US2118795A - Insulator - Google Patents
Insulator Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US2118795A US2118795A US564188A US56418831A US2118795A US 2118795 A US2118795 A US 2118795A US 564188 A US564188 A US 564188A US 56418831 A US56418831 A US 56418831A US 2118795 A US2118795 A US 2118795A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- insulator
- coating
- glass
- insulators
- coated
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 title description 96
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 42
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 35
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 25
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 12
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 239000003517 fume Substances 0.000 description 10
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 8
- HPGGPRDJHPYFRM-UHFFFAOYSA-J tin(iv) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Sn](Cl)(Cl)Cl HPGGPRDJHPYFRM-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 8
- 229910021578 Iron(III) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 229910021627 Tin(IV) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Fe](Cl)Cl RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 7
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000003550 marker Substances 0.000 description 5
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 4
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- TXUICONDJPYNPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N (1,10,13-trimethyl-3-oxo-4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl) heptanoate Chemical compound C1CC2CC(=O)C=C(C)C2(C)C2C1C1CCC(OC(=O)CCCCCC)C1(C)CC2 TXUICONDJPYNPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- VXEGSRKPIUDPQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[4-(4-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]aniline Chemical compound C1=CC(OC)=CC=C1N1CCN(C=2C=CC(N)=CC=2)CC1 VXEGSRKPIUDPQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910021626 Tin(II) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000005049 silicon tetrachloride Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000001119 stannous chloride Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000011150 stannous chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 3
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trioxochromium Chemical compound O=[Cr](=O)=O WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005388 borosilicate glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001805 chlorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052573 porcelain Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021653 sulphate ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- JTDNNCYXCFHBGG-UHFFFAOYSA-L tin(ii) iodide Chemical compound I[Sn]I JTDNNCYXCFHBGG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- QHGNHLZPVBIIPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin(ii) oxide Chemical compound [Sn]=O QHGNHLZPVBIIPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OQBLGYCUQGDOOR-UHFFFAOYSA-L 1,3,2$l^{2}-dioxastannolane-4,5-dione Chemical compound O=C1O[Sn]OC1=O OQBLGYCUQGDOOR-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- ZSLUVFAKFWKJRC-IGMARMGPSA-N 232Th Chemical compound [232Th] ZSLUVFAKFWKJRC-IGMARMGPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052776 Thorium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010425 asbestos Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- VQLYBLABXAHUDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(4-fluorophenyl)-methyl-(1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)silane;methyl n-(1h-benzimidazol-2-yl)carbamate Chemical compound C1=CC=C2NC(NC(=O)OC)=NC2=C1.C=1C=C(F)C=CC=1[Si](C=1C=CC(F)=CC=1)(C)CN1C=NC=N1 VQLYBLABXAHUDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000765 intermetallic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002045 lasting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003303 reheating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052895 riebeckite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940108184 stannous iodide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052716 thallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BKVIYDNLLOSFOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N thallium Chemical compound [Tl] BKVIYDNLLOSFOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003606 tin compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XJDNKRIXUMDJCW-UHFFFAOYSA-J titanium tetrachloride Chemical compound Cl[Ti](Cl)(Cl)Cl XJDNKRIXUMDJCW-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B17/00—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by their form
- H01B17/50—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by their form with surfaces specially treated for preserving insulating properties, e.g. for protection against moisture, dirt, or the like
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B19/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing insulators or insulating bodies
- H01B19/04—Treating the surfaces, e.g. applying coatings
Definitions
- This invention relates to insulators, particularly to those which are used in the open and hence are exposed to varying weather conditions.
- Corona is an electrical discharge or series of disso charges through air from a conductor and may be explained as follows.
- insulators of the usual type are of such a geometric shape that at all times thin films of air must be interposed in the field between the conductors in the region of the insulator body, the air in the neighborhood of these points becomes highly and if the voltage gradient be sumeient a discharge or break downof the air takes place. Such a discharge will occur along any line of force where the potential 56 gradientexceedsacertaincriticalvalueinthe air and hence takes place over a well defined region of the insulator surface in the neighborhood of the line and tie wires and the pin. This critical value is known to be 31.5 kv./cm. and is somewhat dependent upon the temperature, pressure and atmospheric composition.
- the primary object of the present invention is to increase the surface resistance of insulators under wet weather conditions.
- Another object is to preserve the surface of insulators against deterioration due to weathering effects.
- a further object is to facilitate the production of "marker type" insulators.
- Still another object is to prevent corona through the air between the conductor and the insulator.
- a still further object is to increase the resistance of an insulator to puncture or break-down.
- Fig. 1 is a side view partly in section of an insulator constructed in accordance with this invention.
- Fig. 2 is a similar view of an insulator certain zones or which have been coated to suppress corona.
- the insulator designated generally it] consists of a body ll, formed on its upper end with a head I2, the upper face of which is provided with a transversely extending groove l3 for the reception of a line wire or cable.
- a head I2 Formed in the body ll immediately below the head I! is an annular groove M for the reception of tie wires by means of which the line wire is retained in place in the groove l3.
