US20110162547A1 - Ignition mixtures - Google Patents

Ignition mixtures Download PDF

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US20110162547A1
US20110162547A1 US12/963,794 US96379410A US2011162547A1 US 20110162547 A1 US20110162547 A1 US 20110162547A1 US 96379410 A US96379410 A US 96379410A US 2011162547 A1 US2011162547 A1 US 2011162547A1
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agent
igniter
mixtures
metals
ammonium
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US12/963,794
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Rainer Hagel
Dieter Hofmann
Bodo Preis
Klaus Redecker
Wolfram Seebeck
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B3/00—Blasting cartridges, i.e. case and explosive
    • F42B3/10—Initiators therefor
    • F42B3/113—Initiators therefor activated by optical means, e.g. laser, flashlight
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
    • C06C—DETONATING OR PRIMING DEVICES; FUSES; CHEMICAL LIGHTERS; PYROPHORIC COMPOSITIONS
    • C06C7/00—Non-electric detonators; Blasting caps; Primers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
    • C06C—DETONATING OR PRIMING DEVICES; FUSES; CHEMICAL LIGHTERS; PYROPHORIC COMPOSITIONS
    • C06C9/00—Chemical contact igniters; Chemical lighters

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to ignition mixtures and manufacture and use thereof.
  • Ignition mixtures and primers are used to ignite pyrotechnic mixtures or primers as well as propellant charges.
  • the pyrotechnic mixtures or primers can represent the single charge or a booster charge or a gas-generating primer.
  • Propellant charges and primers convert into primarily gaseous components which can be used to trigger rapid-acting processes such as acceleration of projectiles, driving in fastening materials, for example with the aid of bolt setters, or inflating air bags or triggering belt tighteners in vehicle safety.
  • One variant is represented by the use of liquid primers instead of solid primers. These exploit the reaction of liquid fuel with oxidizers to generate gases.
  • Ignition mixtures are generally triggered mechanically so that they must be sensitive to the action of friction and impact. They generally consist of initial or primary explosives such as lead trinitroresorcinate or diazodinitrophenol, reducing agents such as metal powder, or oxidizers such as barium nitrate or zinc peroxide. Sensitizers such as tetrazene or friction agents such as powdered glass, which increase the sensitivity of the initial explosive materials, are also used. For electrically ignitable systems, the rapid-reacting initial explosives are primarily used. However, the high mechanical sensitivity of the components required for perfect function is a disadvantage when handling the raw materials and mixtures. Handling requires special safety measures. Other types of ignition such as ignition by heat or by coupling high-frequency electromagnetic waves do not solve this problem or are suitable only for highly specialized and sharply limited applications.
  • the goal of the present invention is to provide new ignition mixtures.
  • the problem is solved by ignition mixtures that can be ignited by the laser light.
  • the explosives contained in the ignition mixtures according to the invention can be primary or initial explosives, secondary explosives, or mixtures of these explosives.
  • the primary or initial explosives that can be used may for example be lead trinitroresorcinate, diazodinitrophenol, tetrazene, or potassium dinitrobenzofuroxanate, or mixtures of these explosives.
  • Appropriate secondary explosives are chosen from nitrocellulose, hexanitrostilbene, nitrided aromatic compounds, and/or nitrided aromatic compounds with a polymer structure such as polynitropolyphenylether or plynitropolyphenylenes, from specific heterocycles such as nitrotriazolone, from the derivatives of tetrazoles such as aminotetrazole, ditetrazole, or diaminoguanidine azotetrazole, and from hexagene or octagene. Secondary explosives derived from urea and its derivatives can also be used.
  • urea derivatives biuret guanidine, nitroguanidine, guanidine nitrate, aminoguanidine, aminoguanidine nitrate, thiourea, triaminoguanidine nitrate, aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate, azodicarboxylic acid diamide, tetrazene, semicarbazide nitrate, as well as urethanes, ureides such as barbituric acid, and their derivatives.
