US20130052395A1 - Composite component having a multilayer cap - Google Patents
Composite component having a multilayer cap Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20130052395A1 US20130052395A1 US13/590,143 US201213590143A US2013052395A1 US 20130052395 A1 US20130052395 A1 US 20130052395A1 US 201213590143 A US201213590143 A US 201213590143A US 2013052395 A1 US2013052395 A1 US 2013052395A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- cap layer
- substrate
- component
- cap
- comprised
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims description 52
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 48
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- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 claims description 14
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- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 11
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 10
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- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- UHESRSKEBRADOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl carbamate;prop-2-enoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C=C.CCOC(N)=O UHESRSKEBRADOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000005038 ethylene vinyl acetate Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl urethane Chemical compound CCOC(N)=O JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- DQXBYHZEEUGOBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N but-3-enoic acid;ethene Chemical compound C=C.OC(=O)CC=C DQXBYHZEEUGOBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylic acid group Chemical group C(C=C)(=O)O NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000454 talc Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052623 talc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000004801 Chlorinated PVC Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002877 acrylic styrene acrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 description 2
- TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium sulfate Chemical compound [Ba+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
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- 239000010902 straw Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 235000017060 Arachis glabrata Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000105624 Arachis hypogaea Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000010777 Arachis hypogaea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000018262 Arachis monticola Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004156 Azodicarbonamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000017166 Bambusa arundinacea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000017491 Bambusa tulda Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000060011 Cocos nucifera Species 0.000 description 1
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- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000000797 Hibiscus cannabinus Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000006240 Linum usitatissimum Species 0.000 description 1
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- 240000004658 Medicago sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000017587 Medicago sativa ssp. sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000082204 Phyllostachys viridis Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000015334 Phyllostachys viridis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 1
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-DEQYMQKBSA-M Sodium bicarbonate-14C Chemical compound [Na+].O[14C]([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-DEQYMQKBSA-M 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000006750 UV protection Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920002522 Wood fibre Polymers 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004676 acrylonitrile butadiene styrene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000012211 aluminium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XOZUGNYVDXMRKW-AATRIKPKSA-N azodicarbonamide Chemical compound NC(=O)\N=N\C(N)=O XOZUGNYVDXMRKW-AATRIKPKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019399 azodicarbonamide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011425 bamboo Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001680 brushing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium atom Chemical compound [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CJZGTCYPCWQAJB-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium stearate Chemical compound [Ca+2].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O CJZGTCYPCWQAJB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000008116 calcium stearate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013539 calcium stearate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011111 cardboard Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000000748 compression moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000010433 feldspar Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N haloperidol Chemical compound C1CC(O)(C=2C=CC(Cl)=CC=2)CCN1CCCC(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C=C1 LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011121 hardwood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012948 isocyanate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002513 isocyanates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011133 lead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium oxide Inorganic materials [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010445 mica Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052618 mica group Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004005 microsphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012778 molding material Substances 0.000 description 1
- RKISUIUJZGSLEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-[2-(octadecanoylamino)ethyl]octadecanamide Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)NCCNC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC RKISUIUJZGSLEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000123 paper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020232 peanut Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920001568 phenolic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005011 phenolic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 1
- QMRNDFMLWNAFQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-enenitrile;prop-2-enoic acid;styrene Chemical compound C=CC#N.OC(=O)C=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 QMRNDFMLWNAFQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006305 unsaturated polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002025 wood fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004383 yellowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- XOOUIPVCVHRTMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc stearate Chemical compound [Zn+2].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O XOOUIPVCVHRTMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/18—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin characterised by the use of special additives
- B32B27/20—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin characterised by the use of special additives using fillers, pigments, thixotroping agents
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/30—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising vinyl (co)polymers; comprising acrylic (co)polymers
- B32B27/304—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising vinyl (co)polymers; comprising acrylic (co)polymers comprising vinyl halide (co)polymers, e.g. PVC, PVDC, PVF, PVDF
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2255/00—Coating on the layer surface
- B32B2255/10—Coating on the layer surface on synthetic resin layer or on natural or synthetic rubber layer
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2255/00—Coating on the layer surface
- B32B2255/26—Polymeric coating
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2262/00—Composition or structural features of fibres which form a fibrous or filamentary layer or are present as additives
- B32B2262/06—Vegetal fibres
- B32B2262/062—Cellulose fibres, e.g. cotton
- B32B2262/067—Wood fibres
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2264/00—Composition or properties of particles which form a particulate layer or are present as additives
- B32B2264/06—Vegetal particles
- B32B2264/062—Cellulose particles, e.g. cotton
- B32B2264/067—Wood particles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2419/00—Buildings or parts thereof
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/23—Sheet including cover or casing
- Y10T428/239—Complete cover or casing
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31551—Of polyamidoester [polyurethane, polyisocyanate, polycarbamate, etc.]