- a flange l5 Extending outwardly from the body immediately below the groove [4 is a flange l5 which is provided adjacent its outer edge with a downwardly curved portion forming a shed l6, and projecting downwardly from the inside of the flange is an annular rib I'I.
- a skirt l8 Extending downwardly and outwardly from the body from a point intermediate its upper and lower ends is a skirt l8, and extending into the body from its lower end is a pin hole consisting of a tapered bore H! which terminates at its upper end in a threaded recess 20 for the reception of the threaded end of an insulator supporting pin (not shown).
- the salt solution used for spraying the insulator preferably is forced from the nozzle by a stream of compressed air which produces a foglike spray of minute particles, the volume of which may be controlled by adjusting the flow of air through the nozzle.
- Fumes of the metallic salt may be generated (1) by heating a solid salt, for example ferric chloride, in a closed container provided with delivery tubes or; (2) in case the salt has a normally high vapor pressure, by passing air through the container as in the case of stannic chloride, titanium chloride or silicon tetrachloride, or; (3) by passing chlorine through a tube containing the metal or an oxide of the metal and carbon as in the case of iron, tungsten or molybdenum.
- the outside of the hot insulator is coated with a uniformly thin film of oxide which is closely incorporated with the surface of the insulator in the form of a lustrous or iridescent coating whose thickness is approximately .001 to .03 mm.
- the pin hole may be held toward the spray or an additional nozzle may be placed in the center of the rotating table.
- the coatings produced in the above described manner by use of ferric chloride and also the chlorides of titanium, tantalum, columbium, aluminum, antimony, zirconium, thorium and thallium, and also chromic anhydride have extremely high electrical resistance and hence are practically non-conducting. For this reason an insulator may be coated by the use of these salts so as to coverits entire surface without substantially decreasing its insulating properties. Since the color of the coating produced by use of ferric chloride varies from a light golden brown to a deep reddish brown, depending on the thickness of the coat, I am thus enabled to produce in a simple manner a distinctively and permanently colored marker type insulator whose color is not affected by weathering.
- the coatings produced by the above described process are extremely thin, from .001 to .03 mm., and on this account give rise to the phenomenon known as interference colors, 'that is, they have an iridescent appearance. When the coating exceeds a certain thickness it no longer appears iridescent.
- the thickness of the coating may easily be increased by long or repeated exposure to the fumes or to the spray and, in general, in the case of the coating produced by tin salts, the conductivity of the coating increases with its thickness.
- the conducting coating thus produced on an insulator practically eliminates corona because it prevents building up of a potential gradient between the line wire and the surface of the insulator so coated.
- the elimination of stress and the consequent discharge not only reduces radio interference but prevents loss of power and preserves the insulator supporting pins by preventing the formation of corrosive gases which are produced by such discharges.
- tin iridized as used in the claims is intended to comprise a deposit on the glass of a tin compound formed under the influence of heat.
- a glass insulator having permanently incorporated in its surface a coating which is substantially transparent to solar heat.
- An insulator having its head coated with an electrically conducting oxide of tin.
- An insulator having a portion of its surface coated with an electrically conducting layer of tin oxide. the resistance of the layer increasing as its edges are approached.
- An insulator having a portion of its surface coated with an electrically conducting layer of tin oxide which is permanently incorporated in the surface of the insulator.
- An insulator provided with a tin iridized head.
- An insulator provided with a plurality of tin iridized zones.
- An insulator provided with a tin iridized head and a tin iridized threaded recess.
- An insulator having a tin iridized coating intimately associated with certain zones thereof, the resistance of the coating increasing as its edges are approached.
- a ceramic insulator having a non-conducting iridescent coating of a. metallic compound applied thereto.
- An insulator having an iridized conducting metallic oxide surface 18.
- An insulator having an iridized non-conducting metallic oxide surface 18.
- An insulator provided with an iridized conducting zone of a metallic oxide.
- An insulator provided with an iridized conducting head surface containing a metallic oxide.
- An insulator for electrical conductors comprising a body of vitreous material having a surface layer of a metallic oxide of high electrical resistivity and high interfacial tension with water.
- a ceramic insulator for electrical conductors having a substantially non-conducting coating of a metallic oxide more resistant to electrical leakage under moist conditions than the material forming the main body of the insulator.
- An insulator for electrical conductors comprising a body of vitreous material having a reentrant undersurface, said surface having a sub stantially non-conducting superficial coating of a metallic oxide more resistant to electrical leakage under moist conditions than the main body of the insulator.
- An insulator of ceramic material having permanently incorporated with its surface an iridescent coating of an oxide which resists the adhesion of water.
- a ceramic insulator having permanently incorporated with its surface an iridescent coating of a. metallic oxide which is transparent to solar heat.
Description
May 24, 1938. J. T. LITTLETON INSULATOR Filed Sept. 21, 1931 INVENTOR s.$ Z41 rue ro/v.
ATTORNEY Patented May 24, 1938 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.
INSULATOB Application September 21, 1931, Serial No. 564,188
25 Claims.
This invention relates to insulators, particularly to those which are used in the open and hence are exposed to varying weather conditions.
