US2761141A - Continuously varying dielectric constant electromagnetic lens - Google Patents

Continuously varying dielectric constant electromagnetic lens Download PDF

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US2761141A
US2761141A US244086A US24408651A US2761141A US 2761141 A US2761141 A US 2761141A US 244086 A US244086 A US 244086A US 24408651 A US24408651 A US 24408651A US 2761141 A US2761141 A US 2761141A
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dielectric constant
electromagnetic lens
dielectric
density
disks
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US244086A
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Malcolm W P Strandberg
Russell W Corkum
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/02Refracting or diffracting devices, e.g. lens, prism
    • H01Q15/08Refracting or diffracting devices, e.g. lens, prism formed of solid dielectric material
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00Metal working
    • Y10T29/49Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49002Electrical device making
    • Y10T29/49016Antenna or wave energy "plumbing" making

Definitions

  • Figure la is a perspective view of a piece of dielectric material having a uniform dielectric constant and shaped in a predetermined manner.
  • Figure lb is a perspective view of the piece of dielectric material showing in Figure 1a after it has been deformed by applying pressure.
  • Figure 2a is a perspective view of a piece of dielectric material similar to the piece illustrated in Figure la except that it is shaped in a different manner.
  • Figure 2b is a perspective view of the piece of dielectric material of Figure 2a after it has been deformed by applying pressure.
  • Figure 3 is a perspective view of the plurality of pieces ofdielectric material such as the pieces shown in Figure 2b in which the pieces are stacked to simulate a sphere.
  • Figure 4 is a graph illustrating the dielectric constant of materials having a fractional volume of polystyrene.
  • Figure 5 is a graph showing dielectric constant relative density of polystyrene.
  • the material most suitable for use in making the dielectric material of this invention is Styrofoam which is a foam of a thermo plastic dielectric synthetic resin suchas polystyrene.
  • Other materials which may be used are polymethylmethacrylate and copolymers of vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate, or of methylmethacrylate and styrene. It will be understood however that these are merely examples and that any material may be used which has the characteristic of having a uniform low loss United States Patent dielectric constant and which may formed by pressure.
  • the dielectric constant of a material which is a mixture of two dielectricmatenals is:
  • e, and e are the dielectric constanst of the constituent materials and ⁇ em is the dielectric constant of the mixture. Also, ka and b are the fractional volumes be shaped and then deem: ela. 62h
  • a block of polystyrene 'foam is shaped by cutting to a shape such as illustrated in Figure la.
  • the material is then placed in a press and the slab of uniform cross section is produced such as that as shown in Figure lb.v Since the density of the material in the slab of Figure lbvvaries along its length, the dielectric will also vary along its length.l
  • the relationship between the dielectric constant and the density will be such as that shown in the graph of Figure 5.
  • a piece of Styrofoam is rst cut or suitably shaped to the shape shown in Figure 2a. Pressure is then applied until the material has a ilat, disk shape.
  • Theresulting piece of dielectric material shown in Figure 2b may be referred to as an electromagnetic lens of the two dimensional type.4
  • a plurality of disks of the type shown in Figure 2b having different diameters are made.
  • the disk having the larger diameter has a dielectric constant at its center which is greater than the dielectric constant at the center of the disk which adjoins it and the next disk has a smaller dielectric constant and so on.
  • the stack of disks thus formed is shown, as noted in the identification of Figure 3 above, as simulating a sphere.
  • the central disc of the stack has a diameter equal to the great circle diameter of the sphere and the other discs have diameters equal to minor circle diameters of the sphere.
  • each of the discs of the stack which simulates the sphere is of the same thickness at the outer periphery of the disc and in view of the fact noted above that each disc is of the type shown in Figure 2b which has been fabricated from pieces of dielectric material of the shape shown in Figure 2a but differing only in diameter, it necessarily follows that each disc will have the same density and hence the same dielectric constant at its outer periphery since the density at this point is obviously substantially that of the uncompressed material.
  • the stack of discs may be machined to give the shape of a sphere and fastened together by means of a proper adhesive or by inclosing the sphere in a spherical sheet of thin dielectric material.
  • variable dielectric constant lens for electromagneticjwaves which comprisestshaping a piece of dielectric material havingy a: uniform :density t 2 t andhence a uniform dielectric constant to a shape such' f .that its cross ⁇ section varies in; height in such a manner that the height 'at' any point' along the crossjsectioni is proportional to the desired magnitude of ⁇ dielectric constant f f of the llens at that point, ⁇ and lthenapplying pressure to cause the materiall to haveanniformheght and hence afvariable dielectric constant 'iny f a variable density and cross section.
  • a twoy dimensinal electromagnetic lens comprising a disk of a single foamlike dielectric material of suhl' stantially uniform thickness, all Lof the foam forming rnaterial being'ofthesaniefcomposition; the density of the central portion of said disk being greater than the density 1y from the center tov thezperipherywhereby said disk has a continuously varyingkdierlectric constant from the center n ,3;
  • said disks decreasing in diameter from'thefcenter to yther kend of tinsstack ⁇ whereby said stack is substantially spherical.
  • An electromagnetic lens comprising ra stack ofy ⁇ di-y v l electric disks, :the thickness: of said stack of disks being substantially; equal to :the diameterof the center of said stack, each of said disks being constitutedfof a single da v t v :electric foamlike materiaLthe density of the central por- 'disks vdecreasing-in proportionto y.the distance ofl the disk from the center whereby they dielectricconstantalongthe.
  • y n i axial fandtransverse diameters is substantially equal.v

