US20140318003A1 - Fuel Additive and Fuel Composition - Google Patents
Fuel Additive and Fuel Composition Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20140318003A1 US20140318003A1 US14/240,454 US201214240454A US2014318003A1 US 20140318003 A1 US20140318003 A1 US 20140318003A1 US 201214240454 A US201214240454 A US 201214240454A US 2014318003 A1 US2014318003 A1 US 2014318003A1
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- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- component
- fuel
- fuel additive
- present
- amount
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 41
- 239000002816 fuel additive Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229920013639 polyalphaolefin Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylic acid group Chemical group C(C=C)(=O)O NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 150000004996 alkyl benzenes Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- PSZYNBSKGUBXEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid Chemical class C1=CC=C2C(S(=O)(=O)O)=CC=CC2=C1 PSZYNBSKGUBXEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000002736 nonionic surfactant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- CBYZIWCZNMOEAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N formaldehyde;naphthalene Chemical class O=C.C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 CBYZIWCZNMOEAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 239000003139 biocide Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004711 α-olefin Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 21
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 15
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 11
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 9
- -1 organo metal compound Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 7
- SQAINHDHICKHLX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-naphthaldehyde Chemical class C1=CC=C2C(C=O)=CC=CC2=C1 SQAINHDHICKHLX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 0 *C.C1CCCCC1.CC Chemical compound *C.C1CCCCC1.CC 0.000 description 3
- 230000003373 anti-fouling effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000003115 biocidal effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 3
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000005673 monoalkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SXRSQZLOMIGNAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glutaraldehyde Chemical compound O=CCCCC=O SXRSQZLOMIGNAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000722921 Tulipa gesneriana Species 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- CJZGTCYPCWQAJB-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium stearate Chemical class [Ca+2].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O CJZGTCYPCWQAJB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 125000002843 carboxylic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 238000009839 combustion train Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002283 diesel fuel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000379 polymerizing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000638 solvent extraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- UUIVKBHZENILKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2-dibromo-2-cyanoacetamide Chemical compound NC(=O)C(Br)(Br)C#N UUIVKBHZENILKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GUUULVAMQJLDSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,5-dihydro-1,2-thiazole Chemical compound C1CC=NS1 GUUULVAMQJLDSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IGFHQQFPSIBGKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-nonylphenol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 IGFHQQFPSIBGKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LVDKZNITIUWNER-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bronopol Chemical compound OCC(Br)(CO)[N+]([O-])=O LVDKZNITIUWNER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002732 Polyanhydride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002125 Sokalan® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002310 Welan gum Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003868 ammonium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000008064 anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000008365 aqueous carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960003168 bronopol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000012662 bulk polymerization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008116 calcium stearate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003749 cleanliness Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001934 delay Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002542 deteriorative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- QTUOYBXDUHAXBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphosphanium sulfate Chemical compound [PH4+].[PH4+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QTUOYBXDUHAXBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010528 free radical solution polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004200 microcrystalline wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940114937 microcrystalline wax Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019808 microcrystalline wax Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000741 silica gel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002027 silica gel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007655 standard test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006188 syrup Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020357 syrup Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000454 talc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052623 talc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
- C10L1/1625—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/1633—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds homo- or copolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10L1/1641—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds homo- or copolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to carbon unsaturated bonds from compounds containing aliphatic monomers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/185—Ethers; Acetals; Ketals; Aldehydes; Ketones
- C10L1/1857—Aldehydes; Ketones
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/182—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof
- C10L1/183—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof at least one hydroxy group bound to an aromatic carbon atom
- C10L1/1832—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof at least one hydroxy group bound to an aromatic carbon atom mono-hydroxy
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/188—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof
- C10L1/1881—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof carboxylic group attached to an aliphatic carbon atom
- C10L1/1883—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof carboxylic group attached to an aliphatic carbon atom polycarboxylic acid
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/195—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10L1/196—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and a carboxyl group or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical or of salts, anhydrides or esters thereof
- C10L1/1963—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and a carboxyl group or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical or of salts, anhydrides or esters thereof mono-carboxylic
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/24—Organic compounds containing sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium
- C10L1/2431—Organic compounds containing sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium sulfur bond to oxygen, e.g. sulfones, sulfoxides
- C10L1/2437—Sulfonic acids; Derivatives thereof, e.g. sulfonamides, sulfosuccinic acid esters
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/24—Organic compounds containing sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium
- C10L1/2462—Organic compounds containing sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/2475—Organic compounds containing sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving unsaturated carbon to carbon bonds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/18—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes use of detergents or dispersants for purposes not provided for in groups C10L10/02 - C10L10/16
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2270/00—Specifically adapted fuels
- C10L2270/02—Specifically adapted fuels for internal combustion engines
- C10L2270/023—Specifically adapted fuels for internal combustion engines for gasoline engines
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2270/00—Specifically adapted fuels
- C10L2270/02—Specifically adapted fuels for internal combustion engines
- C10L2270/026—Specifically adapted fuels for internal combustion engines for diesel engines, e.g. automobiles, stationary, marine
Definitions
- the present invention relates to fuel additives and more particularly, to fuel additives exhibiting excellent detergency in the intake systems and combustion chambers of gasoline engines and in nozzles of diesel engines.
- the invention also relates to fuel compositions containing such additives.
