US20120010461A1 - Methods and devices for tissue grasping and assessment - Google Patents
Methods and devices for tissue grasping and assessment Download PDFInfo
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- US20120010461A1 US20120010461A1 US13/239,514 US201113239514A US2012010461A1 US 20120010461 A1 US20120010461 A1 US 20120010461A1 US 201113239514 A US201113239514 A US 201113239514A US 2012010461 A1 US2012010461 A1 US 2012010461A1
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- leaflets
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Abstract
Devices, systems and methods are provided for stabilizing and grasping tissues such as valve leaflets, assessing the grasp of these tissues, approximating and fixating the tissues, and assessing the fixation of the tissues to treat cardiac valve regurgitation, particularly mitral valve regurgitation.
Description
- The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/575,100 filed Oct. 7, 2009 which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/237,213, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,635,329, filed Sep. 27, 2005 which claims the benefit and priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/613,867, filed Sep. 27, 2004, the full disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
- NOT APPLICABLE
- NOT APPLICABLE
- The present invention relates generally to medical methods, devices, and systems. In particular, the present invention relates to methods, devices, and systems for the endovascular, percutaneous or minimally invasive surgical treatment of bodily tissues, such as tissue approximation or valve repair. More particularly, the present invention relates to repair of valves of the heart and venous valves.
- Surgical repair of bodily tissues often involves tissue approximation and fastening of such tissues in the approximated arrangement. When repairing valves, tissue approximation includes coapting the leaflets of the valves in a therapeutic arrangement which may then be maintained by fastening or fixing the leaflets. Such coaptation can be used to treat regurgitation which most commonly occurs in the mitral valve.
- Mitral valve regurgitation is characterized by retrograde flow from the left ventricle of a heart through an incompetent mitral valve into the left atrium. During a normal cycle of heart contraction (systole), the mitral valve acts as a check valve to prevent flow of oxygenated blood back into the left atrium. In this way, the oxygenated blood is pumped into the aorta through the aortic valve. Regurgitation of the valve can significantly decrease the pumping efficiency of the heart, placing the patient at risk of severe, progressive heart failure.
- Mitral valve regurgitation can result from a number of different mechanical defects in the mitral valve or the left ventricular wall. The valve leaflets, the valve chordae which connect the leaflets to the papillary muscles, the papillary muscles or the left ventricular wall may be damaged or otherwise dysfunctional. Commonly, the valve annulus may be damaged, dilated, or weakened limiting the ability of the mitral valve to close adequately against the high pressures of the left ventricle.
- The most common treatments for mitral valve regurgitation rely on valve replacement or repair including leaflet and annulus remodeling, the latter generally referred to as valve annuloplasty. A recent technique for mitral valve repair which relies on suturing adjacent segments of the opposed valve leaflets together is referred to as the “bow-tie” or “edge-to-edge” technique. While all these techniques can be very effective, they usually rely on open heart surgery where the patient's chest is opened, typically via a sternotomy, and the patient placed on cardiopulmonary bypass. The need to both open the chest and place the patient on bypass is traumatic and has associated high mortality and morbidity.
- Consequently, alternative and additional methods, devices, and systems for performing the repair of mitral and other cardiac valves have been developed. Such methods, devices, and systems preferably do not require open chest access and are capable of being performed either endovascularly, i.e., using devices which are advanced to the heart from a point in the patient's vasculature remote from the heart or by a minimally invasive approach. Examples of such methods, devices and systems are provided in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,629,534 6,752,813, and U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 10/441,753, 10/441,531, 11/130,818, 10/441,508, 10/441,687, 10/975,555, all of which are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.
- In some instances, however, a variety of challenges are faced in desirably fixating the valve leaflets. For example, it is commonly found in cases of mitral valve regurgitation that a portion of the leaflet is moving out of phase with the other leaflets or portions of the leaflets. This can occur due to an elongation or disconnection of the structures (chordae tendinae) holding the leaflets stable and in synchrony. Such a malfunction can lead to one leaflet or portion of a leaflet to swing or “flail” above the level of healthy coaptation, thereby allowing blood to regurgitate into the right atrium. Such flailing provides a challenge to the practitioner when attempting to fix the leaflets together, particularly via an endoscopic approach. The leaflets may be difficult to grasp, and even when grasped, the leaflets may not be desirably grasped. For example, a leaflet may only be partially grasped rather than having full contact with a grasping element. This may lead to less desirable coaptation and/or eventual slippage of the leaflet from fixation.
- Therefore, devices, systems and methods are desired which stabilize the tissue, to resist flailing and other movement, prior to and/or during grasping of the tissue. Further, devices, systems and methods are desired which assist in grasping the tissue, enable more desirable coaptation of tissues, provide grasping assessment, and enable the practitioner to determine if desirable grasping of the tissues has occurred, particularly prior to fixation. And still further, devices, systems and methods are desired which enable fixation assessment, enabling the practitioner to determine if desirable fixation of the tissues has occurred. These would be useful for repair of tissues in the body other than leaflets and other than heart valves. At least some of these objectives will be met by the inventions described hereinbelow.
- The present invention provides a variety of devices, systems and methods for stabilizing, grasping, assessing and fixating tissues, particularly valve leaflets in the treatment of cardiac valve regurgitation, more particularly mitral valve regurgitation. Many of the devices, systems and methods utilize or are utilized in conjunction with a preferred embodiment of a fixation device having at least one proximal element and at least one distal element, wherein the tissue is grasped therebetween. It may be appreciated, however, that the devices, systems and methods of the present invention may utilize any suitable device, particularly any minimally invasive device. When treating valve leaflets, the leaflets are typically grasped to position the fixation device along the line of coaptation at a location which reduces regurgitation of the valve, such as near the center of the valve simulating a standard surgical bow-tie repair. However, more than one fixation device may be placed, and in various arrangements, as will be discussed in later sections.
- To assist in desirable grasping of the tissue, a variety of devices and techniques are provided to stabilize the tissue prior to grasping. Such stabilization is aimed to assist in effectively and efficiently grasping the tissue thereby increasing the likelihood that the desired amount of tissue will be incorporated into the fixation device without necessitating multiple grasps. Further, a variety of devices and techniques are provided to improve a grasp, such as by adjusting the position of the grasped tissue between the proximal and distal elements. Once the tissue or leaflets have been grasped, it is often desired to evaluate or assess the quality of the grasp, such as the amount of purchase, orientation of the tissues and likelihood that the fixation device will maintain the grasp over time. Thus, a variety of devices and techniques are provided to assess the quality of the grasp. Further, once the tissue has been fixed by the fixation device, the quality of the fixation of the tissue may be evaluated or assessed. This can be achieved by evaluating the improvement in the medical condition being treated, such as improvement in regurgitation. It is often desired to assess the fixation prior to decoupling the fixation device from the delivery catheter so that the fixation device may be repositioned if the improvement is not satisfactory. Thus, a variety of devices and techniques are provided to assess the fixation prior to decoupling the fixation devices. Additional devices, systems and methods are also provided.
- In one aspect of the present invention, methods are provided for assessing the grasp of one or more tissues by a minimally invasive device. In one embodiment, the method includes advancing a minimally invasive device having a proximal element and a distal element into a body cavity having a tissue, grasping the tissue between the proximal element and the distal element and assessing the presence of the tissue in a target area between the proximal and distal elements. Typically, the tissue comprises valve leaflets. In some embodiments, assessing the presence comprises observing the target area under fluoroscopy, ultrasound or echocardiography. In such instances, the method may further comprise enhancing the visibility of at least a portion of the proximal element and/or the distal element. Alternatively or in addition, the method may further comprise enhancing the visibility of the tissue.
- In a variety of embodiments, the device includes an indicator which indicates the presence of tissue within the target area. In such instances, the method may further comprise observing the indicator. When the indicator changes shape and/or orientation based on the presence of tissue within the target area, observing the indicator may include observing the change in shape and/or orientation.
- In some embodiments, the device includes an injectable enhanced visibility substance. In such instances, assessing the presence of tissue in the target area may comprise observing a flow pattern of the enhanced visibility substance. When the substance is contained in a reservoir having ports, assessing the presence of tissue in the target area may comprise observing the substance flowing through ports near the target area.
- In further embodiments, the method further comprising introducing an injectable enhanced visibility substance through the device. In such instances, assessing the presence of tissue in the target area may comprise observing the absence of a flow pattern of the enhanced visibility substance. In still further embodiments, the method further includes advancing a probe into the target area. In such instances, assessing the presence of the tissue in a target area may comprise determining a depth of the probe advancement. In some embodiments, the device includes a sensor which indicates the presence of tissue within the target area, wherein the method further comprises evaluating a signal from the sensor.
- In another aspect of the present invention, methods are provided for adjusting the tissue grasped between the proximal and distal element. In some embodiments, the method comprises advancing a minimally invasive device having a proximal element and a distal element into a body cavity having a tissue, grasping the tissue between the proximal element and the distal element, and adjusting the tissue between the proximal element and the distal element. Adjusting may comprise applying suction to the tissue and moving the tissue by suction forces. When the device includes a secondary grasper, adjusting may comprise grasping and moving the tissue with the secondary grasper. When the device includes a rotating component which moves the tissue between the proximal and distal elements, adjusting may comprise rotating the rotating component. When the proximal element is moveable relative to the distal element, adjusting may comprise moving the proximal element relative to the distal element. Typically, the tissue comprises valve leaflets.
- In another aspect of the present invention, methods are provided for temporarily stabilizing valve leaflets. In some embodiments, the method includes advancing a minimally invasive device into a chamber of a heart having a valve with valve leaflets, temporarily stabilizing the valve leaflets by reducing movement of the valve leaflets. When the chamber comprises the left atrium, the valve comprises the mitral valve, and the device includes a stabilizer, temporarily stabilizing may comprise positioning the stabilizer against the atrial side of the leaflets so as to reduce flail of the leaflets. In some embodiments, the stabilizer comprises an expandable member, a flap or at least one loop. When the device includes at least one loop, temporarily stabilizing may comprises positioning the at least one loop against the leaflets so as to reduce movement of the leaflets. In some embodiments, temporarily stabilizing further comprises moving the at least one loop along the leaflets toward the center of the valve so as to reduce movement of the leaflets. When the chamber comprises a ventricle including chordae extending from the ventricle to the valve leaflets, temporarily stabilizing may comprise holding the chordae with the device so as to reduce movement of the valve leaflets. When the device includes an expandable member, holding the chordae may comprise expanding the expandable member against the chordae. In some embodiments, temporarily stabilizing the valve leaflets comprises temporarily slowing the natural pace of the heart with a pacing instrument.
- In a further aspect of the invention, a minimally invasive device is provided comprising at least one proximal element and at least one distal element configured for grasping tissue therebetween, and an indicator which indicates a presence or absence of tissue in a target area between the at least one proximal and distal elements. In some embodiments, the indicator comprises an enhanced visibility substance. For example, the enhanced visibility substance may be disposed on or within the at least one proximal and/or the at least one distal elements. The device may further comprise a reservoir within which the enhanced visibility substance is disposed. In some embodiments, the reservoir is configured to release at least a portion of the enhanced visibility substance due to the presence of tissue in the target area between the at least one proximal and distal elements. Alternatively or in addition, the reservoir may be configured to move locations due to the presence of tissue in the target area between the at least one proximal and distal elements. Or, the device may further comprise a conduit through which the enhanced visibility substance is injectable toward the target area.
- In some embodiments, the indicator is configured to change shape and/or orientation based on a presence of tissue within the target area. For example, the indicator may be configured to extend into the target area in the absence of tissue within the target area and to change shape or orientation within the target area due to the presence of tissue within the target area. In some instances, the indicator comprises a floating block, a flap, a reservoir, a loop, a slackline, a probe, a detectable element, or a combination of any of these.
- In other embodiments, the indicator comprises a sensor. Examples of sensors include a conductor, a strain gauge, a radiosensor, an optical sensor, an ultrasound sensor, a magnetic sensor, an electrical resistance sensor, an infrared sensor, an intravascular ultrasound sensor, a pressure sensor or a combination of any of these. Optionally, the indicator may be configured to contact the at least one distal element forming a closed circuit when the tissue is absent within the target area.
- In another aspect of the present invention, a minimally invasive device is provided comprising at least one proximal element and at least one distal element configured for grasping tissue therebetween, and an adjustment element configured to adjust a position of the tissue between the at least one proximal and distal elements. In some embodiments, the adjustment element comprises a vacuum line configured to apply suction to the tissue to adjust the position of the tissue between the at least one proximal and distal elements. In other embodiments, the adjustment element comprises a secondary grasper configured to grasp the tissue to adjust the position of the tissue between the at least one proximal and distal elements. In still other embodiments, the adjustment element comprises a rotating component configured to move the tissue between the at least one proximal and distal elements. And, in yet other embodiments, the adjustment element is configured to adjust a position of the at least one proximal element so as to move the tissue in relation to the at least one distal element.
