US3079584A - High pressure piezoelectric hydrophone with tungsten backing plate - Google Patents

High pressure piezoelectric hydrophone with tungsten backing plate Download PDF

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US3079584A
US3079584A US848479A US84847959A US3079584A US 3079584 A US3079584 A US 3079584A US 848479 A US848479 A US 848479A US 84847959 A US84847959 A US 84847959A US 3079584 A US3079584 A US 3079584A
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crystal
backing plate
transducer
tungsten
high pressure
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US848479A
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Claude C Sims
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B06—GENERATING OR TRANSMITTING MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS IN GENERAL
    • B06B—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR GENERATING OR TRANSMITTING MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS OF INFRASONIC, SONIC, OR ULTRASONIC FREQUENCY, e.g. FOR PERFORMING MECHANICAL WORK IN GENERAL
    • B06B1/00—Methods or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency
    • B06B1/02—Methods or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency making use of electrical energy
    • B06B1/06—Methods or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency making use of electrical energy operating with piezoelectric effect or with electrostriction
    • B06B1/0644—Methods or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency making use of electrical energy operating with piezoelectric effect or with electrostriction using a single piezoelectric element
    • B06B1/0662—Methods or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency making use of electrical energy operating with piezoelectric effect or with electrostriction using a single piezoelectric element with an electrode on the sensitive surface
    • B06B1/0677—Methods or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency making use of electrical energy operating with piezoelectric effect or with electrostriction using a single piezoelectric element with an electrode on the sensitive surface and a high impedance backing

