US20120015148A1

US20120015148A1 - Alumina layer with enhanced texture

Info

Publication number: US20120015148A1
Application number: US13/135,339
Authority: US
Inventors: Sakari Ruppi
Original assignee: Seco Tools AB
Current assignee: Seco Tools AB
Priority date: 2005-09-27
Filing date: 2011-07-01
Publication date: 2012-01-19
Also published as: CZ2006607A3; US7993742B2; CZ305851B6; SE0502115L; BRPI0603957A; CN1939715B; US20070104945A1; KR101314504B1; CN1939715A; SE529051C2; KR20070035454A; JP2007125686A

Abstract

The present invention relates to a coated cutting tool insert comprising a substrate and a coating to be used in metal machining. The hard and wear resistant coating exhibits an excellent adhesion to the substrate covering all functional parts thereof. The coating is composed of one or more refractory layers of which at least one layer is α-Al₂O₃showing a strong growth texture along <001>. The α-Al₂O₃layer has a thickness ranging from 1 to 20 μm and is composed of columnar grains with a length/width ratio of 2 to 15. The layer is characterised by a strong (006) diffraction peak, measured using XRD, and by low intensity of (012), (104), (113) (024) and (116) diffraction peaks. The <001>textured α-Al₂O₃layers is deposited in a temperature range of 750-1000° C. The texture is controlled by a specific nucleation procedure combined with the use of sulphur- and fluorine containing dopants.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority from Swedish application No. SE 0502115-9 filed Sep. 27, 2005 which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a coated cutting tool insert designed to be used in metal machining. The coating exhibits an excellent adhesion to the substrate covering all functional parts thereof. The coating is composed of one or more refractory layers of which at least one is an α-Al₂O₃layer strongly textured in the <001> direction.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Techniques to deposit α-Al₂O₃and κ-Al₂O₃layers with nucleation control have been introduced on an industrial scale only recently, and it has clearly been shown that α-Al₂O₃is the preferred phase in most metal cutting applications. According to the definition used in the International Tables of Crystallography, α-Al₂O₃belongs to the trigonal crystal system and has a rhombohedrally centred hexagonal lattice, the space group symbol being R3 c. The crystal structure of α-Al₂O₃is often described as being composed of oxygen ions (A, B) in an approximate hcp (hexagonal close-packed) arrangement ( . . . ABAB . . . ) with the aluminium anions occupying two thirds of the octahedral interstices. The aluminium cations can take three different vacancy positions in the oxygen lattice with the stacking sequence of . . . αβγαβγ . . . . These are usually referred to as c^α, c^β and c^γ. The unit cell of α-Al₂O₃comprises six layers of O and Al can be described in the following way: Ac^αBc⁶²Ac^γBc^αAc^βBc^γ. The JPDS card, defined hereinbelow, uses the hexagonal system and, consequently, four axes (hkil) are used where i=−(h+k). Often, the index i is omitted as done also in this case.
It has been known in the art to use nucleation control in order to obtain various growth textures. As described in a recent publication (S. Ruppi, “Deposition, microstructure and properties of texture-controlled CVD α-Al₂O₃coatings,” Int. J. Refractory Metals & Hard Materials 23(2005) pp.306-315) manipulation of the nucleation surfaces can be used to obtain the growth textures <012>, <104> or <003>. The commonly observed diffraction peaks from α-Al₂O₃are (012), (104), (110), (113) and (116). However the diffraction peak (006), which is an indication of the <001> texture, is always missing, as indicated by its absence in XRD-patterns obtained from textured α-Al₂O₃layers using known methods.
Prior to the present invention, texture has been controlled by modifying the chemistry of the nucleation surface. This approach, however, does not provide complete nucleation control. When the nucleation control is not complete, at least a portion of the produced α-Al₂O₃layers are formed via κ-Al₂O₃→α-Al₂O₃phase transformation. These kinds of α-Al₂O₃layers are composed of larger grains with transformation cracks. They exhibit much lower mechanical strength and ductility than textured α-Al₂O₃layers composed of α-Al₂O₃formed from 100% or near 100% nucleation. Consequently, there is a need to develop techniques to more precisely control the nucleation step and growth texture of α-Al₂O₃.
The control of the α-Al₂O₃polymorph in industrial scale was achieved in the beginning of the 1990s with commercial products based on U.S. Pat. No. 5,137,774. Later modifications of this patent have been used to deposit α-Al₂O₃with preferred textures. In U.S. Pat. No. 5,654,035 an alumina layer textured in the <012> direction and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,980,988 in the <110>direction are disclosed. In U.S. Pat. No. 5,863,640 a preferred growth either along <012>, or <104> or <110> is disclosed. U.S. Pat. No. 6,333,103 describes a modified method to control the nucleation and growth of α-Al₂O₃along the <10(10)> direction. U.S. Pat. No. 6,869,668 describes a method to obtain a strong <300> texture in α-Al₂O₃using a texture modifying agent (ZrCl₄). The prior-art processes discussed above all use deposition temperatures of about 1000° C.
US 2004/0028951A1 describes a technique to achieve a pronounced <012> texture. The commercial success of this kind of product demonstrates the importance to refine the CVD process of α-Al₂O₃towards fully controlled textures.

OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention is to provide an alumina layer providing improved physical properties to a cutting tool insert.
It is another object of the invention to provide an alumina layer, as above, wherein the physical properties of the coated insert can be tailored through control of the nucleation and growth of an α-Al₂O₃phase in the coating.
These objects are achieved by a cutting tool insert comprising a substrate at least partially coated with a coating having a total thickness of from about 5 to about 40 μm, preferably 5-25 μm comprising one or more refractory layers of which at least one layer of which is an α-alumina layer wherein said α-alumina layer comprises columnar α-Al₂O₃grains with a <001> growth direction.
The objects of the invention are also achieved by a method of making an α-Al₂O₃layer on a substrate which comprises the steps of nucleating said alumina in a temperature range of from about 750 to about 1000° C., and controlling both the nucleation and growth of α-alumina using sulphur-containing and at least one fluorine-containing precursor.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a fuller understanding of the invention, the following detailed description should be read in conjunction with the drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 a shows SEM-image of a typical surface morphology of the layer according to this invention in 15000×;

FIG 1 b shows the same layer in cross-section in 15000×; and FIG.2 shows an XRD pattern of an α-Al₂O₃-layer according to this invention for 2θ=20-70°.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

According to the present invention there is provided a coated cutting tool insert comprising a substrate and a coating to be used in metal machining. It has been surprisingly found that a <001> texture can be deposited in a controlled way. It is characterised in the XRD pattern by a strong (006) peak. The alumina layer with strong <001> texture outperforms prior art coatings with random or other controlled textures. Further, increased toughness can be obtained.
The substrate comprises a hard material such as cemented carbide, cermets, ceramics, high speed steel or a superhard material such as cubic boron nitride (CBN) or diamond preferably cemented carbide or CBN. With CBN is herein meant a cutting tool material containing at least 40 vol-% CBN. In a preferred embodiment the substrate is a cemented carbide with a binder phase enriched surface zone.
It has been experimentally confirmed that α-Al₂O₃can be nucleated, for example, on Ti₂O₃surfaces, bonding layers of (Ti,Al)(C,O) or by controlling the oxidation potential using CO/CO₂mixtures. The idea in all these approaches is that nucleation must not take place on the surfaces of TiC, TiN, Ti(C,N) or Ti(C,O,N) with fcc (face centered cubic) or in general on phases with cubic structure, otherwise κ-Al₂O₃is obtained.
Further, it has been noticed that enhanced performance can be obtained through optimising the texture of α-Al₂O₃. It is thus possible to enhance tool performance by tailoring the α-Al₂O₃texture for different metal cutting applications and work piece materials.
The hard and wear resistant coating exhibits an excellent adhesion to the substrate covering all functional parts thereof. It is composed of one or more refractory layers of which at least one layer is a strongly textured α-Al₂O₃deposited on a bonding layer of (Ti,Al)(C,O,N) with increasing aluminium content towards the outer surface. The α-Al₂O₃layer is 1-45 μm composed of columnar grains with a strong <001> texture. The length/width ratio of the alumina grains is from 2 to 15, preferably >5. The layer is characterised by a strong (006) diffraction peak, measured using XRD, and by low intensity of (012), (104), (113), (024) and (116) diffraction peaks. The texture coefficients (TC) for the α-Al₂O₃-layer is determined as follows:
