US20130043930A1

US20130043930A1 - Charge pump

Info

Publication number: US20130043930A1
Application number: US13/209,502
Authority: US
Inventors: Chien-Liang Chen
Original assignee: United Microelectronics Corp
Current assignee: Marlin Semiconductor Ltd
Priority date: 2011-08-15
Filing date: 2011-08-15
Publication date: 2013-02-21
Anticipated expiration: 2031-08-15
Also published as: US8368442B1

Abstract

A charge pump exhibiting a voltage compensation function is provided. The charge pump includes: a first current generator, a first semiconductor device, a second current generator, a second semiconductor device, and a voltage regulator. The voltage regulator dynamically adjusts a voltage level at the gate of the first or second semiconductor device so as to adjust a first current or a second current outputted to a current output node. In addition, the voltage regulator provides a bias voltage at the current output node when both the first and second semiconductor devices are turned off.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a charge pump, and more particularly to a charge pump exhibiting a voltage compensation function.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

FIG. 1A is a schematic functional block diagram illustrating a conventional phase locked loop. The phase locked loop (PLL) 10 includes a phase/frequency detector (PFD) 101, a charge pump (CP) 103, a low pass filter (LPF) 105 and a voltage control oscillator (VCO) 107. The phase locked loop 10 is optionally comprised of a frequency divider 109. The operating principle of the phase locked loop 10 will be illustrated as follows. Firstly, a divided signal V_divfrom the frequency divider 109 and an input signal V_inare received by the phase/frequency detector 101. Then, a phase difference between the divided signal V_divand the input signal V_inis detected. According to the phase difference, the frequency of an output signal V_outfrom the voltage control oscillator 107 is adjusted. The frequency of the output signal V_outis divided by the frequency divider 109, and the divided signal V_divis issued to the phase detector 101. Ideally, the frequency of the divided signal V_divis identical to that of the input signal V_in.
FIG. 1B is a schematic diagram illustrating the interconnection among the phase/frequency detector, the charge pump, and the low pass filter. After the phase/frequency detector 101 receives the input signal V_inand the divided signal V_div, the phase/frequency detector 101 outputs comparing signals (V_up, V_down). The comparing signals (V_up, V_down) are used for respectively controlling the switching states of the semiconductor devices (P1, N1) in the charge pump 103. Consequently, the low pass filter 105 is charged or discharged in response to the switching states of the semiconductor devices (P1, N1).
Charging/discharging the low pass filter 105 results in changes of the voltage level V_CPat the current output node S_CP, and further affects the frequency of the output signal V_outgenerated and outputted from the voltage control oscillator 107.
The operations of the phase/frequency detector 101, charge pump 103, low pass filter 105, and voltage control oscillator 107 will be further discussed below.
In a case that the frequency of the input signal V_inis greater than frequency of the divided signal V_div, the charge pump 103 charges the low pass filter 105 according to the first comparing signal V_up. After being charged, the voltage level V_CPat the current output node S_CPis increased, and so are the frequencies of the output signal V_outand the divided signal V_div.
Therefore, the increase of the voltage level V_CPat the current output node S_CPindirectly causes the increase of the frequency of the divided signal V_div. In spite the frequency of the divided signal V_divless than the frequency of the input signal V_inat the first, the frequencies of the output signal V_outand the divided signal, V_divbecome higher as the low pass filter 105 is charged. As a result, by increasing the voltage level V_CPat the current output node S_CP, the frequency of the divided signal V_divincreases so as to approach the frequency of the input signal V_in.
In a case that the frequency of the input signal V_inis less than that of the divided signal V_div, the charge pump 103 discharges the low pass filter 105 according to the second comparing signal V_downgenerated from the phase/frequency detector. After discharging, the voltage level V_CPat the current output node S_CPis decreased, and so are the frequencies of the output signal V_outand the divided signal V_div.
Therefore, the decrease of the voltage level V_CPat the current output node S_CPindirectly causes the decrease of the frequency of the divided signal V_div. In spite the frequency of the divided signal V_divis greater than the frequency of the input signal V_inat the first, the frequencies of the output signal V_outand the divided signal V_divbecome less as the low pass filter 105 is discharged. As a result, by decreasing the voltage level V_CPat the current output node S_CP, the frequency of the divided signal V_divdecreases so as to approach the frequency of the input signal V_in.