  • These explosives can be used alone or in a mixture.
  • secondary explosives are preferred, and nitrided aromatic compounds with a polymer structure, in particular polynitropolyphenylether and the polynitropolyphenylenes or mixtures of these secondary explosives are particularly preferred.
  • the igniters according to the invention also contain oxidizers and reducing agents which are common per se. Binders, processing agents, and pressing agents can also be used.
  • Oxidizers that may be used can be the peroxides of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, zinc peroxide, and the peroxodisulfates of the aforesaid elements and of ammonium, nitrates of alkali metals, and alkaline earth metals, in particular lithium, sodium, potassium, or strontium nitrate, as well as ammonium nitrate, oxohalogen compounds of alkali metals or alkaline earth metals or of ammonium, and particularly preferably potassium perchlorate or ammonium perchlorate.
  • Sulfur is also suitable as an oxidizer. These oxidizers can be used alone or in a mixture.
  • the reducing agents used according to the invention are metals such as titanium, zirconium, aluminum, magnesium, and cerium in the finely powdered form. Alloys of these metals as well such as titanium/aluminum or cerium/magnesium can be used according to the invention. Other reducing agents are carbon or boron. These reducing agents can be used alone or in a mixture.
  • binders Compounds from the group of polyesters or polyurethanes can be used as binders.
  • Processing agents and pressing agents can be substances which for example improve flowability such as Aerosil or substances which impede dust formation and improve slip or meterability, such as graphite or boron nitride.
  • the ignition mixtures according to the invention can also be dyed or reacted with dye pigments.
  • Heat stability can also be improved if necessary by adding stabilizers.
  • Substances used to stabilize nitrocellulose can for example be used for this purpose.
  • combustion moderates that affect the rate of combustion can be added to the ignition mixtures according to the invention.
  • Moderators that participate in the reaction in the form of heterogenous catalysis are metals, metal oxides, and/or metal carbonates and/or metal sulfides.
  • the metals that can preferably be used are boron, silicon, copper, iron, titanium, zinc, or molybdenum. Calcium carbonate can also be used. Mixtures of these moderators can also be used.
  • Moderators that react in the form of homogenous catalysis are for example sulfur, copper resorcilates, or ferrocene and its derivatives. These moderators are evaporated by the temperatures produced by the reaction and can thus affect the reaction themselves or as secondary products.
  • the ignition mixtures according to the invention can also be treated with protective agents or be coated.
  • the ignition mixtures according to the invention have multiple potential uses. For example, they are used to ignite pyrotechnic mixtures or primers as well as propellant charges that trigger rapid processes such as acceleration of projectiles, driving in fastening materials, for example with the aid of bolt setters, or inflating air bags or triggering belt tighteners in vehicle safety.
  • thermodynamic computer program for the ignition mixtures according to the invention at constant volume and a loading density of 0.1 g/cm 3 . Table 3 shows the most important data in the thermodynamic calculation. The ignition energy necessary for triggering a reaction was determined experimentally.
  • the ignition mixtures according to the invention were produced by methods known of themselves.
  • the individual components were sifted through a sieve with a small mesh size of 0.2 mm as shown in Table 1 and mixed in a tumble mixer for 30 minutes. 200 mg portions of these mixtures were pressed into pellets with a diameter of 6 mm with a pressing force of 71 N/mm 2 .
  • the pellets so produced were ignited with a laser beam (wavelength 1,060 nm) with an energy of approximately 200 mJ and a pulse length of 2.5 ms.
  • the ignition behavior is shown in Table 1.