It is known that in wet weather the surface resistance of an ordinary insulator is lower than it is in dry weather. This is due to the tendency of water to adhere to the surface of the insulator and to form a thin film having a low resistance. This film in extreme instances will com pletely envelop the exposed surface of the insulator. As a result an insulator which under dry conditions will have a high surface resistance tends to lose its efllciency under wet conditions with consequent leakage of power. In view of the fact that on a single line there are a great many insulators, the importance of maintaining a uniform high surface resistance is obvious.
Furthermore, marker type" insulators of the prior art which are coated with paints of disgo tinctive color have not been entirely satisfactory because the paint vehicle upon which adhesion of the paint depends is broken down after a relatively short time by weathering.
Considerable difficulty is also experienced with as high tension insulators of the prior art in that they produce what is commonly known as corona which causes radio interference and is otherwise undesirable in that it constantly consumes power. Corona is an electrical discharge or series of disso charges through air from a conductor and may be explained as follows.
When a high potential is impressed upon a conductor it creates an electrical field of force, the lines of which start from the conductor and 36 end on conductors of opposite potential. Such a field of force, for instance, is created between the energized line wire and the pin of an insulator on which it is supported. Now with the insulator thus positioned in the field, if an air layer 0 be interposed between either or both of the conductors and the insulating medium, this air layer due to its relatively low dielectric constant will carry a high proportion of the electrical stress and the thinner the air layer with respect to the insulating medium, the greater the stress. Since insulators of the usual type are of such a geometric shape that at all times thin films of air must be interposed in the field between the conductors in the region of the insulator body, the air in the neighborhood of these points becomes highly and if the voltage gradient be sumeient a discharge or break downof the air takes place. Such a discharge will occur along any line of force where the potential 56 gradientexceedsacertaincriticalvalueinthe air and hence takes place over a well defined region of the insulator surface in the neighborhood of the line and tie wires and the pin. This critical value is known to be 31.5 kv./cm. and is somewhat dependent upon the temperature, pressure and atmospheric composition.
Moreover, the interposition of an air film, however thin, between a conductor and an insulator greatly increases the liability of that insulator to puncture or break-down. The cause of this is as follows. The dielectric constant of air approximates one-fourth that of glass and when the voltage is sufilcient to break down the air gap between the conductor and the insulator, the resulting discharge will accumulate an additional amount of energy and continues with accumulative action towards the destruction of the insulator. Discharges of sufilcient intensity will penetrate short distances into the insulating medium. This deterioration tends ultimately to allow the insulator to puncture at voltages below which it might be expected to puncture had these discharges been suppressed.
The above considerations apply not only to insulators made of glass but also to insulators made of porcelain or other insulator compositions, all of which may be termed ceramic insulators.
The primary object of the present invention is to increase the surface resistance of insulators under wet weather conditions.
Another object is to preserve the surface of insulators against deterioration due to weathering effects.
A further object is to facilitate the production of "marker type" insulators.
Still another object is to prevent corona through the air between the conductor and the insulator.
A still further object is to increase the resistance of an insulator to puncture or break-down.
The above and other objects may be accomplished by practicing my invention which embodies among its features applying to the surface of an insulator while it is hot metallic salt in a manner to be hereinafter more fully disclosed which is converted into an oxide through the heat and through contact with air and forms a thin coating which is so closely and permanently incorporated with the surface of the insulator as to become in reality a part thereof.
Although my invention is applicable to porcelain as well as glass insulators. I prefer to employ glass as the insulating composition and preferably low expansion borosilicate glass of the type disclosed in the Sullivan and Taylor Patent 1,304,623.
In the drawing:
Fig. 1 is a side view partly in section of an insulator constructed in accordance with this invention; and
Fig. 2 is a similar view of an insulator certain zones or which have been coated to suppress corona.
Referring to the drawing in detail, the insulator designated generally it] consists of a body ll, formed on its upper end with a head I2, the upper face of which is provided with a transversely extending groove l3 for the reception of a line wire or cable. Formed in the body ll immediately below the head I! is an annular groove M for the reception of tie wires by means of which the line wire is retained in place in the groove l3. Extending outwardly from the body immediately below the groove [4 is a flange l5 which is provided adjacent its outer edge with a downwardly curved portion forming a shed l6, and projecting downwardly from the inside of the flange is an annular rib I'I. Extending downwardly and outwardly from the body from a point intermediate its upper and lower ends is a skirt l8, and extending into the body from its lower end is a pin hole consisting of a tapered bore H! which terminates at its upper end in a threaded recess 20 for the reception of the threaded end of an insulator supporting pin (not shown).
In practicing my invention I prefer to apply my coating to predetermined portions of the insulator as it is taken from the mold, that is, when the temperature is about 600 C. to 750 C. but on account of uneven cooling in some types of insulators it is desirable first to place the insulator in a reheating kiln held at about 650 C. in order that the parts to be coated may be brought to proper temperature. The insulator is then coated by spraying with a metallic salt solution or by exposing it to the fumes of a metallic salt.
