabric 202 and secured to theknitted fabric 202 frictionally or with thebinder coating 210. In a further alternative example, thethreads 204 can be bonded to the knittedlayer 202 with an adhesive. -
Optional layer 206 can be formed of knitted yarns. In an example, thelayer 206 can be knitted to intertwine thethreads 204. The yarns of the knittedlayer 206 can be yarns similar to the yarns of the knittedlayer 202. Alternatively, the yarns of the knittedlayer 206 can be different from the yarns of the knittedlayer 202. Further, each of the yarns of the knittedlayer 206 can be formed of a plurality of filaments. In an alternative embodiment, theknitted layer 206 can be knitted with threads, such as threads similar tothreads 204 or threads that are different from thethreads 204, the threads being a single fiber element as opposed to yarns having a plurality of filaments. Alternatively, theknitted layer 206 can be bonded to thethreads 204 using an adhesive. - In an example, the
knitted layer 206 is a loose knit providing porosity for the easy flow of air and dust particles. In an alternative example, theknitted layer 206 can be a tight knit construction including additional aveoli. - In a further example, the optional knitted
layer 206 forms a surface on which coupling mechanisms can be attached. For example, additional hook or loop structures can be attached to the knittedlayer 206 provided that access remains for the passage of air and dust particles. In another example, adhesives can be applied to the optional knittedlayer 206. - While not illustrated, additional yarns can extend between the front and back knitted layers (202 or 206) through the hollow space of the fabric. Such yarns include a plurality of filaments that have a smaller diameter than the
threads 204 that also extend between the front and back knitted layers (202 or 206). The optional yarns can be the same as the yarns forming the frontknitted layer 202 or the back knittedlayer 206. Alternatively, the yarns can be different from the yarns of the knitted layers (202 or 206). -
Abrasive grains 212 are bonded to the firstknitted layer 202 using abinder coating 210 opposite thethreads 204. In a particular example, thebinder coating 210 forms a continuous coating of the knittedlayer 202 without covering the aveoli 316. For example, thecontinuous surface 318 surrounding the aveoli 316 can be coated with thebinder coating 210 to form a continuous coat of binder. Such a coating is to be differentiated from separated agglomerates which can form a discontinuous layer over a surface. In particular, thebinder coating 210 is contiguous with the surface of the frontknitted layer 202 formed by the yarns, not including the aveoli. - In an example, the binder is a resin selected from the group consisting of phenolic resin, urea-formaldehyde resin, acrylic resin, epoxy resin, silicone resin, isocyanurate resin, melamine-formaldehyde resin, polyimide resin, or any combination thereof. An exemplary phenolic resin includes resole and novolac. Resole phenolic resins can be alkaline catalyzed and have a ratio of formaldehyde to phenol of greater than or equal to one, such as from 1:1 to 3:1. Novolac phenolic resins can be acid catalyzed and have a ratio of formaldehyde to phenol of less than one, such as 0.5:1 to 0.8:1.
- An epoxy resin can include an aromatic epoxy or an aliphatic epoxy. Aromatic epoxies components include one or more epoxy groups and one or more aromatic rings. An example aromatic epoxy includes epoxy derived from a polyphenol, e.g., from bisphenols, such as bisphenol A (4,4′-isopropylidenediphenol), bisphenol F (bis[4-hydroxyphenyl]methane), bisphenol S (4,4′-sulfonyldiphenol), 4,4′-cyclohexylidenebisphenol, 4,4′-biphenol, or 4,4′-(9-fluorenylidene)diphenol. The bisphenol can be alkoxylated (e.g., ethoxylated or propoxylated) or halogenated (e.g., brominated). Examples of bisphenol epoxies include bisphenol diglycidyl ethers, such as diglycidyl ether of Bisphenol A or Bisphenol F. A further example of an aromatic epoxy includes triphenylolmethane triglycidyl ether, 1,1,1-tris(p-hydroxyphenyl)ethane triglycidyl ether, or an aromatic epoxy derived from a monophenol, e.g., from resorcinol (for example, resorcin diglycidyl ether) or hydroquinone (for example, hydroquinone diglycidyl ether). Another example is nonylphenyl glycidyl ether. In addition, an example of an aromatic epoxy includes epoxy novolac, for example, phenol epoxy novolac and cresol epoxy novolac. Aliphatic epoxy components have one or more epoxy groups and are free of aromatic rings. The external phase can include one or more aliphatic epoxies. An example of an aliphatic epoxy includes glycidyl ether of C2-C30 alkyl; 1,2 epoxy of C3-C30 alkyl; mono or multi glycidyl ether of an aliphatic alcohol or polyol such as 1,4-butanediol, neopentyl glycol, cyclohexane dimethanol, dibromo neopentyl glycol, trimethylol propane, polytetramethylene oxide, polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, glycerol, and alkoxylated aliphatic alcohols; or polyols. In one embodiment, the aliphatic epoxy includes one or more cycloaliphatic ring structures. For example, the aliphatic epoxy can have one or more cyclohexene oxide structures, for example, two cyclohexene oxide structures. An example of an aliphatic epoxy comprising a ring structure includes hydrogenated bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, hydrogenated bisphenol F diglycidyl ether, hydrogenated bisphenol S diglycidyl ether, bis(4-hydroxycyclohexyl)methane diglycidyl ether, 2,2-bis(4-hydroxycyclohexyl)propane diglycidyl ether, 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3,4-epoxycyclohexanecarboxylate, 3,4-epoxy-6-methylcyclohexylmethyl-3,4-epoxy-6-methylcyclohexanecarboxylate, di(3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl)hexanedioate, di(3,4-epoxy-6-methylcyclohexylmethyl)hexanedioate, ethylenebis(3,4-epoxycyclohexanecarboxylate), ethanedioldi(3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl)ether, or 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl-5,5-spiro-3,4-epoxy)cyclohexane-1,3-dioxane.