- In a further aspect of the present invention, a minimally invasive device is provided comprising at least one proximal element and at least one distal element configured for grasping tissue therebetween, and a stabilizer configured to reduce movement of the tissue prior to grasping the tissue between the at least one proximal and distal elements. When the tissue comprises a leaflet of a mitral valve, the stabilizer may comprise an expandable member, a flap, an overtube or at least one loop configured to be positioned against an atrial side of the leaflets so as to reduce flail of the leaflets. For example, the stabilizer may comprise at least one loop which is moveable toward a center of the valve so as to reduce movement of the leaflet. When the tissue comprises a leaflet having chordae extending therefrom, the stabilizer may comprise an expandable member configured to hold the chordae upon expansion so as to reduce movement of the leaflet.
- In another aspect of the present invention, a system is provided for assessing quality of fixation of a tissue within a body comprising a fixation device having at least one proximal element and at least one distal element configured for grasping tissue therebetween, a catheter having a proximal end, a distal end and a lumen therethrough, the catheter configured for endoluminal advancement through at least a portion of the body to the tissue, and a shaft removably coupled to the fixation device. The shaft is configured to pass through the lumen of the catheter, and at least a portion of the shaft is flexible to allow movement of the fixation device relative to the catheter while the tissue is grasped between the at least one proximal element and the at least one distal element. In some embodiments, the shaft comprises a compression coil. Thus, the system may further include a center actuation wire configured to extend through the compression coil so as to rigidify the coil during placement of the fixation device. Optionally, the system may include a sheath extendable over at least a portion of the flexible shaft so as to rigidify the shaft during placement of the fixation device. Such rigidifying elements are then removed to allow movement of the fixation device while the tissue is grasped to evaluate the desirability of the fixation.
- In another aspect of the present invention, a method of fixing a pair of valve leaflets together along their coaptation line is provided. The method comprises fixing the pair of valve leaflets together at a first location along the coaptation line with a first fixation device, and fixing the pair of valve leaflets together at a second location along the coaptation line with a second fixation device, wherein the first and second locations differ. In some embodiments, the first and second locations are adjacent to each other. Or, the first and second locations may be spaced apart, such as approximately 1 cm apart. The first and second locations may be positioned so as to provide a single orifice, double orifice or triple orifice geometry, to name a few, when a pressure gradient opens the pair of valve leaflets.
- In some embodiments, the first fixation device has a first pair of grasping elements and a second pair of grasping elements. Thus, fixing the pair of valve leaflets together at the first location may comprise grasping one leaflet of the pair of valve leaflets between the first pair of grasping elements and grasping another leaflet of the pair of valve leaflets between the second pair of grasping elements. And, fixing the pair of valve leaflets together at the second location may comprise grasping one leaflet of the pair of valve leaflets between the first pair of grasping elements of the second fixation device and grasping another leaflet of the pair of valve leaflets between the second pair of grasping elements of the second fixation device. In some embodiments, the method further comprises assessing performance of the valve leaflets after the step of fixing the pair of valve leaflets together at the first location to determine need for the step of fixing the pair of valve leaflets together at the second location.
- Other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description to follow, together with the accompanying drawings.
-
FIGS. 1A-1C illustrate grasping of the leaflets with a fixation device, inversion of the distal elements of the fixation device and removal of the fixation device, respectively. -
FIG. 2A-2E illustrate example positions of fixation devices in desired orientations relative to the leaflets. -
FIGS. 3 , 4A-4B, 5A-5B, 6A-6B, 7A-7B illustrate an embodiment of a fixation device in various positions. -
FIGS. 8A-8L , 9A-9B, 10A-10B, 11A-11B illustrate embodiments of devices which stabilize the valve leaflets by reducing upward mobility and flailing of the leaflets. -
FIGS. 12A-12B illustrate an embodiments which stabilizes the valve leaflets by applying tension to the chordae attached to the leaflets. -
FIG. 13 illustrates a pacing lead extending to the sinoatrial node which regulates movement of leaflets to assist in grasping of the leaflets. -
FIG. 14 illustrates pacing of the left ventricle directly with a pacing catheter. -
FIG. 15 illustrates an embodiment of a fixation device having a vacuum line. -
FIG. 16 , illustrates an embodiment of a fixation device having an adjunct-grasper. -
FIG. 17 illustrates an embodiment of a fixation device having a conveyor belt. -
FIGS. 18A-18B illustrates an embodiment of a fixation device having proximal elements which are adjustable inwardly to draw grasped tissue further into the fixation device. -
FIGS. 19A-19C illustrate an embodiment of a fixation device adapted for use with a pre-grasper. -
FIG. 20 illustrates a fixation device advanced via an atrial approach and a pre-grasper advanced via a ventricular approach. -
FIGS. 21A-21B illustrate embodiments of a fixation device having two single-sided fixation elements joinable by a tether. -
FIG. 22 illustrates an embodiment of fixation device having self-engaging distal elements. -
FIG. 23 illustrates an embodiment of a fixation device having suction to maintain leaflet position after grasping. -
FIGS. 24A-24B illustrate an embodiment of a fixation device having extended frictional accessories. -
FIGS. 25A-25B illustrate an embodiment of a fixation device having a textured gripping surface. -
FIG. 26A-26B illustrate an embodiment of a fixation device having a gripping surface which penetrates and holds the grasped leaflets within the fixation device. -
FIGS. 27A-27B illustrate injecting leaflets with a substance which enhances visibility. -
FIG. 28 illustrates a fixation device wherein the proximal elements and distal elements have enhanced visibility. -
FIG. 29 illustrates a fixation device wherein the position of a grasped leaflet within a fixation device may be determined based on the visibility of frictional elements. -
FIG. 30 illustrates a fixation device wherein the proximal elements are comprised of segmental parts separated by hinges or flexible areas. -
FIGS. 31A-31B , 32A-32C, 33, 34A-34B, 35, 36A-36B illustrate embodiments of a fixation device wherein the position of a grasped tissue within a fixation device is determined based on the visibility of an indicator associated with the distal elements. -
FIGS. 37A-37B illustrate embodiments of a fixation device having mini-grippers. -
FIGS. 38A-38B illustrate an embodiment having a reservoir within the distal elements which releases a substance -
FIGS. 39A-39B illustrate an embodiment of a fixation device wherein the position of the grasped tissue within a fixation device is determined based on the visibility of a released substance from a conduit. -
FIGS. 40A-40B illustrate an embodiment of a fixation device having a probe connected with an insertion depth gauge to determine if a tissue has been desirably grasped. -
FIGS. 41A-41F illustrate embodiments of fixation devices having detectable elements extending toward the engagement surfaces to determine if a tissue has been desirably grasped. -
FIG. 42A-42B illustrate a fixation device having at least one sensor disposed on or within a distal element. -
FIG. 43 illustrate a fixation device having sensors which extend into a target area between the proximal and distal elements. -
FIGS. 44A-44B illustrate a fixation device having sensors positioned on the shaft. -
FIG. 45A-45B , 46A-46B illustrate fixation devices and methods for simulating the resultant placement and function of a fixation device that has been positioned to grasp leaflets of the mitral valve. - The present invention provides devices, systems and methods for stabilizing and grasping tissues such as valve leaflets, assessing the grasp of these tissues, approximating and fixating the tissues, and assessing the fixation of the tissues to treat cardiac valve regurgitation, particularly mitral valve regurgitation.
- Grasping will preferably be atraumatic providing a number of benefits. By atraumatic, it is meant that the devices and methods of the invention may be applied to the valve leaflets and then removed without causing any significant clinical impairment of leaflet structure or function. The leaflets and valve continue to function substantially the same as before the invention was applied. Thus, some minor penetration or denting of the leaflets may occur using the invention while still meeting the definition of “atraumatic”. This enables the devices of the invention to be applied to a diseased valve and, if desired, removed or repositioned without having negatively affected valve function. In addition, it will be understood that in some cases it may be necessary or desirable to pierce or otherwise permanently affect the leaflets during either grasping, fixing or both. In addition, once a leaflet is grasped, it may be desirable to further incorporate leaflet tissue to ensure that the initial grasp will result in secure tissue fixation. Furthermore, it may be desirable once the leaflet is grasped to provide the user with feedback that sufficient leaflet is incorporated, and/or to provide the user an indication of the resulting placement, both prior to releasing the fixation device thereby allowing repositioning or correction of the placement if desired.
- It may be appreciated that each the steps of stabilizing, grasping, approximating, fixating and assessing may be accomplished by a separate device or a plurality of steps may be accomplished by a single device. In some embodiments, all of the steps may be achieved by a single device. Further, in some embodiments, steps are provided by separate devices which approach the tissue from different directions. For example, when treating a mitral valve, some devices may use an atrial approach while other devices use a ventricular approach. Although a number of embodiments are provided to achieve these results, a general overview of the basic features will be presented herein. Such features are not intended to limit the scope of the invention and are presented with the aim of providing a basis for descriptions of individual embodiments presented later in the application.
- Many of the devices, systems and methods of the present invention utilize or are utilized in conjunction with a preferred embodiment of a fixation device described herein and in U.S. Pat. No. 6,629,534 and U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 10/441,531, 11/130,818, 10/975,555, all of which are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. The fixation device is provided by an interventional tool that is positioned near a desired treatment site and used to grasp the target tissue. In endovascular applications, the interventional tool is typically an interventional catheter. In surgical applications, the interventional tool is typically an interventional instrument. In preferred embodiments, fixation of the grasped tissue is accomplished by maintaining grasping with a portion of the interventional tool which is left behind as an implant. While the invention may have a variety of applications for tissue approximation and fixation throughout the body, it is particularly well adapted for the repair of valves, especially cardiac valves such as the mitral valve.