The salt solution used for spraying the insulator preferably is forced from the nozzle by a stream of compressed air which produces a foglike spray of minute particles, the volume of which may be controlled by adjusting the flow of air through the nozzle. Fumes of the metallic salt may be generated (1) by heating a solid salt, for example ferric chloride, in a closed container provided with delivery tubes or; (2) in case the salt has a normally high vapor pressure, by passing air through the container as in the case of stannic chloride, titanium chloride or silicon tetrachloride, or; (3) by passing chlorine through a tube containing the metal or an oxide of the metal and carbon as in the case of iron, tungsten or molybdenum.
In performing this operation I prefer to place the insulator on a rotating table before a nozzle which is positioned to direct the spray or fumes onto the insulator. By the rotation of the table combined with proper direction of the jet, the outside of the hot insulator is coated with a uniformly thin film of oxide which is closely incorporated with the surface of the insulator in the form of a lustrous or iridescent coating whose thickness is approximately .001 to .03 mm. If it is desired to treatthe entire surface of the insulator as for instance in producing marker insulators as illustrated in Fig. 1, the pin hole may be held toward the spray or an additional nozzle may be placed in the center of the rotating table. After the insulator has been sprayed as above described it is placed in a lehr and annealed in the customary manner.
I have found that the coat produced by my process is not readily wet by water. Observation shows that when a drop of water contacts with glass so coated its angle of contact is greater than when a similar drop contacts with uncoated glass. This is due to the fact that the adhesion between water and uncoated glass is greater than that between water and glass which has been coated by my process. This property enables an insulator which has been coated by my process to shed water more readily than one which has not been so coated and any water that remains on the surface so coated will tend to collect into distinct drops rather than to spread into a thin film as is its tendency otherwise. Obviously by my process I am able to produce insulators whose surface resistance will remain relatively constant in dry or wet weather.
I have further found that my coating being closely incorporated into the surface of the glass and not being dependent upon a vehicle for its adhesion is resistant to abrasion or weathering over along period of time. Moreover,thesurfaces of insulators so treated are less liable to erosion than those of untreated insulators. This is especially true in the case of lime glass insulators but also applies though in a lesser degree to insulators made from borosilicate glass. These coatings absorb heat only slightly more than glass and hence do not cause the introduction of harmful temperature gradients.
The coatings produced in the above described manner by use of ferric chloride and also the chlorides of titanium, tantalum, columbium, aluminum, antimony, zirconium, thorium and thallium, and also chromic anhydride have extremely high electrical resistance and hence are practically non-conducting. For this reason an insulator may be coated by the use of these salts so as to coverits entire surface without substantially decreasing its insulating properties. Since the color of the coating produced by use of ferric chloride varies from a light golden brown to a deep reddish brown, depending on the thickness of the coat, I am thus enabled to produce in a simple manner a distinctively and permanently colored marker type insulator whose color is not affected by weathering.
I have further found that with my coating I can practically eliminate corona by using tin chloride to form the coating. This may be applied by spraying the hot glass in the manner described above using a solution of stannous chloride in water and hydrochloric acid but I prefer to use the fumes of stannic chloride generated by passing dry air through liquid anhydrous stannic chloride in a suitable container such as an Erlenmeyer flask provided with delivery tubes. This salt is readily vaporized without the use of heat and the amount of fumes is controlled merely by regulating the current of air. Best results are obtained by introducing some moist air into the vapor jet as it strikes the heated insulator surface. In this case the stannic chloride vapor on coming into contact with the hot glass is immediately converted into an extremely thin layer of some compound of tin having a relatively low electrical resistance, approximately .001 ohm per centimeter cube as measured. This compound of tin insofar as I have been able to determine by numerous analyses and tests has the composition $1102 in spite of the fact that stannic oxide is stated to have an extremely high electrical resistance (International Critical Tables, volume VI. P e 153) and I am unable to account for this apparent contradiction of facts.
The coatings produced by the above described process are extremely thin, from .001 to .03 mm., and on this account give rise to the phenomenon known as interference colors, 'that is, they have an iridescent appearance. When the coating exceeds a certain thickness it no longer appears iridescent. The thickness of the coating may easily be increased by long or repeated exposure to the fumes or to the spray and, in general, in the case of the coating produced by tin salts, the conductivity of the coating increases with its thickness.
I have also found that other salts of tin will produce my conducting coating and I have successfully employed fumes of stannic chloride, stannous chloride and stannous iodide and sprayed solutions of stannous chloride, stannic chloride, stannous sulphate, stannic sulphate and stannous nitrate. I have even produced conducting coatings by applying solid stannous oxalate and also solid stannous oxide directly to the surface of hot glass. However, for producing my conducting coating I prefer to use the fumes of stannic chloride generated and applied as above described because they are more easily controlled and produce more uniform results.
I am also able to produce conducting coatings with salts of tungsten and molybdenum and also with silicon tetrachloride and ferric chloride but in doing this I have found it necessary subsequently to heat and cool the coated articles in a reducing atmosphere after the initial application of fumes or spray to the hot glass. That is, I take the article sprayed or fumed as above described by ferric chloride or silicon tetrachloride or chlorides of tungsten and molybdenum and I reheat the article and the coating in a gas flame burning with a slightly insufficient supply of air and then allow the article to cool, preferably in an atmosphere of illuminating gas. In lieu of a gas flame I may use an electric muflle and maintain therein an atmosphere of illuminating gas.
