US3014858A - Electrolytic film - Google Patents

Electrolytic film Download PDF

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US3014858A
US3014858A US712963A US71296358A US3014858A US 3014858 A US3014858 A US 3014858A US 712963 A US712963 A US 712963A US 71296358 A US71296358 A US 71296358A US 3014858 A US3014858 A US 3014858A
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electrolyte
film
electrolytic
electrodes
moisture
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US712963A
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Jr Michael Czuha
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Consolidated Electrodynamics Corp
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Consolidated Electrodynamics Corp
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Priority to US712963A priority Critical patent/US3014858A/en
Priority to GB39775/58A priority patent/GB886351A/en
Priority to DEC18291A priority patent/DE1292882B/en
Priority to US17698A priority patent/US3072556A/en
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
    • G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
    • G01N27/416—Systems
    • G01N27/42—Measuring deposition or liberation of materials from an electrolyte; Coulometry, i.e. measuring coulomb-equivalent of material in an electrolyte
    • G01N27/423—Coulometry

Definitions

  • This invention relates to an improved electrolytic cell of the type employing a normally solid hygroscopic elec trolyte.
  • a typical cell comprises a pair of spaced conductive wire electrode coils wound with individual turns of one coil disposed between adjacent turns of the other coil, the coils being supported against the inside Wall of an enclosing tube or housing.
  • a film of a hygroscopic electrolyte, such as phosphorus pentoxide, is deposited on the coils and housing interior to electrically bridge the spaces between adjacent turns of the two wire helices.
  • a suitable voltage is appliedto the two electrode I coils, and when the electrolyte is conductive, say upon absorption of moisture, an electrolytic cell exists between the alternately spaced turns of the electrode coils.
  • the electrolyte becomes conductive, current flows between the coils in the regions of conductivity and the water is electrolyzed to hydrogen and oxygen.
  • the electrolyte is thereby continuously regenerated and the electrical energy consumed is an accurate measure of themoisture absorption in accordance with Faradays laws.
  • the process for depositing the film should be fairly rapid to keep cost of manufacture to a minimum, and second, the film should be uniform and of the proper thickness to provide rapid response to changes in moisture concentration. I have discovered that there is an optimum thickness of the filrnto provide rapid response to changes in moisture concentration. If the film is too thick, there is an undesirable time lag in response due to the amount of material through which the moisture must diffuse. other hand, if the film is made too thin, the response time also increases, probably because certain portions of the film become, in'effect, discontinuous.
  • This invention provides an electrolytic cell with a thin uniform film of electrolyte which provides .high speed response not previously available with electrolytic cells of this type.
  • the invention provides a method for depositing thin uniform electrolyte films in much less time than is possible with the techniques used prior to this invention.
  • An electrolytic cell in accordance with this invention includes a support member and a pair of spaced electrodes on the support member.
  • a film of electrolyte is deposited on the electrodes and support so that the film has a thickness between about microinches and about 200 microinches.
  • the electrolyte is a hygroscopic material which becomes virtually nonconducting when it is dry.
  • examples of such materials are phosphorus pentoxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, potassium metaphosphate, and silicic acid.
  • the support is a material with a hydrophilic surface such as glass,
  • the term glass being used herein to include the various On the Prior to this invention the electrolytic film was deposited in the cell on the coils and tube interior by filling the tube with an aqueous solution'of electrolyte, and then blowing air through the tube to remove excess moisture. to effect electrolytic complete-drying of the electrolyte, leaving a solid film of electrolyte deposited on the electrode coils and the tube interior.
  • Teflon has a hydrophobic surface, and therefore is not uniformly wetted by the aqueous solution of the electrolyte, with the result that an uneven and undesirably thick film of electrolyte mustbe deposited in Thereafter, voltage was applied to the two coils silica glasses, and in general, any vitreous material which is malleable in a fairly wide temperature range and which is hard and generally inelastic below such range.
  • the invention contemplates making an electrolytic cell by disposing a pair of spaced electrodes on a support member.
  • a water solution of an electrolyte mixed with an organic liquid having a higher vapor pressure than water is applied to the electrodes and support member.
  • the electrodes and support member are dried to leave a substantially solid coating of electrolyte on the electrodes and support member.
  • the drying is effected by passing a gas stream over the electrodes and support memher.
  • the organic liquid evaporates rapidly into the gas stream, leaving a thin, tacky film of concentrated electrolyte solution evenly distributed over the electrodes and support.