- Sludge and/or other objectionable deposits formed in internal combustion engine fuel systems and combustion chambers of automobiles are responsible for engine trouble, of abnormal rise in carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbon concentrations in the exhaust gases. It has thus far been proposed to use certain fuel additives, typically gasoline detergents for removing or otherwise preventing deposits in carburetors, electronic fuel injectors, intake valves, combustion chambers and other operative parts of automobiles.
- fuel additives typically gasoline detergents for removing or otherwise preventing deposits in carburetors, electronic fuel injectors, intake valves, combustion chambers and other operative parts of automobiles.
- Such additives are also useful in preventing the buildup of engine deposits formed in the injection nozzles of diesel engines caused by changes and delays in fuel flow rate which results in deteriorating running performance and more harmful exhaust gases.
- the present invention is directed to a fuel additive which can dramatically reduce the buildup of deposits in an internal combustion engine, particularly in the intake system and combustion chamber thereof.
- the present invention involves a composition
- a composition comprising an internal combustion fuel; e.g., gasoline, and an additive to reduce buildup of sludge and other unwanted deposits in the combustion chamber of the engine.
- an internal combustion fuel e.g., gasoline
- an additive to reduce buildup of sludge and other unwanted deposits in the combustion chamber of the engine.
- the present invention involves an additive for use in diesel fuel to reduce diesel engine deposits in injection nozzles of diesel engines.
- the fuel additive of the present invention comprises a compound which can be:
- Component A a non-ionic surfactant having hydrophobic-hydrophilic constituents in the molecule and having the formula:
- R is an alkyl radical having from 4 to 20 carbon atoms, preferably 6 to 10 carbon atoms, and n is an integer of from 2 to 8;
- Component B a compound selected from the group consisting of partially sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde condensates, polymer condensates of linear alkyl benzene sulfonic acids, and naphthalene sulfonic acids with formaldehyde and mixtures thereof;
- Component C a polycarboxylate-type material comprising at least one of a ammonium polyacrylate, a polyacrylate derivative, a hydrophobic copolymer, or a hydrophobically modified acrylic polymer having a pH from about 6.0 to about 7.0;
- Component D a finely divided poly alpha olefin
- Component E any combination of A, B, C, or D.
- Polymers D which are used to prepare the finely divided polymer particles used in the compositions of the present invention are obtained by polymerizing or copolymerizing mono-olefins containing from about 2 to about 30 carbon atoms. More usually, the mono-olefins, which are preferably alpha olefins, contain from about 4 to about 20 carbon atoms, most preferably from about 6 to about 14 carbon atoms.
- a particularly suitable method is the Ziegler-Natte process which employs a catalyst system comprising the combination of a compound of a metal of Groups IVb, Vb, VIb, or VIII of the Periodic Chart of Elements, with an organo metal compound of a rare earth metal or a metal from Groups Ia, IIa, and IIIb of the Periodic Chart of the Elements.
- Particularly suitable catalyst systems are those comprising titanium halides and organo aluminum compounds.
- a typical polymerization procedure is to contact the monomeric mixture with a catalyst in a suitable inert hydrocarbon solvent for the monomers and the catalyst in a closed reaction vessel at reduced temperatures autogenous pressure and in a nitrogen or inert atmosphere.
- Methods and catalysts used in the preparation of suitable polyolefin polymers useful in the present invention are disclosed in the following U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,289,679; 4,358,572; 4,415,704; 4,433,123; 4,493,903; and 4,493,904, all of which are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.
- Polyalphaolefins used in the compositions of the present invention can be produced by a so-called solution polymerization technique, or by bulk polymerization methods as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,539,044, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.
- the polymers which are used in preparing the compositions of the present invention are generally those of relatively high molecular weight. In general, the effectiveness of the polymers in the fuel composition increases as the molecular weight increases beyond a certain point therein.
- the average molecular weight of the polymers is usually over 100,000 and is generally in the range of from about 300,000 to about 2 million.
- the average molecular weight of the polymers used in the processes and compositions of the present invention is preferably in the range of about 500,000 to about 1.5 million.
- useful polyolefins in the present invention can be characterized as high molecular weight non-crystalline polymers.
- the polyolefin of the present invention can comprise a coating or partitioning agent, e.g., a wax.
- a coating or partitioning agent e.g., a wax.
- the term “wax” includes any low melting, e.g., ⁇ 500° C., organic mixture or compound of high molecular weight which is solid at ambient temperature.
- the waxes contemplated by the present invention can be natural, i.e., derived from animal, vegetable or mineral sources, e.g., fatty acid waxes, or synthetic as, for example, ethylenic polymers, waxes obtained from the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, etc.
- suitable waxes include paraffin, micro-crystalline wax, slack or scale wax, polymethylene wax, polyethylene wax, fatty acid wax, etc.
- the waxes used in the compositions of the present invention are hydrocarbon in nature and are powders or particulates at room temperature.
- suitable coating agents include talc, alumina, metal salts of a fatty acid, e.g., metal stearates, silica gel, polyanhydride polymers, etc.
- coating agent is intended to and does include components which while not actually coating the polymeric material, interact with the polymeric material in such a way, be it chemical or physical, which prevents the polyolefin, when ground to a desired particle size, from agglomerating to the extent that the agglomerated material constitutes a solid or substantially solid non-dispersable mass.
- the coating or partitioning agent will be present in the compositions of the present invention in an amount of from about 1 to about 25 ppm, preferably from about 5 to about 10 ppm.