- Y10T428/31573—Next to addition polymer of ethylenically unsaturated monomer
- Y10T428/3158—Halide monomer type [polyvinyl chloride, etc.]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31855—Of addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
- Y10T428/3188—Next to cellulosic
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31855—Of addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
- Y10T428/31909—Next to second addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
- Y10T428/31913—Monoolefin polymer
- Y10T428/3192—Next to vinyl or vinylidene chloride polymer
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31855—Of addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
- Y10T428/31938—Polymer of monoethylenically unsaturated hydrocarbon
Definitions
- Exemplary embodiments of the present invention relate generally to components comprised of capped materials and components and, more particularly, to materials and components that have a multilayer cap.
- One particular embodiment relates to components made from wood replacement materials such as organic-filled and/or inorganic-filled composite components.
- wood replacement materials such as organic-filled and/or inorganic-filled composite components.
- the exemplary components of the present invention may be substituted for components typically made of wood, particle board, wafer board, or other similar materials.
- exemplary components of the present invention may be substituted for components commonly made of other materials such as, but not limited to, metal, plastic, single layer extrusions, molding materials, and other materials used presently or in the past or future to make components.
- Wood composites may typically be formed through an extrusion process. Extrusion involves mixing or blending the ingredients of a wood composite material with any conventional mixing device or industrial blender. The materials may then be delivered to a heated extruder where they are processed at a suitable speed and temperature. In the extruder, the materials may be blended and heated and then forced into a die system.
- the die system can be made up of one or more plates. The die system allows the starting materials to bond and form a shaped-homogeneous product.
- Wood composites can offer many advantages as compared to natural wood. For instance, wood composites can offer superior resistance to wear and tear. In particular, wood composites can have enhanced resistance to moisture. In fact, it is well known that the retention of moisture is a primary cause of the warping, splintering, and discoloration of natural woods. Moreover, wood composites may be sawed, sanded, shaped, turned, fastened, and finished in a similar manner as natural woods. Also, wood composites can be embossed or otherwise textured to promote a wood grain appearance.
- Each wood composite material has specific characteristics including, but not limited to, appearance, durability, workability, flexibility, weight, resistance to moisture, resistance to cracking and splintering, resistance to expansion and contraction, resistance to discoloration, mildew resistance, ultraviolet light screening ability, etc.
- a wood composite may not provide the desired physical or aesthetic characteristics for some applications.
- a wood composite may be a more widely available or better alternative for a substrate.
- a cap may simply be more cost effective or provide improved aesthetics or physical characteristics as compared to the substrate.
- capstocks are typically considered unsuitable for certain substrates.
- material groups are not mixed.
- a particular example is that a PVC-based capstock is typically not considered suitable for a polyethylene-based substrate; instead, a PVC-based capstock is put on a PVC substrate. Consequently, some materials have not been considered suitable for better capstocks.
- a substrate is provided with a multilayer cap.
- the initial (first) cap layer may be a material that is typically not considered to be suitable for use with the substrate.
- the substrate may be provided with at least two different cap layers to gain the benefits of each cap layer.
- the combination of cap layers may provide surprising and unexpected results that are a significant improvement over that which can be obtained with only one of the cap layers.
- a polyethylene-based composite substrate may be provided with a PVC capstock.
- a tie layer may secure the PVC capstock to the substrate.
- An example of a tie layer is ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA).
- EVA ethylene vinyl acetate
- a UV-cured coating may then be provided about the PVC capstock.
- An example of a UV-cured cap is a blend of urethane and acrylic (e.g., urethane acrylates that are 100% solids). While this embodiment is particularly useful, other materials and combinations are possible.
- FIG. 1 is a cross section of an exemplary embodiment of a component of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a cross section of another exemplary embodiment of a component of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 shows one exemplary embodiment of a component of the present invention.
- the component may be a deck board 10 comprising a substrate 12 , a first cap layer 14 , and a second cap layer 16 .
- the first cap layer 14 extends around all four sides of the deck board 10 .
- the first cap layer 14 may be disposed on any side or sides of the component 10 .
- the second cap layer 16 at least partially overlaps the first cap layer 14 .
- the second cap layer 16 may extend over substantially all of the first cap layer 14 .
- cap layer 16 extends completely around all sides of the component 10 and substantially covers first cap layer 14 .