In brief, since the voltage level V_CPat the current output node S_CPcorrelates to the frequencies of the output signal V_outand divided signal V_div, the control of the voltage level V_CPat the current output node S_CPfacilitates the stabilization of the phase locked loop 10. It is shown that the control of the voltage level V_CPis an important issue.
In details, with reference to FIG. 1B, an inverted first comparing signal V_up′ is generated by inverting the first comparing signal V_up. by an inverter 102 a and received by the charge pump 103.
According to the inverted first comparing signal V_up′, the switching state of the first p-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor (PMOS) P1 is determined. In a case that the logic state of the first comparing signal V_upis logic “1”, then the logic state of the inverted first comparing signal V_up′ is logic “0”, and the first PMOS P1 is turned on. In such a case, the low pass filter 105 is charged by the charge pump 103 and the voltage level V_CPat the current output node S_CPis increased accordingly.
On the other hand, the second comparing signal V_downis propagated via a transmission gate 102 b. The propagated second comparing signal V_downΔis received by the charge pump 103.
With the propagated second comparing signal V_downΔ, the switching state of the first n-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor (NMOS) N1 is determined. In a case that the logic state of the propagated second comparing signal V_downΔis logic “1”, the first NMOS N1 is turned on. In such a case, the low pass filter 105 is discharged by the charge pump 103 and the voltage level V_CPat the current output node S_CPis decreased accordingly.
From the above discussions, in a case that logic states of the first and second comparing signals V_up, V_downare logic “0”, the first PMOS P1 and the first NMOS N1 are both turned off. In such a case, the voltage level V_CPat the current output node S_CPbecomes floating.
If the voltage control oscillator 107 receives the floating voltage level V_CPat the current output node S_CP, jitters are easily generated as noises might be occurred. Therefore, how to stabilize the voltage level V_CPwhen both the comparing signals V_up, V_downare high impedance is an important issue.
Ideally, the influences of the charging operation of the first and second PMOS, and the discharging operation of the first and second NMOS on the low pass filter 105 can be balanced. However, these two types of transistors are not completely symmetrical to each other in practice, and the intensities of the charging current and the discharging current are hard to completely equal to each other.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Therefore, an aspect of the present invention provides a charge pump capable of providing a bias voltage at the current output node.
Besides, another aspect of the present invention provides a charge pump capable of balancing the charging current from the PMOS and the discharging current from the NMOS whenever the voltage level V_CPat the current output section S_CPchanges.
In accordance with an aspect, the present invention provides a charge pump, comprising: a first current generator electrically connected to a first voltage terminal, and providing a first current; a first semiconductor device electrically connected to the first current generator and a current output node, and optionally turned on to conduct flow of the first current to the current output node; a second current generator electrically connected to a second voltage terminal and providing a second current; a second semiconductor device electrically connected to the second current generator and the current output node, and optionally turned on to conduct flow of the second current to the current output node; and a voltage regulator electrically connected to the first and second semiconductor devices and the current output node for dynamically adjusting a voltage level at the gate of the first or second semiconductor device so as to adjust the first current or the second current outputted to the current output node.
In accordance with another aspect, the present invention provides a charge pump, comprising: a first current generator for providing a first current to a current output node; a first semiconductor device electrically connected to the first current generator and the current output node, and turned on in response to a specified state of a first signal inputted thereto so as to conduct flow of the first current to the current output node; a second current generator for providing a second current; a second semiconductor device electrically connected to the second current generator and the current output node, and turned on in response to a specified state of a second signal inputted thereto so as to conduct flow of the second current to the current output node; and a voltage regulator electrically connected to the first and second semiconductor device and the current output node, and configured to provide a bias voltage at the current output node.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above objects and advantages of the present invention will become more readily apparent to those ordinarily skilled in the art after reviewing the following detailed description and accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1A is a schematic functional block diagram illustrating a conventional phase locked loop;