Abstract

A firing mixture which contains explosives, oxidizing and reducing agents is characterized in that it contains one or several explosives which can be fired by laser light. Also disclosed is a process for producing the same and its use.

Description

  • This is a continuation application of Seri. No. 12/750,643 filed Mar. 30, 2010, which is a divisional application of application Ser. No. 11/168,462, filed Jun. 29, 2005 (now abandoned), which is a continuation of application of Ser. No. 09/873,422, filed Jun. 5, 2001 (now abandoned), which is a continuation of application Ser. 09/639,071, filed Aug. 16, 2000 (now abandoned), which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/171,805, filed Oct. 14, 1999 (now abandoned), the contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • The present invention relates to ignition mixtures and manufacture and use thereof.
  • Ignition mixtures and primers are used to ignite pyrotechnic mixtures or primers as well as propellant charges. The pyrotechnic mixtures or primers can represent the single charge or a booster charge or a gas-generating primer. Propellant charges and primers convert into primarily gaseous components which can be used to trigger rapid-acting processes such as acceleration of projectiles, driving in fastening materials, for example with the aid of bolt setters, or inflating air bags or triggering belt tighteners in vehicle safety. One variant is represented by the use of liquid primers instead of solid primers. These exploit the reaction of liquid fuel with oxidizers to generate gases.
  • Ignition mixtures are generally triggered mechanically so that they must be sensitive to the action of friction and impact. They generally consist of initial or primary explosives such as lead trinitroresorcinate or diazodinitrophenol, reducing agents such as metal powder, or oxidizers such as barium nitrate or zinc peroxide. Sensitizers such as tetrazene or friction agents such as powdered glass, which increase the sensitivity of the initial explosive materials, are also used. For electrically ignitable systems, the rapid-reacting initial explosives are primarily used. However, the high mechanical sensitivity of the components required for perfect function is a disadvantage when handling the raw materials and mixtures. Handling requires special safety measures. Other types of ignition such as ignition by heat or by coupling high-frequency electromagnetic waves do not solve this problem or are suitable only for highly specialized and sharply limited applications.
  • The goal of the present invention is to provide new ignition mixtures.
  • In a first embodiment of the invention, the problem is solved by ignition mixtures that can be ignited by the laser light. The explosives contained in the ignition mixtures according to the invention can be primary or initial explosives, secondary explosives, or mixtures of these explosives. The primary or initial explosives that can be used may for example be lead trinitroresorcinate, diazodinitrophenol, tetrazene, or potassium dinitrobenzofuroxanate, or mixtures of these explosives. Appropriate secondary explosives are chosen from nitrocellulose, hexanitrostilbene, nitrided aromatic compounds, and/or nitrided aromatic compounds with a polymer structure such as polynitropolyphenylether or plynitropolyphenylenes, from specific heterocycles such as nitrotriazolone, from the derivatives of tetrazoles such as aminotetrazole, ditetrazole, or diaminoguanidine azotetrazole, and from hexagene or octagene. Secondary explosives derived from urea and its derivatives can also be used. Examples of these are the urea derivatives biuret, guanidine, nitroguanidine, guanidine nitrate, aminoguanidine, aminoguanidine nitrate, thiourea, triaminoguanidine nitrate, aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate, azodicarboxylic acid diamide, tetrazene, semicarbazide nitrate, as well as urethanes, ureides such as barbituric acid, and their derivatives. These explosives can be used alone or in a mixture. According to the invention, secondary explosives are preferred, and nitrided aromatic compounds with a polymer structure, in particular polynitropolyphenylether and the polynitropolyphenylenes or mixtures of these secondary explosives are particularly preferred.
  • In addition to the explosives, the igniters according to the invention also contain oxidizers and reducing agents which are common per se. Binders, processing agents, and pressing agents can also be used.
  • Oxidizers that may be used can be the peroxides of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, zinc peroxide, and the peroxodisulfates of the aforesaid elements and of ammonium, nitrates of alkali metals, and alkaline earth metals, in particular lithium, sodium, potassium, or strontium nitrate, as well as ammonium nitrate, oxohalogen compounds of alkali metals or alkaline earth metals or of ammonium, and particularly preferably potassium perchlorate or ammonium perchlorate. Sulfur is also suitable as an oxidizer. These oxidizers can be used alone or in a mixture.
  • The reducing agents used according to the invention are metals such as titanium, zirconium, aluminum, magnesium, and cerium in the finely powdered form. Alloys of these metals as well such as titanium/aluminum or cerium/magnesium can be used according to the invention. Other reducing agents are carbon or boron. These reducing agents can be used alone or in a mixture.
  • Compounds from the group of polyesters or polyurethanes can be used as binders. Compounds with binding properties that contribute to the heat of explosion and/or the oxygen balance, for example nitrocellulose or polynitropolyphenylene, can also be used as binders.