- the cap layers may respectively have any suitable thickness. Nonetheless, in an exemplary embodiment, each cap layer may have a conventional capstock thickness. Also, some exemplary embodiments may include more than two cap layers. By providing multiple cap layers, surprising and unexpected aesthetic and physical characteristics may be obtained that are not available with only one of the cap layers.
- the component 10 may also include at least one tie layer to secure layers together.
- a tie layer is ethylene vinyl acetate.
- Other materials that may be suitable for use as a tie layer include other polymers and adhesives.
- a tie layer 18 is provided between substrate 12 and first cap layer 14 to assist with securing first cap layer 14 to substrate 12 .
- Such an embodiment may allow for the use of a first cap layer that is typically not considered to be suitable for use with the substrate for reasons including, but not limited to, resin incompatibility.
- Another tie layer may also be provided between first cap layer 14 and second cap layer 16 to assist with securing the two cap layers together. In other embodiments, resin compatibility may be sufficient to secure adjacent layers together.
- FIG. 2 shows another exemplary embodiment of a deck board 10 .
- the deck board 10 may include at least one hollow 20 . This example may otherwise be similar to the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 .
- exemplary embodiments of the present invention may include various other planks and railing components including, but not limited to, top rails, universal rails, balusters, post sleeves, inside corner molding, and other railing components.
- Further examples of components that may benefit from the present invention include siding, siding accessories, interior and exterior decorative house moldings, crown moldings, chair rails, baseboards, door moldings, picture frames, furniture components, deck components, deck railings, window moldings, window components, window lineals, window frames, door components, door frames, roof components, fence components, fence posts, fence rails, floor components, pergolas, lattices, and other suitable indoor and outdoor items.
- exemplary embodiments of the present invention may be used to manufacture of other types of products that are commonly made from wood, composites, metal, or plastic.
- exemplary embodiments of a component of the present invention may contemplate many variations of the materials used for a substrate and cap layers.
- a substrate may be formed from plastic, organic-filled composite (e.g., wood composite), inorganic-filled composite, regrind, foamed composite, or any combination thereof.
- organic-filled and/or inorganic-filled composites are integral because each may not provide the desired aesthetic and physical characteristics that may be obtained with the capstock layers.
- such filled composites may be more cost effective in comparison to similar unfilled materials, but may lack desired appearance or physical characteristics.
- a cap layer may also be formed from plastic.
- Some examples of a cap layer may also include organic or inorganic filler, lubricant, stabilizer, weathering additives, process aid, pigments, and other additives.
- Other embodiments of a plastic cap may not include organic or inorganic filler.
- the plastic cap layers may be used to transform a composite substrate such that the component has desired aesthetic and physical characteristics. However, unless specified otherwise, other substrates may also benefit from multiple cap layers, which may or may not include fillers.
- Any desired wood composite materials may be used in exemplary embodiments of a composite substrate including, but not limited to, plastic/cellulosic filler materials, polymer/cellulosic filler materials, thermoplastic/cellulosic filler materials, rubber/cellulosic filler materials, foamed wood composite materials, and other cellulosic composite materials that are known now or in the future.
- the materials used to make an exemplary composite substrate may include, but are not limited to, cellulosic fillers, polymers, plastics, thermoplastics, rubber, inorganic fillers, cross-linking agents, lubricants, process aids, stabilizers, accelerators, inhibitors, enhancers, compatibilizers, blowing agents, foaming agents, thermosetting materials, colorants, and other similar or suitable materials.
- cellulosic fillers include sawdust, newspapers, alfalfa, wheat pulp, wood chips, wood fibers, wood particles, ground wood, wood flour, wood flakes, wood veneers, wood laminates, paper, cardboard, straw, cotton, rice hulls, coconut shells, peanut shells, bagass, plant fibers, bamboo fiber, palm fiber, kenaf, flax, wheat, wheat straw, and other similar or suitable cellulose materials. Any of the wood examples may be hard or soft wood or variations thereof.
- any desired mesh size of the cellulosic filler may be used. With regard to wood flour, an exemplary range of mesh size is about 10 mesh to about 100 mesh, more preferably about 40 mesh to about 80 mesh depending on the desired characteristics of the material.
- examples of polymers include multilayer films, high density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), low density polyethylene (LDPE), chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), acrylonitrile styrene acrylate (ASA), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), polystyrene (PS), other similar copolymers, other similar or suitable plastic materials, and formulations that incorporate any of the aforementioned polymers.
- examples of substrate material include, but are not limited to, foamed polypropylene, foamed polystyrene, and polyethylene hollows.
- thermosetting materials include polyurethanes, such as isocyanates, phenolic resins, unsaturated polyesters, epoxy resins, and other similar or suitable materials. Combinations of the aforementioned materials are also examples of thermosetting materials.
