US2938977A - Electric switching mat - Google Patents

Electric switching mat Download PDF

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Publication number
US2938977A
US2938977A US758274A US75827458A US2938977A US 2938977 A US2938977 A US 2938977A US 758274 A US758274 A US 758274A US 75827458 A US75827458 A US 75827458A US 2938977 A US2938977 A US 2938977A
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Prior art keywords
strips
contact strips
mat
insulating
contact
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Expired - Lifetime
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US758274A
Inventor
Robert H Koenig
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Tapeswitch Corp of America
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Tapeswitch Corp of America
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Application filed by Tapeswitch Corp of America filed Critical Tapeswitch Corp of America
Priority to US758274A priority Critical patent/US2938977A/en
Priority to GB28408/59A priority patent/GB908953A/en
Priority to FR809486A priority patent/FR1245062A/en
Priority to DEK39346A priority patent/DE1162913B/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US2938977A publication Critical patent/US2938977A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H3/00—Mechanisms for operating contacts
    • H01H3/02—Operating parts, i.e. for operating driving mechanism by a mechanical force external to the switch
    • H01H3/14—Operating parts, i.e. for operating driving mechanism by a mechanical force external to the switch adapted for operation by a part of the human body other than the hand, e.g. by foot
    • H01H3/141—Cushion or mat switches