FIG. 1B is a schematic diagram illustrating the interconnection among the phase/frequency detector, the charge pump, and the low pass filter;

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating the internal connections of a charge pump according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3A is a schematic circuit diagram illustrating operations of an example of the charge pump as shown in FIG. 2 when the voltage level at the current output node increases;

FIG. 3B is a schematic circuit diagram illustrating operations of an example of the charge pump as shown in FIG. 2 when the voltage level at the current output node decreases; and

FIG. 4 is a schematic circuit diagram illustrating another example of the charge pump as shown in FIG. 2.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The present invention will now be described more specifically with reference to the following embodiments. It is to be noted that the following descriptions of preferred embodiments of this invention are presented herein for purpose of illustration and description only. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to be limited to the precise form disclosed.
For solving the incompatible current and jitter problem encountered by prior art, a charge pump according to an embodiment of the present invention, provides a small current between the voltage terminals V_ddand V_GNDso as to provide a bias voltage to the current output node S_CPfor voltage compensation.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating the internal connections of a charge pump according to an embodiment of the present invention. In the charge pump 203, a certain intensity of current is provided at the current output node S_CPaccording to a set of comparing signals (V_up, V_down) or a set of biasing voltage generated by a voltage regulator 2033 when the set of comparing signals (V_up, V_down) are high impedance. The charge pump 203 includes a constant current source (CCSO) 2031, a constant current sink (CCSI) 2032, and the voltage regulator 2033. The CCSO 2031 includes a first current generator 2031 a, and a first semiconductor device 2031 b. The CCSI 2032 includes a second current generator 2032 a, and a second semiconductor 2032 b. The set of comparing signals (V_up, V_down) are tri-state signals whose states are high voltage level, low voltage level or high impedance.
Please refer to FIG. 3A, which illustrates an example of the charge pump as shown in FIG. 2. The first current generator 2031 a is electrically connected to a first voltage terminal V_ddand the current output node S_CP. Based on a first bias control voltage V_b1, the first current generator 2031 a provides a first current I_P. On the other hand, the second current generator 2032 a is electrically connected to the second voltage terminal V_GND. Based on a second bias control voltage V_b2, the second current generator 2032 a provides a second current I_N.
The source and drain of the first semiconductor device 2031 b are electrically connected to the first current generator 2031 a and the current output node S_CP, respectively. The first semiconductor device 2031 b is turned on according to the first comparing signal V_up. If the first semiconductor device 2031 b is turned on, the first current I_Pis provided to the current output node S_CP. The first current I_Pserves as a charging current for charging a downstream low pass filter (not shown). When the first comparing signal V_upis high impedance, the first semiconductor device 2031 b is biased according to a voltage level V_S1.
The source and gate of the second semiconductor device 2032 b are electrically connected to the second current generator 2032 a and the current output node S_CP, respectively. The second semiconductor device 2032 b is turned on according to the second comparing signal V_down. If the second semiconductor device 2032 b is turned on, the second current I_Nis provided to the current output node S_CP. The second current I_Nserves as a discharging current for discharging a downstream low pass filter (not shown). When the second comparing signal V_downis high impedance, the second semiconductor device 2032 b is biased according to a voltage level V_S2.
As for the voltage regulator 203, it is electrically connected to the gates of the first and second semiconductor device 2031 b, 2032 b and the current output node S_CP.
In a case that the set of comparing signals (V_up, V_down) are high impedance, the voltage regulator 2033 provides a first bias voltage and a second bias voltage to the gates of the first and second semiconductor device 2031 b, 2032 b, respectively.
In a case that the set of comparing signals (V_up, V_down) are high impedance, the voltage regulator 2033 dynamically adjusts the first or second bias voltage in response to changes of the voltage level V_CPat the current output node S_CP. By dynamically adjusting voltage levels at the first and second bias node S1, S2, the first current I_Pand the second current I_Ncan be timely stabilized.
According to the present invention, the voltage regulator 2033 includes a first regulating unit 2033 a and a second regulating unit 2033 b. The first regulating unit 2033 a is electrically connected between the first voltage terminal V_ddand the current output node S_CP, and includes a third semiconductor device 33 and a fourth semiconductor device 34. The second regulating unit 2033 b is electrically connected between the second voltage terminal V_GNDand the current output node S_CP, and includes a fifth semiconductor device 35 and a sixth semiconductor device 36.
The first regulating unit 2033 a is used together with the first current generator 2031 a and the first semiconductor device 2031 b to stabilize the first current I_Pprovided by the first current generator 2031 a by providing the first bias voltage to the gate of the first semiconductor device 2031 b.
The second regulating unit 2033 b is used together with the second current generator 2032 a and the second semiconductor device 2032 b to stabilize the second current I_Nprovided by the second current generator 2032 a by providing the second bias voltage to the gate of the second semiconductor device 2032 b.