$TC (hkl) = \frac{I (hkil)}{I_{0} (hkil)} {\frac{1}{n} \sum \frac{I (hkil)}{I_{0} (hkil)}}^{- 1}$
where
I(hkl)=intensity of the (hid) reflection
I₀(hkl)=standard intensity according to JCPDS card no 46-1212
n=number of reflections used in the calculation
The (hkl) reflections used are: (012), (104), (110), (600), (113) and (116). The (024) reflection, which is the second-order reflection of (012), is omitted from the calculations.
The texture of the alumina layer is defined as follows:
TC(006)>1.4, preferably >3.0 and most preferably >4.0. This is a manifestation of a strong <001> texture. The texture coefficients for (012), (104), (113), (024) and (116) diffraction peaks are less than 0.5, preferably less than 0.2 and most preferably less than 0.1.
More particularly, the coating comprises a first layer adjacent the substrate of CVD Ti(C,N), CVD TiN, CVD TiC, MTCVD Ti(C,N), MTCVD Zr(C,N), MTCVD Ti(B,C,N), CVD HfN or combinations thereof preferably of Ti(C,N) having a thickness of from 1 to 20 preferably from 1 to 10 μm. Preferably there is an intermediate layer of TiN between the substrate and said first layer with a thickness of <3 μm, preferably 0.5-2 μm.
In one embodiment the α-Al₂O₃layer is the uppermost layer. In another embodiment there is a layer of carbide, nitride, carbonitride or carboxynitride of one or more of Ti, Zr and Hf, having a thickness of from about 0.5 to 3 μm, preferably 0.5 to 1.5 μm atop the α-Al₂O₃layer. Alternatively this layer has a thickness of from about 1 to 20 μm, preferably 2 to 8 μm.
In yet another embodiment the coating includes a layer of κ-Al₂O₃and/or γ-Al₂O₃preferably atop the α-Al₂O₃with a thickness of from 0.5 to 10, preferably from 1 to 5 μm.
The present invention also relates to a refined method to produce textured α-Al₂O₃layers in a temperature range of 950-1000° C., preferably at 1000° C. with a controlled <001> texture. The α-Al₂O₃layer is deposited on a bonding layer of (Ti,Al)(C,O,N) with increasing aluminium content towards the outer surface. On to this layer a Ti(C,O) layer is deposited with controlled O-content. A very thin titanium oxide nucleation layer is obtained in the similar way as used in ALD (Atomic Layer Deposition). The procedure is as follows: (i) exposure of a first precursor TiCl₄, preferably together with AlC₃, (ii) purge (N₂), (iii) exposure of the second precursor (H₂O), (iv) purge (N₂). The duration of the steps (i) and (iii) is 1-5 min, preferably 2 min each and the steps (ii) and (iv) 2-10 min, preferably 5 min each. The deposition of the α-Al₂O₃is started with a relatively long 30-120 min, preferably 60 min, nucleation step without sulphur- or fluorine containing compounds. α-Al₂O₃is grown to its desired thickness using sulphur-containing compounds H₂S, or SO₂, preferably H₂S, optionally together with fluorine-containing compounds SF₆or HF, preferably SF₆.
It has been found, quite unexpectedly, that <001> texture could be obtained by careful control of the ratio of sulphur containing dopants to CO₂/CO. When α-Al₂O₃is nucleated correctly, followed by a deposition process using relatively low amounts of these dopants (0.5-1.2%) together with a CO+CO₂gas mixture where CO=0.5-2×CO₂, a strong <001> growth texture can be obtained in a controlled way. The correct ratios depend on the type of deposition equipment, flow rate etc. An important difference compared with the prior-art is that the texture is controlled, in addition to the nucleation procedure, also during the growth of α-Al₂O₃itself. The described texture is thereby obtained when both the nucleation and growth are controlled correctly. The lack of control of both nucleation and growth is a possible explanation for the fact that the <001> texture [(006) diffraction peak)] has heretofore been unknown.
The following is a detailed description of a preferred sequence of nucleation steps.