- lubricants include zinc stearate, calcium stearate, esters, amide wax, paraffin wax, ethylene bis-stearamide, and other similar or suitable materials.
- stabilizers include tin stabilizers, lead and metal soaps such as barium, cadmium, and zinc, and other similar or suitable materials.
- process aids include acrylic modifiers and other similar or suitable materials.
- blowing agents include endothermic and exothermic chemical foaming agents or combinations thereof.
- Examples of an endothermic blowing agent include HYDROCEROLTM, sodium bicarbonate, and other similar or suitable materials.
- HYDROCEROLTM blowing agent is available from Boehringer Ingelheim in Orlando, Va.
- Other blowing agents may be a combination of endothermic and exothermic (e.g., azodicarbonamide and other similar or suitable materials).
- suitable blowing agents known to one of ordinary skill in the art may also be utilized in exemplary embodiments of the present invention.
- EXPANCELTM microspheres are an example of a blowing or foaming agent that is commercially available from Expancel, Inc., which is a company of Akzo Nobel.
- a cellulosic composite material for a substrate may include at least one cellulosic filler in an amount of about 30% to about 70% by weight, more preferably about 40% to about 60% by weight, and still more preferably about 40% to about 50% by weight.
- the composite may also include polyethylene in an amount of about 25% to about 40% by weight, more preferably about 25% to about 35% by weight, and still more preferably about 30% to about 35% by weight.
- the composite may also include talc or another suitable inorganic filler in an amount of about 1% to about 20% by weight, more preferably about 5% to about 15% by weight, and still more preferably about 10% to about 15% by weight.
- the composite may also include lubricant in an amount of about 3% to about 6% by weight. Other additives may also be included in the composite.
- a wood composite material may include at least one cellulosic filler in the amount of about 30% to about 70% by weight, more preferably about 40% to about 60% by weight, and still more preferably about 45% to about 55% by weight.
- the composite may also include polyethylene in the amount of about 25% to about 45% by weight, more preferably about 25% to about 35% by weight, and still more preferably about 28% to about 33% by weight.
- the composite may also include talc or another suitable inorganic filler in an amount of about 5% to about 25% by weight, more preferably about 10% to about 20% by weight, and still more preferably about 12% to about 17% by weight.
- the composite may also include lubricant in an amount of about 1% to about 10% by weight and more preferably about 3% to about 8% by weight.
- a substrate may be comprised of a regrind composite.
- a regrind composite may be used in a manner such that the regrind composite layer is less visible or not visible due to the multiple cap layers.
- a regrind composite may be used even if it does not provide the desired appearance.
- a regrind composite may still be used even if it is not comprised of the desired pigment.
- multiple different types of regrind material may be mixed together to form the regrind composite layer in each of the examples.
- the differences between the types of regrind material may be the ingredients and/or the amounts of the ingredients.
- various colors of regrind material may be mixed together to form a substrate.
- the cap layers may be selected to provide the desired appearance or other physical or aesthetic characteristics.
- the cap layers may be pigmented to provide the desired appearance.
- a component includes a first cap layer comprised of a resin that is not compatible with the resin of the substrate.
- a PVC-based capstock may be used with a polyethylene-based substrate.
- PVC-based capstock may include PVC resin, stabilizer, titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), lubrication, process aid, and pigment.
- Benefits of PVC-based capstock may include improved weatherability (e.g., color retention) and impact resistance.
- a component may include a first capstock layer that is thermoplastic and a second capstock layer that is thermoset.
- An example of a second capstock layer is a UV-cured coating.
- One embodiment of a UV-cured coating is a blend of urethane and acrylic (e.g., urethane acrylates that are 100% solids).
- An example of a UV-cured coating may offer advantages including, but not limited to, water repellency, impact resistance, reduced cracking/brittleness, scratch resistance, chemical resistance, UV resistance, and resistance to yellowing.
- An example of a UV-cured coating may be clear (e.g., transparent or translucent) so as to allow the appearance of the first capstock layer.
- a UV-cured coating may include pigments (e.g., such that the first capstock layer cannot be seen or such that the first and second capstock layers create a layered appearance.
- each of the capstock layers may provide particular advantages.
- a capstock layer may also help to compensate for or improve aspects of the other capstock layer(s).
- the end result may be a component that exhibits better physical and aesthetic characteristics than a similar component with fewer or no capstock layers.
- more expensive additives such as ultraviolet light protection materials, anti-staining materials, and higher grade pigments may be less needed and/or may be added in smaller amounts to the cap layers because of the improved performance achieved with multiple cap layers, which may thus reduce the cost of the component.
- a component of one exemplary embodiment of the present invention may be formed by any suitable method.