Description

Aug. 28, 1956 M, w. P. sTRANDBl-:RG ETAL 2,761,141
CONTINUOUSLY VARYING DIELECTRIC CONSTANT ELECTROMAGNETIC LENS Filed Aug. 28, 1951 Elf- .arme fr* Y .vl l I CONTINUOUSLY VARYING DIELECTRIC CON- STANT ELECTROMAGNETIC LENS Malcolm ,W. P. Strandberg, Marshfield Hills, and Russell W. Col-kum', Everett, Mass., assignors to the United v'States of America as represented by the Secretary of theAirForce Appucaun August 25s, 1951, serial No. 244,086
l s claims. (ci. 343-911) y (Granted under Title' 3s, U. s. code (1952)', sec. 266) It is old in the art to make a lens of that type byvselecting various pieces of material having different dielectric vconstant and laminating those pieces'in such a manner that the dielectric constant of the laminated body varies in cross section. That type of electromagnetic lens is difficult to construct and further has a disadvantagev that the dielectric constant of the lens varies in steps rather than uniformly as is desired.
It is an object of this invention to provide a dielectric material in which the dielectric constant varies uniformly in the cross section of the dielectric material.
It is another object of this invention to provide a simple, accurate and effective method of constructing a dielectric material having the dielectric constant which varies uniformly in its cross section.
These and other objects and advantages of this invention will become more clear and will best be understood by the following description taken in conjunction with the drawings wherein:
Figure la is a perspective view of a piece of dielectric material having a uniform dielectric constant and shaped in a predetermined manner. l
Figure lb is a perspective view of the piece of dielectric material showing in Figure 1a after it has been deformed by applying pressure.
Figure 2a is a perspective view of a piece of dielectric material similar to the piece illustrated in Figure la except that it is shaped in a different manner.
Figure 2b is a perspective view of the piece of dielectric material of Figure 2a after it has been deformed by applying pressure.
Figure 3 is a perspective view of the plurality of pieces ofdielectric material such as the pieces shown in Figure 2b in which the pieces are stacked to simulate a sphere.
Figure 4 is a graph illustrating the dielectric constant of materials having a fractional volume of polystyrene.
Figure 5 is a graph showing dielectric constant relative density of polystyrene.
The material most suitable for use in making the dielectric material of this invention is Styrofoam which is a foam of a thermo plastic dielectric synthetic resin suchas polystyrene. Other materials which may be used are polymethylmethacrylate and copolymers of vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate, or of methylmethacrylate and styrene. It will be understood however that these are merely examples and that any material may be used which has the characteristic of having a uniform low loss United States Patent dielectric constant and which may formed by pressure.
The dielectric constant of a material which is a mixture of two dielectricmatenals is:
Where e, and e, are the dielectric constanst of the constituent materials and` em is the dielectric constant of the mixture. Also, ka and b are the fractional volumes be shaped and then deem: ela. 62h
em=2.55a A plot of em vs. a is shown in Figure'4.
Referring now to Figure 11a, in order to make apiece of dielectric material in which the 'dielectric constant varies along the length of the material, a block of polystyrene 'foam is shaped by cutting to a shape such as illustrated in Figure la. The material is then placed in a press and the slab of uniform cross section is produced such as that as shown in Figure lb.v Since the density of the material in the slab of Figure lbvvaries along its length, the dielectric will also vary along its length.l The relationship between the dielectric constant and the density will be such as that shown in the graph of Figure 5.
It will be seen from the graph of Figure 5 that the dielectric constant does not have a linear relationship to the relative density, it will therefore be necessary that this non-linear relationship be taken into account when the material is rst cut.
In order to make a circular disk in which the dielectric constant varies radially from the center of the disk, a piece of Styrofoam is rst cut or suitably shaped to the shape shown in Figure 2a. Pressure is then applied until the material has a ilat, disk shape. Theresulting piece of dielectric material shown in Figure 2b may be referred to as an electromagnetic lens of the two dimensional type.4
To make an electromagnetic lens of the three dimensional type., a plurality of disks of the type shown inFigure 2b having different diameters are made. The disk having the larger diameter has a dielectric constant at its center which is greater than the dielectric constant at the center of the disk which adjoins it and the next disk has a smaller dielectric constant and so on. The stack of disks thus formed is shown, as noted in the identification of Figure 3 above, as simulating a sphere. As may be seen from Figure 3 the central disc of the stack has a diameter equal to the great circle diameter of the sphere and the other discs have diameters equal to minor circle diameters of the sphere. From Figure 3 it may -be seen tha-t each of the discs of the stack which simulates the sphere is of the same thickness at the outer periphery of the disc and in view of the fact noted above that each disc is of the type shown in Figure 2b which has been fabricated from pieces of dielectric material of the shape shown in Figure 2a but differing only in diameter, it necessarily follows that each disc will have the same density and hence the same dielectric constant at its outer periphery since the density at this point is obviously substantially that of the uncompressed material. The stack of discs may be machined to give the shape of a sphere and fastened together by means of a proper adhesive or by inclosing the sphere in a spherical sheet of thin dielectric material.