  • Processing agents and pressing agents can be substances which for example improve flowability such as Aerosil or substances which impede dust formation and improve slip or meterability, such as graphite or boron nitride.
  • For improved absorption of laser light, the ignition mixtures according to the invention can also be dyed or reacted with dye pigments. Heat stability can also be improved if necessary by adding stabilizers. Substances used to stabilize nitrocellulose can for example be used for this purpose.
  • In addition, combustion moderates that affect the rate of combustion can be added to the ignition mixtures according to the invention.
  • Substances or mixtures thereof able to affect combustion and combustion rate by heterogenous or homogenous catalysis are used as combustion moderates. Moderator that participate in the reaction in the form of heterogenous catalysis are metals, metal oxides, and/or metal carbonates and/or metal sulfides. The metals that can preferably be used are boron, silicon, copper, iron, titanium, zinc, or molybdenum. Calcium carbonate can also be used. Mixtures of these moderators can also be used.
  • Moderators that react in the form of homogenous catalysis are for example sulfur, copper resorcilates, or ferrocene and its derivatives. These moderators are evaporated by the temperatures produced by the reaction and can thus affect the reaction themselves or as secondary products.
  • For protection against environmental influences, the ignition mixtures according to the invention can also be treated with protective agents or be coated.
  • The ignition mixtures according to the invention have multiple potential uses. For example, they are used to ignite pyrotechnic mixtures or primers as well as propellant charges that trigger rapid processes such as acceleration of projectiles, driving in fastening materials, for example with the aid of bolt setters, or inflating air bags or triggering belt tighteners in vehicle safety.
  • The safety data on some of the ignition mixtures according to the invention are provided in Table 2. The data were derived by the methods of the Bundesanstalt für Materialprüfung [Federal Institute for Materials Testing]. By comparison to the primary explosive lead nitroresorcinate, sensitivity to friction and impact are significantly improved with the igniting agents according to the invention.
  • In estimating important parameters of the ignition mixtures according to the invention such as the energy released by the reaction (heat of explosion), pressure, explosion temperature, and reaction products produced at this temperature, an adiabatic reaction was calculated with a thermodynamic computer program for the ignition mixtures according to the invention at constant volume and a loading density of 0.1 g/cm3. Table 3 shows the most important data in the thermodynamic calculation. The ignition energy necessary for triggering a reaction was determined experimentally.
  • The examples below are intended to illustrate the invention without restricting it.
    • EXAMPLES 1 to 16
  • The ignition mixtures according to the invention were produced by methods known of themselves. The individual components were sifted through a sieve with a small mesh size of 0.2 mm as shown in Table 1 and mixed in a tumble mixer for 30 minutes. 200 mg portions of these mixtures were pressed into pellets with a diameter of 6 mm with a pressing force of 71 N/mm2. The pellets so produced were ignited with a laser beam (wavelength 1,060 nm) with an energy of approximately 200 mJ and a pulse length of 2.5 ms. The ignition behavior is shown in Table 1.
  • TABLE 1
    Examples
    Components 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
    KNO3 52.5 52.5 33.3 32.3 33.3 40 40
    B 18.8 18.8 2.9 29 10 10
    binder 3.7 3.7
    NPE 25 45 44.7 44.5 44.1 66.7 64.8 66.7 64.8 25 50
    PNP 25 100 66.7 50 25
    ZnO2 50 49.8 49.8 49 33.3 32.3
    Ti 5 4.9 4.9 4.9
    graphite 0.5 1 2
    black powder 75 75
    ignition behavior +++ + + + + + + ++ + + + +++ +++ + + +++
    + = ignition
    ++ = good ignition
    +++ = very good ignition
    Components Used:
    KNO3 potassium nitrate <200 μm
    B amorphous boron
    Ti titanium metal powder <40 μm
    binder polyurethane
    NPE polynitropolyphenylether
    PNP polynitropolyphenylene
    ZnO2 zinc peroxide, mean grain size 6.5μ, oxygen content 13.5%
  • TABLE 2
    Condensate Ignition
    Pressure T Ex. Heat Percentage Energy
    Specimen (atm) (K) (cal/g) (%/mol) (mJ)
    NPE 1109 2932 686 0 ≈10
    NPE/KNO3 907.4 3073.5 672 7.5 160
    66.7/33.3
    NPE/ZnO2Ti 1198 4146 978 14.6 ≈200
    45/50/5
    black powder/ 430 2290 −179 11.6 ≈200
    NPE
    75/25
    AZM O 622 3265 615 52 ≈200
    9531/NPE
    75/25
    NPE/KNO3/B 843 3374 673 29 ≈90
    50/40/10
    NPE/ZnO2 1341 4044 1016 7 >200
    66.7/33.3
    NPE/ZnO2/B 1194 3731 991 14 >200
    64.8/32.3/2.9
    NPE/KNO3/B 1002 3382 752 2 ≈100
    64.8/32.3/2.9
    NC/KNO3 872 3282 883 11 no
    66.7/33.3 ignition
    lead 683 3639 550 10 ≈5
    trinitroresorcinate
  • TABLE 3
    Impact Detonation
    Friction Sensitivity Sensitivity Point
    Explosive (N) (J) (° C.)
    lead trinitroresorcinate 2 ≦0.025 280
    AZM O 2956 ≧360 5 >400
    AZM O 9531 ≧360 4 >400
    black powder ≧360 5 >400
    HITP ≧360 15-50 >400
    (aminotetrazole
    base)
    NPE ≧360 7.5 >260
    NPE/ZnO2/Ti ≧360 15 230
    NPE/ZnO2 240 20 235
    NPE/KNO3 + 3% B 160 4 decomposition
    starting at 230
    PNP/KNO3 ≧360 10 293
    PNP/KNO3/B ≧360 10 293