  • the residual water in the film of electrolyte is removed by electrolysis.
  • the water-miscible organic liquid is a relatively low molecular weight polar compound such as acetone, methanol, or dioxane, although other organic liquids which are miscible in water and which have a relatively high vapor pressure, can be used, such as the low molecular weight aldehydes and esters.
  • the organic liquid should be polar, having a higher vapor pressure than water, and be inert to the electrolyte anhydride or hydrate, at least fora period of several hours.
  • a first electrode helical coil 16 is partially embedded in the interior wall of a tube or housing 1'1 made of a suitable material such as Pyrex or soft glass.
  • a second electrode helical coil 12 is also embedded in the housing interior with each of its turns located between adjacent turns of the first coil.
  • the electrode coils may be of any suitable material, such as platinum, and may be of any suitable dimension. Good results have been obtained using 3 mil wire with a 3 mil spacing between adjacent turns supported in a soft glass tube having an ID. of about .023 inch.
  • a thin, uniform electrolytic film 14 is deposited on the interior surface of the electrolytic cell housing and on the exposed areas of the electrode coils so that each turn of each electrode coil is bridged to the adjacent turn of the other electrode coil by the electrolytic film.
  • the electrode coils are connected to opposite terminals of a DC. power source 15 to complete the electrolytic cell.
  • a sample stream (not shown) is adapted to flow axially through the electrolytic cell housing.
  • the electrolytic film is deposited as shown in the drawing by filling the electrolytic cell with a mixture of a water solution of the electrolyte and a suitable organic liquid which is miscible with the electrolyte water solution.
  • a gas stream is passed axially through the housing to remove excess liquid and to permit the organic liquid to evaporate rapidly, leaving a thin, tack film of concentrated electrolyte solution deposited on the coils and housing interior.
  • the final residual water was removed by electrolysis, that is, by applying a suitable voltage across the electrode coils, leaving a dry film of phosphorus pentoxide 2 5)
  • the coating solution was prepared by mixing various volumes of 85% orthophosphoric acid in Water with sufiicient acetone to make 100 milliliters of solution. Using the various solutions in the manner prescribed above, the initial drying time of the electrolytic cell was reduced from more than one hour, which is the time required when a volatile organic liquid is not used, to considerably less than an hour.
  • the data in the table show that the initial drying time and film thickness increased as increasing amounts of orthophosphoric acid solution were used.
  • the initial drying time can be further decreased if, in the above examples, the acetone is replaced with about 50% by volume of a more volatile liquid, such as diethyl ether.
  • the ether is less miscible with water than acetone, so when both organic liquids are used, it is preferred to mix the acetone & water solution of electrolyte first, and then add the ether.
  • the response time given in the table is the amount of time required for a 63% change in reading when the moisture content of sample flowing through the cell is suddenly changed, stepwise, between 20 and 700 parts per million.
  • the values under the column labeled Dec. moist. (decreasing moisture) are the response times when the moisture in the sample is dropped from 700 to 20 ppm.
  • the values under Inc. moist. (increasing moisture) are the response times when the moisture in the sample is increased from 20 to 700 ppm.
  • the reason for the differences in response time for decreasing and increasing moisture content is not fully understood at this time, but the data do show that the minimum response time, for both the decreasing and increasing readings, occurs when the film thickness is between about .000031 and about 0.00186 inch.
  • the thin uniform film laid down in this invention results in an instrument with a high response speed to variations in moisture content between 20 and 700 parts per million.
  • the response time for a 63% change in. reading is less than 20 seconds, well Within the 30 seconds limit ordinarily specified for quality control, and a marked improvement over previously available instruments with response times of from several to more than 30 minutes.
  • This improved response characteristic is apparently associated with the controlled thin uniform film of phosphoric anhydride which can be deposited using the volatile organic solutions.
  • an important factor probably is the use of glass as the substrate in the electrode assembly, which is more completely wetted by the coating solution than when hydrophobic materials such as Teflon are used.
  • An electrolytic cell comprising a support member, a pair of spaced electrodes on the support member, a continuous film of absorptive electrolyte non-conductive in the dry solid state deposited on the electrodes and support, the film having a thickness between about 30 microinches and about 200 microinches, and means for applying an electrolysis-initiating direct current potential to the pair of electrodes to effect electrolytic decomposition of aqueous material absorbed by the electrolyte, said electrolyte being a substance continuously regenerable to its initial non-conductive condition upon continuous electrolysis.