Definitions

  • This invention relates to electric switching floor mats adaptedlto be operated by foot'pressure.
  • Electric switching floor mats are'useful for a number of purposes: to operate door openers, burglar alarms, annuc'iators to control other apparatus, or for counting.
  • the mat be adapted for manufacture in continuous form and that it may be easily custom cut for" different size'installations. It'is also preferable that the mat be useable partly rolled up and partly flat where the installations are not permanent.
  • j'Another'object of the invention is to provide a new and improved-flexible floor switching mat.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a new and imp'roved-floor switching mat that may be rolled up without short circuiting.
  • :A inother'object of the invention is to provide a floor switching mat that is very-thin-for use under rugs or doors yet which is durable.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a floor switching mat which will not be damaged by metal chips, nails, or moisture.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a floor switching mat which does not require a perfectly flat surface for operation.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a floor switching mat which is adapted for continuous manufacturing methods but which may be easily cut to any desired length.
  • Figure l is a perspective view of an embodiment of the invention with the upper covering layer partly removed to show the interior construction.
  • Figures 2 and 3 are detail views illustrating difierent methods of interconnection.
  • Figures 4, 5, 6, and 7 are detail sectional views illustrating diiferent configurations of the contact strips.
  • the mat comprises a bottom sheet 1 of material which may be of rubber, plastic or other insulating material.
  • a plurality of lower contact strips 2, 3, and 4 are placed transversely across on top of the bottom covering sheet 1.
  • a plurality of upper contact strips 5, 6, and 7 are placed above the lower contact strips and separated therefrom by insulating strips 8, 9, and 10.
  • the contact strips are preferably placed parallel to each other to provide a uniform construction suitable for easy manufacture and which permits the mat to be rolled up without short circuiting.
  • the lower contact strips extend beyond the upper contact strips on one side and are connected together by ice 2 means of a connecting wire 11 which is preferably permanently fastened to the end of each connecting strip, for instance, by soldering as shown by the soldered joints 12 and 13 in Figure 2.
  • the upper contact strips extend beyond the lower contact strips on the other side and are connected together by means of a similar connecting wire 14. It is not essential that the contact strips extend beyond each other at the different ends. However, it provides a simple method of connecting them together without undue difiiculty.
  • the strips are mechanically held in place primarily by means of the pressure of the upper sheet 15 of insulating material which is placed over the strips sandwiching them in between the upper sheet 15 and the lower sheet 1.
  • the upper and lower strips are sealed along the edges and to each other in areas between the contact strips by vulcanizing, heat sealing, or other equivalent bonding means. Therefore, the contact strips are held in place by the positioning action of the upper and lower sheets.
  • the interconnected upper and lower strips are connected to an external source by means of the wires 17 and 18 which are soldered or otherwise connected to the upper and lower strips respectively.
  • an external connection would preferably be placed every 3 or 4 feet so that the continuous strip could be cut to any desired length.
  • the spacing of the contact strips is suggested as 2 or 3 inches for ordinary foot con- -tact actuation, but it may be greater where economy is desired and specific applications permit.
  • the configuration of the contact strip need not be parallel as illustrated, but should be uniform for easy manufacture andinstallation.
  • Figure 3 is a variation wherein the connecting member is another flexible strip 19 which is soldered or otherwise connected to the contact strips 2, 3, and 4.
  • Figures 4, 5, 6, and 7 show various methods of construction for the contact strips.
  • Figure 4 shows one method having upper and lower strips 20 and 21 which have a transverse curvature and which are separated along their edges by means of the insulating strips 22 and 23. When foot pressure is applied, contact will be made between the center portions of the strips.
  • the contact strips may be made of spring-tempered, copper-clad steel or spring-tempered, beryllium copper. Of course, other equivalent materials may be used.
  • Figure 5 shows another variation wherein the contact strips 20 and 21 are the same or similar as in Figure 4, but the insulating strip 25 is in one piece extending under the lower strip and around the lower strip on each side.
  • Figure 6 shows another embodiment wherein the contact strips 26 and 27 are flat and separated along their side edges by means of the insulating strips 28 and 29. Due to the flat construction, it is necessary or desirable to add a protrusion 30 on top of the upper strip to cause sufiicient deflection in the upper strip to make good con tact with the lower strip.
  • the protrusion 30 may be of any material, either an insulating strip such as rubber or plastic or it may be an integral part of the upper contact strip.
  • Figure 7 is similar to Figure 6 in that the contact strips 26 and 27' are flat and separated by an insulating strip 31 along one edge only. A protrusion 32 is mounted on the upper strip over the free edge thereof. This variation might be useful in certain applications such as on stairways where the foot pressure is likely to be on one side.
  • the present invention provides a foot switching mat which may be made extremely thin for concealed use under rugs yet which is durable and inexpensive.
  • the covers are preferably made of a rugged type material such as plastic or rubber so that long wear may Patented May 31, 1 960 be obtained.
  • the mat is adapted to be rolled up or twisted without short circuiting and may be manufactured in a continuous strip form and easily cut for particular installations, The mat may be made of particular sizesfor particular uses.
  • the present invention is not limited to foot pressure but may be used in any case where it is desired to detect a mechanical pressure to control an external apparatus or indicator.
  • a foot switching mat adapted to be rolled up without making contact comprising a bottom length of flat insulating material, a plurality of lower contact strips spaced along said length, said strips being shorter than the width of said bottom length, a pair of continuous insulating strips placed along the entire length of the top edges of said contact strips, a plurality of upper contactstrips placed on said insulating strips but displaced axially from said.
  • a switching mat comprising a bottom length of insulating material, a plurality of flexibly connected lower contact strips spaced along said length, a plurality of flexibly connected upper contact strips placed above said lower contact strips, continuous insulating means between said upper and lower strips along the entire length thereof, said insulating strips being substantially narrower than said contact strips and spaced thereon so that contact may be made without substantially deforming said insulating strips, and an upper length of insulating material connected to said lower length of insulating material at all points between said contact strips to hold them in place, whereby said mat, may be, rolled up withoutshort circuiting said contact strips,
  • a modular switching mat comprising a bottom insulating covering, a plurality of lower contact strips connected in substantially parallel relationship to said covering, continuous insulating strips placed along at least one of the top edges of's'aid contact strips along the entire length thereof, a plurality of upper contact strips placed on said insulating strips, flexible conductor means electrically connecting said lower strips, flexible conductor means electrically connecting said upperstrips, and a top insulating cover bonded to.
  • said lower insulating cover at all points not occupied by said contact strip, said means connecting said strips being arranged for external connection at any point where said mat is custom cut to fit a particular application.
  • a modular switching mat comprising a bottom insulating; cover means, asplurality of flexibly, connected lower contact strips spaced along said length, a plurality of flexibly connected upper contact strips placed above said lower strips, insulating strips between said lower and upper contact strips said insulating strips being .substam tially narrower than said contact strips and spaced thereon so that contact may bemade without substantially deforming said insulating strips, and an upper insulating cover means connected to said lower insulating cover means a first wire connecting said upper strips at one side of said mat, a second wire connecting said lower strips at the other side of said mat, whereby said mat'may be cut to any size on the job.