- a component may be made using one or more manufacturing methods including, but not limited to, extrusion, co-extrusion, pultrusion, compression molding, spraying, brushing, and other similar or suitable manufacturing methods.
- each of the layers may be co-extruded.
- layers may be provided in multiple stages.
- any embodiment of the present invention may include any of the optional or preferred features of the other embodiments of the present invention.
- the exemplary embodiments herein disclosed are not intended to be exhaustive or to unnecessarily limit the scope of the invention.
- the exemplary embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain some of the principles of the present invention so that others skilled in the art may practice the invention. Having shown and described exemplary embodiments of the present invention, those skilled in the art will realize that many variations and modifications may be made to affect the described invention. Many of those variations and modifications will provide the same result and fall within the spirit of the claimed invention. It is the intention, therefore, to limit the invention only as indicated by the scope of the claims.
Abstract
Description
- This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/525,690, filed on Aug. 19, 2011, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
- Exemplary embodiments of the present invention relate generally to components comprised of capped materials and components and, more particularly, to materials and components that have a multilayer cap. One particular embodiment relates to components made from wood replacement materials such as organic-filled and/or inorganic-filled composite components. However, unless expressly set forth otherwise, it is not intended to limit the present invention to a particular type or category of components. The exemplary components of the present invention may be substituted for components typically made of wood, particle board, wafer board, or other similar materials. In addition, it should be recognized that exemplary components of the present invention may be substituted for components commonly made of other materials such as, but not limited to, metal, plastic, single layer extrusions, molding materials, and other materials used presently or in the past or future to make components.
- The supply of natural woods for construction and other purposes is dwindling. As a result, many are concerned about conserving the world's forests, and the cost of natural woods has risen. In light of these factors, a tremendous demand has developed in recent years for wood composites, e.g., cellulosic/polymer composites, that exhibit the look and feel of natural woods. Although improvements and developments are still being made, it is known in the art how to make wood replacement products. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,908,902, 4,091,153, 4,686,251, 4,708,623, 5,002,713, 5,055,247, 5,087,400, and 5,151,238 relate to processes for making wood replacement products.
- Wood composites may typically be formed through an extrusion process. Extrusion involves mixing or blending the ingredients of a wood composite material with any conventional mixing device or industrial blender. The materials may then be delivered to a heated extruder where they are processed at a suitable speed and temperature. In the extruder, the materials may be blended and heated and then forced into a die system. The die system can be made up of one or more plates. The die system allows the starting materials to bond and form a shaped-homogeneous product.
- An example of a co-extrusion system is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,793,474, which is incorporated herein by reference, in its entirety. Other types of co-extrusion systems are also known in the art. Such systems have had limited uses, so there is a need for new uses of co-extrusion systems.
- Wood composites can offer many advantages as compared to natural wood. For instance, wood composites can offer superior resistance to wear and tear. In particular, wood composites can have enhanced resistance to moisture. In fact, it is well known that the retention of moisture is a primary cause of the warping, splintering, and discoloration of natural woods. Moreover, wood composites may be sawed, sanded, shaped, turned, fastened, and finished in a similar manner as natural woods. Also, wood composites can be embossed or otherwise textured to promote a wood grain appearance.
- There are many different wood composite materials. Each wood composite material has specific characteristics including, but not limited to, appearance, durability, workability, flexibility, weight, resistance to moisture, resistance to cracking and splintering, resistance to expansion and contraction, resistance to discoloration, mildew resistance, ultraviolet light screening ability, etc.
- Despite the many advantages of wood composites in comparison to natural woods, there is a need to be able to provide a cap on wood composites. For example, a wood composite may not provide the desired physical or aesthetic characteristics for some applications. In one instance, it may be too costly to incorporate desired additives throughout the wood composite to get a component having desired properties. In another instance, a wood composite may be a more widely available or better alternative for a substrate. In still other instances, a cap may simply be more cost effective or provide improved aesthetics or physical characteristics as compared to the substrate.
- There is a further need to be able to provide a particular capstock on certain substrates. Certain capstocks are typically considered unsuitable for certain substrates. In other words, material groups are not mixed. A particular example is that a PVC-based capstock is typically not considered suitable for a polyethylene-based substrate; instead, a PVC-based capstock is put on a PVC substrate. Consequently, some materials have not been considered suitable for better capstocks.
- There is still a further need to improve on existing capped components. Particular capstocks may be advantageous with respect to some characteristics and deficient in others. As a result, existing caps may not provide desired performance over a period of time.