The first regulating unit 2033 a is electrically connected to the first voltage terminal V_dd, the second voltage terminal V_GND, and the current output node S_CP. The first regulating unit 2033 a and the first semiconductor device 2031 b are both electrically connected to the first bias node S1. The first regulating unit 2033 a generates and outputs a first compensated current I_PCto the current output node S_CPby means of the voltage level V_S1on the first bias node S1 when the set of comparing signals (V_up, V_down) are high impedance.
The second regulating unit 2033 b is electrically connected to the first voltage terminal V_dd, the second voltage terminal V_GND, and the current output node S_CP. The second regulating unit 2033 b and the second semiconductor device 2032 b are both electrically connected to the second bias node S2. The second regulating unit 2033 b generates and outputs a second compensated current I_NCto the current output node S_CPby means of the voltage level V_S2on the second bias node S2 when the set of comparing signals (V_up, V_down) are high impedance.
In this example, the third semiconductor device 33 is an NMOS, whose drain and gate are electrically connected to the second voltage terminal V_GNDand the current output terminal S_CP, respectively. Therefore, the voltage drop V_GS-33between the gate and source of the third semiconductor device 33 substantially equals to the voltage difference of the voltage level V_CPat the current output node S_CPand the voltage level V_GNDat the second voltage terminal.
On the other hand, the fourth semiconductor device 34 is a PMOS, whose source and gate are electrically connected to the first voltage terminal V_ddand the drain of the third semiconductor device 33, respectively. The gate of the fourth semiconductor device 34 is electrically connected to its own drain. Besides, the gate of the fourth semiconductor device 34 and the gate of the first semiconductor device 2031 b are electrically connected to the first bias node S1.
Likewise, according to FIG. 3A, the fifth semiconductor device 35 is a PMOS, whose source and gate are electrically connected to the first voltage terminal V_ddand the current output node S_CP, respectively. Therefore, the voltage drop V_SG-35between the gate and source of the fifth semiconductor device 33 substantially equals to the voltage difference of the voltage level V_ddat the first voltage terminal and the voltage level V_CPat the current output node S_CP.
The sixth semiconductor device 36 is an NMOS, whose source is electrically connected to the second voltage terminal V_GND. The drain of the fifth semiconductor device 35 is electrically connected to the drain of the sixth semiconductor device 36. The gate of the sixth semiconductor 36 is electrically connected to its own drain. Besides, the gate of the sixth semiconductor device 36 and the gate of the second semiconductor device 2032 b are electrically connected to the second bias node S2.
According to the present invention, the first regulating unit 2033 a is considered as a compensation current source to output the voltage level V_S1on the first bias node S1 to the current output node S_CPwhen the set of comparing signals (V_up, V_down) are high impedance. Therefore, the first current generator 2031 a, whose source-drain voltage is fixed in theorem, in the constant current source (CCSO) 2031 is considered as an independent current source for providing a constant current.
The second regulating unit 2033 b is considered as a compensation current source to output the voltage level V_S2on the second bias node S2 to the current output node S_CPwhen the set of comparing signals (V_up, V_down) are high impedance. Therefore, the second current generator 2032 a, whose drain-source voltage is fixed in theorem, in the constant current sink (CCSI) 2032 is considered as an independent current sink for receiving the constant current. A constant current generated by the CCSO 2031 flows to the CCSI 2032 consistently.
In a case that the set of comparing signals (V_up, V_down) are high impedance, the current flows between the CCSO 2031 and the CCSI 2032 is kept constant. Since there is current constantly flowing to the current output node S_CP, the voltage level V_CPat the current output node S_CPis maintained at a certain value (with a scale of nano-ampere). Hence the constant current is feasible to bias the voltage level V_CPat the current output node S_CP.
Therefore, when the set of comparing signals (V_up, V_down) are high impedance, the voltage regulator 2033 provides a first compensation voltage generated by the first compensated currents I_PC, that is the voltage level V_S1, on the first bias node S1 and a second compensation voltage generated by the second compensated currents I_NC, that is the voltage level V_S2, on the second bias node S2. Subsequently, the first current generator 2031 a charges the downstream low pass filter with the first compensated current I_PC., and the second current generator 2032 a discharges the low pass filter with a second compensated current I_NC.
Accordingly, the first and second currents I_P, I_Nare compensated. The current intensities of the first compensated current I_PCand the second compensated current I_NCare equal and the charging/discharging of the low pass filter can be balanced.
The voltage regulator 2033 is capable of providing a bias voltage at the current output node S_CPby means of the first and second compensated currents I_PC, I_NC. Furthermore, the problem that the voltage level V_CPat the current output node S_CPis floating and accompanying disadvantages such as jitters can be solved.
As the intensities of the first and second compensated currents I_PC, I_NC, are substantially equal, these compensated currents do not affect the charging/discharging of the low pass filter even if the set of comparing signals (V_up, V_down) are high impedance.
The operations of the first regulating unit 2033 a and the second regulating unit 2033 b in response to the changes of the voltage level V_CPat the current output node S_CPare illustrated. The relationship between the first regulating unit 2033 a and the first semiconductor device 2031 b is first discussed, followed by discussions regarding the relationship between the second regulating unit 2033 b and the second semiconductor device 2032 b.
For the first regulating unit 2033 a, when the set of comparing signals (V_up, V_down) are high impedance, the third semiconductor device 33 is regarded as a reference current source for providing a first compensated current I_PCto the current output node S_CP.