- Referring to
FIG. 1A , aninterventional tool 10, having a delivery device, such as ashaft 12, and afixation device 14, is illustrated having approached the mitral valve MV from the atrial side and grasped the leaflets LF. The mitral valve may be accessed either surgically or by using endovascular techniques, and either by a retrograde approach through the ventricle or by an antegrade approach through the atrium, as described above. For illustration purposes, an antegrade approach is described. - The
fixation device 14 is releasably attached to theshaft 12 of theinterventional tool 10 at its distal end. When describing the devices of the invention herein, “proximal” shall mean the direction toward the end of the device to be manipulated by the user outside the patient's body, and “distal” shall mean the direction toward the working end of the device that is positioned at the treatment site and away from the user. With respect to the mitral valve, proximal shall refer to the atrial or upstream side of the valve leaflets and distal shall refer to the ventricular or downstream side of the valve leaflets. - The
fixation device 14 typically comprises proximal elements 16 (or gripping elements) and distal elements 18 (or fixation elements) which protrude radially outward and are positionable on opposite sides of the leaflets LF as shown so as to capture or retain the leaflets therebetween. Theproximal elements 16 are preferably comprised of cobalt chromium, nitinol or stainless steel, and thedistal elements 18 are preferably comprised of cobalt chromium alloy (such as Elgiloy®) or stainless steel, however any suitable materials may be used. Thefixation device 14 is coupleable to theshaft 12 by acoupling mechanism 17. Thecoupling mechanism 17 allows thefixation device 14 to detach and be left behind as an implant to hold the leaflets together in the coapted position. - In some situations, it may be desired to reposition or remove the
fixation device 14 after theproximal elements 16,distal elements 18, or both have been deployed to capture the leaflets LF. Such repositioning or removal may be desired for a variety of reasons, such as to reapproach the valve in an attempt to achieve better valve function, more optimal positioning of thedevice 14 on the leaflets, better purchase on the leaflets, to detangle thedevice 14 from surrounding tissue such as chordae, to exchange thedevice 14 with one having a different design, or to abort the fixation procedure, to name a few. To facilitate repositioning or removal of thefixation device 14 thedistal elements 18 are releasable and optionally invertible to a configuration suitable for withdrawal of thedevice 14 from the valve without tangling or interfering with or damaging the chordae, leaflets or other tissue.FIG. 1B illustrates inversion wherein thedistal elements 18 are moveable in the direction ofarrows 40 to an inverted position. Likewise, theproximal elements 16 may be raised, if desired. In the inverted position, thedevice 14 may be repositioned to a desired orientation wherein the distal elements may then be reverted to a grasping position against the leaflets as inFIG. 1A . Alternatively, thefixation device 14 may be withdrawn (indicated by arrow 42) from the leaflets as shown inFIG. 1C . Such inversion reduces trauma to the leaflets and minimizes any entanglement of the device with surrounding tissues. Once thedevice 14 has been withdrawn through the valve leaflets, the proximal and distal elements may be moved to a closed position or configuration suitable for removal from the body or for reinsertion through the mitral valve. -
FIGS. 2A-2C illustrate example positions of one ormore fixation devices 14 in desired orientations in relation to the leaflets LF. These are short-axis views of the mitral valve MV from the atrial side, therefore, theproximal elements 16 are shown in solid line and thedistal elements 18 are shown in dashed line. The proximal anddistal elements devices 14 may be moved roughly along the line of coaptation to any desired location for fixation. The leaflets LF are held in place so that during diastole, as shown inFIG. 2A-2C , the leaflets LF remain in position between theelements FIG. 2A , the placement of one fixation device near the center of the leaflets LF simulates the double orifice geometry of a standard surgical bow-tie repair. Color Doppler echo will show if the regurgitation of the valve has been reduced. If the resulting mitral flow pattern is satisfactory, the leaflets may be fixed together in this orientation. If the resulting color Doppler image shows insufficient improvement in mitral regurgitation, theinterventional tool 10 may be repositioned. This may be repeated until an optimal result is produced wherein the leaflets LF are held in place. Once the leaflets are coapted in the desired arrangement, thefixation device 14 is then detached from theshaft 12 and left behind as an implant to hold the leaflets together in the coapted position. It may be desired to add anadditional fixation element 14′, such as illustrated inFIGS. 2B-2E . InFIG. 2B , theadditional fixation element 14′ is positioned beside the previouslyplace fixation element 14 retaining the double orifice geometry. InFIG. 2C , theadditional fixation element 14′ is positioned a distance, such as up to 1 cm, from the previously placedfixation element 14 creating a triple orifice geometry. InFIG. 2D , thefixation elements FIG. 2E , onefixation element 14 may be positioned near the first commissure CM1 and anadditional fixation element 14′ may be positioned near a second commissure CM2. Such arrangement also creates generally a single orifice geometry by plicating on either side of the valve opening. Theadditional fixation element 14′ may be desired to ensure adequate fixation of the leaflets LF and/or to further reposition the leaflets LF. Theadditional fixation element 14′ may be added at any time during the procedure or at a separate procedure at a later point in time. It may be appreciated that any number offixation elements 14 may be positioned to fixate the leaflets or any other tissue, including two, three, four, five ormore fixation elements 14. -
FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment of afixation device 14. Here, thefixation device 14 is shown coupled to ashaft 12 to form aninterventional tool 10. Thefixation device 14 includes acoupling member 19 and a pair of opposeddistal elements 18. Thedistal elements 18 compriseelongate arms 53, each arm having aproximal end 52 rotatably connected to thecoupling member 19 and afree end 54. The free ends 54 have a rounded shape to minimize interference with and trauma to surrounding tissue structures. Preferably, eachfree end 54 defines a curvature about two axes, one being alongitudinal axis 66 ofarms 53. Thus, engagement surfaces 50 have a cupped or concave shape to surface area in contact with tissue and to assist in grasping and holding the valve leaflets. This further allowsarms 53 to nest around theshaft 12 in a closed position to minimize the profile of the device. Preferably,arms 53 are at least partially cupped or curved inwardly about theirlongitudinal axes 66. Also, preferably, eachfree end 54 defines a curvature about anaxis 67 perpendicular tolongitudinal axis 66 ofarms 53. This curvature is a reverse curvature along the most distal portion of thefree end 54. Likewise, the longitudinal edges of the free ends 54 may flare outwardly. Both the reverse curvature and flaring minimize trauma to the tissue engaged therewith.Arms 53 further include a plurality of openings to enhance grip and to promote tissue ingrowth following implantation. - The valve leaflets are grasped between the
distal elements 18 andproximal elements 16. In some embodiments, theproximal elements 16 are flexible, resilient, and cantilevered from couplingmember 19. The proximal elements are preferably resiliently biased toward the distal elements. Eachproximal element 16 is shaped and positioned to be at least partially recessed within the concavity of thedistal element 18 when no tissue is present. When thefixation device 14 is in the open position, theproximal elements 16 are shaped such that eachproximal element 16 is separated from theengagement surface 50 near theproximal end 52 ofarm 53 and slopes toward theengagement surface 50 near thefree end 54 with the free end of the proximal element contactingengagement surface 50, as illustrated inFIG. 3 . This shape of theproximal elements 16 accommodates valve leaflets or other tissues of varying thicknesses. -
Proximal elements 16 may include a plurality ofopenings 63 and scalloped side edges 61 to increase grip on tissue. Theproximal elements 16 optionally include frictional accessories, frictional features or grip-enhancing elements to assist in grasping and/or holding the leaflets. In preferred embodiments, the frictional accessories comprisebarbs 60 having tapering pointed tips extending toward engagement surfaces 50. It may be appreciated that any suitable frictional accessories may be used, such as prongs, windings, bands, barbs, grooves, channels, bumps, surface roughening, sintering, high-friction pads, coverings, coatings or a combination of these. Optionally, magnets may be present in the proximal and/or distal elements. It may be appreciated that the mating surfaces will be made from or will include material of opposite magnetic charge to cause attraction by magnetic force. For example, the proximal elements and distal elements may each include magnetic material of opposite charge so that tissue is held under constant compression between the proximal and distal elements to facilitate faster healing and ingrowth of tissue. Also, the magnetic force may be used to draw theproximal elements 16 toward thedistal elements 18, in addition to or alternatively to biasing of the proximal elements toward the distal elements. This may assist in deployment of theproximal elements 16. In another example, thedistal elements 18 each include magnetic material of opposite charge so that tissue positioned between thedistal elements 18 is held therebetween by magnetic force. - The
fixation device 14 also includes anactuation mechanism 58. In this embodiment, theactuation mechanism 58 comprises two link members orlegs 68, eachleg 68 having afirst end 70 which is rotatably joined with one of thedistal elements 18 at a riveted joint 76 and asecond end 72 which is rotatably joined with astud 74. Thelegs 68 are preferably comprised of a rigid or semi-rigid metal or polymer such as Elgiloy®, cobalt chromium or stainless steel, however any suitable material may be used. While in the embodiment illustrated bothlegs 68 are pinned tostud 74 by asingle rivet 78, it may be appreciated, however, that eachleg 68 may be individually attached to thestud 74 by a separate rivet or pin. Thestud 74 is joinable with an actuator rod 64 (not shown) which extends through theshaft 12 and is axially extendable and retractable to move thestud 74 and therefore thelegs 68 which rotate thedistal elements 18 between closed, open and inverted positions. Likewise, immobilization of thestud 74 holds thelegs 68 in place and therefore holds thedistal elements 18 in a desired position. Thestud 74 may also be locked in place by a locking feature. - In any of the embodiments of
fixation device 14 disclosed herein, it may be desirable to provide some mobility or flexibility indistal elements 18 and/orproximal elements 16 in the closed position to enable these elements to move or flex with the opening or closing of the valve leaflets. This provides shock absorption and thereby reduces force on the leaflets and minimizes the possibility for tearing or other trauma to the leaflets. Such mobility or flexibility may be provided by using a flexible, resilient metal or polymer of appropriate thickness to construct thedistal elements 18. Also, the locking mechanism of the fixation device (described below) may be constructed of flexible materials to allow some slight movement of the proximal and distal elements even when locked. Further, thedistal elements 18 can be connected to thecoupling mechanism 19 or toactuation mechanism 58 by a mechanism that biases the distal element into the closed position (inwardly) but permits the arms to open slightly in response to forces exerted by the leaflets. For example, rather than being pinned at a single point, these components may be pinned through a slot that allowed a small amount of translation of the pin in response to forces against the arms. A spring is used to bias the pinned component toward one end of the slot. -
FIGS. 4A-4B , 5A-5B, 6A-6B, 7A-7B illustrate embodiments of thefixation device 14 ofFIG. 3 in various possible positions during introduction and placement of thedevice 14 within the body to perform a therapeutic procedure.FIG. 4A illustrates an embodiment of aninterventional tool 10 delivered through acatheter 86. It may be appreciated that theinterventional tool 10 may take the form of a catheter, and likewise, thecatheter 86 may take the form of a guide catheter or sheath. However, in this example the termsinterventional tool 10 andcatheter 86 will be used. Theinterventional tool 10 comprises afixation device 14 coupled to ashaft 12 and thefixation device 14 is shown in the closed position.FIG. 4B illustrates a similar embodiment of the fixation device ofFIG. 4A in a larger view. In the closed position, the opposed pair ofdistal elements 18 are positioned so that the engagement surfaces 50 face each other. Eachdistal element 18 comprises anelongate arm 53 having a cupped or concave shape so that together thearms 53 surround theshaft 12 and optionally contact each other on opposite sides of the shaft. This provides a low profile for thefixation device 14 which is readily passable through thecatheter 86 and through any anatomical structures, such as the mitral valve. In addition,FIG. 4B further includes anactuation mechanism 58. In this embodiment, theactuation mechanism 58 comprises twolegs 68 which are each movably coupled to abase 69. Thebase 69 is joined with anactuator rod 64 which extends through theshaft 12 and is used to manipulate thefixation device 14. In some embodiments, theactuator rod 64 attaches directly to theactuation mechanism 58, particularly thebase 69. However, theactuator rod 64 may alternatively attach to astud 74 which in turn is attached to thebase 69. In some embodiments, thestud 74 is threaded so that theactuator rod 64 attaches to thestud 74 by a screw-type action. However, therod 64 andstud 74 may be joined by any mechanism which is releasable to allow thefixation device 14 to be detached fromshaft 12. -
FIGS. 5A-5B illustrate thefixation device 14 in the open position. In the open position, thedistal elements 18 are rotated so that the engagement surfaces 50 face a first direction. Distal advancement of thestud 74 relative to couplingmember 19 by action of theactuator rod 64 applies force to thedistal elements 18 which begin to rotate aroundjoints 76 due to freedom of movement in this direction. Such rotation and movement of thedistal elements 18 radially outward causes rotation of thelegs 68 aboutjoints 80 so that thelegs 68 are directly slightly outwards. Thestud 74 may be advanced to any desired distance correlating to a desired separation of thedistal elements 18. In the open position, engagement surfaces 50 are disposed at an acute angle relative toshaft 12, and are preferably at an angle of between 90 and 180 degrees relative to each other. In one embodiment, in the open position the free ends 54 ofarms 53 have a span therebetween of about 10-20 mm, usually about 12-18 mm, and preferably about 14-16 mm. -
Proximal elements 16 are typically biased outwardly towardarms 53. Theproximal elements 16 may be moved inwardly toward theshaft 12 and held against theshaft 12 with the aid ofproximal element lines 90 which can be in the form of sutures, wires, nitinol wire, rods, cables, polymeric lines, or other suitable structures. The proximal element lines 90 may be connected with theproximal elements 16 by threading thelines 90 in a variety of ways. When theproximal elements 16 have a loop shape, as shown inFIG. 5A , theline 90 may pass through the loop and double back. When theproximal elements 16 have an elongate solid shape, as shown inFIG. 5B , theline 90 may pass through one or more of theopenings 63 in theelement 16. Further, aline loop 48 may be present on aproximal element 16, also illustrated inFIG. 5B , through which aproximal element line 90 may pass and double back. Such aline loop 48 may be useful to reduce friction onproximal element line 90 or when theproximal elements 16 are solid or devoid of other loops or openings through which the proximal element lines 90 may attach. Aproximal element line 90 may attach to theproximal elements 16 by detachable means which would allow asingle line 90 to be attached to aproximal element 16 without doubling back and would allow thesingle line 90 to be detached directly from theproximal element 16 when desired. Examples of such detachable means include hooks, snares, clips or breakable couplings, to name a few. By applying sufficient tension to theproximal element line 90, the detachable means may be detached from theproximal element 16 such as by breakage of the coupling. Other mechanisms for detachment may also be used. Similarly, a lock line 92 may be attached and detached from a locking mechanism by similar detachable means. - In the open position, the
fixation device 14 can engage the tissue which is to be approximated or treated. This embodiment is adapted for repair of the mitral valve using an antegrade approach from the left atrium. Theinterventional tool 10 is advanced through the mitral valve from the left atrium to the left ventricle. Thedistal elements 18 are oriented to be perpendicular to the line of coaptation and then positioned so that the engagement surfaces 50 contact the ventricular surface of the valve leaflets, thereby grasping the leaflets. Theproximal elements 16 remain on the atrial side of the valve leaflets so that the leaflets lie between the proximal and distal elements. In this embodiment, theproximal elements 16 have frictional accessories, such asbarbs 60 which are directed toward thedistal elements 18. However, neither theproximal elements 16 nor thebarbs 60 contact the leaflets at this time. - The
interventional tool 10 may be repeatedly manipulated to reposition thefixation device 14 so that the leaflets are properly contacted or grasped at a desired location. Repositioning is achieved with the fixation device in the open position. In some instances, regurgitation may also be checked while thedevice 14 is in the open position. If regurgitation is not satisfactorily reduced, the device may be repositioned and regurgitation checked again until the desired results are achieved. - It may also be desired to invert the
fixation device 14 to aid in repositioning or removal of thefixation device 14.FIGS. 6A-6B illustrate thefixation device 14 in the inverted position. By further advancement ofstud 74 relative to couplingmember 19, thedistal elements 18 are further rotated so that the engagement surfaces 50 face outwardly and free ends 54 point distally, with eacharm 53 forming an obtuse angle relative toshaft 12. The angle betweenarms 53 is preferably in the range of about 270 to 360 degrees. Further advancement of thestud 74 further rotates thedistal elements 18 around joints 76. This rotation and movement of thedistal elements 18 radially outward causes rotation of thelegs 68 aboutjoints 80 so that thelegs 68 are returned toward their initial position, generally parallel to each other. Thestud 74 may be advanced to any desired distance correlating to a desired inversion of thedistal elements 18. Preferably, in the fully inverted position, the span between free ends 54 is no more than about 20 mm, usually less than about 16 mm, and preferably about 12-14 mm. In this illustration, theproximal elements 16 remain positioned against theshaft 12 by exerting tension on the proximal element lines 90. Thus, a relatively large space may be created between theelements fixation device 14 through the valve while minimizing trauma to the leaflets. Engagement surfaces 50 provide an atraumatic surface for deflecting tissue as the fixation device is retracted proximally. It should be further noted thatbarbs 60 are angled slightly in the distal direction (away from the free ends of the proximal elements 16), reducing the risk that the barbs will catch on or lacerate tissue as the fixation device is withdrawn. - Once the
fixation device 14 has been positioned in a desired location against the valve leaflets, the leaflets may then be captured between theproximal elements 16 and thedistal elements 18.FIGS. 7A-7B illustrate thefixation device 14 in such a position. Here, theproximal elements 16 are lowered toward the engagement surfaces 50 so that the leaflets are held therebetween. InFIG. 7B , theproximal elements 16 are shown to includebarbs 60 which may be used to provide atraumatic gripping of the leaflets. Alternatively, larger, more sharply pointed barbs or other penetration structures may be used to pierce the leaflets to more actively assist in holding them in place. This position is similar to the open position ofFIGS. 5A-5B , however theproximal elements 16 are now lowered towardarms 53 by releasing tension onproximal element lines 90 to compress the leaflet tissue therebetween. At any time, theproximal elements 16 may be raised and thedistal elements 18 adjusted or inverted to reposition thefixation device 14, if regurgitation is not sufficiently reduced. - After the leaflets have been captured between the proximal and
distal elements distal elements 18 may be locked to hold the leaflets in this position or thefixation device 14 may be returned to or toward a closed position. - It may be appreciated that the
fixation devices 14 of the present invention may have any or all of the above described functions and features. For example, thefixation devices 14 may or may not be moveable to an inverted position. Or, thefixation devices 14 may or may not includeproximal elements 16. Thus, the above described aspects of thefixation devices 14 are simply preferred embodiments and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. - A variety of devices and techniques are provided to stabilize the leaflets prior to grasping. Such stabilization is aimed to assist in effectively and efficiently grasping the leaflets thereby increasing the likelihood that the desired amount of leaflet will be incorporated into the fixation device without necessitating multiple grasps. It may be appreciated that the stabilization devices and techniques may be used in combination with the above described fixation device or may be used with any suitable grasping and/or fixing device. Further, many of such stabilization techniques and devices may be used to stabilize valve leaflets, or other tissues, for any purpose.