- the fuel additive compound(s) can be added per se to the fuel, e.g., gasoline, as it is being formulated at the refinery, in many cases it is more advantageous to add the compositions in conjunction with a carrier, which can be aqueous or non-aqueous.
- a carrier which can be aqueous or non-aqueous.
- the carrier can be aqueous or non-aqueous, or can be a mixture of aqueous and non-aqueous carriers or suspending mediums.
- a hydrocarbon such as gasoline could be used as a carrier to form a “syrup” for use in pre-packaged form for end users.
- the polyolefin powders or particulates of the present invention may have an average particle size of from about 25 microns to about 100 microns.
- Compounds of type B are generically naphthalene-formaldehyde condensates such water-sulfonated naphthalene-formaldehyde condensate marketed under the name LomarD by Geo Specialty Chemicals.
- Other B type compounds include sulfonated or partially sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde condensates, polymeric condensates of linear alkyl benzene sulfonic acids and naphthalene sulfonic acids with formaldehyde and mixtures thereof.
- C type compounds include poly carboxylate-type materials such as polyacrylates and polyacrylate derivatives.
- Such polymeric molecules comprises repeating units of a carbon-based backbone, some or all of the repeating units having a carboxylic acid group.
- the carboxylic acid groups can be neutralized to form the salts or neutralized with other bases to form other salts, e.g., sodium salts, ammonium salts, etc.
- the acid groups can also be reacted with other materials, e.g., alcohols, anhydrides, etc. to form esters, etc.
- various co-monomers can be employed to alter the character and composition of the resulting polymer.
- Nonlimiting examples of C type compounds are marketed under the name Hydropalat® by Cognis Deutchland GmbH.
- Hydropalat® 100 and Hydropalat® 34 are particularly useful. The latter are described as hydrophobic ammonium copolymers or hydrophobically modified acrylic acid polymers having a pH of from about 6.0 to about 7.0.
- Component D i.e., the polyalphaolefin, in combination with B, or C or both.
- Component B when the fuel additive comprises components B and D, Component B will be present in an amount of from about 4 wt % to about 10 wt % and Component D will be present in an amount of from about 90 wt % to about 99 wt %.
- Component C When the fuel additive comprises components C and D, Component C will be present in an amount of from about 0.2 wt % to about 1 wt % and Component D will be present in an amount of from about 92 wt % to about 99 wt %.
- Component B When the fuel additive comprises components B, C and D, Component B will be present in an amount from about 4.5 wt % to about 9 wt %, Component C will be present in an amount from about 0.2 wt % to 1 wt %, and Component D will be present in an amount from about 85 wt % to about 99 wt %.
- compositions of the present invention can include, with advantage, particularly in the case of diesel fuels, a biocide in an amount of from about 0.05 to about 0.3 ppm.
- a biocide in an amount of from about 0.05 to about 0.3 ppm.
- typical biocides include glutaraldehyde, and glutaraldehyde/quarternary ammonium compound blend, isothiazolin, tetrahydromethyl phosphonium sulfate (THPS), 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide, bronopol and mixtures thereof.
- compositions can contain thickening agents such as welan gum.
- thickening agent such as welan gum.
- the thickening agent will generally be present in an amount of 0.01-1 ppm.
- examples 1 and 2 the testing was conducting according to ASTM D6201-04 “Standard Test Method for Dynamometer Evaluation of Unleaded-Existing Engine Fuel for Intake Valve Deposit Formation” using a four cylinder Ford 2.3 L engine.
- Shell V Power-1 Shell V Power-1
- Table 1 summarizes the results of testing conducting using the Shell V Power-1 (Test ID GA-7126), Shell V Power-1 plus fuel additive Formulation 1 (Test ID GA-7126-F1) Shell V Power plus additive Formulation 2 (Test ID GA-7126-F2).
- This example shows another comparison using Shell V Power gasoline (Shell V Power-2) purchased at a Shell refinery outlet but having a reformulated anti-fouling package which differs from the package contained in the Shell V Power-2 used in Example 1.
- Shell V Power-2 purchased at a Shell refinery outlet but having a reformulated anti-fouling package which differs from the package contained in the Shell V Power-2 used in Example 1.
- Table 8 results are shown for the base gasoline Shell V Power-2 (Test ID GA-7624 Base), Shell V Power-2 with additive Formulation 3 (Test ID GA-7624-F3), Shell V Power-2 plus additive Formulation 4 (Test ID GA-7624-F4) and Shell V Power-2 plus additive Formulation 5 (Test GA-7624-F5).
- testing was conducted pursuant to European standards procedure CEC F-05-93 for testing inlet valve cleanliness using an MB 102 E engine.
- the gasoline employed was Unleaded Regular MG 91 to which contains 300 ppm of an anti-fouling additive, Keropur® marketed by BASF to form a base gasoline.
- the base gasoline was then mixed with various other components of the present invention in various amounts and tested for intake valve deposits (IVD). The results are shown in Table 9, below.
- the fuel additive compositions of the present invention show remarkable results in terms of reducing engine deposits in the combustion train of the engine.
Abstract
A fuel additive for a hydrocarbon based fuel that has one or more of the following Components:
-
- Component A; a non-ionic surfactant having the formula
wherein R is an alkyl radical having from 4 to 20 carbon atoms, preferably 6 to 10 carbon atoms, and n is an integer of from 2 to 8;
-
- Component B; a compound selected from the group consisting of partially sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde condensates, polymer condensates of linear alkyl benzene sulfonic acids, and naphthalene sulfonic acids with formaldehyde and mixtures thereof;
- Component C; a polycarboxylate-type material comprising at least one of a ammonium polyacrylate, a polyacrylate derivative, a hydrophobic copolymer, or a hydrophobically modified acrylic polymer having a pH of from about 6.0 to about 7.0;
- Component D; a finely divided poly alpha olefin; or
- Component E; any combination of A, B, C, or D.