The gate and drain of the fourth semiconductor device 34 are electrically connected to each other, and thus the voltage levels thereat are both equal to the voltage level at the first bias node S1. The formula i_DP=k(ν_SG-P−ν_t-P)²(1+λν_SD-P) can be deduced to i_D−P=k(ν_SG-P−ν_t-P)²(1+λν_SG-P), where i_DPis a current flowing through the fourth semiconductor device 34, k and λ are constants, ν_SG-Pis the voltage drop between the source and gate of the fourth semiconductor device 34, and ν_t-Pis the threshold voltage of the fourth semiconductor device 34. That is, the voltage drop V_SG-34of the source and gate of the fourth semiconductor device 34 is determined according to the first compensated current I_PC.
Moreover, as the gates of the fourth and first semiconductor devices 2031 b, 34 are electrically connected to the first bias node S1, the voltage drop V_SG-34is correlated to the voltage level V_G-2031bat the gate of the first semiconductor device 2031 b.
According to the equation i_D=k(ν_GS−ν_t)²(1+λν_DS), both the voltage drop V_GSand V_DSare in direct proportion to the current intensity. That is, since the voltage drops V_GSand V_DSchange in opposite ways, e.g. the voltage drop V_GSincreases while the voltage drop V_DSdecreases, and vice versa, the intensity of the charging current flowing through the first semiconductor device 2031 b can be kept stable.
In brief, a change of the voltage drop V_SG-2031bbetween the source and gate of the first semiconductor device 2031 b is used to compensate the change of the voltage drop V_SD-2031bbetween the source and drain of the same. Therefore, the charging current generated and outputted by the first current generator 2031 a is not affected by the changes of the voltage level V_CPat the current output node S_CP.
For the second regulating unit 2033 b, when the set of comparing signals (V_up, V_down) are high impedance, the fifth semiconductor device 35 is regarded as a reference current source for providing a second compensated current I_NCto the current output node S_CP.
As the gate and drain of the sixth semiconductor device 36 are electrically connected to each other, the voltage levels thereat are equal to the voltage level of the second bias node S2. The formula i_DN=k(ν_GS-N−ν_t-N)²(1+λν_DS-N) can be deduced to i_DN=k(ν_GS-N−ν_t-N)²(1+λν_GS-N), where i_DNis a current flowing through the sixth semiconductor device 36, k and λ are constants, ν_GS-Nis the voltage drop between the gate and source of the sixth semiconductor device 36, and ν_t-Nis the threshold voltage of the sixth semiconductor device 34. That is, the voltage drop V_GS-36of the gate and source of the sixth semiconductor device 36 is determined according to the second compensated current I_NC.
Moreover, as the gates of both the sixth and the second semiconductor device 36, 2032 b are electrically connected to the second bias node S2, the voltage drop V_GS-36correlates to the voltage level V_G-2032bat the gate of the second semiconductor device 2032 b.
According to the equation i_D=k(ν_GS−ν_t)²(1+λν_DS), both the voltage drops V_GSand V_DSare in direct proportion to the current intensity. That is, since the voltage drops V_GSand V_DSchange in opposite ways, e.g. the voltage drop V_GSincreases while the voltage drop V_DSdecreases, and vice versa, the intensity of the charging current flows through the second semiconductor device 2032 b can be kept stable.
In brief, a change of the voltage drop V_GS-2032bbetween the gate and source of the second semiconductor device 2032 b is used to compensate the change of the voltage drop V_DS-2032abetween the drain and source of the same. Therefore, the discharging current generated and outputted by the second current generator 2032 a is not affected by the changes of the voltage level V_CPat the current output node S_CP.
Meanwhile, the charge pump according to the present invention is capable of dynamically adjusting the voltage levels V_S1, V_S2at the first and second bias nodes S1, S2 in response to the variation of the voltage level V_CPat the current output node S_CP. That is, the voltage level V_S1at the first bias node S1 is used to adjust the voltage drop V_SG-2031bbetween the source and gate of the first semiconductor device 2031 b. The voltage level V_S2at the second bias node S2 is used to adjust the voltage drop V_GS-2032bbetween the gate and source of the second semiconductor device 2032 b.
Since the voltage drops V_GS-2031b, V_GS-2032bare changed in response to the changes of the voltage level V_CPat the current output node S_CP, the first current I_Pfor charging and the second current I_Nfor discharging become more stable as the first and second compensated currents I_PC, I_NCare existed. In short, the voltage regulator 2033 exhibits a function of monitoring the variation of the voltage level V_CPat the current output node S_CP, and providing a negative feedback for diminishing that variation.
In the example of FIG. 3A, in a case that the set of comparing signals (V_up, V_down) are high impedance, the voltage regulator adjusts the voltage levels at terminals of the semiconductor devices when the voltage level at the current output node increases. The operations of the first and second regulating units 2033 a, 2033 b are discussed below.
The internal operations of the first regulating unit 2033 a are first discussed. When the voltage level V_CPat the current output node S_CPincreases, the voltage drop V_GS-33also increases. The increase of the voltage drop V_GS-33causes the increase of the first compensated current I_PCprovided by the third semiconductor device 33.
The voltage drop V_SG-34between the source and gate of the fourth semiconductor device 34 varies with the current intensity of the first compensated current I_PC. Therefore, the voltage drop V_SG-34increases if the first compensated current I_PCincreases.
Since the source of the fourth semiconductor 34 is electrically connected to the first voltage terminal V_dd, the increase of the voltage drop V_SGis equivalent to the decrease of voltage level at the gate of the fourth semiconductor device 34. Due to the connection of the gates of the first and fourth semiconductor devices 2031 b, 34, the voltage level at the gate of the first semiconductor device 2031 b also decreases. Meanwhile, the voltage drop V_SG-2031bbetween the source and gate of the first semiconductor device 2031 b increases.