- Typically in cases of mitral valve regurgitation, a portion of the leaflet LF is moving out of phase with the other leaflets or portions of the leaflets. This can occur due to an elongation or disconnection of the structures (chordae tendinae) holding the leaflets stable and in synchrony. Such a malfunction can lead to one leaflet or portion of a leaflet to swing or “flail” above the level of healthy coaptation, thereby allowing blood to regurgitate into the right atrium.
FIGS. 8A-8L , 9A-9B, 10A-10B illustrate embodiments of devices which stabilize the valve leaflets by reducing upward mobility and flailing of the leaflets thereby allowing the user to more reliably grasp the targeted leaflets. In these embodiments, acatheter 86 is advanced into a left atrium LA of a heart H, as illustrated inFIG. 8A , and afixation device 14 is advanced through thecatheter 86 and through a mitral valve MV having leaflets LF so that at least a portion of thefixation device 14 is positioned within a left ventricle LV. The valve leaflets LF are shown flailing upwards toward the left atrium LA while thefixation device 14 resides below the valve, within the left ventricle LV. In this example, thefixation device 14 resembles the fixation device described above in relation toFIG. 3 and includesproximal elements 16 anddistal elements 18. Thefixation device 14 is at least partially opened to extend thedistal elements 18 radially outwardly while theproximal elements 16 remain held against theshaft 12. It is desired to engage the leaflets LF with thedistal elements 18 so that theproximal elements 16 may be lowered grasping the leaflets LF therebetween. - One or more stabilizing
loops 100 may be advanced from thecatheter 86 and positioned against the atrial side of the leaflets LF.FIG. 8B illustrates a cross-sectional top view of an embodiment of a stabilizingloop 100. Theloop 100 is shown extending radially outwardly from thecatheter 86 to form a circular shape. The diameter of the circular shape may be varied by advancement or retraction of theloop 100 from thecatheter 86. Theloop 100 may be comprised of any suitable material such as metal, polymer, or fiber, and may have any suitable form such as wire, ribbon, links, or weave.FIG. 8C provides a side view of the embodiment shown inFIG. 8B . The circular shape of theloop 100 resides in a plane substantially perpendicular to thecatheter 86. Thus, theloop 100 may be positioned along the annulus of the valve, as illustrated inFIG. 8A . In this position, the leaflets LF may still flail upwards. Referring toFIG. 8D , the diameter of theloop 100 may then be reduced, as indicated byarrows 102. This may be achieved by partial retraction of theloop 100 into thecatheter 86. Continual reduction of the diameter draws theloop 100 from the annulus toward the center of the valve. As theloop 100 travels (prior loop 100′ shown in dashed line), theloop 100 restricts upward motion or flailing of the leaflets LF in a controlled manner and positions the leaflets LF for optimal grasping between the proximal anddistal elements - It may be appreciated that more than one
loop 100 may be present to stabilize the leaflets; the loops may be concentric, adjacent to each other, in separate planes or in any suitable arrangement. For example,FIG. 8E illustrates an embodiment having afirst loop 100 a and asecond loop 100 b. Theloops FIGS. 8A-8D , however, thesecond loop 100 b is smaller and located concentrically within thefirst loop 100 a. The diameters of theloops FIG. 8F provides a side view of the embodiment shown inFIG. 8E . As shown, the circular shapes of theloops catheter 86. Thus, theloops loops loops catheter 86. Continual reduction of the diameters draw theloops loops loops distal elements -
FIG. 8G illustrates another embodiment having afirst loop 100 a and asecond loop 100 b. However, in this embodiment, theloops catheter 86. The diameters of theloops FIG. 8H provides a side view of the embodiment shown inFIG. 8G . As shown, the circular shapes of theloops catheter 86. Thus, theloops FIG. 8I provides a top view of the mitral valve MV wherein thecatheter 86 is positioned above the valve MV so that the fixation device (not shown) may be passed through the leaflets LF. Theloops loops arrows 102. This may be achieved by partial retraction of theloops catheter 86. Continual reduction of the diameter draws theloops loops prior loops 100 a′, 100 b′ shown in dashed line), theloops distal elements loop catheter 86 may be oriented (such as at a 90 degree rotation) so that eachloop -
FIG. 8J illustrates an embodiment having asingle loop 100 which resides in a plane substantially parallel to thecatheter 86.FIG. 8K provides a side view of the embodiment shown inFIG. 8J . Theloop 100 may have any suitable shape and diameter. Thus, theloop 100 may be positioned against the valve leaflets LF to stabilize the leaflets LF.FIG. 8L provides a top view of the mitral valve MV wherein thecatheter 86 is positioned above the valve MV so that the fixation device (not shown) may be passed through the leaflets LF. Theloop 100 is shown extended radially outwardly toward the annulus, perpendicular to the commissures C. Such positioning restricts upward movement of the leaflets LF. In addition, the diameter of theloop 100 may then be reduced, as indicated byarrows 102. This may be achieved by partial retraction of theloop 100 into thecatheter 86. Continual reduction of the diameter draws theloop 100 from the annulus toward the center of the valve. As theloop 100 travels (prior loop 100′ shown in dashed line), theloop 100 maintains restricted upward motion or flailing of the leaflets LF and positions the leaflets LF for optimal grasping between the proximal anddistal elements - It may be appreciated that in any of the embodiments described above, the loops may be extended to stabilize both leaflets or may be extended to stabilize one leaflet that is flailing. This may be achieved by orientation of the
catheter 86, shape of theloop 100, amount of extension of theloop 100 or any other method. The embodiments illustrated inFIGS. 8G-8I are particularly suited for single leaflet flailing wherein only thefirst loop 100 a may be present. It may further be appreciated that theloops 100 may include surface treatments or accessories, such as rollers or grippers, to assist in stabilization of the leaflets. -
FIGS. 9A-9B illustrate another embodiment which stabilizes the valve leaflets LF by reducing upward mobility and flailing of the leaflets LF. As shown inFIG. 9A , acatheter 86 is advanced into a left atrium LA of a heart H and afixation device 14 is advanced through thecatheter 86 and through a mitral valve MV having leaflets LF so that at least a portion of thefixation device 14 is positioned within a left ventricle LV. The valve leaflets LF are shown flailing upwards toward the left atrium LA while thefixation device 14 resides below the valve, within the left ventricle LV. In this example, thefixation device 14 resembles the fixation device described above in relation toFIG. 3 and includesproximal elements 16 anddistal elements 18. Thefixation device 14 is at least partially opened to extend thedistal elements 18 radially outwardly while theproximal elements 16 remain held against theshaft 12. It is desired to engage the leaflets LF with thedistal elements 18 so that theproximal elements 16 may be lowered grasping the leaflets LF therebetween. - One or
more flaps 104 may extend radially outwardly from thecatheter 86, as shown, and be positioned against the atrial side of the leaflets LF. Theflaps 104 may be comprised of any suitable material such as metal, polymer, or fiber, and may have any suitable form such as a solid, a mesh, or a weave. Further, theflaps 104 may have any suitable shape and may include one ormore cutouts 106. As shown inFIG. 9B , thecutouts 106 may be sized and positioned to allow theproximal elements 16 of thefixation device 14 to extend therethrough. This allows theflaps 104 to be held against the atrial side of the leaflets LF restricting upward motion or flailing of the leaflets LF. This positions the leaflets LF for optimal grasping between the proximal anddistal elements flaps 104 may be removed with thecatheter 86 or may be left behind to assist in holding the leaflets LF. -
FIGS. 10A-10B illustrate another embodiment which stabilizes the valve leaflets LF by reducing upward mobility and flailing of the leaflets LF. As shown inFIG. 10A , acatheter 86 is advanced into a left atrium LA of a heart H and afixation device 14 is advanced through thecatheter 86 and through a mitral valve MV having leaflets LF so that at least a portion of thefixation device 14 is positioned within a left ventricle LV. The valve leaflets LF are shown flailing upwards toward the left atrium LA while thefixation device 14 resides below the valve, within the left ventricle LV. In this example, thefixation device 14 resembles the fixation device described above in relation toFIG. 3 and includesproximal elements 16 anddistal elements 18. Thefixation device 14 is at least partially opened to extend thedistal elements 18 radially outwardly while theproximal elements 16 remain held against theshaft 12. It is desired to engage the leaflets LF with thedistal elements 18 so that theproximal elements 16 may be lowered grasping the leaflets LF therebetween. - One or more
expandable members 110 may extend radially outwardly from thecatheter 86, as shown, and be positioned against the atrial side of the leaflets LF. Theexpandable member 110 may be comprised of any suitable material such as silicone or polyurethane and may have any suitable form such as a balloon.FIG. 10B provides an additional view of the embodiment. As shown, theexpandable member 110 may be expanded within the left atrium and held against the atrial side of the leaflets LF restricting upward motion or flailing of the leaflets LF. This positions the leaflets LF for optimal grasping between the proximal anddistal elements -
FIGS. 11A-11B illustrate another embodiment which stabilizes the valve leaflets LF by reducing upward mobility and flailing of the leaflets LF. In this example, thefixation device 14 resembles the fixation device described above in relation toFIG. 3 and includesproximal elements 16 anddistal elements 18. Again, thefixation device 14 is advanced through a catheter and through a mitral valve MV having leaflets LF so that thedistal elements 18 of thefixation device 14 are positioned within a left ventricle LV. Thefixation device 14 is at least partially opened to extend thedistal elements 18 radially outwardly while theproximal elements 16 remain held against theshaft 12. It is desired to engage the leaflets LF with thedistal elements 18 so that theproximal elements 16 may then be lowered grasping the leaflets LF therebetween. However, prior to lowering theproximal elements 16, anovertube 121 havingslots 123 is advanced over theshaft 12 and be positioned against the atrial side of the leaflets LF, as illustrated inFIG. 11B . Theovertube 121 may be comprised of any suitable material such as polyimide, poly ethyl ethyl ketone (PEEK™), nylon resins (such as PEBAX®), or polyurethane and the slots may have any suitable dimension to allow passage of theproximal elements 16 therethrough. Holding of the leaflets LF by theovertube 121 restricts upward motion or flailing of the leaflets LF, and allows confirmation that leaflets are positioned correctly prior to lowering theproximal elements 16. This positions the leaflets LF for optimal grasping between the proximal anddistal elements proximal elements 16 may then be released, wherein theproximal elements 16 pass through theslots 123 hold the leaflets between the proximal anddistal elements overtube 121 may then be retracted and removed. -
FIGS. 12A-12B illustrate embodiment which stabilizes the valve leaflets by applying tension to the chordae attached to the leaflets. Such stabilization may be desired to reducing upward mobility and flailing of the leaflets or to simply reduce movement of the leaflets.FIG. 12A illustrates a heart H having a mitral valve MV comprised of leaflets LF. Chordae CH are shown extending from one of the leaflets LF to the left ventricle LV. It may be appreciated that chordae are numerous and extend from both leaflets to the left ventricle however select chordae are illustrated for simplicity. As shown inFIG. 12B , acatheter 120 having anexpandable member 122, such as a balloon, may be advanced to the left ventricle LV wherein thecatheter 120 is positioned and theexpandable member 122 expanded so that tension is applied to the chordae CH.FIG. 12B shows thecatheter 120 advanced through the aortic valve AV however thecatheter 120 may approach the chordae CH via any suitable pathway, including through the mitral valve MV or through the septum S. Applying tension to the chordae CH adjusts the position of the attached leaflet LF. Thus, the leaflet LF may be manipulated and repositioned by manipulating thecatheter 120 andexpandable member 122, including varying expansion of theexpandable member 122. In particular, by pressing laterally against the chordae CH with theexpandable member 122 the leaflet LF may be drawn downward restricting upward mobility and flailing of the leaflet LF. Once the leaflets LF are disposed in a desirable position, the leaflets LF may be fixed by a fixation device such as described in relation toFIG. 3 . Alternatively, a grasper may be employed to tension the chordae CH. - The above described embodiments focus on mechanically stabilizing the valve leaflets. Additional embodiments focus on stabilizing the valve leaflets by physiologically slowing the motion of the leaflets. This may be achieved by slowing the natural pace of the heart. In one embodiment, illustrated in