- An exemplary multifunctional acrylic can include trimethylolpropane triacrylate, glycerol triacrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, methacrylate, dipentaerythritol pentaacrylate, sorbitol triacrylate, sorbital hexacrylate, or any combination thereof. In another example, an acrylic polymer can be formed from a monomer having an alkyl group having from 1-4 carbon atoms, a glycidyl group or a hydroxyalkyl group having from 1-4 carbon atoms. Representative acrylic polymers include polymethyl methacrylate, polyethyl methacrylate, polybutyl methacrylate, polyglycidyl methacrylate, polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate, polymethyl acrylate, polyethyl acrylate, polybutyl acrylate, polyglycidyl acrylate, polyhydroxyethyl acrylate and mixtures thereof.
- A silicone resin can, for example, include polyalkylsiloxanes, such as silicone polymers formed of a precursor, such as dimethylsiloxane, diethylsiloxane, dipropylsiloxane, methylethylsiloxane, methylpropylsiloxane, or combinations thereof. In a particular embodiment, the polyalkylsiloxane includes a polydialkylsiloxane, such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). In another example, the silicone polymer can include a polar silicone, such as silicone including halide functional groups, such as chlorine and fluorine, and silicone including phenyls functional groups. For example, the silicone can include trifluoropropylmethylsiloxane polymers. In another exemplary embodiment, the silicone can include polyphenyl methyl siloxane.
- Depending upon the catalyzing agents and type of polymer, the binder formulation can be thermally curable or can be curable through actinic radiation, such as UV radiation, to form the binder.
- The binder formulation can also include catalysts and initiators. For example, a cationic initiator can catalyze reactions between cationic polymerizable constituents. A radical initiator can activate free-radical polymerization of radically polymerizable constituents. The initiator can be activated by thermal energy or actinic radiation. For example, an initiator can include a cationic photoinitiator that catalyzes cationic polymerization reactions when exposed to actinic radiation. In another example, the initiator can include a radical photoinitiator that initiates free-radical polymerization reactions when exposed to actinic radiation. Actinic radiation includes particulate or non-particulate radiation and is intended to include electron beam radiation and electromagnetic radiation. In a particular embodiment, electromagnetic radiation includes radiation having at least one wavelength in the range of about 100 nm to about 700 nm and, in particular, wavelengths in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum.
- Generally, cationic photoinitiators are materials that form active species that, if exposed to actinic radiation, are capable of at least partially polymerizing epoxides or oxetanes. For example, a cationic photoinitiator can, upon exposure to actinic radiation, form cations that can initiate the reactions of cationically polymerizable components, such as epoxies or oxetanes.
- An example of a cationic photoinitiator includes, for example, onium salt with anions of weak nucleophilicity. An example includes a halonium salt, an iodosyl salt or a sulfonium salt, a sulfoxonium salt, or a diazonium salt, or any combination thereof. Other examples of cationic photoinitiators include metallocene salt.
- In particular examples, the binder formulation includes, relative to the total weight of the composite binder formulation, about 0.1 wt % to about 15 wt % of one or more cationic photoinitiators, for example, about 1 wt % to about 10 wt %.
- The binder formulation can optionally include photoinitiators useful for photocuring free-radically polyfunctional acrylates. An example of a free radical photoinitiator includes benzophenone (e.g., benzophenone, alkyl-substituted benzophenone, or alkoxy-substituted benzophenone); benzoin (e.g., benzoin, benzoin ethers, such as benzoin methyl ether, benzoin ethyl ether, and benzoin isopropyl ether, benzoin phenyl ether, and benzoin acetate); acetophenone, such as acetophenone, 2,2-dimethoxyacetophenone, 4-(phenylthio)acetophenone, and 1,1-dichloroacetophenone; benzil ketal, such as benzil dimethyl ketal, and benzil diethyl ketal; anthraquinone, such as 2-methylanthraquinone, 2-ethylanthraquinone, 2-tertbutylanthraquinone, 1-chloroanthraquinone, and 2-amylanthraquinone; triphenylphosphine; benzoylphosphine oxides, such as, for example, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyldiphenylphosphine oxide; thioxanthone or xanthone; acridine derivative; phenazene derivative; quinoxaline derivative; 1-phenyl-1,2-propanedione-2-O-benzoyloxime; 1-aminophenyl ketone or 1-hydroxyphenyl ketone, such as 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, phenyl (1-hydroxyisopropyl)ketone and 4-isopropylphenyl(1-hydroxyisopropyl)ketone; or a triazine compound, for example, 4′″-methyl thiophenyl-1-di(trichloromethyl)-3,5-S-triazine, S-triazine-2-(stilbene)-4,6-bistrichloromethyl, or paramethoxy styryl triazine; or any combination thereof.