Description

Dec. 26, 1961 M. CZUHA, JR
ELECTROLYTIC FILM Filed Feb. :5, 1958 COA TIA/G INVENTOR.
M/C/MEL CZl/HA, J/P.
nited States Patent Ofifice 3,014,858 Patented Dec. 26, 1961 fornia Filed Feb. 3, 1958, Ser. No. 712,963 5 Claims. (Cl. 204-495) This invention relates to an improved electrolytic cell of the type employing a normally solid hygroscopic elec trolyte.
Cells currently finding use in commercial moisture analyzers are illustrative of this type of electrolytic cell, and the invention is described as applied to an electrolytic moisture analyzer. A typical cell comprises a pair of spaced conductive wire electrode coils wound with individual turns of one coil disposed between adjacent turns of the other coil, the coils being supported against the inside Wall of an enclosing tube or housing. A film of a hygroscopic electrolyte, such as phosphorus pentoxide, is deposited on the coils and housing interior to electrically bridge the spaces between adjacent turns of the two wire helices.
A suitable voltage is appliedto the two electrode I coils, and when the electrolyte is conductive, say upon absorption of moisture, an electrolytic cell exists between the alternately spaced turns of the electrode coils. In operation, therefore, as moisture is absorbed by the electrolyte from a gas stream flowing past the coils, the electrolyte becomes conductive, current flows between the coils in the regions of conductivity and the water is electrolyzed to hydrogen and oxygen. The electrolyte is thereby continuously regenerated and the electrical energy consumed is an accurate measure of themoisture absorption in accordance with Faradays laws.
Two characteristics are important in the deposition of the electrolytic film. First, the process for depositing the film should be fairly rapid to keep cost of manufacture to a minimum, and second, the film should be uniform and of the proper thickness to provide rapid response to changes in moisture concentration. I have discovered that there is an optimum thickness of the filrnto provide rapid response to changes in moisture concentration. If the film is too thick, there is an undesirable time lag in response due to the amount of material through which the moisture must diffuse. other hand, if the film is made too thin, the response time also increases, probably because certain portions of the film become, in'effect, discontinuous.
order to insurea continuous coating. Even the use of wetting agents has failed to provide the uniform thin film of electrolyte desirable for fast response times.
This invention provides an electrolytic cell with a thin uniform film of electrolyte which provides .high speed response not previously available with electrolytic cells of this type. In addition, the invention provides a method for depositing thin uniform electrolyte films in much less time than is possible with the techniques used prior to this invention.
An electrolytic cell in accordance with this invention includes a support member and a pair of spaced electrodes on the support member. A film of electrolyte is deposited on the electrodes and support so that the film has a thickness between about microinches and about 200 microinches.
In the preferred form of the invention, the electrolyte is a hygroscopic material which becomes virtually nonconducting when it is dry. Examples of such materials are phosphorus pentoxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, potassium metaphosphate, and silicic acid. Also in the preferred form of the invention, the support is a material with a hydrophilic surface such as glass,
, the term glass being used herein to include the various On the Prior to this invention, the electrolytic film was deposited in the cell on the coils and tube interior by filling the tube with an aqueous solution'of electrolyte, and then blowing air through the tube to remove excess moisture. to effect electrolytic complete-drying of the electrolyte, leaving a solid film of electrolyte deposited on the electrode coils and the tube interior.
This prior procedure of depositing the electrolytic film has the disadvantage that it requires a relatively long drying time to prepare the film, and in addition, often results in the deposition of a relatively thick and nonuniform film which produces an instrument with an undesirably long response time. The uneven deposition of the electrolytic film is further aggravated in priorart cells in which the housing or tube is made of a material such as polytetrafluoroethylene (known commercially as Teflon). Teflon has a hydrophobic surface, and therefore is not uniformly wetted by the aqueous solution of the electrolyte, with the result that an uneven and undesirably thick film of electrolyte mustbe deposited in Thereafter, voltage was applied to the two coils silica glasses, and in general, any vitreous material which is malleable in a fairly wide temperature range and which is hard and generally inelastic below such range.