FIG. 13 , apacemaker 130, or pulse generator, is shown having a pacing lead 132 with anelectrode 134 which extend to the sinoatrial node SA in the right atrium RA. Pacing is achieved when thepacemaker 130 sends electrical impulses through the pacing lead 132 to theelectrode 134 which stimulates the sinoatrial node SA. This stimulates the right atrium RA to pump blood into the right ventricle RV and thereon through the heart H. Thus, the pumping of the heart and therefore movement of the leaflets of the valves can be regulated with the use of thepacemaker 130.FIG. 13 illustrates afixation device 14 passed through the leaflets LF of the mitral valve MV. The movement of the leaflets LF may be paced so that, for example, the mitral valve MV stays in systole (closed) for a longer period of time to aid in grasping the leaflets LF with thefixation device 14. Similarly, as illustrated inFIG. 14 , the left ventricle LV may be paced directly with a pacingcatheter 136 by stimulating left bundle LB. This may be achieved by advancing the pacingcatheter 136 through the aortic valve AV to the left ventricle LV as shown. - To assist in effectively and efficiently grasping the leaflets, a variety of devices and techniques are provided. Many of the devices and techniques will be described as adjuncts to the fixation device described in relation to
FIG. 3 . However, many features may be used with any suitable grasping and/or fixing device. Further, many of such techniques and devices may be used to grasp valve leaflets, or other tissues, for any purpose. - In some situations, one or more leaflets LF are not grasped between the
proximal elements 16 anddistal elements 18 in a desired position. For example, a less than desired amount of the leaflet LF may be grasped. Such decreased purchase may, for example, reduce the effectivity of the regurgitation treatment and/or increase the risk of the leaflet LF slipping out of the fixation device. Once a portion of the leaflet LF is grasped, the leaflet LF position may be adjusted; for example, the leaflet LF may be “pulled in” or advanced toward theshaft 12 of thefixation device 14 to increase the purchase. Embodiments to assist in such adjustment are provided inFIGS. 15-17 , 18A-18B. -
FIG. 15 illustrates an embodiment of afixation device 14 similar to thefixation device 14 illustrated inFIG. 3 . As shown, a leaflet LF is partially grasped between aproximal element 16 and adistal element 18. In this embodiment, avacuum line 140 extends through theshaft 12 and is connected to avacuum source 142. Thevacuum line 140 has adistal end 144 which protrudes into aspace 146 between the proximal anddistal element vacuum source 142 applies suction to thespace 146 which draws the leaflet LF inward toward theshaft 12. Thus, the leaflet LF, once grasped, may be repositioned within the proximal and distal elements by suction force. It may be appreciated that thesame vacuum line 140 or an additional vacuum line may apply suction to a leaflet between the other proximal and distal elements. Further, it may be appreciated that suction force may be applied during the initial grasp to assist in the act of grasping. - Similarly, as illustrated in
FIG. 16 , another embodiment of afixation device 14 is shown similar to thefixation device 14 illustrated inFIG. 3 . Again, a leaflet LF is partially grasped between aproximal element 16 and adistal element 18. In this embodiment, an adjunct-grasper channel 150 extends through theshaft 12 for passage of an adjunct-grasper 152 havingjaws 154, however any type of grasping mechanism may be present such as atraumatic hooks, clamps or claws. Thejaws 154 protrude into aspace 146 between the proximal anddistal element grasper 152 may be advanced to grasp the leaflet LF with thejaws 154 and retracted to pull the leaflet LF inward toward theshaft 12. Thus, the leaflet LF may be repositioned by manipulation of the adjunct-grasper 152. It may be appreciated that the same or an additional adjunct-grasper 152 may be used to reposition a leaflet between the other proximal and distal elements. Further, it may be appreciated that the adjunct-grasper 152 may be used during the initial grasp to assist in the act of grasping. -
FIG. 17 illustrates another embodiment of afixation device 14 similar to thefixation device 14 illustrated inFIG. 3 . Again, a leaflet LF is partially grasped between aproximal element 16 and adistal element 18. In this embodiment, aconveyor belt 160 is disposed within eachdistal element 18 so that a surface of thebelt 160 contacts the grasped leaflet LF. Theconveyor belt 160 is mounted on one ormore rollers 162. Rotation of therollers 162 moves theconveyor belt 160 which in turn moves the contacted leaflet LF. For example, clockwise rotation of therollers 162 may pull or drag the leaflet LF inwardly toward theshaft 12, as shown. Similarly, counterclockwise rotation of therollers 162 may pull or drag the leaflet LF outwardly. Thus, the leaflet LF may be repositioned by movement of theconveyor belt 160. It may be appreciated thatconveyor belts 160 disposed within thedistal elements 18 may function independently or in unison. Further, it may be appreciated that theconveyor belts 160 may be used during the initial grasp to assist in the act of grasping. -
FIGS. 18A-18B illustrate another embodiment of afixation device 14 similar to thefixation device 14 illustrated inFIG. 3 havingproximal elements 16 anddistal elements 18. In this embodiment, theproximal elements 16 are connected by abridge 166 which straddles theshaft 12. Referring toFIG. 18B , once a leaflet is grasped between the proximal anddistal elements bridge 166 toward thebase 69 of thefixation device 14, as indicated byarrow 168. Due to the curvature of theproximal elements 16, such movement of thebridge 166 draws theproximal elements 16 inwardly toward the shaft 12 (as indicated by arrows 170) which it turn draws the grasped leaflet inwardly toward theshaft 12. Similarly, force applied to move thebridge 166 away from the base 69 moves theproximal elements 16 outwardly. Thus, the leaflets may be repositioned by movement of thebridge 166. It may be appreciated that thebridge 166 may move toward thebase 69 due to movement of thedistal elements 18 toward the closed position. Or, theproximal elements 16 may be attached to a cam, or other suitable element, so as thedistal elements 18 close, theproximal elements 14 are drawn inwardly toward theshaft 12. Thus, theproximal elements 16 may move while thedistal elements 18 are static, or both theproximal elements 16 and thedistal elements 18 may move relative to each other. It may further be appreciated that in some embodiments, thedistal elements 18 may move while theproximal elements 16 are static. -
FIGS. 19A-19C illustrate an embodiment of afixation device 14 similar to thefixation device 14 illustrated inFIG. 3 with the inclusion of a passageway through theshaft 12 for passage of a pre-grasper 176 as shown. The pre-grasper 176 has ashaft 178 andjaws 180 disposed near itsdistal end 182, however any type of grasping mechanism may be present such as atraumatic hooks, clamps or claws. Referring toFIG. 19B , thefixation device 14 is advanced through the mitral valve in an atrial approach as described above so that thefixation device 14 resides within the ventricle. The pre-grasper 176 is advanced through theshaft 12 and manipulated to grasp a portion of one or both of the leaflets LF. The pre-grasper 176 may be steered by any suitable mechanisms, including pullwires, or the pre-grasper 176 may be pre-formed in a desired configuration. Further, the pre-grasper 176 may be rotated within theshaft 12. The pre-grasper 176 may grasp one leaflet or the pre-grasper 176 may grasp both leaflets, such as in a coapted orientation, to stabilize the leaflet(s) and/or move the leaflet(s) to a desired orientation. Once the leaflets are satisfactorily oriented, thefixation device 14 may be used to grasp the leaflets LF as illustrated inFIG. 19C . The pre-grasper 176 may then be released from the leaflets LF and removed by withdrawal through the passageway in theshaft 12. Alternatively, the pre-grasper 176 can be left in place to reinforce the fixation of the leaflets. - In other embodiments the pre-grasper 176 is separately advanced to the tissue to leaflets LF, such as by a different approach.
FIG. 20 illustrates thefixation device 14 advanced via an atrial approach and the pre-grasper 176 advanced via a ventricular approach. Again, the pre-grasper 176 has ashaft 178 andjaws 180 disposed near itsdistal end 182, however any type of grasping mechanism may be present such as atraumatic hooks, clamps or claws. The pre-grasper 176 is advanced and manipulated to grasp a portion of one or both of the leaflets LF. The pre-grasper 176 may be steered by any suitable mechanisms, including pullwires, or the pre-grasper 176 may be pre-formed in a desired configuration. Further, the pre-grasper 176 may be rotated. The pre-grasper 176 may grasp one leaflet or the pre-grasper 176 may grasp both leaflets, such as in a coapted orientation, to stabilize the leaflet(s) and/or move the leaflet(s) to a desired orientation. Once the leaflets are satisfactorily oriented, thefixation device 14 may be used to grasp the leaflet. LF thefixation device 14 is advanced through the mitral valve in an atrial approach as described above so that thefixation device 14 resides within the ventricle. This is typically achieved by passing at least a portion of thefixation device 14 through the leaflets LF adjacent to the area of the leaflets grasped by the pre-grasper 176. The pre-grasper 176 may then be released from the leaflets LF and removed by withdrawal. Alternatively, the pre-grasper 176 can be left in place to reinforce the fixation of the leaflets. It may be appreciated that in other embodiments, thefixation device 14 is advanced via a ventricular approach and the pre-grasper 176 advanced via an atrial approach. -
FIGS. 21A-21B illustrate embodiments of afixation device 14 having two single-sided fixation elements 190 joinable by atether 192. Each single-sided fixation element 190 is comprised of at least aproximal element 16 and adistal element 18. In some embodiments, the single-sided fixation element 190 resembles one half of thefixation device 14 illustrated inFIG. 3 .FIG. 21A illustrates a pair of single-sided fixation elements 190, eachfixation element 190 grasping a leaflet LF between itsproximal element 16 anddistal element 18. Thefixation elements 190 may be delivered to the leaflets LF through a delivery catheter 191, eachelement 190 connected to an elongate delivery apparatus 193 which passes through the catheter 191. Thefixation elements 190 are also connected to each other by thetether 192. Once, thefixation elements 190 have satisfactorily grasped the leaflets LF thefixation elements 190 may be detached from the delivery apparatuses 193 and left behind to hold the leaflets LF in a desired orientation via thetether 192. Alternatively, thetether 192 may be shortened or tensioned to draw thefixation elements 190 together, thereby coapting the leaflets LF. In some embodiments, such as illustrated inFIG. 21B , thetether 192 comprises a resilient element, such as a coil or spring, that “self-shortens” upon release from the catheter 191. Other means of shortening or tensioning thetether 192 may include applying a suture fastener to thetether 192, preferred embodiments of which are described and illustrated in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/087,004 (Attorney Docket No. 020489-000500US). In other embodiments, each one-sided fixation element 190 is attached to an individual tether which extends through the catheter 191. The individual tethers may then be knotted together, the knot being pushed toward thefixation elements 190 so as to tie them together at a desired distance. - Thus, the
fixation elements 190 may be linked, attached, coupled or joined together to hold the leaflets LF in the coapted position. It may be appreciated that any number of single-sided fixation elements 190 may be used, some or all of which may be joinable by one ormore tethers 192. Further, it may be appreciated that at least one of the single-sided fixation elements 190 may be used to grasp tissues other than valve leaflets, such as chordae, to assist in treatment of the valve. For example, theelements 190 may join leaflet to leaflet, leaflet to papillary muscle, leaflet to chordae, etc. Still further, it may be appreciated that each of the single-sided fixation elements 190 may be deployed from opposite sides of the valve, such as from an atrial approach and a ventricular approach, and joined across the valve. Thus, one single-sided fixation element 190 may be deployed on an anterior side of the valve and one on a posterior side of the valve, theelements 190 then cinched together to correct regurgitation. -