- An exemplary photoinitiator includes benzoin or its derivative such as α-methylbenzoin; U-phenylbenzoin; α-allylbenzoin; α-benzylbenzoin; benzoin ethers such as benzil dimethyl ketal (available, for example, under the trade designation “IRGACURE 651” from Ciba Specialty Chemicals), benzoin methyl ether, benzoin ethyl ether, benzoin n-butyl ether; acetophenone or its derivative, such as 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-1-propanone (available, for example, under the trade designation “DAROCUR 1173” from Ciba Specialty Chemicals) and 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone (available, for example, under the trade designation “IRGACURE 184” from Ciba Specialty Chemicals); 2-methyl-1-[4-(methylthio)phenyl]-2-(4-morpholinyl)-1-propanone (available, for example, under the trade designation “IRGACURE 907” from Ciba Specialty Chemicals); 2-benzyl-2-(dimethlamino)-1-[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-1-butanone (available, for example, under the trade designation “IRGACURE 369” from Ciba Specialty Chemicals); or a blend thereof.
- Another useful photoinitiator includes pivaloin ethyl ether, anisoin ethyl ether; anthraquinones, such as anthraquinone, 2-ethylanthraquinone, 1-chloroanthraquinone, 1,4-dimethylanthraquinone, 1-methoxyanthraquinone, benzanthraquinonehalomethyltriazines, and the like; benzophenone or its derivative; iodonium salt or sulfonium salt as described hereinabove; a titanium complex such as bis(η5-2,4-cyclopentadienyl)bis[2,-6-difluoro-3-(1H-pyrrolyl)phenyl)titanium (commercially available under the trade designation “CGI784DC”, also from Ciba Specialty Chemicals); a halomethylnitrobenzene such as 4-bromomethylnitrobenzene and the like; or mono- or bis-acylphosphine (available, for example, from Ciba Specialty Chemicals under the trade designations “IRGACURE 1700”, “IRGACURE 1800”, “IRGACURE 1850”, and “DAROCUR 4265”). A suitable photoinitiator can include a blend of the above mentioned species, such as α-hydroxy ketone/acrylphosphin oxide blend (available, for example, under the trade designation IRGACURE 2022 from Ciba Specialty Chemicals).
- A further suitable free radical photoinitiator includes an ionic dye-counter ion compound, which is capable of absorbing actinic rays and producing free radicals, which can initiate the polymerization of the acrylates.
- A photoinitiator can be present in an amount not greater than about 20 wt %, for example, not greater than about 10 wt %, or not greater than about 5 wt %, based on the total weight of the binder formulation. For example, a photoinitiator can be present in an amount of 0.1 wt % to 20.0 wt %, such as 0.1 wt % to 5.0 wt %, or 0.1 wt % to 2.0 wt %, based on the total weight of the binder formulation, although amounts outside of these ranges can also be useful. In one example, the photoinitiator is present in an amount at least about 0.1 wt %, such as at least about 1.0 wt % or in an amount 1.0 wt % to 10.0 wt %.
- The binder formulation can also include other components such as solvents, plasticizers, crosslinkers, chain transfer agents, stabilizers, dispersants, curing agents, reaction mediators and agents for influencing the fluidity of the dispersion. For example, the binder formulation can also include one or more chain transfer agents selected from the group consisting of polyol, polyamine, linear or branched polyglycol ether, polyester and polylactone.