In the case of a conducting coating I spray only certain portions of the insulator, for instance, the head or threaded recess or both as illustrated in Fig. 2 and I preferably use an asbestos mask to protect those parts which are not to be so coated.
I have found that the conducting coating thus produced on an insulator practically eliminates corona because it prevents building up of a potential gradient between the line wire and the surface of the insulator so coated. The elimination of stress and the consequent discharge not only reduces radio interference but prevents loss of power and preserves the insulator supporting pins by preventing the formation of corrosive gases which are produced by such discharges. In order to effect a further reduction in radio interference I have found that by proper manipulation of the jet or spray I am enabled to decrease the thickness of the coating as its outer edge is approached and thereby increase its resistance per unit area. I have found that up to the full operating voltage of insulators the radio interference caused by my improved coated in sulator is entirely eliminated.
I have further found that my conducting coating increases the resistance of the insulator to puncture or break-down from fifty to one hundred percent. due to the fact that my coating is so closely incorporated with the surface of the insulator that there is no interposed air film between the two and the potential of the line wire resides thereby directly on the surface of the insulator. There is thus no possible building up of energy by discharge across an air gap.
I have also found that insulators coated with a non-conducting coating, for instance by means of ferric chloride, have a greatly increased resistance to puncture or break-down. In view of the assumption that the increased resistance to puncture depends upon the presence of a conducting coating, I am unable to explain why the non-conducting coating made by use of ferric chloride should also have this effect.
The process of producing iridescent coatings on glass articles by exposing them while hot to the fumes or sprayed solutions of metallic salts is known in the glass art as "iridizing but insofar as I am aware the methods used in iridizing have never been employed to produce coatings on insulators for the purpose of providing a uniform surface resistance during wet and dry weather, eliminating corona and improving resistance to puncture.
As stated in my previous application, SeriaiNo. 474,661, before referred to, the peculiar lustre obtained by the process just referred to renders the iridized insulators readily discernable and hence especially valuable for use as "marker insulators and the coating thus obtained is thin enough not to absorb heat with the result that danger of cracking the glass due to rapid temperature changes is avoided.
By the expression, permanently incorporated with its surface" in the appended claims, I mean the close incorporation and the resulting lasting adhesion of the film to the glass which is obtained by my invention as distinguished from the adhesion of a paint or the like, due to the adhesive qualities of its vehicle.
The words tin iridized as used in the claims is intended to comprise a deposit on the glass of a tin compound formed under the influence of heat.
This application is in part a continuation of my co-pending applications: Serial No. 321,665 filed November 24, 1928 and Serial No. 474,661 filed August 11, 1930.
Having thus described my invention, what I claim is:
1. A glass insulator having permanently incorporated in its surface a coating of a substance which resists the adhesion of water.
2. A glass insulator having permanently incorporated in its surface a coating which is substantially transparent to solar heat.
3. A clear glass insulator having a lustrous surface coating of oxide which is substantially transparent to solar heat.
4. An insulator having a. part of its surface coated with an electrically conducting oxide of tin.
5. An insulator having its head coated with an electrically conducting oxide of tin.
6. An insulator having a portion of its surface coated with an electrically conducting layer of tin oxide. the resistance of the layer increasing as its edges are approached.
7. An insulator having a portion of its surface coated with an electrically conducting layer of tin oxide which is permanently incorporated in the surface of the insulator.
It is assumed that this is l 8. An insulator provided with a tin iridized zone.
9. An insulator provided with a tin iridized head.
10. An insulator provided with a plurality of tin iridized zones.
11. An insulator provided with a tin iridized head and a tin iridized threaded recess.
12. An insulator having a tin iridized coating intimately associated with certain zones thereof, the resistance of the coating increasing as its edges are approached.
13. A glass insulator having permanently incorporated with its surface an iridescent coating of iron oxide.
14. A clear glass insulator having a surface coating oi. iron oxide which is substantially transparent to solar heat.
15. A ceramic insulator having a non-conducting iridescent coating of a. metallic compound applied thereto.
-l6. An insulator having an iridized metallic oxide surface.
17. An insulator having an iridized conducting metallic oxide surface. 18. An insulator having an iridized non-conducting metallic oxide surface.
19. An insulator provided with an iridized conducting zone of a metallic oxide.
20. An insulator provided with an iridized conducting head surface containing a metallic oxide.
21. An insulator for electrical conductors comprising a body of vitreous material having a surface layer of a metallic oxide of high electrical resistivity and high interfacial tension with water.
22. A ceramic insulator for electrical conductors having a substantially non-conducting coating of a metallic oxide more resistant to electrical leakage under moist conditions than the material forming the main body of the insulator.
23. An insulator for electrical conductors comprising a body of vitreous material having a reentrant undersurface, said surface having a sub stantially non-conducting superficial coating of a metallic oxide more resistant to electrical leakage under moist conditions than the main body of the insulator.
24. An insulator of ceramic material having permanently incorporated with its surface an iridescent coating of an oxide which resists the adhesion of water.
25. A ceramic insulator having permanently incorporated with its surface an iridescent coating of a. metallic oxide which is transparent to solar heat.