Claims (14)

1. An igniter agent comprising at least one oxidizing agent, at least one reducing agent and polynitropolyphenyl ether or polynitropolyphenylene or mixtures of polynitropolyphenyl ether and polynitropolyphenylene, wherein the igniter agent can be ignited by laser light.
2. The igniter agent according to claim 1, further comprising binders, combustion moderators, processing agents and/or compaction aids.
3. The igniter agent according to claim 1, wherein the at least one oxidizing agent is selected from the group consisting of sulfur, peroxides of alkali or alkaline earth metals, zinc peroxide, peroxodisulfates of the aforementioned substances and of ammonium, nitrates of alkali and alkaline earth metals, oxohalogen compounds of alkali or alkaline earth metals or ammonium, and mixtures of the aforementioned substances.
4. The igniter agent according to claim 1, wherein the at least one reducing agent is a metal selected from the group consisting of titanium, zirconium, aluminum, magnesium or cerium, a mixture of these metals, an alloy of these metals, carbon, boron, and a mixture of the aforementioned agents.
5. The igniter agent according to claim 1, wherein the igniter agent is pigmented or coloring pigments are added thereto.
6. The igniter agent according to claim 1, further comprising a combustion moderator capable, by heterogeneous or homogeneous catalysis, of influencing the combustion and its rate.
7. The igniter agent according to claim 1, wherein the at least one oxidizing agent is lithium, sodium, potassium, strontium or ammonium nitrate or mixtures thereof.
8. The igniter agent according to claim 1, wherein the at least one oxidizing agent is potassium perchlorate or ammonium perchlorate or mixtures thereof.
9. The igniter agent according to claim 1, wherein the igniter agent includes polynitrophenylether, the at least one oxidizing agent is potassium nitrate, the at least one reducing agent is boron, and the igniter agent includes a binder comprising polyurethane.
10. A process for production of the igniter agent according to claim 1, comprising mixing the individual components and then compacting the mixed components.
11. A method for igniting an ignition mixture, comprising igniting an ignition mixture with laser light, the ignition mixture comprising at least one oxidizing agent, at least one reducing agent and polynitropolyphenyl ether or polynitropolyphenylene or mixtures of polynitropolyphenyl ether and polynitropolyphenylene.
12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the at least one oxidizing agent is selected from the group consisting of sulfur, peroxides of alkali or alkaline earth metals, zinc peroxide, peroxodisulfates of the aforementioned substances and of ammonium, nitrates of alkali and alkaline earth metals, oxohalogen compounds of alkali or alkaline earth metals or ammonium, and mixtures of the aforementioned substances.
13. The method according to claim 11, wherein the at least one reducing agent is a metal selected from the group consisting of titanium, zirconium, aluminum, magnesium or cerium, a mixture of these metals, an alloy of these metals, carbon, boron, and a mixture of the aforementioned agents.
14. The method according to claim 11, wherein the igniter agent includes polynitrophenylether, the at least one oxidizing agent is potassium nitrate, the at least one reducing agent is boron, and the igniter agent includes a binder comprising polyurethane.
US12/963,794 1996-04-26 2010-12-09 Ignition mixtures Abandoned US20110162547A1 (en)

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DE19616627.6 1996-04-26
DE19616627A DE19616627A1 (en) 1996-04-26 1996-04-26 Kindling mixtures
US17180599A 1999-10-14 1999-10-14
US63907100A 2000-08-16 2000-08-16
US09/873,422 US20010054462A1 (en) 1996-04-26 2001-06-05 Ignition Mixtures
US11/168,462 US20070017612A1 (en) 1996-04-26 2005-06-29 Ignition mixtures
US12/750,643 US20100180787A1 (en) 1996-04-26 2010-03-30 Ignition mixtures
US12/963,794 US20110162547A1 (en) 1996-04-26 2010-12-09 Ignition mixtures

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US11/168,462 Abandoned US20070017612A1 (en) 1996-04-26 2005-06-29 Ignition mixtures
US12/750,643 Abandoned US20100180787A1 (en) 1996-04-26 2010-03-30 Ignition mixtures
US12/963,794 Abandoned US20110162547A1 (en) 1996-04-26 2010-12-09 Ignition mixtures

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US12/750,643 Abandoned US20100180787A1 (en) 1996-04-26 2010-03-30 Ignition mixtures

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EP0894235A1 (en) 1999-02-03
DE19616627A1 (en) 1997-11-06
WO1997041403A1 (en) 1997-11-06
EP0894235B1 (en) 2005-09-07
DE59712416D1 (en) 2005-10-13
ES2249799T3 (en) 2006-04-01
US20070017612A1 (en) 2007-01-25
US20100180787A1 (en) 2010-07-22
US20010054462A1 (en) 2001-12-27
ATE304156T1 (en) 2005-09-15

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