Description
- This application claims priority to U.S. Application No. 61/526,966 filed on Aug. 24, 2011, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.
- 1. Field of the Invention
- The present invention relates to fuel additives and more particularly, to fuel additives exhibiting excellent detergency in the intake systems and combustion chambers of gasoline engines and in nozzles of diesel engines. The invention also relates to fuel compositions containing such additives.
- 2. Description of the Prior Art
- Sludge and/or other objectionable deposits formed in internal combustion engine fuel systems and combustion chambers of automobiles are responsible for engine trouble, of abnormal rise in carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbon concentrations in the exhaust gases. It has thus far been proposed to use certain fuel additives, typically gasoline detergents for removing or otherwise preventing deposits in carburetors, electronic fuel injectors, intake valves, combustion chambers and other operative parts of automobiles.
- Intensive research efforts have been made in the automobile industry to eliminate or alleviate the adverse effect of exhaust gases from the human body and the environment, together with efforts for fuel consumption reduction. Accordingly, there has been a growing demand for effective and advantageous fuel additives, which are more effective and advantageous vis-à-vis preventing the buildup of sludge or other such deposits in the injector, intake system and combustion chamber of a gasoline engine.
- Such additives are also useful in preventing the buildup of engine deposits formed in the injection nozzles of diesel engines caused by changes and delays in fuel flow rate which results in deteriorating running performance and more harmful exhaust gases.
- In one aspect, the present invention is directed to a fuel additive which can dramatically reduce the buildup of deposits in an internal combustion engine, particularly in the intake system and combustion chamber thereof.
- In another aspect, the present invention involves a composition comprising an internal combustion fuel; e.g., gasoline, and an additive to reduce buildup of sludge and other unwanted deposits in the combustion chamber of the engine.
- In yet another aspect, the present invention involves an additive for use in diesel fuel to reduce diesel engine deposits in injection nozzles of diesel engines.
- The fuel additive of the present invention comprises a compound which can be:
- Component A a non-ionic surfactant having hydrophobic-hydrophilic constituents in the molecule and having the formula:
- wherein R is an alkyl radical having from 4 to 20 carbon atoms, preferably 6 to 10 carbon atoms, and n is an integer of from 2 to 8;
- Component B a compound selected from the group consisting of partially sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde condensates, polymer condensates of linear alkyl benzene sulfonic acids, and naphthalene sulfonic acids with formaldehyde and mixtures thereof;
- Component C a polycarboxylate-type material comprising at least one of a ammonium polyacrylate, a polyacrylate derivative, a hydrophobic copolymer, or a hydrophobically modified acrylic polymer having a pH from about 6.0 to about 7.0;
- Component D a finely divided poly alpha olefin; or
- Component E any combination of A, B, C, or D.
- Polymers D which are used to prepare the finely divided polymer particles used in the compositions of the present invention are obtained by polymerizing or copolymerizing mono-olefins containing from about 2 to about 30 carbon atoms. More usually, the mono-olefins, which are preferably alpha olefins, contain from about 4 to about 20 carbon atoms, most preferably from about 6 to about 14 carbon atoms.
- Any of several well known methods for polymerizing the mono-olefins may be employed to produce the polymeric/co-polymeric agents used in the compositions of the present invention. A particularly suitable method is the Ziegler-Natte process which employs a catalyst system comprising the combination of a compound of a metal of Groups IVb, Vb, VIb, or VIII of the Periodic Chart of Elements, with an organo metal compound of a rare earth metal or a metal from Groups Ia, IIa, and IIIb of the Periodic Chart of the Elements. Particularly suitable catalyst systems are those comprising titanium halides and organo aluminum compounds. A typical polymerization procedure is to contact the monomeric mixture with a catalyst in a suitable inert hydrocarbon solvent for the monomers and the catalyst in a closed reaction vessel at reduced temperatures autogenous pressure and in a nitrogen or inert atmosphere. Methods and catalysts used in the preparation of suitable polyolefin polymers useful in the present invention are disclosed in the following U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,289,679; 4,358,572; 4,415,704; 4,433,123; 4,493,903; and 4,493,904, all of which are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. Polyalphaolefins used in the compositions of the present invention can be produced by a so-called solution polymerization technique, or by bulk polymerization methods as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,539,044, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.
- The polymers which are used in preparing the compositions of the present invention are generally those of relatively high molecular weight. In general, the effectiveness of the polymers in the fuel composition increases as the molecular weight increases beyond a certain point therein. The average molecular weight of the polymers is usually over 100,000 and is generally in the range of from about 300,000 to about 2 million. The average molecular weight of the polymers used in the processes and compositions of the present invention is preferably in the range of about 500,000 to about 1.5 million. In general, useful polyolefins in the present invention can be characterized as high molecular weight non-crystalline polymers.