- The
abrasive grains 212 can be formed of any one of or a combination of abrasive grains, including silica, alumina (fused or sintered), zirconia, zirconia/alumina oxides, silicon carbide, garnet, diamond, cubic boron nitride, silicon nitride, ceria, titanium dioxide, titanium diboride, boron carbide, tin oxide, tungsten carbide, titanium carbide, iron oxide, chromia, flint, emery, or any combination thereof. For example, theabrasive grains 212 can be selected from a group consisting of silica, alumina, zirconia, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, boron nitride, garnet, diamond, cofused alumina zirconia, ceria, titanium diboride, boron carbide, flint, emery, alumina nitride, or a blend thereof. Particular embodiments have been created by use of dense abrasive grains comprised principally of alpha-alumina. - The
abrasive grains 212 can also have a particular shape. An example of such a shape includes a rod, a triangle, a pyramid, a cone, a solid sphere, a hollow sphere or the like. Alternatively, theabrasive grain 212 can be randomly shaped. - The
abrasive grains 212 generally have an average grain size not greater than 2000 microns, such as not greater than about 1500 microns. In another example, the abrasive grain size is not greater than about 750 microns, such as not greater than about 350 microns. For example, the abrasive grain size can be at least 0.1 microns, such as from about 0.1 microns to about 1500 microns, and more typically from about 0.1 microns to about 200 microns or from about 1 micron to about 100 microns. The grain size of theabrasive grains 212 is typically specified to be the longest dimension of the abrasive grain. Generally, there is a range distribution of grain sizes. In some instances, the grain size distribution is tightly controlled. - In a blended abrasive slurry including the
abrasive grains 212 and the binder formulation, theabrasive grains 212 provide from about 10% to about 90%, such as from about 30% to about 80%, of the weight of the abrasive slurry. - The binder formulation, abrasive slurry, or abrasive layer can further include a grinding aid to increase the grinding efficiency and cut rate. A useful grinding aid can be inorganic based, such as a halide salt, for example, sodium cryolite, and potassium tetrafluoroborate; or organic based, such as a chlorinated wax, for example, polyvinyl chloride. A particular embodiment includes cryolite and potassium tetrafluoroborate with particle size ranging from 1 micron to 80 microns, and most typically from 5 microns to 30 microns. The weight percent of grinding aid is generally not greater than about 50 wt %, such as from about 0 wt % to 50 wt %, and most typically from about 10 wt % to 30 wt % of the entire slurry (including the abrasive grains).
- In addition, the abrasive layer can be treated with a coating of an anti-loading material. An exemplary anti-loading material includes metal silicates, silicas, metal carbonates, metal sulfates or any combination thereof. The metal silicates can include consisting of magnesium silicates, potassium aluminum silicates, aluminum silicates, calcium silicates, or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the magnesium silicates include talc, the potassium aluminum silicates include micas, the aluminum silicates include clays, and the calcium silicates include wollastonite. The silicas can be selected from the group consisting of fused silica, fumed silica, and precipitated amorphous silica. The metal carbonates can include calcium carbonate. The metal sulfates can include hydrous calcium sulfate or anhydrous calcium sulfate. In a further example, the anti-loading material can include a metal salt of a long chain fatty acid, such as a metal stearate, for example, sodium, calcium, or magnesium stearate.
- To form the abrasive article, the fabric of the backing can be dispensed, for example in a continuous process. Alternatively, the process can be a batch process and the fabric can be provided in cut sheets ready for processing. The fabric includes a front face and a back face and the front face includes a set of knitted yarns defining the aveoli. A binder formulation is applied to the front face of the fabric, and abrasive grains are applied to the front face of the fabric over the binder formulation to be adhered with the binder to the front face. In particular, the binder formulation can be applied to form a continuous layer of binder. For example, the binder formulation can be calendared to the front face of the fabric. The abrasive grains can be applied over the binder formulation, and bonded to the fabric. In a particular example, the abrasive grains can be deposited on to the binder, such as through electrostatic deposition.
- Alternatively, the binder and abrasive can be applied in combination as a slurry. For example, a slurry including the binder formulation and abrasive grains can be coated on to the front face of the fabric, such as by calendaring. In another example, the binder formulation can be applied using other coating techniques, such as spray coating, dip coating, or any combination thereof.
- In particular, the abrasive article has desirable properties resulting from its construction. For example, the abrasive article can have a desirable flow through rate. Air permeability of the abrasive article is evaluated using a Texttest AG (Switzerland) Model 3300 Air Permeability Tester with a test pressure of 200 Pa and a test head area of 20 cm2. In an example, the air permeability is at least 1000 mm/s, such as at least 1200 mm/s, at least 1400 mm/s, at least 1600 mm/s, at least 2000 mm/s, or even at least 3000 mm/s. In particular, the air permeability can be in a range of 1000 mm/s to 6000 mm/s, such as a range of 1200 mm/s to 6000 mm/s, a range of 1600 mm/s to 5500 mm/s, or even a range of 2100 mm/s to 5500 mm/s.
- In addition, the abrasive article can provide desirable material removal rates. For example, Material Removal Performance is defined as the cumulative material removal over a 10 minute period as determined in accordance with the method of Example 1. The abrasive article can have a Material Removal Performance of at least 1 gram, such as at least 1.5 grams, at least 2.0 grams, at least 3.0 grams, at least 4.0 grams, or even at least 4.2 grams.
- In another example, the abrasive article can have a desirable spring back or conformability. The conformable nature of the abrasive article allows it to compensate for moderate curvature within the component being abraded. Springy nature helps to keep the abrasive layers in contact with the surface, particularly an uneven surface, and provides near constant force on the abrasive layers, preventing uneven abrading due to excessive force in one region relative to another.