Description

y 1960 R. H. KOENIG 2,938,977
ELECTRIC .swncumc MAT .Filed Sept. 2, 1958 IN VEN TOR.
ROBERT H. KOENKS M W n,
Ueied W P ten 1' 2,938,971 I "ELECTRIC SWITCHING MAT Robert H; Koenig, Cambria Heights, N.Y., assignor to Tapeswitch Corporation of America, New York, N.Y.
This invention relates to electric switching floor mats adaptedlto be operated by foot'pressure.
Electric switching floor mats are'useful for a number of purposes: to operate door openers, burglar alarms, annuc'iators to control other apparatus, or for counting.
' (It is desirable that the mat be thin for use under rugs er doors and that it be flexible, durable and inexpensive. It isals'o desirable that the'mat be capable of being rolled upor twisted without sh'ort"circuiting. Y
"It is'preferable that the mat be adapted for manufacture in continuous form and that it may be easily custom cut for" different size'installations." It'is also preferable that the mat be useable partly rolled up and partly flat where the installations are not permanent.
Accordinglyya principal objectof the invention is to provide a new and improved floor switching mat adapted to be operated by foot pressure. j'Another'object of the invention is to provide a new and improved-flexible floor switching mat.
"Another object of the invention is to provide a new and imp'roved-floor switching mat that may be rolled up without short circuiting.
:A inother'object of the invention is to provide a floor switching mat that is very-thin-for use under rugs or doors yet which is durable.
Another object of the invention is to provide a floor switching mat which will not be damaged by metal chips, nails, or moisture.
Another object of the invention is to provide a floor switching mat which does not require a perfectly flat surface for operation.
Another object of the invention is to provide a floor switching mat which is adapted for continuous manufacturing methods but which may be easily cut to any desired length.
These and other objects of the invention will be apparent from the following specification and drawings, of which:
Figure l is a perspective view of an embodiment of the invention with the upper covering layer partly removed to show the interior construction.
Figures 2 and 3 are detail views illustrating difierent methods of interconnection.
Figures 4, 5, 6, and 7 are detail sectional views illustrating diiferent configurations of the contact strips.
Referring to the figures, the mat comprises a bottom sheet 1 of material which may be of rubber, plastic or other insulating material. A plurality of lower contact strips 2, 3, and 4 are placed transversely across on top of the bottom covering sheet 1. A plurality of upper contact strips 5, 6, and 7 are placed above the lower contact strips and separated therefrom by insulating strips 8, 9, and 10. The contact strips are preferably placed parallel to each other to provide a uniform construction suitable for easy manufacture and which permits the mat to be rolled up without short circuiting.
The lower contact strips extend beyond the upper contact strips on one side and are connected together by ice 2 means of a connecting wire 11 which is preferably permanently fastened to the end of each connecting strip, for instance, by soldering as shown by the soldered joints 12 and 13 in Figure 2.
The upper contact strips. extend beyond the lower contact strips on the other side and are connected together by means of a similar connecting wire 14. It is not essential that the contact strips extend beyond each other at the different ends. However, it provides a simple method of connecting them together without undue difiiculty.
The strips are mechanically held in place primarily by means of the pressure of the upper sheet 15 of insulating material which is placed over the strips sandwiching them in between the upper sheet 15 and the lower sheet 1. The upper and lower strips are sealed along the edges and to each other in areas between the contact strips by vulcanizing, heat sealing, or other equivalent bonding means. Therefore, the contact strips are held in place by the positioning action of the upper and lower sheets.
The interconnected upper and lower strips are connected to an external source by means of the wires 17 and 18 which are soldered or otherwise connected to the upper and lower strips respectively. In continuous manufacturing an external connection would preferably be placed every 3 or 4 feet so that the continuous strip could be cut to any desired length. The spacing of the contact strips is suggested as 2 or 3 inches for ordinary foot con- -tact actuation, but it may be greater where economy is desired and specific applications permit. The configuration of the contact strip need not be parallel as illustrated, but should be uniform for easy manufacture andinstallation.
Figure 3 is a variation wherein the connecting member is another flexible strip 19 which is soldered or otherwise connected to the contact strips 2, 3, and 4.
Figures 4, 5, 6, and 7 show various methods of construction for the contact strips. Figure 4 shows one method having upper and lower strips 20 and 21 which have a transverse curvature and which are separated along their edges by means of the insulating strips 22 and 23. When foot pressure is applied, contact will be made between the center portions of the strips. The contact strips may be made of spring-tempered, copper-clad steel or spring-tempered, beryllium copper. Of course, other equivalent materials may be used.
Figure 5 shows another variation wherein the contact strips 20 and 21 are the same or similar as in Figure 4, but the insulating strip 25 is in one piece extending under the lower strip and around the lower strip on each side.