FIG. 22 illustrates an embodiment of afixation device 14 similar to thefixation device 14 illustrated inFIG. 3 , includingproximal elements 16 anddistal elements 18. However, in this embodiment, thedistal elements 18 are “self-engaging”. Thefixation device 14 may be positioned within the mitral valve so that thedistal elements 18 are disposed within the ventricle and theproximal elements 16 are disposed within the atrium, as illustrated inFIG. 22 . Rather than engaging the leaflets LF with thedistal elements 18 and then lowering theproximal elements 16 to grasp the leaflets LF therebetween, theproximal elements 16 are first lowered to engage the leaflets LF. Lowering of theproximal elements 16 may stabilize the leaflets LF and reduce possible upward motion or flailing of the leaflets LF. Thedistal elements 18 may then self-engage or automatically move toward a closed position to engage the leaflets LF and grasp the leaflets LF between the proximal anddistal elements proximal elements 16 to a predetermined position or a sensor that senses sufficient engagement of theproximal elements 16 with the leaflets LF. It may be appreciated that the method of lowering theproximal elements 16 prior to engagement of thedistal elements 18 may be utilized with thefixation device 14 ofFIG. 3 without automatic engagement of thedistal elements 18. - Once the leaflets have been grasped, a variety of features may assist in holding the grasped leaflets within the fixation device. For example,
FIG. 23 illustrates an embodiment of afixation device 14 having suction to maintain leaflet position after grasping, particularly during movement of thedistal elements 18 toward a closed position. In this embodiment,suction lines 200 extend to suctionports 202 disposed on the engagement surfaces 50 of thedistal elements 18. The suction lines 200 extend through the fixation device to a vacuum source similarly to the embodiment illustrated inFIG. 15 . Once thedistal elements 18 engage the leaflets with the engagement surfaces 50, suction applied through thesuction ports 202, assists to hold the leaflets against the engagement surfaces 50. Such suction may be applied prior to, during and/or after lowering of anyproximal elements 14 to hold the leaflets therebetween. As mentioned, such suction may be particularly helpful in securing the leaflets within thefixation device 14 during movement of thedistal elements 18 toward a closed position. - In another example,
FIGS. 24A-24B illustrate an embodiment of afixation device 14 having extended frictional accessories. As described previously, theproximal elements 16 optionally include frictional accessories, frictional features or grip-enhancing elements to assist in grasping and/or holding the leaflets. And, as described and illustrated inFIG. 5B , the frictional accessories may comprisebarbs 60 having tapering pointed tips extending toward engagement surfaces 50.FIG. 24A illustratesproximal elements 16 having extendedbarbs 206 which are directed toward engagement surfaces 50 of thedistal elements 18. Likewise,FIG. 24B provides a closer view of thebarbs 206 on theproximal elements 16 ofFIG. 24A . As shown, the length L is extended. Suchextended barbs 206 may be comprised of any suitable material, including rubber, flexible or rigid polymers or various metals. In preferred embodiments, theextended barbs 206 are atraumatic, the additional length L providing increased surface area to hold the leaflets with frictional forces. -
FIGS. 25A-25B illustrate an embodiment of afixation device 14 having a texturedgripping surface 212 to assist in holding the grasped leaflets within thefixation device 14. An embodiment of the texturedgripping surface 212 is illustrated inFIG. 25A . Thesurface 212 includes a plurality ofprotrusions 214 which extend outwardly at an angle. The protrusions may be comprised of any suitable material, preferably flexible material such as silicones, polymers, or fibers. Theprotrusions 214 are angled in a substantially uniform direction to provide friction against an object moving in the opposite direction. The texturedgripping surface 212 may be applied to any suitable portion of thefixation element 14, such as theproximal elements 14 or the engagement surfaces 50 of thedistal elements 18.FIG. 25B illustrates afixation element 14 having the texturedgripping surface 212 on a covering 210 over thedistal elements 18. The covering 210 may be present to promote tissue growth. In this embodiment, the covering comprises a biocompatible fabric cover positioned over thedistal elements 18. The covering 210 may optionally be impregnated or coated with various therapeutic agents, including tissue growth promoters, antibiotics, anti-clotting, blood thinning, and other agents. Alternatively or in addition, the covering 210 may be comprised of a bioerodable, biodegradable or bioabsorbable material so that it may degrade or be absorbed by the body after the repaired tissues have grown together. It may be appreciated that such acovering 210 may cover thedistal elements 18 and/orproximal elements 16 of any of thefixation devices 14 described herein. The texturedgripping surface 212 is shown disposed on the covering 210 which covers the engagement surfaces 50. Theprotrusions 214 are angled toward theshaft 12 of thefixation device 14. Therefore, leaflet LF may be drawn toward theshaft 12 in the same direction as theprotrusions 214 encountering minimal friction. However, leaflet LF′ moving away from theshaft 12 encounters significant friction from theprotrusions 214 as theprotrusions 214 are engaged and resist movement of the leaflet LF′. Thus, the texturedgripping surface 212 resists movement of the leaflets away from theshaft 12, assisting in holding the grasped leaflets within thefixation device 14. -
FIGS. 26A-26B illustrate another embodiment of afixation device 14 having a texturedgripping surface 212 to assist in holding the grasped leaflets within thefixation device 14. In this embodiment, thesurface 212 includes a plurality ofprotrusions 214 which extend outwardly at an angle. The protrusions may be comprised of any suitable material, preferably a rigid material capable of piercing into and/or through the leaflet. Therefore, the protrusions may also be pointed or sharpened. The texturedgripping surface 212 may be applied to any suitable portion of thefixation element 14, preferably the engagement surfaces 50 of thedistal elements 18.FIG. 26A shows leaflets LF grasped by thedistal elements 18, theprotrusions 214 extending through the leaflets LF which assist in holding the leaflets LF in place. Theproximal elements 16 may then be released, grasping the leaflets LF between the proximal anddistal elements proximal elements 16 apply force to theprotrusions 214, bending theprotrusions 214 toward the engagement surfaces 50 so that theprotrusions 214 “staple” the leaflets LF to the engagement surfaces 50, as illustrated inFIG. 26B . Alternatively, theprotrusions 214 may have barbed or arrowhead shaped tips which may similarly act to staple the leaflets LF to the engagement surfaces 50. - Once the tissue or leaflets have been grasped, it is often desired to evaluate or assess the quality of the grasp, such as the amount of purchase, orientation of the tissues, and likelihood that the fixation device will maintain the grasp over time. Thus, a variety of devices and techniques are provided to assess the grasp. It may be appreciated that the assessment devices and techniques may be used in combination with the above described fixation devices or may be used with any suitable grasping and/or fixing device. Further, many of such assessment devices and techniques may be used to assess grasping of valve leaflets, or other tissues, for any purpose.
- One method of determining quality of grasp is to visualize the grasp by means of fluoroscopy, ultrasound, echocardiography or other known visualization techniques. Using these techniques, a physician or practitioner may be able to observe an image of the fixation device and the grasped tissue to determine if the grasp is desirable. The fixation device may be visually differentiated from the surrounding tissue by enhancing the visibility of portions of the surrounding tissue, particularly the tissue intended to be grasped, such as the valve leaflets. Thus, as illustrated in
FIGS. 27A-27B , the leaflets LF may be injected with a substance which enhances visibility prior to and/or after grasping with the fixation device. Example substances include liquid contrast material or bioabsorbable polymer beads having air bubbles trapped within. As shown inFIG. 27A , aninjection catheter 220 having aneedle 222 may be advanced to the leaflet LF to inject the substance. Exemplary injection catheters are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,685,648; 4,578,061; 6,540,725; 6,165,164.FIG. 27B illustrates a leaflet LF having thesubstance 224 injected therein (as indicated by shading) and another leaflet being injected by theneedle 222 of theinjection catheter 220. - Alternatively, portions of the fixation device may have enhanced visibility to differentiate the fixation device from the surrounding tissue. For example,
FIG. 28 illustrates afixation device 14 wherein theproximal elements 16 anddistal elements 18 have enhanced visibility, as indicated by shading. Such enhanced visibility may assist differentiation of the proximal anddistal elements distal elements shaft 12 of thefixation element 14. This may indicate the size of the purchase. In some embodiments, surfaces of the fixation device are roughened, such as by bead blasting, to enhance visibility such as echogenicity. In other embodiments, at least portions of thefixation device 14 have an enhanced visibility covering. Such a covering may be comprised of cloth having titanium threads, spun polyester or other material which provides echogenicity. Alternatively or in addition, the covering may be stamped or impregnated with materials which provide echogenicity, such as barium sulfate. Or, the visibility of the covering may be enhanced by a bulky appearance of the covering. - In some embodiments, the fixation device includes an ultrasound receiving indicator. The ultrasound receiving indicator is typically disposed along a proximal or distal element near a target area. The indicator is used to determine the presence or absence of tissue within the target area thereby assessing the quality of the grasp. The indicator comprises a chip or other device that resonates or vibrates at a specific ultrasonic frequency which differs from the general frequency used to visualize the remainder of the fixation device and the surrounding tissue. Therefore, when the specific ultrasonic frequency is used for visualization, the indicator provides a bright visual artifact on an echocardiogram image. This indicates that the tissue is not sufficiently grasped within the target area because the indicator is freely vibrating. However, if the tissue is compressed between the proximal and distal elements within the target area, the tissue compresses the indicator, reducing or damping the vibration of the indicator. Thus, if the bright visual artifact is not seen at the specific ultrasonic frequency, it may be determined that the tissue is sufficiently grasped within the target area of the fixation device. This allows the practitioner to actively evaluate the grasp by viewing a dynamic change in the image being viewed at the time of interrogation with the specific ultrasonic frequency.
- Alternatively, the indicator may comprise a chip or other device that resonates at the same general frequency used to visualize the remainder of the fixation device and the surrounding tissue. When the general frequency is used for visualization, the indicator provides a bright visual artifact on an echocardiogram image. This indicates that the tissue is not sufficiently grasped within the target area because the indicator is freely vibrating. Again, if the tissue is compressed between the proximal and distal elements within the target area, the tissue compresses the indicator, reducing or damping the vibration of the indicator. Thus, if the bright visual artifact is not seen at the general ultrasonic frequency, it may be determined that the tissue is sufficiently grasped within the target area of the fixation device. This allows the practitioner to evaluate the grasp by viewing more static images of the echocardiogram. It may be appreciated that the above described ultrasound receiving indicators may both be used with real time ultrasonic images, however one allows evaluation of the grasp based on viewing a dynamic change in an image due to interrogation with a specific ultrasonic frequency and the other allows evaluation of the grasp based on viewing a more static image at a general ultrasonic frequency.
- In other embodiments, the fixation device includes a magnetic indicator. The magnetic indicator is typically disposed along a proximal or distal element near a target area. The indicator is used to determine the presence or absence of tissue within the target area thereby assessing the quality of the grasp. The indicator comprises a device, such as a ball bearing, that is movable when a magnetic field is applied. Such a magnetic field may be locally applied, such as by a catheter, or globally applied, such as by magnetic resonance imaging. Movement of the indicator may be visualized by any suitable medium, such as fluoroscopy. Such movement indicates that the tissue is not sufficiently grasped within the target area because the indicator is freely movable. However, if the tissue is compressed between the proximal and distal elements within the target area, the tissue compresses the indicator, reducing or damping the movement of the indicator. Thus, if movement is reduced or not seen when the magnetic field is applied, it may be determined that the tissue is sufficiently grasped within the target area of the fixation device. This allows the practitioner to actively evaluate the grasp.
- In other embodiments, the position of a grasped leaflet within a fixation device may be determined based on the visibility of frictional elements. Such frictional elements typically have an observable shape, such as barbs, and are coated or comprised of an enhanced visibility material.