While we have, in accordance with the statutes, illustrated and described a particular embodiment of our invention, it will be understood that many modifications, omissions and additions may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of our invention.
What is claimed is:
1. The method of making a variable dielectric constant lens for electromagneticjwaves which comprisestshaping a piece of dielectric material havingy a: uniform :density t 2 t andhence a uniform dielectric constant to a shape such' f .that its cross `section varies in; height in such a manner that the height 'at' any point' along the crossjsectioni is proportional to the desired magnitude of `dielectric constant f f of the llens at that point, `and lthenapplying pressure to cause the materiall to haveanniformheght and hence afvariable dielectric constant 'iny f a variable density and cross section. i
2. A twoy dimensinal electromagnetic lens comprising a disk of a single foamlike dielectric material of suhl' stantially uniform thickness, all Lof the foam forming rnaterial being'ofthesaniefcomposition; the density of the central portion of said disk being greater than the density 1y from the center tov thezperipherywhereby said disk has a continuously varyingkdierlectric constant from the center n ,3; Anfelectromagnetic rlens lcomprising a stack of di-k electric disks, they thickness ofy said stack of disksj beingi i substantiallyeqnal tothe diameter of the Icenter of said l stack,v each of saidy dskslbeing constituted fof: a `single dii" i electric yfoamlike material, the density of the centralpoiff i tion ofeachi ofsaid disks beinggreater than the density of f rthe peripheral portion of rvsaid disks; said disks varying@ 4.AnI electromagnetic lens comprising astackof diof the peripl'reralportion,k the density varying continnons y f continuously in density from-the ycenter tothe'periphery.' f
electric disks,y the thicknessof saidA stack, of disksL `being substantially equal to the diameter ofthecenterofsaid 30 f l stack, each :of'saiddisks beinglconsttuted ,of a singledivelectric'foainlike material, the density of the cent1-alpen t y tion of each of said disks'beingy greater than thel dens'ityofy i f the peripheral portion of said disks, said disks varying,
' continuously in density vfrom the center; tol the periphery,
said disks decreasing in diameter from'thefcenter to yther kend of tinsstack` whereby said stack is substantially spherical.
5. An electromagnetic lens comprising ra stack ofy `di-y v l electric disks, :the thickness: of said stack of disks being substantially; equal to :the diameterof the center of said stack, each of said disks being constitutedfof a single da v t v :electric foamlike materiaLthe density of the central por- 'disks vdecreasing-in proportionto y.the distance ofl the disk from the center whereby they dielectricconstantalongthe. y n i axial fandtransverse diameters is substantially equal.v
" References; Cited in `the tile'ofthispatent v Y v y y v I y `UNITED STATES PATENTS `Southworth..; i;c..;aSept. y13, 1938 v fernen yniet?rianne,esi a a Article by McCnaig et al.`,` Modern Plastics, page '10641094202;Marcnt945; g n l Chemical- Company, t n
Styrofoam, 'May 2l, 1947,' technicalr data 'by 'Drawv 1 v n
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Cited By (21)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2849713A (en) * 1955-12-01 1958-08-26 Scientific Atlanta Spherical microwave lens
US2866971A (en) * 1956-09-05 1958-12-30 Kenneth S Kelleher Radiant energy reflector
US2900706A (en) * 1952-11-21 1959-08-25 Elliott Brothers London Ltd Lens, mirror or like elements for high frequency radio aerials
US3017608A (en) * 1954-07-07 1962-01-16 William J Toulis Spherical acoustical lens system for focusing underwater sound
US3101472A (en) * 1958-11-21 1963-08-20 Beam Guidance Inc Transmission of electromagnetic wave beams
US3255453A (en) * 1963-03-26 1966-06-07 Armstrong Cork Co Non-uniform dielectric toroidal lenses
US3256373A (en) * 1962-07-11 1966-06-14 Robert L Horst Method of forming a cylindrical dielectric lens
US3274668A (en) * 1965-08-02 1966-09-27 Armstrong Cork Co Method of making three-dimensional dielectric lens
US3307196A (en) * 1962-12-28 1967-02-28 Armstrong Cork Co Luneberg type lens formed by spiral winding elongated strip of variable dielectric constant material
US3321821A (en) * 1962-10-30 1967-05-30 Armstrong Cork Co Three-dimensional dielectric lens and method and apparatus for forming the same
US3427627A (en) * 1966-06-13 1969-02-11 Armstrong Cork Co Stacked dielectric disc lens having differing radial dielectric gradations
US3781900A (en) * 1972-08-23 1973-12-25 Philips Corp Luneberg lens
US3787872A (en) * 1971-08-10 1974-01-22 Corning Glass Works Microwave lens antenna and method of producing
US4333082A (en) * 1980-03-31 1982-06-01 Sperry Corporation Inhomogeneous dielectric dome antenna
WO1992022846A2 (en) * 1991-06-03 1992-12-23 Thomson Consumer Electronics S.A. Process for the production of lenses with a variable refraction index
US5661499A (en) * 1994-04-22 1997-08-26 Tovarischestvo S Ogranichennoi Otvetstvennostju "Konkur" Spherical dielectric lens with variable refractive index
US5825554A (en) * 1992-02-20 1998-10-20 Thomson Consumer Electronics, S.A. Lenses with a variable refraction index
US6140632A (en) * 1998-10-02 2000-10-31 Mcdonnell Douglas Corporation Method for producing a spatially stratified optical system for use in the micron and sub-micron wavelength regime
EP1152485A1 (en) * 1999-02-15 2001-11-07 Communications Research Laboratory, Independent Administrative Institution Radio communication device
WO2017068155A1 (en) * 2015-10-22 2017-04-27 Zodiac Data Systems Acquisition aid antenna device and associated antenna system for monitoring a moving target
US9966180B2 (en) 2016-01-22 2018-05-08 Raytheon Company Impedance transformer