JESSE 'i'. LI'I'ILETON.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US564188A US2118795A (en) | 1931-09-21 | 1931-09-21 | Insulator |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US564188A US2118795A (en) | 1931-09-21 | 1931-09-21 | Insulator |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US2118795A true US2118795A (en) | 1938-05-24 |
Family
ID=24253492
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US564188A Expired - Lifetime US2118795A (en) | 1931-09-21 | 1931-09-21 | Insulator |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US2118795A (en) |
Cited By (51)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2422215A (en) * | 1942-05-12 | 1947-06-17 | Exolon Company | Method of vitreous coating refractory material |
US2423596A (en) * | 1944-11-09 | 1947-07-08 | British Insulated Callenders | Termination for high-tension electric cables |
US2429420A (en) * | 1942-10-05 | 1947-10-21 | Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co | Conductive coating for glass and method of application |
US2431839A (en) * | 1944-10-27 | 1947-12-02 | Stupakoff Ceramic & Mfg Co | Electrical insulator |
US2434555A (en) * | 1944-05-16 | 1948-01-13 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | Electrical insulator |
US2439654A (en) * | 1943-09-18 | 1948-04-13 | Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co | Method of silvering surfaces |
US2478817A (en) * | 1943-07-03 | 1949-08-09 | Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co | Method of forming surface films by vapor coating and the article resulting therefrom |
US2516663A (en) * | 1947-09-20 | 1950-07-25 | Gen Electric X Ray Corp | Conductive coating on glass |
US2522531A (en) * | 1947-11-03 | 1950-09-19 | Corning Glass Works | Method of producing electrically conducting coatings on glass and mica sheets |
US2536818A (en) * | 1945-10-26 | 1951-01-02 | Gen Electric | Device for reducing radio noise produced by the discharge of electrostatic accumulations |
US2548112A (en) * | 1949-08-06 | 1951-04-10 | Mcgraw Electric Co | Resistor type isolator for lightning arresters |
US2551858A (en) * | 1949-08-22 | 1951-05-08 | Mcgraw Electric Co | Resistor type of isolator for lightining arresters |
US2564677A (en) * | 1947-09-15 | 1951-08-21 | Corning Glass Works | Electrically conducting coating on glass and other ceramic bodies |
US2564987A (en) * | 1947-09-03 | 1951-08-21 | Corning Glass Works | Electrically conducting coating on glass and other ceramic bodies |
US2564707A (en) * | 1947-09-03 | 1951-08-21 | Corning Glass Works | Electrically conducting coatings on glass and other ceramic bodies |
US2564706A (en) * | 1946-05-02 | 1951-08-21 | Corning Glass Works | Coated resistance |
US2566346A (en) * | 1948-09-08 | 1951-09-04 | Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co | Electroconductive products and production thereof |
US2567331A (en) * | 1949-07-21 | 1951-09-11 | Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co | Method of applying electrically conducting coatings to vitreous bases |
US2573473A (en) * | 1951-10-30 | Ignition control | ||
US2578956A (en) * | 1947-11-03 | 1951-12-18 | Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co | Method of forming metallic oxide coatings upon siliceous support articles |
US2583000A (en) * | 1946-05-14 | 1952-01-22 | Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co | Transparent conducting films |
US2588920A (en) * | 1947-01-29 | 1952-03-11 | Gen Electric | Method of applying a vitreous coating composition to a glass base and article resulting thereform |
US2596515A (en) * | 1946-03-14 | 1952-05-13 | Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co | Coating vitreous substances |
US2602032A (en) * | 1946-08-19 | 1952-07-01 | Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co | Electrically conducting surface and method for producing same |
US2612615A (en) * | 1949-07-22 | 1952-09-30 | Gen Electric | Cathode for ionization detection devices |
US2614944A (en) * | 1947-07-22 | 1952-10-21 | Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co | Method of applying electroconductive films |
US2651585A (en) * | 1949-06-25 | 1953-09-08 | Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co | Production of electroconductive articles |
US2667428A (en) * | 1949-07-06 | 1954-01-26 | Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co | Method of producing transparent electrically conducting films |
US2688565A (en) * | 1949-07-01 | 1954-09-07 | Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co | Refractory base containing a low reflection coating and method of making same |
US2691323A (en) * | 1950-10-31 | 1954-10-12 | Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co | Palladium oxide coated article |
US2694649A (en) * | 1949-07-02 | 1954-11-16 | Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co | Indium oxide coating on a silicious base |
US2694761A (en) * | 1949-07-02 | 1954-11-16 | Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co | Method of producing electroconductive articles |
US2729422A (en) * | 1951-04-06 | 1956-01-03 | Maschf Augsburg Nuernberg Ag | Shaped article of ceramic material |
US2740731A (en) * | 1951-01-20 | 1956-04-03 | Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co | Electroconductive article and production thereof |
US2741570A (en) * | 1953-03-05 | 1956-04-10 | Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co | Electroconductive article |