- Exemplary embodiments of the present invention may address some or all of the aforementioned needs. In an exemplary embodiment, a substrate is provided with a multilayer cap. In one example, the initial (first) cap layer may be a material that is typically not considered to be suitable for use with the substrate. In another example, the substrate may be provided with at least two different cap layers to gain the benefits of each cap layer. In exemplary embodiments, the combination of cap layers may provide surprising and unexpected results that are a significant improvement over that which can be obtained with only one of the cap layers.
- In one exemplary embodiment, a polyethylene-based composite substrate may be provided with a PVC capstock. A tie layer may secure the PVC capstock to the substrate. An example of a tie layer is ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA). In an exemplary embodiment, a UV-cured coating may then be provided about the PVC capstock. An example of a UV-cured cap is a blend of urethane and acrylic (e.g., urethane acrylates that are 100% solids). While this embodiment is particularly useful, other materials and combinations are possible.
- In addition to the novel features and advantages mentioned above, other benefits will be readily apparent from the following descriptions of the drawings and exemplary embodiments.
-
FIG. 1 is a cross section of an exemplary embodiment of a component of the present invention. -
FIG. 2 is a cross section of another exemplary embodiment of a component of the present invention. - Exemplary embodiments of the present invention are directed to capped materials and components. Exemplary embodiments may also include methods for manufacturing the capped materials and components.
FIG. 1 shows one exemplary embodiment of a component of the present invention. In this exemplary embodiment, the component may be adeck board 10 comprising asubstrate 12, afirst cap layer 14, and asecond cap layer 16. In this example, thefirst cap layer 14 extends around all four sides of thedeck board 10. In other exemplary embodiments, thefirst cap layer 14 may be disposed on any side or sides of thecomponent 10. Thesecond cap layer 16 at least partially overlaps thefirst cap layer 14. In an exemplary embodiment, thesecond cap layer 16 may extend over substantially all of thefirst cap layer 14.FIG. 1 shows an example in which thesecond cap layer 16 extends completely around all sides of thecomponent 10 and substantially coversfirst cap layer 14. Unless expressly set forth otherwise, the cap layers may respectively have any suitable thickness. Nonetheless, in an exemplary embodiment, each cap layer may have a conventional capstock thickness. Also, some exemplary embodiments may include more than two cap layers. By providing multiple cap layers, surprising and unexpected aesthetic and physical characteristics may be obtained that are not available with only one of the cap layers. - The
component 10 may also include at least one tie layer to secure layers together. One example of a tie layer is ethylene vinyl acetate. Other materials that may be suitable for use as a tie layer include other polymers and adhesives. In the example shown inFIG. 1 , atie layer 18 is provided betweensubstrate 12 andfirst cap layer 14 to assist with securingfirst cap layer 14 tosubstrate 12. Such an embodiment may allow for the use of a first cap layer that is typically not considered to be suitable for use with the substrate for reasons including, but not limited to, resin incompatibility. Another tie layer may also be provided betweenfirst cap layer 14 andsecond cap layer 16 to assist with securing the two cap layers together. In other embodiments, resin compatibility may be sufficient to secure adjacent layers together. -
FIG. 2 shows another exemplary embodiment of adeck board 10. In this example, thedeck board 10 may include at least one hollow 20. This example may otherwise be similar to the embodiment shown inFIG. 1 . - Although one exemplary embodiment is particularly useful for a deck board, other components that may be formed by exemplary embodiments of the present invention may include various other planks and railing components including, but not limited to, top rails, universal rails, balusters, post sleeves, inside corner molding, and other railing components. Further examples of components that may benefit from the present invention include siding, siding accessories, interior and exterior decorative house moldings, crown moldings, chair rails, baseboards, door moldings, picture frames, furniture components, deck components, deck railings, window moldings, window components, window lineals, window frames, door components, door frames, roof components, fence components, fence posts, fence rails, floor components, pergolas, lattices, and other suitable indoor and outdoor items. In addition, exemplary embodiments of the present invention may be used to manufacture of other types of products that are commonly made from wood, composites, metal, or plastic.
- Unless specified otherwise, exemplary embodiments of a component of the present invention may contemplate many variations of the materials used for a substrate and cap layers. For example, a substrate may be formed from plastic, organic-filled composite (e.g., wood composite), inorganic-filled composite, regrind, foamed composite, or any combination thereof. In certain exemplary embodiments, organic-filled and/or inorganic-filled composites are integral because each may not provide the desired aesthetic and physical characteristics that may be obtained with the capstock layers. For example, such filled composites may be more cost effective in comparison to similar unfilled materials, but may lack desired appearance or physical characteristics.