- The polyolefin of the present invention can comprise a coating or partitioning agent, e.g., a wax. The term “wax” includes any low melting, e.g., <500° C., organic mixture or compound of high molecular weight which is solid at ambient temperature. The waxes contemplated by the present invention can be natural, i.e., derived from animal, vegetable or mineral sources, e.g., fatty acid waxes, or synthetic as, for example, ethylenic polymers, waxes obtained from the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, etc. Non-limiting examples of suitable waxes include paraffin, micro-crystalline wax, slack or scale wax, polymethylene wax, polyethylene wax, fatty acid wax, etc. Typically, the waxes used in the compositions of the present invention are hydrocarbon in nature and are powders or particulates at room temperature. In addition to waxes, non-limiting examples of other suitable coating agents include talc, alumina, metal salts of a fatty acid, e.g., metal stearates, silica gel, polyanhydride polymers, etc. It will be understood that the term “coating agent” is intended to and does include components which while not actually coating the polymeric material, interact with the polymeric material in such a way, be it chemical or physical, which prevents the polyolefin, when ground to a desired particle size, from agglomerating to the extent that the agglomerated material constitutes a solid or substantially solid non-dispersable mass.
- Generally speaking and when used, the coating or partitioning agent will be present in the compositions of the present invention in an amount of from about 1 to about 25 ppm, preferably from about 5 to about 10 ppm.
- Although the fuel additive compound(s) can be added per se to the fuel, e.g., gasoline, as it is being formulated at the refinery, in many cases it is more advantageous to add the compositions in conjunction with a carrier, which can be aqueous or non-aqueous. The use of a carrier is especially desirable if it is desired to market the fuel additive compositions of the present invention for addition by the vehicle owner as for example when filling up at a service station or the like. For example, if it is desired to market the fuel additive composition in a pre-packaged form for use by the end user, the carrier can be aqueous or non-aqueous, or can be a mixture of aqueous and non-aqueous carriers or suspending mediums. Thus for example a hydrocarbon such as gasoline could be used as a carrier to form a “syrup” for use in pre-packaged form for end users.
- Whether coated or uncoated, the polyolefin powders or particulates of the present invention may have an average particle size of from about 25 microns to about 100 microns.
- Compounds of type B are generically naphthalene-formaldehyde condensates such water-sulfonated naphthalene-formaldehyde condensate marketed under the name LomarD by Geo Specialty Chemicals. Other B type compounds include sulfonated or partially sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde condensates, polymeric condensates of linear alkyl benzene sulfonic acids and naphthalene sulfonic acids with formaldehyde and mixtures thereof.
- C type compounds include poly carboxylate-type materials such as polyacrylates and polyacrylate derivatives. Such polymeric molecules comprises repeating units of a carbon-based backbone, some or all of the repeating units having a carboxylic acid group. The carboxylic acid groups can be neutralized to form the salts or neutralized with other bases to form other salts, e.g., sodium salts, ammonium salts, etc. The acid groups can also be reacted with other materials, e.g., alcohols, anhydrides, etc. to form esters, etc. In addition, various co-monomers can be employed to alter the character and composition of the resulting polymer. Nonlimiting examples of C type compounds are marketed under the name Hydropalat® by Cognis Deutchland GmbH. In particular it has been found that Hydropalat® 100 and Hydropalat® 34 are particularly useful. The latter are described as hydrophobic ammonium copolymers or hydrophobically modified acrylic acid polymers having a pH of from about 6.0 to about 7.0.
- While not wanting to be bound by any theory, it is believed that of the components A, B, C, D listed above, one of the more useful compositions is Component D, i.e., the polyalphaolefin, in combination with B, or C or both.
- In the discussion which follows and in respect of the right amount of components A, B, C, or D employed, all amounts are given in terms of a weight/weight basis based on the weight of fuel. In general, the following ranges for the various components has been found to be effective.
- A from 0-3 ppm
- B from 0.1-8 ppm
- C from 0.01-5 ppm
- D from 2-80 ppm
- From the above it can be seen that, relative to one another, when the fuel additive comprises components B and D, Component B will be present in an amount of from about 4 wt % to about 10 wt % and Component D will be present in an amount of from about 90 wt % to about 99 wt %. When the fuel additive comprises components C and D, Component C will be present in an amount of from about 0.2 wt % to about 1 wt % and Component D will be present in an amount of from about 92 wt % to about 99 wt %. When the fuel additive comprises components B, C and D, Component B will be present in an amount from about 4.5 wt % to about 9 wt %, Component C will be present in an amount from about 0.2 wt % to 1 wt %, and Component D will be present in an amount from about 85 wt % to about 99 wt %.
- It will be appreciated that the particular type and amount of components, e.g., A, B, C, D, or E, used will depend upon the fuel type, e.g., gasoline, diesel, etc. Furthermore, the amounts can be easily tailored by those of skill in the art so that for a given gasoline formulation, optimum results are obtained vis-à-vis preventing fouling and deposition.
- The compositions of the present invention can include, with advantage, particularly in the case of diesel fuels, a biocide in an amount of from about 0.05 to about 0.3 ppm. Nonlimiting examples of typical biocides include glutaraldehyde, and glutaraldehyde/quarternary ammonium compound blend, isothiazolin, tetrahydromethyl phosphonium sulfate (THPS), 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide, bronopol and mixtures thereof.
- Additionally, although not necessary the compositions can contain thickening agents such as welan gum. When present, the thickening agent will generally be present in an amount of 0.01-1 ppm.
- To illustrate the present invention, the following nonlimiting examples are presented: In examples 1 and 2, the testing was conducting according to ASTM D6201-04 “Standard Test Method for Dynamometer Evaluation of Unleaded-Existing Engine Fuel for Intake Valve Deposit Formation” using a four cylinder Ford 2.3 L engine.