US2756165A (en) * | 1950-09-15 | 1956-07-24 | Dean A Lyon | Electrically conducting films and process for forming the same |
US2770558A (en) * | 1952-12-13 | 1956-11-13 | Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co | Method of producing mirrors |
US2779690A (en) * | 1950-06-30 | 1957-01-29 | Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co | Method and apparatus for forming surface films |
US2795084A (en) * | 1954-10-22 | 1957-06-11 | Corning Glass Works | Method of shaping a glass article |
US2815302A (en) * | 1954-03-12 | 1957-12-03 | Ohio Commw Eng Co | Film resistors |
US2882377A (en) * | 1951-10-24 | 1959-04-14 | Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co | Electrical resistor metal coatings on refractory materials |
US2920005A (en) * | 1955-12-09 | 1960-01-05 | Welwyn Electrical Lab Ltd | Electrical resistors |
US2953483A (en) * | 1956-08-13 | 1960-09-20 | Owens Illinois Glass Co | Method and apparatus for applying coatings to selected areas of articles |
US3027277A (en) * | 1955-12-08 | 1962-03-27 | Philips Corp | Method of producing transparent electrically conductive coatings and coated article |
US3119717A (en) * | 1959-11-09 | 1964-01-28 | Owens Illinois Glass Co | Electrically conductive silicate ceramics and method of making the same |
US3226249A (en) * | 1960-10-24 | 1965-12-28 | Philips Corp | Method of providing light diffusing coatings on quartz and quartz objects provided with such coatings |
US3619244A (en) * | 1967-04-18 | 1971-11-09 | British Titan Products | Production of treated materials |
US3944683A (en) * | 1967-12-28 | 1976-03-16 | Kaman Sciences Corporation | Methods of producing chemically hardening coatings |
US5210458A (en) * | 1989-03-06 | 1993-05-11 | Mcdougal John A | Spark plug |
US5698262A (en) * | 1996-05-06 | 1997-12-16 | Libbey-Owens-Ford Co. | Method for forming tin oxide coating on glass |
US20130092082A1 (en) * | 2007-10-11 | 2013-04-18 | Voxeljet Technology Ghbh | Material system and method for changing properties of a plactic component |
-
1931
- 1931-09-21 US US564188A patent/US2118795A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (52)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2573473A (en) * | 1951-10-30 | Ignition control | ||
US2422215A (en) * | 1942-05-12 | 1947-06-17 | Exolon Company | Method of vitreous coating refractory material |
US2429420A (en) * | 1942-10-05 | 1947-10-21 | Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co | Conductive coating for glass and method of application |
US2478817A (en) * | 1943-07-03 | 1949-08-09 | Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co | Method of forming surface films by vapor coating and the article resulting therefrom |
US2439654A (en) * | 1943-09-18 | 1948-04-13 | Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co | Method of silvering surfaces |
US2434555A (en) * | 1944-05-16 | 1948-01-13 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | Electrical insulator |
US2431839A (en) * | 1944-10-27 | 1947-12-02 | Stupakoff Ceramic & Mfg Co | Electrical insulator |
US2423596A (en) * | 1944-11-09 | 1947-07-08 | British Insulated Callenders | Termination for high-tension electric cables |
US2536818A (en) * | 1945-10-26 | 1951-01-02 | Gen Electric | Device for reducing radio noise produced by the discharge of electrostatic accumulations |
US2596515A (en) * | 1946-03-14 | 1952-05-13 | Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co | Coating vitreous substances |
US2564706A (en) * | 1946-05-02 | 1951-08-21 | Corning Glass Works | Coated resistance |
US2583000A (en) * | 1946-05-14 | 1952-01-22 | Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co | Transparent conducting films |
US2602032A (en) * | 1946-08-19 | 1952-07-01 | Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co | Electrically conducting surface and method for producing same |
US2588920A (en) * | 1947-01-29 | 1952-03-11 | Gen Electric | Method of applying a vitreous coating composition to a glass base and article resulting thereform |
US2614944A (en) * | 1947-07-22 | 1952-10-21 | Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co | Method of applying electroconductive films |
US2564987A (en) * | 1947-09-03 | 1951-08-21 | Corning Glass Works | Electrically conducting coating on glass and other ceramic bodies |
US2564707A (en) * | 1947-09-03 | 1951-08-21 | Corning Glass Works | Electrically conducting coatings on glass and other ceramic bodies |
US2564677A (en) * | 1947-09-15 | 1951-08-21 | Corning Glass Works | Electrically conducting coating on glass and other ceramic bodies |
US2516663A (en) * | 1947-09-20 | 1950-07-25 | Gen Electric X Ray Corp | Conductive coating on glass |
US2522531A (en) * | 1947-11-03 | 1950-09-19 | Corning Glass Works | Method of producing electrically conducting coatings on glass and mica sheets |
US2578956A (en) * | 1947-11-03 | 1951-12-18 | Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co | Method of forming metallic oxide coatings upon siliceous support articles |
US2566346A (en) * | 1948-09-08 | 1951-09-04 | Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co | Electroconductive products and production thereof |
US2651585A (en) * | 1949-06-25 | 1953-09-08 | Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co | Production of electroconductive articles |
US2688565A (en) * | 1949-07-01 | 1954-09-07 | Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co | Refractory base containing a low reflection coating and method of making same |