To sum up, the increase of the voltage level V_CPat the current output node S_CPcauses the decrease of the voltage drop V_SD-2031bbut the increase of the voltage drop V_SG-2031b.
Therefore, the voltage level at the conjunction of the first current generator 2031 a and the first semiconductor device 2031 b does not change with the increase of the voltage level V_CPat the current output node S_CP. As a result, the current provided by the first current generator 2031 a is kept stable.
As the first semiconductor device 2031 b shares the same base with the fourth semiconductor device 34, threshold voltages V_tof both the first and fourth semiconductor devices 2031 b, 34 are equivalent. Besides, parameters related to material characteristics and operating temperatures of these two semiconductor devices 2031 b, 34 are identical. Therefore, the first compensated current I_PCconducted through the fourth semiconductor 34 is reflected to the first semiconductor device 2031 b based on a current mirror structure.
Therefore, the relationship between changes of voltage levels discussed above can be explained from the viewpoint of current generation. That is, with the increasing of the voltage level V_CPat the current output node S_CP, the first compensated current I_PCincreases. In such case, the corresponding reflected current to the first semiconductor device 2031 b also increases. The decrease of the charging current caused by increasing of the voltage level V_CPat the current output nod S_CPis hence being diminished by the increasing of the reflected current. Therefore, the charging current provided to the current output node S_CPis stabilized.
The internal operations of the second regulating unit 2033 b are then discussed. When the voltage level V_CPat the current output node S_CPincreases, the voltage drop V_SG-35decreases at meanwhile. The decrease of the voltage drop V_SG-35implies that the second compensated current I_NCprovided by the fifth semiconductor device 35 decreases consequently.
The voltage drop V_GS-36between the gate and the source of the sixth semiconductor device 34 is depending on the current intensity of the second compensated current I_NC. Therefore, the voltage drop V_GS-36decreases if the second compensated current I_NCdecreases.
Since the source of the sixth semiconductor 36 is electrically connected to the second voltage terminal V_GND, the decrease of the voltage drop V_GS-36is equivalent to the decrease of voltage level at the gate of the sixth semiconductor device 36. Due to the connection of the gates of the second and sixth semiconductor device 2032 b, 36, the voltage level at the gate of the second semiconductor device 2032 b also decreases. At the meanwhile, the voltage drop V_GS-2032bbetween the source and the gate of the second semiconductor device 2031 b decreases.
To sum up, the increase of the voltage level V_CPat the current output node S_CPimplies the increase of the voltage drop V_DS-2032bbut the decrease of the voltage drop V_GS-2032b.
Therefore, the voltage level at the conjunction of the second current generator 2032 a and the second semiconductor device 2032 b does not change with the increase of the voltage level V_CPat the current output node S_CP. Furthermore, the current provided by the second current generator 2032 a is kept stable.
As the second semiconductor device 2032 b shares the same base with the sixth semiconductor device 36, threshold voltages V_tof both semiconductor devices 2032 b, 36 are equivalent. Besides, parameters related to material characteristics and operating temperatures of these two semiconductor devices 2032 b, 36 are identical. Therefore, the second compensated current I_NCconducted through the sixth semiconductor 36 is reflected to the second semiconductor device 2032 b based on a current mirror structure.
Therefore, the relationship between changes of voltage levels discussed above can be explained from the viewpoint of current generation. That is, with the increase of the voltage level V_CP, the second compensated current I_NCdecreases. In such a case, the corresponding reflected current to the second semiconductor device 2032 b also decreases. The increase of the discharging current caused by the increase of the voltage level V_CPat the current output nod S_CPis hence being diminished by the decrease of the reflected current. Therefore, the discharging current provided to the current output node S_CPis stabilized.
In the example of FIG. 3B, in a case that the set of comparing signals (V_up, V_down) are high impedance, the voltage regulator adjusts the voltage levels at terminals of the semiconductor devices when the voltage level at the current output node decreases. The operations of the first and second regulating units 2033 a, 2033 b are discussed below.
The internal operations of the first regulating unit 2033 a are first discussed. When the voltage level V_CPat the current output node S_CPdecreases, the voltage drop V_GS-33also decreases. The decrease of the voltage drop V_GS-33causes the decrease of the first compensated current I_PCprovided by the third semiconductor device 33.
The voltage drop V_SG-34between the source and gate of the fourth semiconductor device 34 varies with the current intensity of the first compensated current I_PC. Therefore, the voltage drop V_SG-34decreases if the first compensated current I_PCdecreases.
Since the source of the fourth semiconductor 34 is electrically connected to the first voltage terminal V_dd, the decrease of the voltage drop V_SGis equivalent to the increase of voltage level at the gate of the fourth semiconductor device 34. Due to the connection of the gates of the first and fourth semiconductor device 2031 b, 34, the voltage level at the gate of the first semiconductor device 2031 b also increases. Meanwhile, the voltage drop V_SG-2031bbetween the source and gate of the first semiconductor device 2031 b decreases.
To sum up, the decrease of the voltage level V_CPat the current output node S_CPcauses the increase of the voltage drop V_SD-2031bbut the decrease of the voltage drop V_SG-2031b.