- A cap layer may also be formed from plastic. Some examples of a cap layer may also include organic or inorganic filler, lubricant, stabilizer, weathering additives, process aid, pigments, and other additives. Other embodiments of a plastic cap may not include organic or inorganic filler. The plastic cap layers may be used to transform a composite substrate such that the component has desired aesthetic and physical characteristics. However, unless specified otherwise, other substrates may also benefit from multiple cap layers, which may or may not include fillers.
- Any desired wood composite materials may be used in exemplary embodiments of a composite substrate including, but not limited to, plastic/cellulosic filler materials, polymer/cellulosic filler materials, thermoplastic/cellulosic filler materials, rubber/cellulosic filler materials, foamed wood composite materials, and other cellulosic composite materials that are known now or in the future. For instance, the materials used to make an exemplary composite substrate may include, but are not limited to, cellulosic fillers, polymers, plastics, thermoplastics, rubber, inorganic fillers, cross-linking agents, lubricants, process aids, stabilizers, accelerators, inhibitors, enhancers, compatibilizers, blowing agents, foaming agents, thermosetting materials, colorants, and other similar or suitable materials.
- Examples of cellulosic fillers include sawdust, newspapers, alfalfa, wheat pulp, wood chips, wood fibers, wood particles, ground wood, wood flour, wood flakes, wood veneers, wood laminates, paper, cardboard, straw, cotton, rice hulls, coconut shells, peanut shells, bagass, plant fibers, bamboo fiber, palm fiber, kenaf, flax, wheat, wheat straw, and other similar or suitable cellulose materials. Any of the wood examples may be hard or soft wood or variations thereof. Furthermore, any desired mesh size of the cellulosic filler may be used. With regard to wood flour, an exemplary range of mesh size is about 10 mesh to about 100 mesh, more preferably about 40 mesh to about 80 mesh depending on the desired characteristics of the material.
- On the other hand, examples of polymers include multilayer films, high density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), low density polyethylene (LDPE), chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), acrylonitrile styrene acrylate (ASA), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), polystyrene (PS), other similar copolymers, other similar or suitable plastic materials, and formulations that incorporate any of the aforementioned polymers. For instance, examples of substrate material include, but are not limited to, foamed polypropylene, foamed polystyrene, and polyethylene hollows.
- Examples of inorganic fillers include talc, calcium carbonate, kaolin clay, magnesium oxide, titanium dioxide, silica, mica, barium sulfate, feldspar, diatomite, fly ash, recycled rubber, and other similar or suitable materials. Examples of thermosetting materials include polyurethanes, such as isocyanates, phenolic resins, unsaturated polyesters, epoxy resins, and other similar or suitable materials. Combinations of the aforementioned materials are also examples of thermosetting materials. Examples of lubricants include zinc stearate, calcium stearate, esters, amide wax, paraffin wax, ethylene bis-stearamide, and other similar or suitable materials. Examples of stabilizers include tin stabilizers, lead and metal soaps such as barium, cadmium, and zinc, and other similar or suitable materials. In addition, examples of process aids include acrylic modifiers and other similar or suitable materials.
- Examples of blowing agents include endothermic and exothermic chemical foaming agents or combinations thereof. Examples of an endothermic blowing agent include HYDROCEROL™, sodium bicarbonate, and other similar or suitable materials. HYDROCEROL™ blowing agent is available from Boehringer Ingelheim in Petersburg, Va. Other blowing agents may be a combination of endothermic and exothermic (e.g., azodicarbonamide and other similar or suitable materials). Other suitable blowing agents known to one of ordinary skill in the art may also be utilized in exemplary embodiments of the present invention. For example, EXPANCEL™ microspheres are an example of a blowing or foaming agent that is commercially available from Expancel, Inc., which is a company of Akzo Nobel.
- One exemplary embodiment of a cellulosic composite material for a substrate may include at least one cellulosic filler in an amount of about 30% to about 70% by weight, more preferably about 40% to about 60% by weight, and still more preferably about 40% to about 50% by weight. The composite may also include polyethylene in an amount of about 25% to about 40% by weight, more preferably about 25% to about 35% by weight, and still more preferably about 30% to about 35% by weight. The composite may also include talc or another suitable inorganic filler in an amount of about 1% to about 20% by weight, more preferably about 5% to about 15% by weight, and still more preferably about 10% to about 15% by weight. The composite may also include lubricant in an amount of about 3% to about 6% by weight. Other additives may also be included in the composite.