- In particular, the abrasive article has a desirable force to compress at 30% compression and 50% compression. For example, the abrasive article can have a force-to-compress as measured in accordance with ASTM D1667 as modified to receive the compressible construction of the abrasive article and measured instantaneously, of at least 0.5 N/cm2 at 50% compression. In an example, the abrasive article has a 50% force-to-compress of at least 1.0 N/cm2, such as at least 2.0 N/cm2. In a further example, the abrasive article can have a 50% force-to compress of not greater than 12 N/cm2, such as not greater than 10 N/cm2, not greater than 8 N/cm2, or even not greater than 7 N/cm2.
- In a further example, the force-to-compress at 30% compression can be at least 0.5 N/cm2, such as at least 0.7 N/cm2, at least 1.1 N/cm2, or even at least 1.3 N/cm2. In an additional example, the force-to-compress at 30% compression can be not greater than 10 N/cm2, such as not greater than 8.5 N/cm2, not greater than 5 N/cm2, or even not greater than 3 N/cm2.
- Sample abrasive articles are prepared using either phenolic resin binder or urea-formaldehyde binder and P320 semi-friable aluminum oxide grains. The samples may or may not have an anti-loading layer formed of a metal stearate. Samples are compared with comparative samples of A295 and A277 abrasive articles, available from Saint-Gobain.
- To determine Material Removal Performance (MRP), defined as the cumulative material remove after 10 minutes of grinding, expressed in grams, the samples are formed into 100 mm diameter disks and attached to an orbital grinder. Work pieces formed of a plexiglas panel are abraded for 10 minutes and loss in weight measured. The Material Removal Performance is illustrated in Table 1.
-
TABLE 1 Material Removal Performance of Abrasive Samples Material Anti-loading MRP (grams) Sample 1 Phenolic Resin No 0.32 Sample 2 Urea-formaldehyde No 0.79 Sample 3 Phenolic Resin Yes 1.84 Sample 4 Phenolic Resin Yes 4.23 Sample 5 Urea-formaldehyde Yes 1.4 A295 Urea-formaldehyde Yes 3.83 A277 Urea-formaldehyde Yes 4.18 - As illustrated in Table 1, the samples provide desirable MRP of as much as 4.2 grams.
- Air permeability is evaluated using a Texttest AG (Switzerland) Model 3300 Air Permeability Tester, which measures the rate of air flow through a known area. The air permeability is determined from the pressure drop across the orifice. For the tests, a test pressure of 200 Pa is used with a test head area of 20 cm2. The air permeability is expressed as volume of flow per unit surface area per second i.e., as mm/s (=(mm3/mm2)/s).
- Open-mesh backings from different suppliers are tested. In addition, samples formed with open-mesh backing and including phenolic resin binder and abrasive grains with a Velcro® layer are tested. Further, Multi-Air and Multi-Air soft-touch products A275 available from Saint-Gobain, and Abranet and Abranet soft products available from Mirka are tested. Table 2 illustrates the air permeability.
-
TABLE 2 Air Permeability of Backing and Samples. Standard Air permeability deviation (average; mm/s) (mm/s) Open-mesh backing 0 4475 19 Open-mesh backing 1 4493 63 Open-mesh backing 3 5408 17 Open-mesh backing 4 3280 65 Open-mesh backing 5 3478 46 Open-mesh backing 6 4833 139 Open-mesh backing 7 884 123 O-M backing 3 with resin (phenolic) 4475 7 Sample 1 (with O-M 3 + resin + grain + 1667 38 Velcro layer) Sample 2 (with O-M 4 + resin + grain + 1427 146 Velcro layer) Sample 3 (with O-M X + resin + grain + 2252 105 Velcro layer) Multi-air A275 P400 1526 395 Multi-air “Soft-touch” A275 P400 1602 414 Abranet P400 10175 96 Abranet Soft P800 1105 51 - As illustrated in Table 2, Samples 1 and 2 exhibit comparable air permeability to commercial comparative samples. Sample 3 exhibits desirably greater air permeability than other commercial samples.
- Compressibility and spring back of the abrasive articles are determined based on force-to-compress testing at 30% compression and 50% compression. Force-to-compress is measured in accordance with ASTM D1667 as modified to receive a compressible material having a surface area of 650 mm2 and measured instantaneously instead of waiting 60 seconds.
- Open-mesh backings from different suppliers are tested. In addition, samples formed with open-mesh backing and including phenolic resin binder and abrasive grains with a Velcro® layer are tested. Further, a Multi-Air soft-touch product A975 available from Saint-Gobain is tested. Table 3 illustrates the force-to-compress.