- 1. Depositing a bonding layer 0.1-1 μm thick in a gas mixture of 2-3% TiCl₄and AlCl₃increasing from 0.5 to 6%, 3-10% CO, 1-3% CO₂, 0.2-1.0% CH₃CN, 0.2-1.0%, 2-10% N2 and balance H2 at about 750-1000° C., preferably at 800° C. and at a pressure of 50-200 mbar.
- 2. Purging by N₂for 5 min.
- 3. Treating the bonding layer in a gas mixture of 5-15% TiCl₄and 5-20% CO, 0.5-3% CO₂and 10-20% Ar in hydrogen for 5-15, preferably 10, minutes min at 950-1000° C., preferably at 1000° C. and at a pressure of 50-200 mbar.
- 4. Purging by N₂for 5 min.
- 5. Treating the bonding layer in a gas mixture of 8-15% TiCl₄and 0.5-2% AlCl₃in hydrogen for 5-15 min at about 950 to about 1000° C., preferably at about 1000° C. and at a pressure of from about 50 to about 200 mbar.
- 6. Treating in a gas mixture of 0.05 to 0.5% H₂O, preferably 0.01%, balance H₂.
- 7. Purging by N₂for 5 min.
- 8. Nucleation of the alumina layer at a temperature of 950-1000° C. with desired thickness according to known technique or depositing an alumina layer at 950-1000° C. without any catalysing precursors.
- 9. Deposition of the alumina layer at a temperature of 950-1000° C. to the desired thickness at 950-1000° C. at deposition pressures 50-200 mbar using 0.01-0.05% H₂S or SO₂, preferably H₂S and 0.01-0.02% SF₆or HF, preferably SF₆as catalysing agents. CO₂1.0-4.5% is used as the oxygen donor together with CO, maintaining CO=2×CO₂.

EXAMPLE 1

Cemented carbide cutting inserts with a composition of 5.9% Co and balance WC (hardness about 1600 HV) were coated with a layer of MTCVD Ti(C,N). The thickness of the MTCVD layer was about 2 μm. On to this layer an α-Al₂O₃layer consisting of about 10 μm. α-Al₂O₃was deposited according to this invention referred to as Coating a). The detailed process data is given below:
Step 1:Bonding layer 1


	Gas mixture	TiCl₄= 2.8%
		CH₃CN = 0.7%
		AlCl₃= increasing
		from 0.8 to 5.4%
		CO = 8.8%
		CO₂= 2.2%
		N₂. . . = 5%
		Balance: H₂
	Duration	40 min
	Temperature
	1000° C.
	Pressure	100 mbar

Step 2: N₂purge
Step 3:Bonding layer 2


	Gas mixture	TiCl₄= 8%
		CO = 12%
		CO₂= 1.2%
		Ar . . . = 5%
		Balance: H₂
	Duration	2-10 min
	Temperature
	1000° C.
	Pressure	100 mbar

Step 3: (optional ALD steps): a)TiCl₄treatment b) N₂-purge c) H₂O treatment d) N₂-purge


	a)	TiCl₄= 9%
		AlCl₃= 1%
		H₂= balance
		5 min . . .
	c)	H₂O = 0.1%
		H₂= balance
		2 min . . .
	b, d)	N₂= 100%
		5 min
	Temperature
	1000° C.
	Pressure
	50 mbar

Step 4: Nucleation step


	Gas mixture	AlCl₃= 1.2%
		HCl . . . = 2.0%
		CO₂ = 1.0-1.5%
		CO = 0.5-2.4%
		Balance H₂
	Duration	60 min
	Temperature
	1000° C.
	Pressure
	50 mbar

Step 5: Deposition


	Gas mixture	AlCl₃= 2.8%
		HCl = 3%
		CO₂= 1.8-2.5%
		CO = 0.9-.5%
		H₂S = 0.05-1.0%
		Balance: H₂
	Duration	630 min
	Temperature
	1000° C.
	Pressure	70 mbar

EXAMPLE 2

Coating a) was studied using X-ray diffraction. The texture coefficients of the α-Al₂O₃layers were determined and are presented in Table 1. A SEM micrograph of Coating a) in top view with <001> texture is shown in FIG. 1 a and in cross section in FIG. 1 b. The α-Al₂O₃layer was composed of columnar grains. The X-Ray diffraction pattern is shown in FIG. 2.

	TABLE 1

	hkl	Coating a)

	012	0.01
	104	0.06
	110	0.01
	006	5.91
	113	0.00
	116	0.02

EXAMPLE 3

For reference Coatings b) and c) with <012> and <104> textures were deposited according to the prior-art (coating thickness about 10 μm). The coatings were studied using X-ray diffraction. The texture coefficients of the α-Al₂O₃layers were determined and are presented in Table 2.