US2694761A (en) * | 1949-07-02 | 1954-11-16 | Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co | Method of producing electroconductive articles |
US2694649A (en) * | 1949-07-02 | 1954-11-16 | Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co | Indium oxide coating on a silicious base |
US2667428A (en) * | 1949-07-06 | 1954-01-26 | Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co | Method of producing transparent electrically conducting films |
US2567331A (en) * | 1949-07-21 | 1951-09-11 | Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co | Method of applying electrically conducting coatings to vitreous bases |
US2612615A (en) * | 1949-07-22 | 1952-09-30 | Gen Electric | Cathode for ionization detection devices |
US2548112A (en) * | 1949-08-06 | 1951-04-10 | Mcgraw Electric Co | Resistor type isolator for lightning arresters |
US2551858A (en) * | 1949-08-22 | 1951-05-08 | Mcgraw Electric Co | Resistor type of isolator for lightining arresters |
US2779690A (en) * | 1950-06-30 | 1957-01-29 | Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co | Method and apparatus for forming surface films |
US2756165A (en) * | 1950-09-15 | 1956-07-24 | Dean A Lyon | Electrically conducting films and process for forming the same |
US2691323A (en) * | 1950-10-31 | 1954-10-12 | Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co | Palladium oxide coated article |
US2740731A (en) * | 1951-01-20 | 1956-04-03 | Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co | Electroconductive article and production thereof |
US2729422A (en) * | 1951-04-06 | 1956-01-03 | Maschf Augsburg Nuernberg Ag | Shaped article of ceramic material |
US2882377A (en) * | 1951-10-24 | 1959-04-14 | Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co | Electrical resistor metal coatings on refractory materials |
US2770558A (en) * | 1952-12-13 | 1956-11-13 | Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co | Method of producing mirrors |
US2741570A (en) * | 1953-03-05 | 1956-04-10 | Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co | Electroconductive article |
US2815302A (en) * | 1954-03-12 | 1957-12-03 | Ohio Commw Eng Co | Film resistors |
US2795084A (en) * | 1954-10-22 | 1957-06-11 | Corning Glass Works | Method of shaping a glass article |
US3027277A (en) * | 1955-12-08 | 1962-03-27 | Philips Corp | Method of producing transparent electrically conductive coatings and coated article |
US2920005A (en) * | 1955-12-09 | 1960-01-05 | Welwyn Electrical Lab Ltd | Electrical resistors |
US2953483A (en) * | 1956-08-13 | 1960-09-20 | Owens Illinois Glass Co | Method and apparatus for applying coatings to selected areas of articles |
US3119717A (en) * | 1959-11-09 | 1964-01-28 | Owens Illinois Glass Co | Electrically conductive silicate ceramics and method of making the same |
US3226249A (en) * | 1960-10-24 | 1965-12-28 | Philips Corp | Method of providing light diffusing coatings on quartz and quartz objects provided with such coatings |
US3619244A (en) * | 1967-04-18 | 1971-11-09 | British Titan Products | Production of treated materials |
US3944683A (en) * | 1967-12-28 | 1976-03-16 | Kaman Sciences Corporation | Methods of producing chemically hardening coatings |
US5210458A (en) * | 1989-03-06 | 1993-05-11 | Mcdougal John A | Spark plug |
US5514314A (en) * | 1989-03-06 | 1996-05-07 | Mcdougal; John A. | Spark plug and method |
US5698262A (en) * | 1996-05-06 | 1997-12-16 | Libbey-Owens-Ford Co. | Method for forming tin oxide coating on glass |
US20130092082A1 (en) * | 2007-10-11 | 2013-04-18 | Voxeljet Technology Ghbh | Material system and method for changing properties of a plactic component |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US2118795A (en) | Insulator | |
US2557983A (en) | Transparent electroconductive article | |
US2689803A (en) | Method of producing a film of uniform electroconductivity on refractory bases | |
US2628299A (en) | Connection for electrically conducting films | |
US2730598A (en) | Transparent electro-conducting article | |
US3758802A (en) | Improved cathode ray tube having a glass envelope coated with crystallized glass | |
US2588920A (en) | Method of applying a vitreous coating composition to a glass base and article resulting thereform | |
US1698845A (en) | Method of dry-coating lamp bulbs | |
NO134004B (en) | ||
US2797175A (en) | Ceramic electrical insulator having a semi-conducting glaze coating | |
US1896042A (en) | Insulated wire | |
CA1077254A (en) | Electric insulators | |
DE2749210A1 (en) | ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE RESISTANT LAYER MATERIAL FOR CATHODE BEAM TUBES | |
US2699510A (en) | Cathode-ray tube | |
US3562004A (en) | System for forming a conductive surface layer | |
US2060022A (en) | Electrolytic condenser | |
US2133768A (en) | Insulator | |
US3791859A (en) | Stress grading coatings for insulators | |
US3795499A (en) | Method of producing semi-conducting glaze compositions | |
US1879701A (en) | Protective coating and method of applying same to nickel, nickel alloys, and chromium-iron alloys | |
US2894858A (en) | Method of producing transparent electroconductive articles | |
US2859131A (en) | Method of applying a film comprising chromium oxide on a glass surface | |
US1997688A (en) | Insulator | |
US3808043A (en) | Method of fabricating a dark heater | |
KR870003947A (en) | Thick glass electrodeposition coating for use in severe corrosion |