-
TABLE 3 Force-to-Compress of Samples F (N/cm2) F (N/cm2) 50% Sample (650 mm2) 30% Compression Compression Open-mesh backing 0 6.8 8.3 Open-mesh backing 1 8.5 9.5 Open-mesh backing 2 8.2 9.4 Open-mesh backing 3 0.7 0.9 Open-mesh backing 4 0.7 0.7 Open-mesh backing 5 0.8 1.5 O-M backing 3 with resin (phenolic) 0.7 1.4 Sample 1 0.8 2.1 Sample 3 1.5 2.7 Multi-air Softouch A975 P400 0.4 1.0 - As illustrated in Table 3, the sample abrasive articles exhibit greater force-to-compress that then comparative sample, yet are not stiff or rigid. In addition, as illustrated above in Table 2, the samples exhibit similar or greater permeability than the comparative sample.
- In a first aspect, an abrasive article includes a fabric comprising a front face and a back face. The front face is formed of first knitted yarns. Each yarn of the first knitted yarns includes a plurality of filaments. A plurality of threads is intertwined with the first knitted yarns and extends between the front face and the back face. The plurality of threads defines a hollow space between the front face and the back face. The abrasive article also includes abrasive grains adhered to the front face of the fabric.
- In an example of the first aspect, the abrasive article has a force-to-compress at 50% compression of at least 0.5 N/cm2, such as at least 1.0 N/cm2, or at least 2.0 N/cm2. The force-to-compress at 50% compression can be not greater than 12.0 N/cm2, such as not greater than 10 N/cm2.
- In a further example of the first aspect, the threads have a diameter at least 50% greater than the diameter of the filaments, such as at least 75% greater than the diameter of the filaments, or at least 100% greater than the diameter of the filaments. The diameter can be between 0.05 mm and 5 mm.
- In an additional example, the knitted yarns define a pattern of openings. Each opening in the pattern of openings can have a cross-dimension in a range of 0.2 mm to 25 mm, such as a range of 0.2 mm to 10 mm, or a range of 0.5 mm to 5 mm.
- In an example, the pattern of openings provides at least 5% open area relative to the area defined by the front face, such as a range of 5% to 70% of the area, a range of 15% to 50% of the area, or a range of 35% to 50% of the area defined by the front face.
- In a further example, the threads include polyamide. In another example, the filaments include polyester. In an additional example, the filaments include polyamide.
- In an additional example, the abrasive article further includes a binder. The binder adheres to the abrasive grains to the front face. The binder is a resin selected from the group consisting of phenolic resin, ureaformaldahyde resin, acrylic resin, epoxy resin, silicone resin, isocyanurate resin, melamine-formaldehyde resin, polyimide resin, or any combination thereof. For example, the binder is thermally curable. In another example, the binder is radiation curable. In an additional example, the binder forms a layer contiguous with the first knitted yarns of the front face of the fabric.
- In a further example, the back face includes second knitted yarns. The plurality of threads is intertwined with the second knitted yarns of the back face.
- In a second aspect, an abrasive article includes a fabric including a front face and a back face. The front face is formed of first knitted yarns. Each yarn of the first knitted yarns includes a plurality of filaments. A plurality of threads is intertwined with the first knitted yarns and extends between the front face and the back face. The back face is formed of second knitted yarns. The plurality of threads is intertwined with the second knitted yarns. The threads define a hollow space between the front face and the back face. The abrasive article further includes a binder disposed on the front face of the fabric and abrasive grains adhered to the binder.
- In an example of the second aspect, the binder is contiguous with the first knitted yarns. In a further example, the threads have a diameter at least 50% greater than the diameter of the filaments.
- In an additional example, the first knitted yarns define a pattern of openings. In another example, the abrasive article has a force-to-compress at 50% compression of at least 0.5 N/cm2 or not greater than 12.0 N/cm2.
- In a third aspect, an abrasive article includes a fabric comprising a front face and a back face. The front face is formed of first knitted yarns. A plurality of threads extends between the front face and the back face. The plurality of threads defines a hollow space between the front face and the back face. The abrasive article further includes abrasive grains adhered to the front face of the fabric. The abrasive article has a force-to-compress at 50% compression of at least 0.5 N/cm2. In an example of the third aspect, the abrasive article has a force-to-compress at 50% compression of at least 1.0 N/cm2 or not greater than 12.0 N/cm2.
- In a further example, the first knitted yarns define a pattern of openings. For example, each opening in the pattern of openings has a cross-dimension in a range of 0.2 mm to 25 mm. In an example, the pattern of openings provides at least 5% open area relative to the area defined by the front face.
- In an additional example, the abrasive article includes a binder. The binder adheres the abrasive grains to the front face. For example, the binder is a resin selected from the group consisting of phenolic resin, urea-formaldehyde resin, acrylic resin, epoxy resin, silicone resin, isocyanurate resin, melamine-formaldehyde resin, polyimide resin, or any combination thereof.
- In another example, the binder forms a layer contiguous with the first knitted yarns of the front face of the fabric. In an example, the back face includes second knitted yarns. The plurality of threads is intertwined with the second knitted yarns of the back face.