- In this example, the fuel tested was Shell V Power having an anti-fouling package and formulated in 2009-2010 and purchased at a Shell refining outlet. This Shell V Power is designated herein as Shell V Power-1. Table 1 summarizes the results of testing conducting using the Shell V Power-1 (Test ID GA-7126), Shell V Power-1 plus fuel additive Formulation 1 (Test ID GA-7126-F1) Shell V Power plus additive Formulation 2 (Test ID GA-7126-F2).
-
TABLE 1 TEST ID 1 2 3 GA-7126 Base GA-7126-F1 GA-7126-F2 Date Dec. 13, 2009 Nov. 15, 2009 Apr. 27, 2010 Engine Stand 28 28 28 Stand Run Number 178 177 187 ADDITIVE DATA Polymer PPM 0 15 25 Polymer Type 0 C10 C10 Coating Agent 0 8 8 (MP22)1 ppm Mill Screen 0 0.093″ 0.093″ NFC2 ppm 0 2 2 H1003 ppm 0 0 0 X-354 ppm 0 2 2 Biocide5 ppm 0 0.25 0.25 WG6 ppm 0 0.065 0.065 AVERAGE WEIGHTS Average IVD wt, mg 313.1 265.2 11.3 Piston Top avg wt, mg 731.8 744 629.8 CC average wt, mg 769.7 824.2 654.6 AVERAGE MERIT RATINGS Valve Tulips 7.63 8.60 9.78 Intake Port 5.07 5.19 8.30 Runner Entrance 5.82 5.88 9.33 CC rating 6.90 6.86 6.85 Piston Top Rating 7.68 7.21 7.27 1Micronized synthetic wax marketed by Micro Powders, Inc. 2Lomar D, sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde condensate marketed by Geo Specialty Chemicals 3Hydropalat-100, polymeric dispersing agent marketed by Cognis GmbH 4Nonyl phenol 5 mole ethoxylate marketed by Harcros 5Chemicide 6, marketed by Diversity Technologies Corp. 6Welan gum - Testing results based on the formulations shown in Table 1 are set forth in Tables 2-7.
-
TABLE 2 Deposit Weight Summary Test ID GA-7126 Cylinder Number 1 2 3 4 Intake Valve Weights Report (IVD) Gross Weight (g) 104.3255 102.4564 102.6419 102.3597 Tared Weight 103.9781 102.1842 102.3213 102.0474 Deposit Weights (mg) 1 2 3 4 IVD Weight 347.4 272.2 320.6 312.3 Average IVD Weight 313.1 Piston Top Deposit (PTD) Weights Gross Weight (g) 23.1176 23.1192 23.1720 23.0894 Tared Weight 22.3908 22.4367 22.4700 22.2737 Deposit Weights (mg) 1 2 3 4 PTD Weights 726.8 682.5 702.0 815.7 Average PTD Weight 731.8 Combustion Chamber Deposit (CCD) Weights Gross Weight (g) 23.1627 23.2124 22.9661 23.1840 Tared Weight 22.4483 22.4528 22.1989 22.3464 Deposit Weights (mg) 1 2 3 4 CCD Weights 714.4 759.6 767.2 837.6 Average CCD Weight 769.7 -
TABLE 3 Induction System Ratings Test ID GA-7126 Valve Intake Runner Combustion Piston Cylinder Tulip Port Entrance Chamber Top Number (merits) (merits) (merits) (merits) (merits) 1 8.90 5.00 5.88 6.98 7.70 2 7.30 5.10 5.75 6.92 8.00 3 7.10 5.00 5.88 6.80 7.90 4 7.20 5.12 5.75 6.90 7.10 Average 7.63 5.06 5.82 6.90 7.68 -
TABLE 4 Deposit Weight Summary Test ID GA-7126-F1 Cylinder Number 1 2 3 4 Intake Valve Deposit (IVD) Weights Gross Weight 102.4331 102.1305 102.5896 102.5416 Tared Weight 102.1774 101.8909 102.3217 102.2438 Deposit Weights (mg) 1 2 3 4 IVD Weight 255.7 239.6 267.9 297.8 Average IVD Weight 265.2 Piston Top Deposit (PTD) Weights Gross Weight (g) 22.8888 23.0568 22.9392 23.0545 Tared Weight 22.2029 22.3510 22.2262 22.1832 Deposit Weights (mg) 1 2 3 4 PTD Weights 685.9 705.8 713.0 871.3 Average PTD Weight 744.0 Combustion Chamber Deposit (CCD) Weights Gross Weight (g) 23.2042 23.1393 23.2850 23.2757 Tared Weight 22.4616 22.4067 22.5165 22.2224 Deposit Weights (mg) 1 2 3 4 CCD Weights 742.6 732.6 768.5 1053.3 Average CCD Weight 824.2 -
TABLE 5 Induction System Ratings Test ID GA-7126-F1 Valve Intake Runner Combustion Piston Cylinder Tulip Port Entrance Chamber Top Number (merits) (merits) (merits) (merits) (merits) 1 8.60 5.40 5.75 6.88 7.50 2 8.70 5.15 5.75 6.88 7.28 3 8.60 5.05 6.12 6.88 7.15 4 8.50 5.15 5.90 6.80 6.90 Average 8.60 5.19 5.88 6.86 7.21 -
TABLE 6 Deposit Weight Summary Test ID GA-7126-F2 Cylinder Number 1 2 3 4 Intake Valve Deposit (IVD) Weights Gross Weight 102.5241 102.3995 104.4911 102.1830 Tared Weight 102.5119 102.3876 104.4807 102.1723 Deposit Weights (mg) 1 2 3 4 IVD Weight 12.2 11.9 10.4 10.7 Average IVD Weight 11.3 Piston Top Deposit (PTD) Weights Gross Weight (g) 23.1069 22.9331 23.0252 23.2095 Tared Weight 22.5250 22.4231 22.4120 22.3953 Deposit Weights (mg) 1 2 3 4 PTD Weights 581.9 510.0 613.2 814.2 Average PTD Weight 629.8 Combustion Chamber Deposit (CCD) Weights Gross Weight (g) 22.9981 22.9638 23.2264 22.9785 Tared Weight 22.4709 22.3584 22.5138 22.2053 Deposit Weights (mg) 1 2 3 4 CCD Weights 527.2 605.4 712.6 773.2 Average CCD Weight 654.6 -