- Another exemplary embodiment of a wood composite material may include at least one cellulosic filler in the amount of about 30% to about 70% by weight, more preferably about 40% to about 60% by weight, and still more preferably about 45% to about 55% by weight. The composite may also include polyethylene in the amount of about 25% to about 45% by weight, more preferably about 25% to about 35% by weight, and still more preferably about 28% to about 33% by weight. The composite may also include talc or another suitable inorganic filler in an amount of about 5% to about 25% by weight, more preferably about 10% to about 20% by weight, and still more preferably about 12% to about 17% by weight. The composite may also include lubricant in an amount of about 1% to about 10% by weight and more preferably about 3% to about 8% by weight.
- It should also be recognized that, for any of the examples, a substrate may be comprised of a regrind composite. These exemplary embodiments enable a regrind composite to be used in a manner such that the regrind composite layer is less visible or not visible due to the multiple cap layers. As a result, a regrind composite may be used even if it does not provide the desired appearance. For instance, a regrind composite may still be used even if it is not comprised of the desired pigment. Indeed, multiple different types of regrind material may be mixed together to form the regrind composite layer in each of the examples. The differences between the types of regrind material may be the ingredients and/or the amounts of the ingredients. For example, various colors of regrind material may be mixed together to form a substrate. In such embodiments, the cap layers may be selected to provide the desired appearance or other physical or aesthetic characteristics. For example, the cap layers may be pigmented to provide the desired appearance.
- One exemplary embodiment of a component includes a first cap layer comprised of a resin that is not compatible with the resin of the substrate. In one exemplary embodiment, a PVC-based capstock may be used with a polyethylene-based substrate. One example of PVC-based capstock may include PVC resin, stabilizer, titanium dioxide (TiO2), lubrication, process aid, and pigment. Benefits of PVC-based capstock may include improved weatherability (e.g., color retention) and impact resistance.
- Another exemplary embodiment of a component may include a first capstock layer that is thermoplastic and a second capstock layer that is thermoset. An example of a second capstock layer is a UV-cured coating. One embodiment of a UV-cured coating is a blend of urethane and acrylic (e.g., urethane acrylates that are 100% solids). An example of a UV-cured coating may offer advantages including, but not limited to, water repellency, impact resistance, reduced cracking/brittleness, scratch resistance, chemical resistance, UV resistance, and resistance to yellowing. An example of a UV-cured coating may be clear (e.g., transparent or translucent) so as to allow the appearance of the first capstock layer. However, in some exemplary embodiments, a UV-cured coating may include pigments (e.g., such that the first capstock layer cannot be seen or such that the first and second capstock layers create a layered appearance.
- In an exemplary embodiment, each of the capstock layers may provide particular advantages. At the same time, a capstock layer may also help to compensate for or improve aspects of the other capstock layer(s). In an exemplary embodiment, the end result may be a component that exhibits better physical and aesthetic characteristics than a similar component with fewer or no capstock layers. In addition, more expensive additives such as ultraviolet light protection materials, anti-staining materials, and higher grade pigments may be less needed and/or may be added in smaller amounts to the cap layers because of the improved performance achieved with multiple cap layers, which may thus reduce the cost of the component.
- A component of one exemplary embodiment of the present invention may be formed by any suitable method. For example, a component may be made using one or more manufacturing methods including, but not limited to, extrusion, co-extrusion, pultrusion, compression molding, spraying, brushing, and other similar or suitable manufacturing methods. For example, each of the layers may be co-extruded. Alternatively, layers may be provided in multiple stages.
- Any embodiment of the present invention may include any of the optional or preferred features of the other embodiments of the present invention. The exemplary embodiments herein disclosed are not intended to be exhaustive or to unnecessarily limit the scope of the invention. The exemplary embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain some of the principles of the present invention so that others skilled in the art may practice the invention. Having shown and described exemplary embodiments of the present invention, those skilled in the art will realize that many variations and modifications may be made to affect the described invention. Many of those variations and modifications will provide the same result and fall within the spirit of the claimed invention. It is the intention, therefore, to limit the invention only as indicated by the scope of the claims.
Claims (20)
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EP3131754A4 (en) * | 2014-04-17 | 2017-12-20 | Arkema France | Weatherable first surface over a tie layer over a pultruded substrate |
US10946627B2 (en) | 2014-04-17 | 2021-03-16 | Arkema France | Weatherable first surface over a tie layer over a pultruded substrate |
US11072132B2 (en) * | 2014-12-15 | 2021-07-27 | Tecton Products, Llc | Coating system and method |
US11602907B2 (en) | 2014-12-15 | 2023-03-14 | Tecton Products, Llc | Coating system and method |
US11173643B2 (en) * | 2015-08-24 | 2021-11-16 | Tangent Technologies Llc | Wood-grained polymer substrate |
US20220032526A1 (en) * | 2015-08-24 | 2022-02-03 | Tangent Technologies Llc | Wood-grained polymer substrate |
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