- In a fourth aspect, a method of forming an abrasive article includes dispensing a fabric comprising a front face and a back face. The front face is formed of first knitted yarns. Each yarn of the first knitted yarns includes a plurality of filaments. A plurality of threads is intertwined with the first knitted yarns and extends between the front face and the back face. The threads define a hollow space between the front face and the back face. The method further includes applying a binder formulation to the front face of the fabric and applying abrasive grains to the front face of the fabric. In an example of the fourth aspect, the back face is formed of second knitted yarns and the plurality of threads is intertwined with the second knitted yarns.
- In an example of the fourth aspect, applying the binder formulation includes forming a layer of the binder formulation contiguous with the first knitted yarns. In another example, applying the binder formulation and applying the abrasive includes applying a slurry comprising the abrasive grains and the binder formulation. In an additional example, applying the binder formulation includes calendering the binder formulation to the front face of the fabric. In a further example, applying the abrasive grains includes depositing the abrasive grains by electrostatic deposition.
- In a fifth aspect, a method of abrading a work piece includes coupling an abrasive article to an abrading device. The abrading device is to repetitively move the abrasive article parallel to a plane. The abrasive article includes a fabric including a front face and a back face. The front face is formed of first knitted yarns. Each yarn of the first knitted yarns includes a plurality of filaments. A plurality of threads is intertwined with the first knitted yarns and extends between the front face and the back face. The threads defines a hollow space between the front face and the back face. The abrasive article further includes abrasive grains adhered to the front face of the fabric. The method further includes contacting the front face of the abrasive article to a surface of the work piece and drawing abraded material from the front face of the abrasive article to the back face through the hollow space.
- Note that not all of the activities described above in the general description or the examples are required, that a portion of a specific activity may not be required, and that one or more further activities may be performed in addition to those described. Still further, the order in which activities are listed are not necessarily the order in which they are performed.
- In the foregoing specification, the concepts have been described with reference to specific embodiments. However, one of ordinary skill in the art appreciates that various modifications and changes can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the claims below. Accordingly, the specification and figures are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense, and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of invention.
- As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of features is not necessarily limited only to those features but may include other features not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary, “or” refers to an inclusive-or and not to an exclusive-or. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present).
- Also, the use of “a” or “an” are employed to describe elements and components described herein. This is done merely for convenience and to give a general sense of the scope of the invention. This description should be read to include one or at least one and the singular also includes the plural unless it is obvious that it is meant otherwise.
- Benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have been described above with regard to specific embodiments. However, the benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any feature(s) that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as a critical, required, or essential feature of any or all the claims.
- After reading the specification, skilled artisans will appreciated that certain features are, for clarity, described herein in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any subcombination. Further, references to values stated in ranges include each and every value within that range.
Claims (27)
1. An abrasive article comprising:
a fabric comprising a front face and a back face, the front face formed of first knitted yarns, each yarn of the first knitted yarns comprising a plurality of filaments, a plurality of threads intertwined with the first knitted yarns and extending between the front face and the back face, the plurality of threads defining a hollow space between the front face and the back face; and
abrasive grains adhered to the front face of the fabric.
2. The abrasive article of claim 1 , wherein the abrasive article has a force-to-compress at 50% compression of at least 0.5 N/cm2.
3. The abrasive article of claim 2 , wherein the force-to-compress at 50% compression is at least 1.0 N/cm2.
4. The abrasive article of claim 3 , wherein the force-to-compress at 50% compression is at least 2.0 N/cm2.
5. The abrasive article of claim 2 , wherein the force-to-compress at 50% compression is not greater than 12.0 N/cm2.
6. (canceled)
7. The abrasive article of claim 1 , wherein the threads have a diameter at least 50% greater than the diameter of the filaments.
8.-9. (canceled)
10. The abrasive article of claim 1 , wherein the diameter of the threads is in a range of 0.05 mm to 5 mm.
11. The abrasive article of claim 1 , wherein the knitted yarns define a pattern of openings.
12. The abrasive article of claim 11 , wherein each opening in the pattern of openings has a cross-dimension in a range of 0.2 mm to 25 mm.
13.-14. (canceled)
15. The abrasive article of claim 11 , wherein the pattern of openings provides at least 5% open area relative to the area defined by the front face.
16. The abrasive article of claim 15 , wherein the open area is in a range of 5% to 70% of the area defined by the front face.
17.-18. (canceled)
19. The abrasive article of claim 1 , wherein the threads comprise polyamide.
20. The abrasive article of claim 1 , wherein the filaments comprise polyester.
21. The abrasive article of claim 1 , wherein the filaments comprise polyamide.
22. The abrasive article of claim 1 , further comprising a binder, the binder adhering the abrasive grains to the front face.
23. The abrasive article of claim 22 , wherein the binder is a resin selected from the group consisting of phenolic resin, ureaformaldahyde resin, acrylic resin, epoxy resin, silicone resin, isocyanurate resin, melamine-formaldehyde resin, polyimide resin, or any combination thereof.