TABLE 7 Induction System Ratings Test ID GA-7126-F2 Valve Intake Runner Combustion Piston Cylinder Tulip Port Entrance Chamber Top Number (merits) (merits) (merits) (merits) (merits) 1 9.80 8.18 9.01 6.80 7.10 2 9.70 8.18 9.48 6.99 7.40 3 9.80 8.18 9.68 6.85 7.38 4 9.80 8.34 9.15 6.75 7.18 Average 9.78 8.30 9.33 6.85 7.27 - This example shows another comparison using Shell V Power gasoline (Shell V Power-2) purchased at a Shell refinery outlet but having a reformulated anti-fouling package which differs from the package contained in the Shell V Power-2 used in Example 1. The results of the various tests are shown in Table 8. In Table 8, results are shown for the base gasoline Shell V Power-2 (Test ID GA-7624 Base), Shell V Power-2 with additive Formulation 3 (Test ID GA-7624-F3), Shell V Power-2 plus additive Formulation 4 (Test ID GA-7624-F4) and Shell V Power-2 plus additive Formulation 5 (Test GA-7624-F5).
-
TABLE 8 TEST ID GA-7624 Base GA-7622 (35N) GA-7642 (100N) GA-7624 + (100) Date Feb. 27, 2011 Mar. 14, 2011 Mar. 22, 2011 Apr. 5, 2011 Engine Stand 31 31 31 31 Stand Run Number 160 161 162 163 ADDITIVE DATA Polymer PPM 0 25 25 25 Load In Fuel Polymer Type 0 C10 C10 C10 Coating Agent7 (ppm) 0 8 8 8 Mill Screen 0 0.093″ 0.093″ 0.093″ NFC (ppm) 0 2 2 0 H100 (ppm) 0 0 0.5 0.5 X-35 (ppm) 0 2 0 0 Biocide (ppm) 0 0.25 0.25 0.25 WG (ppm) 0 0.065 0.065 0.065 AVERAGE WEIGHTS Average IVD wt, mg 131.7 112.4 78.6 106.8 Piston Top avg wt, mg 910.4 769.6 575.4 652.8 CC average wt, mg 965 814.6 609.1 673.3 AVERAGE MERIT RATINGS Valve Tulips 8.83 7.78 8.88 7.93 Intake Port 6.55 5.97 7.84 7.90 Runner Entrance 8.39 6.60 9.67 9.53 CC rating 6.68 6.49 6.60 6.21 Piston Top Rating 7.07 6.98 7.08 7.04 7Calcium Stearate - In this example, testing was conducted pursuant to European standards procedure CEC F-05-93 for testing inlet valve cleanliness using an MB 102 E engine. The gasoline employed was Unleaded Regular MG 91 to which contains 300 ppm of an anti-fouling additive, Keropur® marketed by BASF to form a base gasoline. The base gasoline was then mixed with various other components of the present invention in various amounts and tested for intake valve deposits (IVD). The results are shown in Table 9, below.
-
TABLE 9 X-35, NFC, PAO, Average IVD ppm ppm ppm wt in mg Base 0 0 0 245 Formula 1 1.66 0.33 5 116 Formula 2 0.33 1.66 5 50 Formula 3 0 4 5 90 Formula 4 0 8 5 51 Formula 5 0 24 5 113 Formula 6 0 8 10 125 Formula 7 2 2 25 195 - As can be seen from the above data, the fuel additive compositions of the present invention show remarkable results in terms of reducing engine deposits in the combustion train of the engine.
- As the data shows, various combinations of the various components A, B, C, or D can be employed and, as noted above, can be tailored by those skilled in the art of fuel blending to achieve optimum results. However, in virtually all cases, the results achieved using the compositions of the present invention, regardless of the amount or type of the various components, gives better results in terms of reducing combustion train deposits.
- Although specific embodiments of the invention have been described herein in some detail, this has been done solely for the purposes of explaining the various aspects of the invention, and is not intended to limit the scope of the invention as defined in the claims which follow. Those skilled in the art will understand that the embodiment shown and described is exemplary, and various other substitutions, alterations and modifications, including but not limited to those design alternatives specifically discussed herein, may be made in the practice of the invention without departing from its scope.