Therefore, the voltage level at the conjunction of the first current generator 2031 a and the first semiconductor device 2031 b does not change with the decrease of the voltage level V_CPat the current output node S_CP. As a result, the current provided by the first current generator 2031 a is kept stable.
As the first semiconductor device 2031 b shares the same base with the fourth semiconductor device 34, threshold voltages Vt of both semiconductor devices 2031 b, 34 are equivalent. Besides, parameters related to material characteristics and operating temperatures of these two semiconductor device 2031 b, 34 are identical. Therefore, the first compensated current I_PCconducted through the fourth semiconductor 34 is reflected to the first semiconductor device 2031 b based on the current mirror structure.
Therefore, the relationship between changes of voltage levels discussed above can be explained from the viewpoint of current generation. That is, with the decrease of the voltage level V_CP, the first compensated current I_PCdecreases. In such case, the corresponding reflected current to the first semiconductor device 2031 b also decreases. The increase of the charging current caused by the decrease of the voltage level V_CPat the current output nod S_CPis hence being diminished by the decrease of the reflected current. Therefore, the charging current provided to the current output node S_CPis stabilized.
The internal operations of the second regulating unit 2033 b are then discussed. When the voltage level V_CPat the current output node S_CPdecreases, the voltage drop V_SG-35increases at meanwhile. The increase of the voltage drop V_SG-35implies that the second compensated current I_NCprovided by the fifth semiconductor device 35 increases consequently.
The voltage drop V_GS-36between the gate and the source of the sixth semiconductor device 34 is depending on the current intensity of the second compensated current I_NC. Therefore, the voltage drop V_GS-36increases if the second compensated current I_NCincreases.
Since the source of the sixth semiconductor 36 is electrically connected to the second voltage terminal V_GND, the increase of the voltage drop V_GS-36is equivalent to the increase of voltage level at the gate of the sixth semiconductor device 36. Due to the connection of the gates of the second and the sixth semiconductor devices 2032 b, 36, the voltage level at the gate of the second semiconductor device 2032 b also increases. At the meanwhile, the voltage drop V_GS-2032bbetween the source and the gate of the second semiconductor device 2031 b increases.
To sum up, the decrease of the voltage level V_CPat the current output node S_CPimplies the decrease of the voltage drop V_DS-2032bbut the increase of the voltage drop V_GS-2032b.
Therefore, the voltage level at the conjunction of the second current generator 2032 a and the second semiconductor device 2032 b does not change with the decrease of the voltage level V_CPat the current output node S_CP. Furthermore, the current provided by the second current generator 2032 a is kept stable.
As the second semiconductor device 2032 b shares the same base with the sixth semiconductor device 36, threshold voltages V_tof both semiconductor device 2032 b, 36 are equivalent. Besides, parameters related to material characteristics and operating temperatures of these two semiconductor device 2032 b, 36 are identical. Therefore, the second compensated current I_NCconducted through the sixth semiconductor 36 is reflected to the second semiconductor device 2032 b based on a current mirror structure.
Therefore, the relationship between changes of voltage levels discussed above can be explained from the viewpoint of current generation. That is, with the decrease of the voltage level V_CP, the second compensated current I_NCincreases. In such case, the corresponding reflected current to the second semiconductor device 2032 b also increases. The decrease of the discharging current caused by the decrease of the voltage level V_CPat the current output nod S_CPis hence being diminished by the increase of the reflected current. Therefore, the discharging current provided to the current output node S_CPis stabilized.
FIG. 4 is a schematic circuit diagram illustrating another example of the charge pump as shown in FIG. 2. According to FIG. 4, it is shown that extra components can be optionally used in the charge pump under a variety of considerations such as circuit matching.
While considering the voltage matching issue between the first and the fourth semiconductor device 2031 b, 34, a seventh semiconductor device 37 is placed between the fourth semiconductor device 34 and the first voltage terminal V_dd. The gates of the first and fourth semiconductor devices 2031 b, 34 are electrically connected to each other, but the first current generator 2031 a is in between the first semiconductor device 2031 b and the first voltage terminal V_ddwhile the fourth semiconductor device 34 is electrically connected to the first voltage terminal V_dddirectly. Therefore, the seventh semiconductor device 37 is utilized to make the voltage levels at the gates of the fourth and the first semiconductor 34, 2031 b switches match.
Similarly, an eighth semiconductor device 38 may be optionally used in between the sixth semiconductor device 36 and the second voltage terminal V_GND, for compensating the voltage level at the gate of the second semiconductor device 203 b.
Moreover, a unit gain buffer (also referred to as a buffer amplifier) 2035 is optionally used in between the first semiconductor device 2031 b, the second semiconductor device 2032 b, and the voltage regulator 203. The unit gain buffer 2035 is an amplifier whose output end is electrically connected to its negative input end. The unit gain buffer 2035 passes the voltage level of the voltage signal V_CPat the current output node S_CPto the voltage regulator. Since the unit gain buffer 2035 has features of high input resistance, low output resistance etc., signal decay of the voltage regulator 203 is minimized.
While the invention has been described in terms of what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention needs not be limited to the disclosed embodiment. On the contrary, it is intended to cover various modifications and similar arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims which are to be accorded with the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and similar structures.