24.-25. (canceled)
26. The abrasive article of claim 22 , wherein the binder forms a layer contiguous with the first knitted yarns of the front face of the fabric.
27. The abrasive article of claim 1 , wherein the back face comprises second knitted yarns, the plurality of threads intertwined with the second knitted yarns of the back face.
28. An abrasive article comprising:
a fabric comprising a front face and a back face, the front face formed of first knitted yarns, each yarn of the first knitted yarns comprising a plurality of filaments, a plurality of threads intertwined with the first knitted yarns and extending between the front face and the back face, the back face formed of second knitted yarns, the plurality of threads intertwined with the second knitted yarns, the threads defining a hollow space between the front face and the back face;
a binder disposed on the front face of the fabric; and
abrasive grains adhered to the binder.
29.-33. (canceled)
34. An abrasive article comprising:
a fabric comprising a front face and a back face, the front face formed of first knitted yarns, a plurality of threads extending between the front face and the back face, the plurality of threads defining a hollow space between the front face and the back face; and
abrasive grains adhered to the front face of the fabric;
wherein the abrasive article has a force-to-compress at 50% compression of at least 0.5 N/cm2.
35.-50. (canceled)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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FR0906380A FR2954723B1 (en) | 2009-12-29 | 2009-12-29 | ABRASIVE ARTICLE COMPRISING A HOLLOW SPACE BETWEEN ITS FRONT AND REAR FACES AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURE |
FR0906380 | 2009-12-29 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US20110159794A1 true US20110159794A1 (en) | 2011-06-30 |
Family
ID=42370883
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US12/980,174 Abandoned US20110159794A1 (en) | 2009-12-29 | 2010-12-28 | Abrasive article with open structure |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US20110159794A1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2785429A1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE112010005029B4 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2954723B1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2011080569A2 (en) |
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2009
- 2009-12-29 FR FR0906380A patent/FR2954723B1/en active Active
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2010
- 2010-12-27 WO PCT/IB2010/003349 patent/WO2011080569A2/en active Application Filing
- 2010-12-27 DE DE112010005029.5T patent/DE112010005029B4/en active Active
- 2010-12-27 CA CA2785429A patent/CA2785429A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2010-12-28 US US12/980,174 patent/US20110159794A1/en not_active Abandoned
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WO2013072458A3 (en) * | 2011-11-17 | 2013-08-22 | Rud. Starcke Gmbh & Co. Kg | Flat, open-to-dust grinding element |
US10549403B2 (en) * | 2012-09-05 | 2020-02-04 | Kwh Mirka Ab | Flexible grinding product with flattened surface and method for manufacturing the same |
CN104797380A (en) * | 2012-09-05 | 2015-07-22 | Kwh米尔卡股份有限公司 | Flexible grinding product with flattened surface and method for manufacturing the same |
US20150343605A1 (en) * | 2012-09-05 | 2015-12-03 | Göran Höglund | Flexible grinding product with flattened surface and method for manufacturing the same |
RU2617184C2 (en) * | 2012-09-05 | 2017-04-21 | Квх Мирка Лтд. | Flexible grinding product with smooth surface and its manufacturing method |
AU2012389284B2 (en) * | 2012-09-05 | 2017-09-28 | Oy, Mirka | Flexible grinding product with flattened surface and method for manufacturing the same |
WO2014037034A1 (en) * | 2012-09-05 | 2014-03-13 | Kwh Mirka Ltd. | Flexible grinding product with flattened surface and method for manufacturing the same |
CN111604823A (en) * | 2012-09-05 | 2020-09-01 | 磨卡公司 | Flexible abrasive product having a flat surface and method for making the same |
EP4000807A1 (en) * | 2012-09-05 | 2022-05-25 | Mirka Oy | Flexible grinding product with flattened surface and method for manufacturing the same |
US10478946B2 (en) * | 2013-11-18 | 2019-11-19 | Keyon S.R.L. | Open mesh abrasive material |
US20180133868A1 (en) * | 2015-05-08 | 2018-05-17 | Kwh Mirka Ltd. | Abrasive belt grinding product |
US11890723B2 (en) * | 2015-05-08 | 2024-02-06 | Mirka Ltd | Abrasive belt grinding product |
RU2720275C1 (en) * | 2016-04-04 | 2020-04-28 | Мирка Лтд. | Abrasive product |
EP3275594A1 (en) * | 2016-07-29 | 2018-01-31 | Guido Valentini | Backing plate unit |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR2954723A1 (en) | 2011-07-01 |
FR2954723B1 (en) | 2012-04-20 |
WO2011080569A3 (en) | 2011-08-25 |
DE112010005029T5 (en) | 2012-10-18 |
WO2011080569A4 (en) | 2011-10-13 |
WO2011080569A2 (en) | 2011-07-07 |
CA2785429A1 (en) | 2011-07-07 |
DE112010005029B4 (en) | 2019-05-23 |
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Legal Events
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