Citations (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2129712A (en) * 1933-12-09 1938-09-13 American Telephone & Telegraph Transmission of energy effects by guided electric waves in a dielectric medium
US2202380A (en) * 1936-08-27 1940-05-28 Telefunken Gmbh Confined or space resonance antenna
US2343531A (en) * 1940-01-01 1944-03-07 Gen Electric Directive radiator
US2437281A (en) * 1944-07-19 1948-03-09 Sperry Corp High-frequency radiant energy apparatus
US2442940A (en) * 1944-04-17 1948-06-08 Distillers Co Yeast Ltd Process for making shaped porous masses of thermoplastic synthetic resinous materials
US2443390A (en) * 1934-02-23 1948-06-15 Kingston Arthur William Method of making optical lenses
US2456262A (en) * 1946-03-29 1948-12-14 Du Pont Fabrication of polytetrafluoroethylene articles
US2511610A (en) * 1944-11-16 1950-06-13 Hazeltine Research Inc High-frequency electromagneticwave translating element
US2542980A (en) * 1946-02-19 1951-02-27 Sperry Corportation Electromagnetic horn
US2547416A (en) * 1946-12-19 1951-04-03 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Dielectric lens
US2576181A (en) * 1947-10-28 1951-11-27 Rca Corp Focusing device for centimeter waves
US2659935A (en) * 1950-03-18 1953-11-24 Christopher L Wilson Method of making compressed sponges