Claims (17)
1. A fuel additive for a hydrocarbon based fuel comprising at least one of:
Component A a non-ionic surfactant having hydrophobic-hydrophilic constituents in the molecule and having the formula:
wherein R is an alkyl radical having from 4 to 20 carbon atoms, preferably 6 to 10 carbon atoms, and n is an integer of from 2 to 8;
Component B a compound selected from the group consisting of partially sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde condensates, polymer condensates of linear alkyl benzene sulfonic acids, and naphthalene sulfonic acids with formaldehyde and mixtures thereof;
Component C a polycarboxylate-type material comprising at least one of a ammonium polyacrylate, a polyacrylate derivative, a hydrophobic copolymer, or a hydrophobically modified acrylic polymer having a pH from about 6.0 to about 7.0;
Component D a finely divided poly alpha olefin; or
Component E any combination of A, B, C, or D.
2. The fuel additive of claim 1 , comprising Component D and at least one of Component B or Component C.
3. The fuel additive of claim 2 , comprising Component D and Component B.
4. The fuel additive of claim 2 , comprising Component D and Component C.
5. The fuel additive of claim 2 , comprising Component D, Component B and Component C.
6. The fuel additive of claim 1 , wherein said polyalpha olefin is produced from alpha olefins containing between 4-20 carbon atoms.
7. The fuel additive of claim 6 , wherein said polyalpha olefin contains between 6-14 carbon atoms.
8. The fuel additive of claim 1 , wherein said polyalpha olefin is produced from alpha olefins having an average of 10 carbon atoms.
9. The fuel additive of claim 6 , wherein the molecular weight of the polyalpha olefin is from about 300,000 to about 2,000,000.
10. The fuel additive of claim 6 , wherein said polyalpha olefin has a particle size of from 25 microns to 100 microns.
11. The fuel additive of claim 5 , wherein Component B is present in an amount of from about 4.5 wt % to about 9.0 wt %, Component C is present in an amount from about 0.2 wt % to about 1.0 wt %, and Component D is present in an amount from about 85 wt % to about 99 wt %.
12. The fuel additive of claim 3 , wherein Component B is present in an amount from about 4.0 wt % to about 10 wt %, and Component D is present in an amount from about 90 wt % to about 99 wt %.
13. The fuel additive of claim 4 , wherein Component D is present in an amount from about 92 wt % to about 99 wt % and Component C is present in an amount from about 0.2 wt % to about 1.0 wt %.
14. The fuel additive composition of claim 1 comprising an adjunct selected from the group consisting of biocides, thickening agents and mixtures thereof.
15. A fuel composition comprising a hydrocarbon containing fuel and a fuel additive according to claim 1 .
16. The fuel composition of claim 15 , wherein the hydrocarbon fuel comprises diesel.
17. The fuel composition of claim 15 , wherein the hydrocarbon fuel comprises gasoline.
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US4789383A (en) * | 1985-12-12 | 1988-12-06 | General Technology Applications, Inc. | Rapid dissolving polymer compositions and uses therefor |
US20030083218A1 (en) * | 2000-05-24 | 2003-05-01 | Kevin Kutcel | Method for preparing polyborate compounds and uses for same |
US20040249233A1 (en) * | 2003-06-03 | 2004-12-09 | Southwest Research Institute | Methods for increased removal of drag reducer additives from liquid hydrocarbon fuel |
US20110132466A1 (en) * | 2008-06-09 | 2011-06-09 | Bucher Brad A | Drag reducing compositions and methods of manufacture and use |
Family Cites Families (7)
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---|---|---|---|---|
DE1013026B (en) * | 1953-07-07 | 1957-08-01 | Rhein Chemie G M B H | Additive mixture to hydrocarbon oils, especially lubricating and motor oils |
US4022699A (en) * | 1972-06-26 | 1977-05-10 | Union Oil Company Of California | Soluble oil composition |
CN1406264A (en) * | 2000-03-01 | 2003-03-26 | 科莱恩有限公司 | Improvement of the dispersion of pigment in poly propylene |
US20050238802A1 (en) * | 2004-04-26 | 2005-10-27 | Markus Friese | Process for multi-layer special effect coating |
DE102005026278A1 (en) * | 2005-06-08 | 2005-10-13 | Clariant Gmbh | Composition for use as a cosmetic or pharmaceutical, e.g. as a depilatory or peeling composition, comprises alkene homo- or co-polymer wax prepared by metallocene catalysis |
CA2636243C (en) * | 2006-02-08 | 2011-11-22 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Stabilized and freeze-protected polymer drag reducing agent suspensions |
RU2009125934A (en) * | 2006-12-07 | 2011-01-20 | Грейс Гмбх Унд Ко. Кг (De) | MATERIAL |
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2012
- 2012-08-16 WO PCT/US2012/051107 patent/WO2013028453A1/en active Application Filing
- 2012-08-16 US US14/240,454 patent/US20140318003A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4789383A (en) * | 1985-12-12 | 1988-12-06 | General Technology Applications, Inc. | Rapid dissolving polymer compositions and uses therefor |
US20030083218A1 (en) * | 2000-05-24 | 2003-05-01 | Kevin Kutcel | Method for preparing polyborate compounds and uses for same |
US20040249233A1 (en) * | 2003-06-03 | 2004-12-09 | Southwest Research Institute | Methods for increased removal of drag reducer additives from liquid hydrocarbon fuel |
US20110132466A1 (en) * | 2008-06-09 | 2011-06-09 | Bucher Brad A | Drag reducing compositions and methods of manufacture and use |
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