FIG. 29 illustrates afixation device 14 havingsuch barbs 60 disposed on theproximal elements 16 as frictional elements. In this embodiment, theproximal elements 16 have a visually opaque orsemi-opaque covering 230 which cover thebarbs 60. The covering 230 may be comprised of, for example, fibers made from gold or platinum wire or polymer fibers coated or sputtered for radiopacity. When a leaflet LF is grasped and captured between theproximal element 16 anddistal element 18, the leaflet LF presses the covering 230 against theproximal element 16 causing thebarbs 60 to extend through the covering 230. The exposedbarbs 60 are visibly observable by visualization techniques. The quantity and location ofvisible barbs 60 indicates the position of the grasped leaflet. For example, when a leaflet LF′ is grasped and partially captured between theproximal element 16′ anddistal element 18′, only a portion of the barbs 60 (such assingle barb 60′) are exposed. Thus, the low quantity and outward location of thevisible barb 60′ indicate that the leaflet LF is not fully captured. The leaflet LF may then be released and regrasped. - In still other embodiments, the position of a grasped leaflet within a fixation device may be determined based the visible shape of the
proximal elements 16. In such embodiments, theproximal elements 16 may be comprised of segmental parts separated by hinges orflexible areas 240, as illustrated inFIG. 30 . Theproximal elements 16 are coated or comprised of an enhanced visibility material. When a leaflet LF is grasped and fully captured between theproximal element 16 anddistal element 18, theproximal element 16 has a shape which substantially follows the contour of thedistal element 18. When a leaflet LF′ is grasped and partially captured between theproximal element 16′ anddistal element 18′, theproximal element 16′ may flex at aflexible area 240 near an edge E′ of the partially captured leaflet LF′. Theproximal element 16′ may also flex due to a variety of other misorientations of the grasped leaflet LF′. Visualization of the shape of the segmental proximal element indicates the locations in which irregularities occur which may indicate how much of the leaflet has been captured. If the leaflet is not desirably captured, the leaflet LF may then be released and regrasped. - In additional embodiments, the position of a grasped leaflet within a fixation device may be determined based the visibility of an indicator associated with the
distal elements 18. For example,FIGS. 31A-31B illustrate an embodiment of afixation device 14 having adistal element 18 which includes aflap 240. Theflap 240 has an attachedend 242 which is attached to theengagement surface 50 or a portion of thedistal element 18 and afree end 244 which extends toward theproximal element 16. Theflap 240 forms an angle θ with theengagement surface 50. Theflap 240 is typically flexible or is attached so that theflap 240 is able to move throughout the angle θ. Theflap 240 is coated or comprised of an enhanced visibility material so that the practitioner may observe theflap 240 and its angle θ by visualization techniques. In preferred embodiments, thedistal element 18 is also coated or comprised of an enhanced visibility material. Prior to grasping a tissue, such as a leaflet, theflap 240 is fully visible and is positioned having a maximum angle θ, as illustrated inFIG. 31A . When a leaflet LF is grasped between the proximal anddistal elements flap 240 toward theengagement surface 50. When the leaflet LF is fully captured, the leaflet LF may press theflap 240 so that it is parallel with or uniform with theengagement surface 50, as illustrated inFIG. 31B . Thus, the lack ofobservable flap 240 may be an indicator that the leaflet LF has been satisfactorily grasped. Alternatively, the practitioner may be able to determine the extent of grasp or purchase based on the angle θ. For example,flap 240 having an angle (θ/2) may indicate that the leaflet LF only extends half way along theengagement surface 50. If this is not desirable, the leaflet LF may then be released and regrasped. It may be appreciated that theflap 240 may have any suitable shape, size or location, including location on aproximal element 16 or any other suitable element. Further, more than oneflap 240 may be present. -
FIGS. 32A-32C illustrate another embodiment wherein the position of a grasped leaflet within a fixation device may be determined based the visibility of an indicator associated with thedistal elements 18. Here the indicator comprises a floatingblock 248 associated with thedistal element 18. The floatingblock 248 is coupled with thedistal element 18 so that it may pass through thedistal element 18 upon application of force. Theblock 248 is coated or comprised of an enhanced visibility material so that the practitioner may observe theblock 248 by visualization techniques. In preferred embodiments, thedistal element 18 is also coated or comprised of an enhanced visibility material. Typically, theblock 248 biased, such as spring biased, so that theblock 248 is raised toward theproximal element 14, as illustrated inFIG. 32A , prior to grasping a tissue, such as a leaflet. When a leaflet LF is grasped between the proximal anddistal elements block 248 toward theengagement surface 50. When the leaflet LF is partially captured, as illustrated inFIG. 32B , a portion of theblock 248 may be visible raised from theengagement surface 50 and a portion may be visible extending from the opposite side. The practitioner may determine the position of the leaflet LF based on the rotation point of theblock 248. When the leaflet LF is fully captured, as illustrated inFIG. 32C , the leaflet LF may move theblock 248 so that it is fully passed through thedistal element 18 and extends outwardly from the opposite side. Thus, the practitioner may determined the desirability of the grasp based on the position of the floatingblock 248. It may be appreciated that theblock 248 may have any suitable shape, size or location including location on aproximal element 16 or any other suitable element. Further, more than oneblock 248 may be present. -
FIG. 33 illustrate an embodiment wherein the indicator comprises a bladder orreservoir 249 associated with thedistal element 18. Thereservoir 249 is coupled with thedistal element 18 so that it may pass through thedistal element 18 upon application of force. Thereservoir 249 is filled with an enhanced visibility material so that the practitioner may observe thereservoir 249 by visualization techniques. Typically, thereservoir 249 is positioned so that it is raised toward theproximal element 14, as illustrated in the left side ofFIG. 33 , prior to grasping a tissue, such as a leaflet LF. When a leaflet LF is grasped between the proximal anddistal elements FIG. 33 , the leaflet LF presses thereservoir 249 toward theengagement surface 50. When the leaflet LF is partially captured, a portion of thereservoir 249 may be visible raised from theengagement surface 50 and a portion may be visible extending from the opposite side. The practitioner may determine the position of the leaflet LF based on the position of thereservoir 249. When the leaflet LF is fully captured, the leaflet LF may move thereservoir 249 so that it is fully passed through thedistal element 18 and extends outwardly from the opposite side. Thus, the practitioner may determined the desirability of the grasp based on the position of thereservoir 249. - Similarly, as illustrated in
FIGS. 34A-34B , thereservoir 249 may have particular size, shape, and/or location so that when bothreservoirs 249 are appropriately displaced (indicating both leaflets satisfactorily grasped) thereservoirs 249 may come together to form a distinctive size or volume, as illustrated inFIG. 34B . This may indicate to the practitioner that the leaflets LF are desirably grasped. It may be appreciated that thereservoirs 249 ofFIG. 33 andFIGS. 34A-34B may have any suitable shape, size or location including location on aproximal element 16 or any other suitable element. Further, more than onereservoir 249 may be present. -
FIG. 35 illustrates another embodiment wherein the position of a grasped leaflet within a fixation device may be determined based the visibility of an indicator associated with thedistal elements 18. Here the indicator comprises one ormore loops 251, such as wire loops, associated with thedistal element 18. Theloops 251 are coupled with thedistal element 18 so that theloops 251 may pass through thedistal element 18 upon application of force. Theloops 251 are coated or comprised of an enhanced visibility material so that the practitioner may observe theloops 251 by visualization techniques. Typically, theloops 251 are biased, such as spring biased, so that theloops 251 are raised toward theproximal element 14, as illustrated in the left side ofFIG. 35 , prior to grasping a tissue, such as a leaflet LF. When a leaflet LF is grasped between the proximal anddistal elements loops 251 toward theengagement surface 50. When the leaflet LF is fully captured, as illustrated in the right side ofFIG. 35 , the leaflet LF may move theloops 251 so that they are fully passed through thedistal element 18 and extend outwardly from the opposite side. Thus, the practitioner may determine the desirability of the grasp based on the position of theloops 251. It may be appreciated that theloops 251 may have any suitable shape, size or location including location on aproximal element 16 or any other suitable element. -
FIGS. 36A-36B illustrate another embodiment wherein the position of a grasped leaflet within a fixation device may be determined based the visibility of an indicator associated with thedistal elements 18. Here the indicator comprises at least oneslackline 265, such a wire, suture, thread, filament, polymer, or strand, which extends around portions of thefixation device 14. In this embodiment, as shown inFIG. 36A , theslackline 265 extends through a lumen incatheter 86 and along theshaft 12 toward thebase 69 of thefixation device 14. Theslackline 265 then extends around afree end 54′ of one of thedistal elements 18′ and continues across to afree end 54″ of the oppositedistal element 18″, creating anindicator segment 265 a between thedistal elements 18′, 18″. Theslackline 265 then extends toward thebase 69 and returns along theshaft 12 to another lumen (or the same lumen) incatheter 86. Theslackline 265 is coated or comprised of an enhanced visibility material so that the practitioner may observe theslackline 265 by visualization techniques. Theslackline 265 also has sufficient slack to allow movement of at least theindicator segment 265 a when force is applied, such as by a leaflet.FIG. 36B illustrates thefixation device 14 ofFIG. 36A wherein a pair of leaflets LF are desirably grasped. Here, desirable positioning of the leaflets between theproximal elements 16′, 16″ anddistal elements 18′, 18″ forces theindicator segment 265 a into a different configuration, in this case lowering theindicator segment 265 a. Thus, the practitioner may determine the desirability of the grasp based on the position of theindicator segment 265 a. It may be appreciated that theindicator segment 265 a and/or theslackline 265 may have any configuration, and more than oneslackline 265 may be present. - In other embodiments, the position of one or more leaflets LF within the
fixation device 14 may be determined or verified prior to releasing of theproximal elements 16. For example,FIG. 37A illustrates an embodiment of afixation device 14 havingmini-grippers 263 which may be shaped similarly to theproximal elements 16 yet are smaller in size. Each mini-gripper 263 is disposed between a set of proximal anddistal elements fixation device 14 is positioned to so that the leaflets are engaged by the engagements surfaces 50 of thedistal elements 18. The mini-grippers 263 are then released, each extending radially outwardly from the shaft 12 a short distance along the engagement surfaces 50 of thedistal elements 18. It may be appreciated that the mini-grippers 263 may be released independently or simultaneously. If the mini-grippers 263 grasp the leaflets, it may be determined that the leaflets are adequately positioned within thefixation device 14 since such grasping indicates that the leaflets extend to a desired distance relative to theshaft 12. Once desired grasping of the leaflets is determined, theproximal elements 16, may be released to grasp the leaflets between the proximal anddistal elements - Alternatively, both the
mini-grippers 263 and theproximal elements 16 may be deployed simultaneously. Theproximal elements 16 may then be raised or released while themini-grippers 263 remain deployed, thereby confirming whether the leaflets are still held by themini grippers 263. If the mini-grippers 263 still hold the leaflets, it may be determined that the leaflets are adequately positioned within thefixation device 14 since such grasping indicates that the leaflets extend to a desired distance relative to theshaft 12. Once desired grasping of the leaflets is determined, theproximal elements 16, may be re-released to grasp the leaflets between the proximal anddistal elements - In yet other embodiments, as illustrated in
FIG. 37B , themini-grippers 263 may extend through awindow 265 or space in thedistal elements 18 if the releasedmini-grippers 263 do not contact the leaflets in the target area. Thus, visualization of themini-grippers 263 extending beyond thedistal elements 18, as shown, indicates that the leaflets have not been desirably grasped. Such visualization may be achieved prior to or after release of theproximal elements 16. When the mini-grippers 263 are released simultaneously with theproximal elements 16, such visualization allows grasping assessment to be achieved without additional movement of theproximal elements 16. - In other embodiments, the position of a grasped leaflet within a fixation device may be determined based the visibility of a released substance which is visible under visualization techniques, such as liquid contrast material or bioabsorbable polymer beads having air bubbles trapped within. In one embodiment illustrated in
FIG. 38A , thesubstance 258 is contained in a bladder orreservoir 260 within thedistal element 18. When a leaflet LF is grasped between the proximal anddistal elements reservoir 260 releasing thesubstance 258 throughports 262, as illustrated inFIG. 38B . Theports 262 may be disposed along the length of thedistal element 18 so that thesubstance 258 is expelled through theports 262 only in the areas where the leaflet LF is engaged. Therefore, the practitioner may be able to determine the extent of grasp or purchase based on the location and/or amount of expelledsubstance 258. It may be appreciated that thereservoir 260 may have any suitable shape, size or location, including location on aproximal element 16 or any other suitable element. Further, more than onereservoir 260 may be present. - Another embodiment, illustrated in
FIGS. 39A-39B , the position of a grasped leaflet LF within afixation device 14 is also determined based the visibility of a released substance which is visible under visualization techniques, such as liquid contrast material or bioabsorbable polymer beads having air bubbles trapped within. Here, thesubstance 258 is released through alumen 270 which extends through theshaft 12 of thefixation device 14 and through anconduit 272, as illustrated inFIG. 39A . Theconduit 272 is directed toward a target area of theengagement surface 50 of thedistal element 18. The target area is positioned so that a grasped leaflet LF covering the target area is considered sufficiently grasped. When a leaflet LF covers the target area, as illustrated inFIG. 39A , the released or injectedsubstance 258 is blocked by the leaflet LF. Such blockage may either prevent injection of thesubstance 258, cause injection of thesubstance 258 into the leaflet LF, or allow some visibility of thesubstance 258 on the side of the leaflet LF receiving the injectedsubstance 258. Thus, the practitioner may determine that the leaflet LF is satisfactorily grasped due to the lack of or reduced quantity ofsubstance 258 or the location of the injected substance 258 (i.e. within the leaflet or on the side of the leaflet receiving the injected substance 258). When a leaflet LF does not cover the target area, as illustrated inFIG. 39B , the released or injectedsubstance 258 is not blocked by the leaflet LF. Therefore, thesubstance 258 will be injected into the area between the proximal anddistal elements extravagated substance 258. It may be appreciated that theconduit 272 may have a variety of forms, sizes and orientations and may be directed toward a variety of target areas. Further, more than oneconduit 272 may be present. It may also be appreciated that needles, tubes or other instruments may be advanced through theconduit 272 to deliver the substrate or for any other purpose. - It may also be appreciated that the above described
lumen 270 andconduit 272 may alternatively be used to draw suction. When a leaflet LF covers the target area, as illustrated inFIG. 39A , suction drawn through theconduit 272 will cause the leaflet LF to press against theconduit 272 preventing blood from entering theconduit 272. However, when a leaflet LF does not cover the target area, blood will be suctioned up through theconduit 272. Therefore, the practitioner may determine whether the leaflet LF is satisfactorily grasped based on the presence of blood suctioned through theconduit 272. - Similarly, an embodiment, illustrated in