TABLE 2

hkl	Coating a), invention	Coating b)	Coating c)

012	0.03	5.15	0.16
104	0.06	0.13	4.27
110	0.01	0.10	0.08
600	5.88	0.00	0.09
113	0.00	0.18	0.66
116	0.02	0.44	0.74

EXAMPLE 4

Coating a), b) and c) deposited on Co-enriched substrates were tested with respect to toughness in longitudinal turning with interrupted cuts.
Work piece: Cylindrical slotted bar

Material: SS1672

Insert type: CNMG120408-M3
Cutting speed: 140 m/min
Feed: 0.1, 0.125, 0.16, 0.20, 0.25, 0.315, 0.4, 0.5, 0.63, 0.8 mm/rev gradually increased after 10 mm length of cut

Depth of cut: 2.5 mm

Remarks: dry turning
Tool life criteria: Gradually increased feed until edge breakage. 10 edges of each variant were tested.
The inserts were inspected after 2 and 4 minutes of cutting. As clear from Table 3 the edge toughness was considerably enhanced when the layer was produced according to this invention.

	TABLE 3

		Mean feed at
	Experimental coating	breakage (mm/rev)

	Coating a (006),	0.50
	according to the invention
	Coating b (012)	0.22
	Coating c (104)	0.36

The test results show (Table 3) that the coating according to the invention (Coating a) exhibited clearly better toughness behaviour than the prior-art (Coatings b and c).

EXAMPLE 5

The coatings a), b) and c) were tested with respect to edge chipping in longitudinal turning in cast iron.
Work piece: Cylindrical bar
Material: SS0130
Insert type: SNUN
Cutting speed: 400 m/min
Feed: 0.4 mm/rev
Depth of cut: 2.0 mm
Remarks: dry turning
The inserts were inspected after 2 and 4 minutes of cutting. As clear from Table 4 the edge toughness of the prior art product was considerably enhanced when the coating was produced according to this invention.

TABLE 4

	Flaking of the	Flaking of the
	edge line (%)	edge line (%)
	after 2 minutes	after 6 minutes

Coating a (Invention)	0	5
Coating b	0	18
Coating c	5	10

EXAMPLE 6

Cubic boron nitride (CBN) insert containing about 90% of polycrystalline CBN (PCBN) were coated according to this invention and according to prior art Coating b). The coated CBN was compared with uncoated CBN insert in cutting of steel containing ferrite. It is known that B has a high affinity to ferrite and diffusion wear occurs at high cutting speeds.
Work piece: Cylindrical bar
Material: SS0130
Insert type: SNUN
Cutting speed: 800 m/min
Feed: 0.4 mm/rev
Depth of cut: 2.5 mm
Remarks: dry turning

	TABLE 5

		Life time (min)

	Coated CBN, Invention	23
	Coated CBN, prior art,	14
	012 texture
	Uncoated CBN	9

As is evident from Table 5 the coating according to this invention is superior to the prior art.

EXAMPLE 7

The hardness and Young's modulus of the coatings a)-c) together with κ-Al₂O₃and older prior-art α-Al₂O₃were measured using nanoindentation. The results are shown in Table 6.

TABLE 6

	Hardness	Young's
	(GPa)	Modulus (GPa)

Coating a	28.92	444.42
Coating b	27.31	419.53
Coating c	28.81	441.17
Prior-art α-Al₂O₃(no texture)	25.79	385.45
κ-Al₂O₃	23.64	339.51

Coating c) according to the invention shows the highest values of hardness and modulus, closely followed by coating c).

Claims

1. A cutting tool insert comprising a substrate at least partially coated with a coating having a total thickness of from about 5 to about 40 comprising one or more refractory layers of which at least one layer of which is an α-alumina layer wherein said α-alumina layer comprises columnar α-Al₂O₃grains with a <001> growth direction with texture coefficients

a) TC(006)>1.4, preferably >3.0 and most preferably >4.0.

the texture coefficient TC(hkl) being defined as

TC (hkl) = \frac{I (hkil)}{I_{0} (hkil)} {\frac{1}{n} \sum \frac{I (hkil)}{I_{0} (hkil)}}^{- 1}

wherein

I(hkl)=measured intensity of the (hkl) reflection

I₀(hkl)=standard intensity according to JCPDS card no 46-1212

n=number of reflections used in the calculation

(hkl) reflections used are: (012), (104), (110), (006), (113) and (116).