Figure 6 shows another embodiment wherein the contact strips 26 and 27 are flat and separated along their side edges by means of the insulating strips 28 and 29. Due to the flat construction, it is necessary or desirable to add a protrusion 30 on top of the upper strip to cause sufiicient deflection in the upper strip to make good con tact with the lower strip. The protrusion 30 may be of any material, either an insulating strip such as rubber or plastic or it may be an integral part of the upper contact strip.
Figure 7 is similar to Figure 6 in that the contact strips 26 and 27' are flat and separated by an insulating strip 31 along one edge only. A protrusion 32 is mounted on the upper strip over the free edge thereof. This variation might be useful in certain applications such as on stairways where the foot pressure is likely to be on one side.
Therefore, the present invention provides a foot switching mat which may be made extremely thin for concealed use under rugs yet which is durable and inexpensive. The covers are preferably made of a rugged type material such as plastic or rubber so that long wear may Patented May 31, 1 960 be obtained. The mat is adapted to be rolled up or twisted without short circuiting and may be manufactured in a continuous strip form and easily cut for particular installations, The mat may be made of particular sizesfor particular uses. The present invention is not limited to foot pressure but may be used in any case where it is desired to detect a mechanical pressure to control an external apparatus or indicator.
I claim:
1. A foot switching mat adapted to be rolled up without making contact comprising a bottom length of flat insulating material, a plurality of lower contact strips spaced along said length, said strips being shorter than the width of said bottom length, a pair of continuous insulating strips placed along the entire length of the top edges of said contact strips, a plurality of upper contactstrips placed on said insulating strips but displaced axially from said. lower contact strips, whereby when pressure is applied contact of said upper and lower contact strips will be made between said insulating strips, the ends of said lower contact strips extending past said upper contact strips at one end and the ends of said upper contact strips extending past said lower contact strips at the other end, means connecting said extending upper ends, means connecting said extending lower ends, and an upper length of insulating material laid over said strips and bonded to said bottom length of insulating material.
2. Apparatus as in claim 1 wherein said contact strips have a transverse curvature.
3. A switching mat comprising a bottom length of insulating material, a plurality of flexibly connected lower contact strips spaced along said length, a plurality of flexibly connected upper contact strips placed above said lower contact strips, continuous insulating means between said upper and lower strips along the entire length thereof, said insulating strips being substantially narrower than said contact strips and spaced thereon so that contact may be made without substantially deforming said insulating strips, and an upper length of insulating material connected to said lower length of insulating material at all points between said contact strips to hold them in place, whereby said mat, may be, rolled up withoutshort circuiting said contact strips,
4. A modular switching mat comprising a bottom insulating covering, a plurality of lower contact strips connected in substantially parallel relationship to said covering, continuous insulating strips placed along at least one of the top edges of's'aid contact strips along the entire length thereof, a plurality of upper contact strips placed on said insulating strips, flexible conductor means electrically connecting said lower strips, flexible conductor means electrically connecting said upperstrips, and a top insulating cover bonded to. said lower insulating cover at all points not occupied by said contact strip, said means connecting said strips being arranged for external connection at any point where said mat is custom cut to fit a particular application.
5. A modular switching mat comprising a bottom insulating; cover means, asplurality of flexibly, connected lower contact strips spaced along said length, a plurality of flexibly connected upper contact strips placed above said lower strips, insulating strips between said lower and upper contact strips said insulating strips being .substam tially narrower than said contact strips and spaced thereon so that contact may bemade without substantially deforming said insulating strips, and an upper insulating cover means connected to said lower insulating cover means a first wire connecting said upper strips at one side of said mat, a second wire connecting said lower strips at the other side of said mat, whereby said mat'may be cut to any size on the job.
References Cited in the tile of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,915,292 Conklin June27, 1933 2,583,813 Burke Jan. 29, 1952 2,700,080 Roby et a1. Jan. 18, 1955 2,728,827 Towle' Dec. 27, 1955 2,770,696 Koenig Nov. 13, 1956 2,790,872 Helsper Apr. 30, 1957 2,796,488 Cooper June 18, 1957
US758274A 1958-09-02 1958-09-02 Electric switching mat Expired - Lifetime US2938977A (en)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US758274A US2938977A (en) 1958-09-02 1958-09-02 Electric switching mat
GB28408/59A GB908953A (en) 1958-09-02 1959-08-19 Improvements in electric switching floor mats
FR809486A FR1245062A (en) 1958-09-02 1959-11-06 Electric contact mat
DEK39346A DE1162913B (en) 1958-09-02 1959-12-04 Contact carpet consisting of a lower part and an upper part with metal contact strips arranged at a distance from one another