FIGS. 40A-40B , is provided having alumen 270 which extends through theshaft 12 of thefixation device 14 and through aconduit 272. Again, theconduit 272 is directed toward a target area of theengagement surface 50 of thedistal element 18. The target area is positioned so that a grasped leaflet LF covering the target area is considered sufficiently grasped. In this embodiment, aprobe 280 is advanceable through thelumen 270. In addition, theprobe 280 is connected with aninsertion depth gauge 282 so that the practitioner is able to determine the advancement distance of theprobe 280. When a leaflet LF covers the target area, as illustrated inFIG. 40A , theprobe 280 may only be advanced until it contacts the leaflet LF. Thus, the practitioner may determine that the leaflet LF is satisfactorily grasped due to the minimal advancement distance indicated by theinsertion depth gauge 282. When a leaflet LF does not cover the target area, as illustrated inFIG. 40B , theprobe 280 is able to advance further toward thedistal element 18. Thus, the practitioner may determine that the leaflet LF is not satisfactorily grasped due to the advancement distance. Again, it may be appreciated that theconduit 272 may have a variety of forms, sizes and orientations and may be directed toward a variety of target areas. Further, more than oneconduit 272 may be present. - Similarly, as illustrated in
FIGS. 41A-41F ,detectable elements 281 may extend from theshaft 12 of thefixation device 14. InFIGS. 41A-41B , thedetectable elements 281 are coupled with theproximal elements 16 so that release of eachproximal element 16 draws an associateddetectable element 281 toward a target area of theengagement surface 50 of the associateddistal element 18. Each target area is positioned so that a grasped leaflet LF covering the target area is considered sufficiently grasped. When a leaflet LF′ covers its corresponding target area, as illustrated in the left side ofFIG. 41A , thedetectable element 281′ contacts the leaflet LF′. When a leaflet LF″ does not cover its corresponding target area, as illustrated in the right side ofFIG. 41A , thedetectable element 281″ is able to advance toward the target area, extending a further distance than if a leaflet were present. Thedetectable elements 281′, 281″ are comprised of a detectable material or coating, such as a material which is detectable by fluoroscopy, conductance or impedance signal. Therefore, the practitioner is able to detect the position of thedetectable elements 281′, 281″ and consequently determine if the leaflets are desirably grasped, as illustrated inFIG. 41B . Thedetectable elements 281′, 281″ are then released from theproximal elements 16 and removed upon detachment of thefixation device 14. It may be appreciated that thedetectable elements 281 may be individually extendable from the shaft 12 (i.e. not coupled with the proximal elements 16). Also, in other embodiments, thedetectable elements 281 may form a circuit when contacting theengagement surface 50 of the associateddistal element 18. For example, when a leaflet LF′ covers its corresponding target area, thedetectable element 281′ contacts the leaflet LF′, such as illustrated above in the left side ofFIG. 41A . Thus, thedetectable element 281′ does not contact theengagement surface 50 and the circuit remains open. When a leaflet LF″ does not cover its corresponding target area, such as illustrated in the right side ofFIG. 41A , thedetectable element 281″ is able to advance toward the target area and contact the engagement surface, completing the circuit. The integrity of the circuit may be detected by any suitable device, such as an ohmmeter or an ammeter, thereby indicating if the leaflets are desirably grasped. - In
FIGS. 41C-41D , thedetectable elements 281 are each advanceable from theshaft 12 toward a target area of theengagement surface 50 of its associateddistal element 18. When a leaflet LF′ covers its corresponding target area, as illustrated in the left side ofFIG. 41C , thedetectable element 281′ contacts the leaflet LF′ and creates a first shape. When a leaflet LF″ does not cover its corresponding target area, as illustrated in the right side ofFIG. 41C , thedetectable element 281″ is able to advance toward the target area, creating a second shape which differs from the first shape. Thedetectable elements 281′, 281″ are comprised of a detectable material or coating, such as a material which is detectable by fluoroscopy or by impedance signal. Therefore, the practitioner is able to detect the shapes of thedetectable elements 281. When both leaflets are desirably grasped, bothdetectable elements 281′, 281″ will substantially form the first shape, as illustrated inFIG. 41D . - In
FIGS. 41E-41F , a singledetectable element 281 is advanceable from theshaft 12 toward target areas of the engagement surfaces 50 of thedistal elements 18. When a leaflet LF′ covers its corresponding target area, as illustrated in the left side ofFIG. 41E , aportion 283′ of thedetectable element 281 contacts the leaflet LF′ and creates a first shape. When a leaflet LF″ does not cover its corresponding target area, as illustrated in the right side ofFIG. 41F , aportion 283″ of thedetectable element 281 is able to advance toward the target area, creating a second shape which differs from the first shape. Thedetectable element 281 is comprised of a detectable material or coating, such as a material which is detectable by fluoroscopy or by impedance signal. Therefore, the practitioner is able to detect the shape of theportions 283′ 283″ of thedetectable element 281. When both leaflets are desirably grasped, bothportions 283′ 283″ of thedetectable element 281 will substantially form the first shape, as illustrated inFIG. 41F , creating a symmetrical shape. - In some embodiments, the fixation device includes one or more sensors to determine the position of a grasped tissue. Typically, the sensor determines the presence or absence of tissue on or near the sensor. For example,
FIGS. 42A-42B illustrate afixation device 14 having at least onesensor 290 disposed on or within adistal element 18. In this embodiment, thesensor 290 is positioned near theshaft 12 to determine if a grasped leaflet LF is fully inserted into thefixation device 14 or only partially inserted. As shown inFIG. 42A , thesensor 290 may emit a first signal 292 when the leaflet LF is not detected near thesensor 290 indicating that the leaflet LF is not fully engaged. When the leaflet LF is fully engaged, as illustrated inFIG. 42B , thesensor 290 detects the leaflet LF near thesensor 290 and emits asecond signal 294, which differs from the first signal 292. Thesensor 290 may have any suitable form, such as a conductor, a strain gauge, a radiosensor, an optical sensor, an ultrasound sensor, an infrared sensor, an electrical resistance sensor, an intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) sensor or a pressure sensor, to name a few. Alternatively, thesensor 290 may comprise a resonating sensor that responds to magnetic energy in thefixation device 14 to indicate leaflet insertion. For example, magnetic energy may be applied to thefixation device 14 wherein thesensor 290 does not resonate or is not activated if the leaflet is not sufficiently inserted. It may be appreciated that any number ofsensors 290 may be present and may be disposed on or within any element, including theproximal elements 16.FIG. 43 illustrates afixation device 14 havingsensors 290 which extend into a target area between the proximal anddistal elements -
FIGS. 44A-44B illustrate afixation device 14 havingsensors 290′, 290″ positioned on theshaft 12. In this embodiment, thesensors 290′, 290″ emit ultrasound signals toward a portion of thedistal elements 18 near theshaft 12. InFIG. 44A , leaflet LF″ is not detected by thesensor 290″ since the leaflet LF″ is not grasped between the corresponding proximal anddistal elements fixation device 14.FIG. 44B illustrates afixation device 14 having both leaflets LF′, LF″ desirably grasped so that bothsensors 290′, 290″ sense the leaflets LF′, LF″. - It may also be appreciated that sensors may be used to actuate movement of the fixation device. For example, sensors in the form of strain gauges may be disposed on each of the distal elements. Engaging the distal elements with the leaflets applied tension to the distal elements which is measurable by the strain gauges. Therefore, when the strain gauges measure a predetermined quantity, the proximal elements may be automatically lowered to grasp the leaflets therebetween. It may be appreciated that the strain gauge measurements may be used to actuate a variety of other movements or simply indicate to the practitioner that such movements are acceptable.
- Once the quality of the grasp of the tissue has been assessed, it is often desired to evaluate or assess the quality of the fixation of the tissue. This can be achieved by evaluating the improvement in the medical condition being treated. In the case of valve leaflet fixation, improvement in regurgitation may be evaluated. It is often desired to assess the fixation prior to decoupling the fixation device from the delivery catheter so that the fixation device may be repositioned if the improvement is not satisfactory. Thus, a variety of devices and techniques are provided to assess the fixation prior to decoupling the fixation device from the delivery catheter. It may be appreciated that the assessment devices and techniques may be used in combination with the above described fixation devices or may be used with any suitable grasping and/or fixing device. Further, many of such assessment devices and techniques may be used to assess fixation for any purpose.
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FIGS. 45A-45B illustrate an embodiment of devices and methods for simulating the resultant placement and function of afixation device 14 that has been positioned to grasp leaflets LF of the mitral valve MV. In this embodiment, thefixation device 14 is delivered to the mitral valve MV by acatheter 86. Thefixation device 14 is removably coupled to ashaft 12 which is passed through acatheter 86. In addition, asheath 300 is provided which passes through thecatheter 86 and over theshaft 12 to provide support while thefixation device 14 is positioned within the valve MV and the leaflets LF are grasped between the proximal anddistal elements sheath 300 may be retracted, as illustrated inFIG. 45B . Retraction of thesheath 300 exposes aflexible linkage 302 which extends from theshaft 12 to thecatheter 86. Theflexible linkage 302 allows thefixation device 14 to move freely, mimicking the behavior of thefixation device 14 after decoupling from theshaft 12. The improvement in regurgitation may then be assessed. If the improvement is considered unsatisfactory, thesheath 300 may be advanced to cover theflexible linkage 302 and provide support for repositioning of thefixation device 14. Upon repositioning, thesheath 300 may then be retracted and the function of the valve again assessed. This may be repeated as many times as desired. Once the improvement is considered satisfactory, thefixation device 14 may be decoupled from theshaft 12. - Similarly,
FIGS. 46A-46B also illustrate an embodiment of devices and methods for simulating the resultant placement and function of afixation device 14 that has been positioned to grasp leaflets LF of the mitral valve MV. In this embodiment, thefixation device 14 is delivered to the mitral valve MV by acatheter 86. Thefixation device 14 is removably coupled to ashaft 12 which is passed through acatheter 86. Here, theshaft 12 is comprised of aflexible structure 306, such as a compression coil, that is held rigid by acenter actuation wire 308. Thewire 308 is held taught to provide support while thefixation device 14 is positioned within the valve MV and the leaflets LF are grasped between the proximal anddistal elements wire 308 tension is released to allow theflexible structure 306 to flex which allows thefixation device 14 to move freely, mimicking the behavior of thefixation device 14 after decoupling from theshaft 12. The improvement in regurgitation may then be assessed. If the improvement is considered unsatisfactory, the tension may be reapplied to thewire 308 to provide support for repositioning of thefixation device 14. Upon repositioning, tension may again be released and the function of the valve assessed. This may be repeated as many times as desired. Once the improvement is considered satisfactory, thefixation device 14 may be decoupled from theshaft 12. - In other embodiments, the fixation device may be decoupled from the shaft while maintaining a tether, such as a suture line, to the catheter. This allows the
fixation device 14 to be evaluated while it is decoupled from the shaft but provides assistance in retrieval of the fixation device for repositioning. The tether may be present specifically for this purpose, or other elements used in the positioning of thefixation device 14 may be used as a tether, such as a lock line 92 or aproximal element line 90. Alternatively, a snare may be extended from thecatheter 86 to retrieve thefixation device 14. In any case, the fixation device may be retrieved with the tether, recoupled with theshaft 12 and repositioned until a satisfactory result is achieved. - Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example, for purposes of clarity of understanding, it will be obvious that various alternatives, modifications and equivalents may be used and the above description should not be taken as limiting in scope of the invention which is defined by the appended claims.
Claims (13)
1. A method of fixing a pair of valve leaflets together along their coaptation line, the method comprising: fixing the pair of valve leaflets together at a first location along the coaptation line with a first fixation device; and
fixing the pair of valve leaflets together at a second location along the coaptation line with a second fixation device, wherein the first and second locations differ.
2. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the first and second locations are adjacent to each other.
3. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the first and second locations are approximately 1 cm apart.
4. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the first and second locations are positioned so as to provide a double orifice geometry when a pressure gradient opens the pair of valve leaflets.
5. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the first and second locations are positioned so as to provide a triple orifice geometry when a pressure gradient opens the pair of valve leaflets.
6. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the first fixation device has a first pair of grasping elements and a second pair of grasping elements, and wherein fixing the pair of valve leaflets together at the first location comprises grasping one leaflet of the pair of valve leaflets between the first pair of grasping elements and grasping another leaflet of the pair of valve leaflets between the second pair of grasping elements.
7. A method as in claim 1 , further comprising assessing performance of the valve leaflets after the step of fixing the pair of valve leaflets together at the first location to determine need for the step of fixing the pair of valve leaflets together at the second location.
8. A method comprising:
advancing a minimally invasive device into a chamber of a heart having a valve with valve leaflets, wherein the chamber comprises the left atrium and the valve comprises the mitral valve, and wherein the device comprises a stabilizer;
temporarily stabilizing the valve leaflets by reducing movement of the valve leaflets by positioning the stabilizer against the ventricular side of the leaflets so as to reduce flail of the leaflets,
wherein temporarily stabilizing the valve leaflets comprises temporarily slowing the natural pace of the heart with a pacing instrument.
9. A method as in claim 8 , wherein the stabilizer comprises an expandable member, a flap or at least one loop.
10. A method as in claim 8 , wherein the device includes at least one loop, and wherein temporarily stabilizing comprises positioning the at least one loop against the leaflets so as to reduce movement of the leaflets.
11. A method as in claim 10 , wherein temporarily stabilizing further comprises moving the at least one loop along the leaflets toward the center of the valve so as to reduce movement of the leaflets.
12. A method as in claim 8 , wherein the chamber comprises a ventricle including chordae extending from the ventricle to the valve leaflets, and wherein temporarily stabilizing comprises holding the chordae with the device so as to reduce movement of the valve leaflets.
13. A method as in claim 12 , wherein the device includes an expandable member and wherein holding the chordae comprises expanding the expandable member against the chordae.
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US20100022823A1 (en) | 2010-01-28 |
US20140066693A1 (en) | 2014-03-06 |
US11484331B2 (en) | 2022-11-01 |
US20190175203A1 (en) | 2019-06-13 |
US8052592B2 (en) | 2011-11-08 |
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