In terms of method, the invention contemplates making an electrolytic cell by disposing a pair of spaced electrodes on a support member. A water solution of an electrolyte mixed with an organic liquid having a higher vapor pressure than water is applied to the electrodes and support member. Thereafter, the electrodes and support member are dried to leave a substantially solid coating of electrolyte on the electrodes and support member. Preferably the drying is effected by passing a gas stream over the electrodes and support memher. The organic liquid evaporates rapidly into the gas stream, leaving a thin, tacky film of concentrated electrolyte solution evenly distributed over the electrodes and support. ,Also in the preferred method, the residual water in the film of electrolyte is removed by electrolysis.
In the preferred form of the invention, the water-miscible organic liquid is a relatively low molecular weight polar compound such as acetone, methanol, or dioxane, although other organic liquids which are miscible in water and which have a relatively high vapor pressure, can be used, such as the low molecular weight aldehydes and esters. In general, the organic liquid should be polar, having a higher vapor pressure than water, and be inert to the electrolyte anhydride or hydrate, at least fora period of several hours.
These and other aspects of the invention will be more fully understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing which is an enlarged sectional elevation of an electrolytic cell having an electrolytic film deposited in accordance with this invention.
Referring to the drawing, a first electrode helical coil 16 is partially embedded in the interior wall of a tube or housing 1'1 made of a suitable material such as Pyrex or soft glass. A second electrode helical coil 12 is also embedded in the housing interior with each of its turns located between adjacent turns of the first coil. The electrode coils may be of any suitable material, such as platinum, and may be of any suitable dimension. Good results have been obtained using 3 mil wire with a 3 mil spacing between adjacent turns supported in a soft glass tube having an ID. of about .023 inch. A thin, uniform electrolytic film 14 is deposited on the interior surface of the electrolytic cell housing and on the exposed areas of the electrode coils so that each turn of each electrode coil is bridged to the adjacent turn of the other electrode coil by the electrolytic film. The electrode coils are connected to opposite terminals of a DC. power source 15 to complete the electrolytic cell. A sample stream (not shown) is adapted to flow axially through the electrolytic cell housing.
The electrolytic film is deposited as shown in the drawing by filling the electrolytic cell with a mixture of a water solution of the electrolyte and a suitable organic liquid which is miscible with the electrolyte water solution. A gas stream is passed axially through the housing to remove excess liquid and to permit the organic liquid to evaporate rapidly, leaving a thin, tack film of concentrated electrolyte solution deposited on the coils and housing interior.
Of all the various organic liquids and electrolytes considered, it is presently preferred to use a mixture of acetone and a solution of orthophosphoric acid. Using acetone as the organic liquid for preparation of the orthophosphoric acid solution, a rapid initial drying of the electrolytic film was obtained. The mixture had a relatively low viscosity so it readily spread over and wet the entire exposed surfaces of the coil and housing interior. The acetone evaporated rapidly into the gas stream, leaving behind in the cell a thin tacky film of concentrated aqueous orthophosphoric acid evenly distributed over the electrodes and the housing interior. The final residual water was removed by electrolysis, that is, by applying a suitable voltage across the electrode coils, leaving a dry film of phosphorus pentoxide 2 5) The coating solution was prepared by mixing various volumes of 85% orthophosphoric acid in Water with sufiicient acetone to make 100 milliliters of solution. Using the various solutions in the manner prescribed above, the initial drying time of the electrolytic cell was reduced from more than one hour, which is the time required when a volatile organic liquid is not used, to considerably less than an hour.
The following table shows the results obtained with the various acetone solutions:
The data in the table show that the initial drying time and film thickness increased as increasing amounts of orthophosphoric acid solution were used. The initial drying time can be further decreased if, in the above examples, the acetone is replaced with about 50% by volume of a more volatile liquid, such as diethyl ether. The ether is less miscible with water than acetone, so when both organic liquids are used, it is preferred to mix the acetone & water solution of electrolyte first, and then add the ether.
The response time given in the table is the amount of time required for a 63% change in reading when the moisture content of sample flowing through the cell is suddenly changed, stepwise, between 20 and 700 parts per million. The values under the column labeled Dec. moist. (decreasing moisture) are the response times when the moisture in the sample is dropped from 700 to 20 ppm. The values under Inc. moist. (increasing moisture) are the response times when the moisture in the sample is increased from 20 to 700 ppm. The reason for the differences in response time for decreasing and increasing moisture content is not fully understood at this time, but the data do show that the minimum response time, for both the decreasing and increasing readings, occurs when the film thickness is between about .000031 and about 0.00186 inch.
The thin uniform film laid down in this invention results in an instrument with a high response speed to variations in moisture content between 20 and 700 parts per million. The response time for a 63% change in. reading is less than 20 seconds, well Within the 30 seconds limit ordinarily specified for quality control, and a marked improvement over previously available instruments with response times of from several to more than 30 minutes. This improved response characteristic is apparently associated with the controlled thin uniform film of phosphoric anhydride which can be deposited using the volatile organic solutions. Also, an important factor probably is the use of glass as the substrate in the electrode assembly, which is more completely wetted by the coating solution than when hydrophobic materials such as Teflon are used.
Moreover, previous instruments using Tefion, and consequently requiring relatively thick films of electrolyte anhydrides, require specific calibration for measuring moisture in certain types of sample streams, e.g., Freon streams. With the electrolytic cell made in accordance with this invention, special calibration runs are not necessary with such streams, it being possible to read moisture concentrations directly.
I claim:
1. An electrolytic cell comprising a support member, a pair of spaced electrodes on the support member, a continuous film of absorptive electrolyte non-conductive in the dry solid state deposited on the electrodes and support, the film having a thickness between about 30 microinches and about 200 microinches, and means for applying an electrolysis-initiating direct current potential to the pair of electrodes to effect electrolytic decomposition of aqueous material absorbed by the electrolyte, said electrolyte being a substance continuously regenerable to its initial non-conductive condition upon continuous electrolysis.
2. Cell in accordance with claim 1 in which the electrolyte is phosphorous pentoxide.
3. Cell in accordance with claim 1 in which the elec trolyte is dried KOH.
4. Cell in accordance with claim 1 in which the electrolyte is dried NaOH.
5. Cell in accordance with claim 1 in which the electrolyte is dried silicic acid.
accordance with References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,585,059 Wallace Feb. 12, 1952 2,651,612 Haller Sept. 8, 1953 2,706,366 Best Apr. 19, 1955 2,741,570 Gaiser Apr. 10, 1956 2,772,190 Haayman et al. Nov. 27, 1956 2,816,067 Keidel Dec. 10, 1957 2,830,945 Keidel Apr. 15, 1958 FOREIGN PATENTS 704,552 Great Britain Feb. 24, 1954 OTHER REFERENCES The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 5th edition, 1956, Reinhold Publishers, page 892.
UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE CERTIFICATE. OF CORRECTION Patent N0a 3 Ol4 858 December 26 1.961
Michael Czuha Jra,
It is hereby certified that error appears in the above numbered patent requiring correction and that the said Letters Patent should read as corrected below.
Column 4L line lo for O,OOl86"' read 0000186 Signed and sealed this 5th day of June 1962c,
(SEAL Attest:
ERNEST w. SWIDER AVID L- LADD v Attesting Officer Commissioner of Patents UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION Patent N0o 3,,Ol4 858 December 26 1961 Michael Czuha Jr,
It is hereby certified that error appears in the above numbered patent requiring correction and that the said Letters Patent should read as corrected below, v
Column 4 line 10 for "0000186" read qOOOl86 Signed and sealed this 5th day of June 19620 (SEAL Attest:
ERNEST w. SWIDER -L Attesfing Officer v Commissioner of Patents