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Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3622723A (en) * 1970-01-22 1971-11-23 Gustave Fischel Linear switch
US3694600A (en) * 1971-04-05 1972-09-26 Tapeswitch Corp Of America Cushion switch means
US3710054A (en) * 1971-06-07 1973-01-09 Tapeswitch Corp Ribbon switch means
US3732384A (en) * 1971-06-29 1973-05-08 G Fischel Linear switch
US4293752A (en) * 1980-01-11 1981-10-06 Tapeswitch Corporation Of America Self adhering tape switch
US4714806A (en) * 1984-02-10 1987-12-22 Toyoda Gosei Co., Ltd. Steering wheel with tape switch assembly
US4720789A (en) * 1985-10-31 1988-01-19 Bally Manufacturing Corporation Video exercise or game floor controller with position indicating foot pads
US5001310A (en) * 1989-04-26 1991-03-19 Tapeswitch Corporation Of America Puncture-resistant mat for pressure-actuated switches
US5142109A (en) * 1989-04-26 1992-08-25 Tapeswitch Corporation Of America Puncture-resistant mat for pressure-actuated switches
US5510586A (en) * 1995-01-11 1996-04-23 Tapeswitch Corporation Of America Switch joint for electrical switching mats
US6054658A (en) * 1998-06-01 2000-04-25 Tapeswitch Corporation Electrical switch mat
WO2001055729A2 (en) * 2000-01-29 2001-08-02 Robert Bosch Gmbh Sensor arrangement
US6455793B1 (en) * 1999-06-25 2002-09-24 Tokyo Sensor Co., Ltd. Continuous-length switch
WO2004036608A1 (en) * 2002-10-11 2004-04-29 W.E.T. Automotive Systems Ag Flat cable switch
US7199315B1 (en) 2004-02-05 2007-04-03 Streamlight, Inc. Pressure actuated electrical switch
US20070120707A1 (en) * 2005-11-29 2007-05-31 Rv Insite, Inc. Method for positioning recreational vehicles and portable position sensor and alert system for recreational vehicles and other vehicles
US20090120777A1 (en) * 2007-11-08 2009-05-14 Grzan John T Linear pressure switch apparatus and method

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB9226217D0 (en) * 1992-12-16 1993-02-10 Secretary Fo State For Defence Vehicle intruder detection device
GB2307346B (en) * 1995-11-15 2000-04-19 Christopher Mcglone Detector arrangement