Patent Citations (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2129712A (en) * 1933-12-09 1938-09-13 American Telephone & Telegraph Transmission of energy effects by guided electric waves in a dielectric medium
US2443390A (en) * 1934-02-23 1948-06-15 Kingston Arthur William Method of making optical lenses
US2202380A (en) * 1936-08-27 1940-05-28 Telefunken Gmbh Confined or space resonance antenna
US2343531A (en) * 1940-01-01 1944-03-07 Gen Electric Directive radiator
US2442940A (en) * 1944-04-17 1948-06-08 Distillers Co Yeast Ltd Process for making shaped porous masses of thermoplastic synthetic resinous materials
US2437281A (en) * 1944-07-19 1948-03-09 Sperry Corp High-frequency radiant energy apparatus
US2511610A (en) * 1944-11-16 1950-06-13 Hazeltine Research Inc High-frequency electromagneticwave translating element
US2542980A (en) * 1946-02-19 1951-02-27 Sperry Corportation Electromagnetic horn
US2456262A (en) * 1946-03-29 1948-12-14 Du Pont Fabrication of polytetrafluoroethylene articles
US2547416A (en) * 1946-12-19 1951-04-03 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Dielectric lens
US2576181A (en) * 1947-10-28 1951-11-27 Rca Corp Focusing device for centimeter waves
US2659935A (en) * 1950-03-18 1953-11-24 Christopher L Wilson Method of making compressed sponges

Cited By (26)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2900706A (en) * 1952-11-21 1959-08-25 Elliott Brothers London Ltd Lens, mirror or like elements for high frequency radio aerials
US3017608A (en) * 1954-07-07 1962-01-16 William J Toulis Spherical acoustical lens system for focusing underwater sound
US2849713A (en) * 1955-12-01 1958-08-26 Scientific Atlanta Spherical microwave lens
US2866971A (en) * 1956-09-05 1958-12-30 Kenneth S Kelleher Radiant energy reflector
US3101472A (en) * 1958-11-21 1963-08-20 Beam Guidance Inc Transmission of electromagnetic wave beams
US3256373A (en) * 1962-07-11 1966-06-14 Robert L Horst Method of forming a cylindrical dielectric lens
US3321821A (en) * 1962-10-30 1967-05-30 Armstrong Cork Co Three-dimensional dielectric lens and method and apparatus for forming the same
US3307196A (en) * 1962-12-28 1967-02-28 Armstrong Cork Co Luneberg type lens formed by spiral winding elongated strip of variable dielectric constant material
US3255453A (en) * 1963-03-26 1966-06-07 Armstrong Cork Co Non-uniform dielectric toroidal lenses
US3274668A (en) * 1965-08-02 1966-09-27 Armstrong Cork Co Method of making three-dimensional dielectric lens
US3427627A (en) * 1966-06-13 1969-02-11 Armstrong Cork Co Stacked dielectric disc lens having differing radial dielectric gradations
US3787872A (en) * 1971-08-10 1974-01-22 Corning Glass Works Microwave lens antenna and method of producing
US3781900A (en) * 1972-08-23 1973-12-25 Philips Corp Luneberg lens
US4333082A (en) * 1980-03-31 1982-06-01 Sperry Corporation Inhomogeneous dielectric dome antenna
WO1992022846A2 (en) * 1991-06-03 1992-12-23 Thomson Consumer Electronics S.A. Process for the production of lenses with a variable refraction index
WO1992022846A3 (en) * 1991-06-03 1993-01-21 Thomson Consumer Electronics Process for the production of lenses with a variable refraction index
US5825554A (en) * 1992-02-20 1998-10-20 Thomson Consumer Electronics, S.A. Lenses with a variable refraction index
US5661499A (en) * 1994-04-22 1997-08-26 Tovarischestvo S Ogranichennoi Otvetstvennostju "Konkur" Spherical dielectric lens with variable refractive index
US6140632A (en) * 1998-10-02 2000-10-31 Mcdonnell Douglas Corporation Method for producing a spatially stratified optical system for use in the micron and sub-micron wavelength regime
EP1152485A1 (en) * 1999-02-15 2001-11-07 Communications Research Laboratory, Independent Administrative Institution Radio communication device
EP1152485A4 (en) * 1999-02-15 2005-03-30 Nat Inst Inf & Comm Tech Radio communication device
WO2017068155A1 (en) * 2015-10-22 2017-04-27 Zodiac Data Systems Acquisition aid antenna device and associated antenna system for monitoring a moving target
FR3042917A1 (en) * 2015-10-22 2017-04-28 Zodiac Data Systems ACQUISITION ASSIST ANTENNA DEVICE AND ANTENNA SYSTEM FOR TRACKING A MOVING TARGET ASSOCIATED WITH
US10700407B2 (en) 2015-10-22 2020-06-30 Zodiac Data Systems Acquisition aid antenna device and associated antenna system for monitoring a moving target
US9966180B2 (en) 2016-01-22 2018-05-08 Raytheon Company Impedance transformer
US10692641B2 (en) 2016-01-22 2020-06-23 Raytheon Company Method of additively manufacturing an impedance transformer

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