2. Cutting tool insert according to claim 1, wherein said at least one layer is an as deposited layer of α-alumina.

3. Cutting tool insert according to claim 1, wherein said alumina columnar grains have a length/width ratio from about 2 to about 15.

4. Cutting tool insert according to claim 1, wherein said substrate comprises cemented carbide with a binder phase enriched surface zone, CBN or sintered CBN alloy.

5. Cutting tool insert according to claim 1, wherein the coating comprises a first layer adjacent the body of CVD Ti(C,N), CVD TiN, CVD TiC, MTCVD Ti(C,N), MTCVD Zr(C,N), MTCVD Ti(B,C.N), CVD HfN or combinations thereof preferably of Ti(C,N) having a thickness of from 1 to 20 μm, and said α-Al₂O₃layer adjacent said first layer having a thickness of from about 1 to about 40 μm, preferably from about 1 to about 20 μm, most preferably from about 1 to about 10 μm.

6. Cutting tool insert according to claim 1, wherein the α-Al₂O₃layer is the uppermost layer.

7. Cutting tool insert according to claim 1, wherein a layer of carbide, nitride, carbonitride or carboxynitride of one or more of Ti, Zr and Hf, having a thickness of from about 0.5 to 3 μm, preferably from about 0.5 to about 1.5 μm atop the α-Al₂O₃layer.

8. Cutting tool insert according to claim 1, wherein a layer of carbide, nitride, carbonitride or carboxynitride of one or more of Ti, Zr and Hf, having a thickness of from about 1 to 20 μm, preferably 2 to 8 μm atop the α-Al₂O₃layer.

9. Cutting tool insert according to claim 1, wherein a layer of κ-Al₂O₃or γ-Al₂O₃atop the α-Al₂O₃with a thickness of from 0.5 to 10 μm, preferably from 1 to 5 μm.

10. Cutting tool insert according to claim 1, wherein a layer of TiN between the substrate and said first layer with a thickness of <3 μm, preferably 0.5-2 μm.

11. Cutting tool insert according to claim 1, wherein said coating has a total thickness of from about 5 to about 25 μm.

12. Cutting tool insert according to claim 1, wherein said alumina columnar grains have a length/width ratio from about 5 to about 10.

13. Cutting tool insert according to claim 1, wherein said first layer adjacent the body having a thickness of from 1 to 10 μm.

14. Cutting tool insert according to claim 1, wherein said α-Al₂O₃layer adjacent said first layer has a thickness of from about 1 to about 20 μm.

15. Cutting tool insert according to claim 1, wherein said α-Al₂O₃layer adjacent said first layer has a thickness of from about 1 to about 10 μm.

16. A cutting tool insert comprising a substrate at least partially coated with a coating having a total thickness of from about 5 to about 40 μm, preferably 5-25 μm comprising one or more refractory layers of which at least one layer of which is an α-alumina layer wherein said α-alumina layer comprises columnar α-Al₂O₃grains with a <001> growth direction with texture coefficients

a) TC(006)>1.4, preferably >3.0 and most preferably >4.0.

the texture coefficient TC(hkl) being defined as

TC (hkl) = \frac{I (hkil)}{I_{0} (hkil)} {\frac{1}{n} \sum \frac{I (hkil)}{I_{0} (hkil)}}^{- 1}

wherein

I(hkl)=measured intensity of the (hid) reflection

I₀(hkl)=standard intensity according to JCPDS card no 46-1212

n=number of reflections used in the calculation

(hkl) reflections used are: (012), (104), (110), (006), (113) and (116), and

wherein said α-alumina layer is formed by controlling both the nucleation and growth of α-alumina using sulphur-containing and at least one fluorine-containing precursor.

17. Cutting tool insert according to claim 16, wherein said at least one sulphur-containing precursor is selected from the group consisting of H₂S, SF₆, SO₂, SF₆and mixtures thereof.

18. A method of making an α-Al₂O₃layer on a substrate, comprising the steps of:

nucleating said alumina in a temperature range of from about 750 to about 1000° C., and controlling both the nucleation and growth of α-alumina using sulphur-containing and at least one fluorine-containing precursor.

19. Method according to claim 18, wherein said at least one sulphur-containing precursor is selected from the group consisting of H₂S, SF₆, SO₂, SF₆and mixtures thereof.

20. Method according to claim 18, wherein said at least one sulphur-containing precursor comprises a mixture of H₂S and SF₆.