Claims

1. A charge pump, comprising:

a first current generator electrically connected to a first voltage terminal, and providing a first current;

a first semiconductor device electrically connected to the first current generator and a current output node, and optionally conducting flow of the first current to the current output node;

a second current generator electrically connected to a second voltage terminal and providing a second current;

a second semiconductor device electrically connected to the second current generator and the current output node, and optionally conducting flow of the second current to the current output node; and

a voltage regulator electrically connected to the first and second semiconductor devices and the current output node for dynamically adjusting a voltage level at the gate of the first or second semiconductor devices so as to adjust the first current or the second current outputted to the current output node.

2. The charge pump according to claim 1, wherein the voltage regulator raises the voltage level at the gate of the first semiconductor device when the voltage level at the current output node increases.

3. The charge pump according to claim 1, wherein the voltage regulator lowers the voltage level at the gate of the first semiconductor device when the voltage level at the current output node decreases.

4. The charge pump according to claim 1, wherein the voltage regulator lowers the voltage level at the gate of the second semiconductor device when the voltage level at the current output node increases.

5. The charge pump according to claim 1, wherein the voltage regulator raises the voltage level at the gate of the second semiconductor device when the voltage level at the current output node decreases.

6. The charge pump according to claim 1, wherein the voltage regulator comprises:

a first regulating unit electrically connected to the first voltage terminal, the current output node and the first semiconductor device for adjusting the voltage level at the gate of the first semiconductor device according to a change of the voltage level at the current output node; and

a second regulating unit electrically connected to the second voltage terminal, the current output node, and the second semiconductor device for adjusting the voltage level at the gate of the second semiconductor device according to the change of the voltage level at the current output node.

7. The charge pump according to claim 6, further comprising:

a unit gain amplifier electrically connected to the current output node and the first and second regulating units for reflecting the voltage level at the current output node to the regulating units.

8. The charge pump according to claim 1, wherein the first semiconductor device is turned on in response to a specified state of a first comparing signal received from a phase/frequency detector disposed upstream of the charge pump, and the second semiconductor device is turned on in response to a specified state of a second comparing signal received from the phase/frequency detector.

9. The charge pump according to claim 1, wherein the first voltage terminal is coupled to a voltage source, and the second voltage terminal is coupled to ground.

10. A charge pump, comprising:

a first current generator for providing a first current to a current output node;

a first semiconductor device electrically connected to the first current generator and the current output node, and turned on in response to a specified state of a first signal inputted thereto so as to conduct flow of the first current to the current output node;

a second current generator for providing a second current;

a second semiconductor device electrically connected to the second current generator and the current output node, and turned on in response to a specified state of a second signal inputted thereto so as to conduct flow of the second current to the current output node; and

a voltage regulator electrically connected to the first and second semiconductor devices and the current output node, and configured to provide a bias voltage at the current output node when both the first and second signals are high impedance.

11. The charge pump according to claim 10, wherein the voltage regulator comprises:

a first regulating unit electrically connected to a first voltage terminal, where the first regulating unit is electrically connected to the current output node and the first semiconductor device, for outputting a first compensated current to the current output node; and

a second regulating unit electrically connected to a second voltage terminal, where the second regulating unit is electrically connected to the current output node, and the second semiconductor device, for outputting a second compensated current to the current output node,

wherein the bias voltage is generated at the current output node in response to the first and second compensated currents.

12. The charge pump according to claim 11, wherein the first voltage terminal is coupled to a voltage source, and the second voltage terminal is coupled to ground.

13. The charge pump according to claim 10, wherein the first and second regulating units are electrically connected to a filter disposed downstream of the charge pump for charging/discharge the filter with the first and second compensated currents, and intensities of the first and second compensated currents are substantially equal to each other.

14. The charge pump according to claim 10, further comprising

15. The charge pump according to claim 10, wherein the first signal and the second signal are a first comparing signal and a second comparing signal, which are received from a phase/frequency detector disposed upstream of the charge pump.

16. The charge pump according to claim 10, wherein the voltage regulator electrically connected to gate electrodes of the first and second semiconductor devices, and the current output node.

17. The charge pump according to claim 1, wherein the voltage regulator electrically connected to gate electrodes of the first and second semiconductor devices, and the current output node.