Claims (1)

1. AN ELECTROLYTIC CELL COMPRISING A SUPPORT MEMBER, A PAIR OF SPACED ELECTRODES ON THE SUPPORT MEMBER, A CONTINUOUS FILM OF ABSORPTIVE ELECTROLYTE NON-CONDUCTIVE IN THE DRY SOLID STATE DEPOSITED ON THE ELECTRODES AND SUPPORT, THE FILM HAVING A THICKNESS BETWEEN ABOUT 30 MICROINCHES AND ABOUT 200 MICROINCHES, AND MEANS FOR APPLYING AN ELECTROLYSIS-INITIATING DIRECT CURRENT POTENTIAL TO THE PAIR OF ELECTRODES TO EFFECT ELECTROLYTIC DECOMPOSITION OF AQUEOUS MATERIAL ABSORBED BY THE ELECTROLYTE, SAID ELECTROLYTE BEING A SUBSTANCE CONTINUOUSLY REGENER-
US712963A 1958-02-03 1958-02-03 Electrolytic film Expired - Lifetime US3014858A (en)

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US712963A US3014858A (en) 1958-02-03 1958-02-03 Electrolytic film
GB39775/58A GB886351A (en) 1958-02-03 1958-12-10 Improvements in or relating to moisture sensitive electrolytic cells
DEC18291A DE1292882B (en) 1958-02-03 1959-01-27 Electrolyte cell for determining moisture
US17698A US3072556A (en) 1958-02-03 1960-03-25 Method of making electrolytic measuring cell

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3356942A (en) * 1962-07-21 1967-12-05 Mawdsley S Ltd Fluid duct and electrode assembly
US3569824A (en) * 1966-10-18 1971-03-09 Hartmann & Braun Ag Conducting probe having a pair of helically wound electrodes

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102016206445B4 (en) * 2016-04-15 2023-11-16 Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. Coulometric humidity sensor with gel electrolyte and manufacturing process for a coulometric humidity sensor with gel electrolyte

Citations (8)

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US2585059A (en) * 1946-12-24 1952-02-12 Wallace & Tiernan Inc Electrical cell apparatus for detecting chemical characteristics of liquids
US2651612A (en) * 1948-02-04 1953-09-08 Olin Mathieson Amperometric analyzer
GB704552A (en) * 1950-05-17 1954-02-24 Alois Vogt Improvements in or relating to meters for measuring atmospheric humidity
US2706366A (en) * 1950-11-25 1955-04-19 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Method of constructing a helix assembly
US2741570A (en) * 1953-03-05 1956-04-10 Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co Electroconductive article
US2772190A (en) * 1951-11-03 1956-11-27 Hartford Nat Bank & Trust Co Method of increasing the electrical conductivity of tin oxide films
US2816067A (en) * 1955-05-03 1957-12-10 Du Pont Electrolytic drying method
US2830945A (en) * 1955-05-03 1958-04-15 Du Pont Apparatus for water determination

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE967472C (en) * 1940-11-03 1957-11-14 Irene Pfeifer Geb Schleiffer Process for the production of moisture-sensitive measuring elements made of plastic
US2458348A (en) * 1944-05-06 1949-01-04 Eastman Kodak Co Electric resistance film hygrometer
US2510018A (en) * 1947-06-13 1950-05-30 Sears Roebuck & Co Electrolytic humidostat
DE922796C (en) * 1951-08-28 1955-01-24 Erich Dr Baum Moisture meter
FR1138142A (en) * 1955-12-23 1957-06-11 Phys Chemical Res Corp elements with variable electrical resistance as a function of the ambient humidity

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2585059A (en) * 1946-12-24 1952-02-12 Wallace & Tiernan Inc Electrical cell apparatus for detecting chemical characteristics of liquids
US2651612A (en) * 1948-02-04 1953-09-08 Olin Mathieson Amperometric analyzer
GB704552A (en) * 1950-05-17 1954-02-24 Alois Vogt Improvements in or relating to meters for measuring atmospheric humidity
US2706366A (en) * 1950-11-25 1955-04-19 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Method of constructing a helix assembly
US2772190A (en) * 1951-11-03 1956-11-27 Hartford Nat Bank & Trust Co Method of increasing the electrical conductivity of tin oxide films
US2741570A (en) * 1953-03-05 1956-04-10 Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co Electroconductive article
US2816067A (en) * 1955-05-03 1957-12-10 Du Pont Electrolytic drying method
US2830945A (en) * 1955-05-03 1958-04-15 Du Pont Apparatus for water determination

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3356942A (en) * 1962-07-21 1967-12-05 Mawdsley S Ltd Fluid duct and electrode assembly
US3569824A (en) * 1966-10-18 1971-03-09 Hartmann & Braun Ag Conducting probe having a pair of helically wound electrodes

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