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1915292A (en) * 1932-05-21 1933-06-27 Nat Pneumatic Co Compressible mat electric treadle
US2583813A (en) * 1950-09-28 1952-01-29 Murray M Fibus Mat control for door opening mechanisms
US2700080A (en) * 1954-01-18 1955-01-18 Stanley Works Electric mat switch
US2728827A (en) * 1953-03-23 1955-12-27 Specialties Dev Corp Deformable switch
US2770696A (en) * 1954-01-06 1956-11-13 Robert H Koenig Tape switch
US2790872A (en) * 1953-12-02 1957-04-30 Specialties Dev Corp Deformation switch assembly
US2796488A (en) * 1953-12-01 1957-06-18 Cooper Benjamin Treadle and treadle process

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1915292A (en) * 1932-05-21 1933-06-27 Nat Pneumatic Co Compressible mat electric treadle
US2583813A (en) * 1950-09-28 1952-01-29 Murray M Fibus Mat control for door opening mechanisms
US2728827A (en) * 1953-03-23 1955-12-27 Specialties Dev Corp Deformable switch
US2796488A (en) * 1953-12-01 1957-06-18 Cooper Benjamin Treadle and treadle process
US2790872A (en) * 1953-12-02 1957-04-30 Specialties Dev Corp Deformation switch assembly
US2770696A (en) * 1954-01-06 1956-11-13 Robert H Koenig Tape switch
US2700080A (en) * 1954-01-18 1955-01-18 Stanley Works Electric mat switch

Cited By (22)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3622723A (en) * 1970-01-22 1971-11-23 Gustave Fischel Linear switch
US3694600A (en) * 1971-04-05 1972-09-26 Tapeswitch Corp Of America Cushion switch means
US3710054A (en) * 1971-06-07 1973-01-09 Tapeswitch Corp Ribbon switch means
US3732384A (en) * 1971-06-29 1973-05-08 G Fischel Linear switch
US4293752A (en) * 1980-01-11 1981-10-06 Tapeswitch Corporation Of America Self adhering tape switch
US4714806A (en) * 1984-02-10 1987-12-22 Toyoda Gosei Co., Ltd. Steering wheel with tape switch assembly
US4720789A (en) * 1985-10-31 1988-01-19 Bally Manufacturing Corporation Video exercise or game floor controller with position indicating foot pads
US5001310A (en) * 1989-04-26 1991-03-19 Tapeswitch Corporation Of America Puncture-resistant mat for pressure-actuated switches
US5142109A (en) * 1989-04-26 1992-08-25 Tapeswitch Corporation Of America Puncture-resistant mat for pressure-actuated switches
US5510586A (en) * 1995-01-11 1996-04-23 Tapeswitch Corporation Of America Switch joint for electrical switching mats
US6054658A (en) * 1998-06-01 2000-04-25 Tapeswitch Corporation Electrical switch mat
US6455793B1 (en) * 1999-06-25 2002-09-24 Tokyo Sensor Co., Ltd. Continuous-length switch
US20020184752A1 (en) * 1999-06-25 2002-12-12 Takeshi Kasahara Method for manufacturing a continuous-length switch
US6898842B2 (en) 1999-06-25 2005-05-31 Tokyo Sensor Co., Ltd. Method for manufacturing a continuous-length switch
WO2001055729A2 (en) * 2000-01-29 2001-08-02 Robert Bosch Gmbh Sensor arrangement
WO2001055729A3 (en) * 2000-01-29 2002-04-11 Bosch Gmbh Robert Sensor arrangement
US6693549B2 (en) 2000-01-29 2004-02-17 Robert Bosch Gmbh Sensor arrangement
WO2004036608A1 (en) * 2002-10-11 2004-04-29 W.E.T. Automotive Systems Ag Flat cable switch
US7199315B1 (en) 2004-02-05 2007-04-03 Streamlight, Inc. Pressure actuated electrical switch
US20070120707A1 (en) * 2005-11-29 2007-05-31 Rv Insite, Inc. Method for positioning recreational vehicles and portable position sensor and alert system for recreational vehicles and other vehicles
US20090120777A1 (en) * 2007-11-08 2009-05-14 Grzan John T Linear pressure switch apparatus and method
US7659485B2 (en) 2007-11-08 2010-02-09 Grzan John T Linear pressure switch apparatus and method

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