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to sound transducers. More particularly the invention relates to a broadband calibration hydrophone which employs a piezoelectric crystalr notor.
  • the "various rnethodsof mounting piezoelectric crystals may be grouped roughly into three classes, inertia drive, symmetric drive, and clamped drive. The first of these generally requires an air pocket or other compensation device to prevent unbalanced stresses from distorting the crystal at the ambient pressure encountered in undersea Work. As the pressure increases, the design of an air pocket or other compensating device becomes increasingly diflicult.
  • the symmetric drive systems generally require a preamplifier housing in the plane of the wavefront, so that the distance from the transducer at which free-field calibrations can be made is determined by the size of the preamplifier housing rather than by the smaller size of the transducer itself.
  • the frequency response of this transducer is also sensitive to changes in ambient temperature and pressure which alter the phasing of its components.
  • the clamped drive crystal transducer in which the crystal of small mass is attached to a more massive backing element provides a very stable structure for use at high pressures. It also makes a satisfactory hydrophone from the standpoint of directivity and broadband stability. Clamped drive presents some unique problems of its own, but they are avoided by following the teachings of the present invention.
  • An object, therefore, of the present invention is to provide a crystal transducer for receiving sound waves in liquids under pressures such as are found thousands of feet under the sea.
  • a further object of the invention is to provide a novel clamped-drive crystal transducer for underwater use.
  • FIG. 1 shows a side view of a transducer of the invention in section to disclose inner details
  • FIG. 2 shows an exploded view of the clamped crystal assembly of FIG. 1 and its mounting
  • FIG. 3 shows a directional transducer array using a plurality of the clamped crystals made in accordance with the invention.
  • the transducer 11 includes a cylindrical housing 12 which has a forward chamber 13 for a crystal assembly 14 and a rear chamber 15 for a preamplifier (not shown).
  • a cable 16 leads from the back of the housing and contains conductors 17 to carry operatin" voltages from an external power supply (not shown) to the preamplifier, as well as to transmit signals generated by the transducer.
  • the crystal assembly is best shown in FIG. 2.
  • the crystal is a thin disc 44 of lithium sulfate, although other materials such as Tourmaline, PZT, or barium titanate could have been used.
  • PZT is the common designation of lead zirconate titanate.
  • the crystal is cut radially into a plurality of sections.
  • a layer of gold foil ll is cemented to each of the broad faces of the crystal sections, which are themselves cemented, and the combined structure is cemented to a tungsten backing plate 42.
  • the tungsten plate is cylindrical and is also radially split and cemented together.
  • Tungsten is preferred for the backing plate because of its high acoustic impedance compared to Water and the crystal. It also has a high density, so that its large mass is easily decoupled from the case.
  • the crys tal in the example to be described is one inch in diameter and one-sixteenth of an inch thick.
  • the backing plate is one half an inch thick.
  • the assembly including the crystal and backing plate has a major resonance for the thickness mode of vibration in the vicinity of 800 kc.
  • the crystal assembly is mounted on a cylindrical forward Wall member 43 which forms the end of the preamplifier cha-mber.
  • a metal mounting ring 4-4 having a diameter substantially equal to that of the crystal assembly is attached to the wall member by means of stiff metal wires 45.
  • the wires extend past the ring to engage the sides of the assembly and to center it on the mounting ring.
  • Rubber mounts 46 and a rubber ring mount 37 are cemented to the wires and mounting ring, respectively, to decouple these elements from the crystal assembly.
  • the forward Wall member 43 is secured in the end of collar 18 secured to the end of a hollow tubular member 19 which forms side walls of the preamplifier housing.
  • a rear wall member 20 is secured to the opposite end of the tubular member to complete the preamplifier chamber.
  • the rear wall is apertured and provided with a conventional gland assembly 21 to admit the connecting cable.
  • the Wall and tubular members are made from a metal which resists corrosive action of the fluid in which the transducer is to be used, as for example stainless steel. To avoid galvanic action the same materials should be used for each member. (Ii-ring seals 28 are provided at appropriate points to provide fluid-tight connections.
  • the remaining walls of the chamber for the crystal assembly are provided by a cylindrical cup-shaped host 22 fastened to the collar 18.
  • the boot is lined with metal 23 to prevent the fluid penetrating to the crystal chamber and to provide a shield for the crystal.
  • the forward wall member contains an aperture 24 which is used to fill the crystal chamber with an inert fluid such as castor oil.
  • the chamber is then closed by means of a threaded plug 25. Electrical connection between the crystal and the preamplifier chamber is made through additional openings such as aperture 2-6 which is closed at the crystal chamber end by a dielectric seal 27.
  • the transducer shows no change in response over the frequency range from kc. to less than 10 c.p.s. as the ambient pressure was varied from (k106i) psi.
  • the transducer is also very temperature stable, varying less than 0.3 db re 1 V/u bar as the temperature varied from 25 C. to 1 C.
  • FIG. 3 shows another manner in which the invention may be reduced to practice.
  • the crystal 52 and backing 51 with proper Waterproofing may be irnmcsrsed directly in the fluid medium.
  • a number of crystal assemblies may be mounted on a sound pervious support 5i; such as rubber, for example, and operated in or out of phase to provide directional arrays.
  • the size of the transducer may be scaled up or down to vary the frequency range. While tungsten is preferred as a backing plate material, useful transducers can also be made with tungsten alloys and some steels.
  • a transducer for converting sound energy over a selected frequency band in a fiuid medium to electrical energy comprising a piezoelectric crystal immersed in said fluid medium, said crystal having first and second opposed sound radiating faces, and a tungsten backing plate cemented to the second of said faces, said crystal having a mass equal to a small fraction of the mass of said backing plate.
  • transducer according to claim 1 wherein said fluid medium is enclosed in a sound conducting housing, said housing having at least one resilient exterior Wall in contact with said fluid medium, at least one sound conducting wall opposite said first crystal face, and resilient mounting means supporting said crystal and backingplate within said housing.
  • each of said crystal motors having a tungsten 4 backing plate, said crystal motors each having a mass equal to a small fraction of the mass of said backing plate and a support structure transparent to ound Waves interconnecting said motors.
  • said resilient mounting means includes three resilient wires projecting from said housing, a mounting ring supported at an intermediate point on said Wires and a resilient material on said ring and the ends of said wires engaging said back ing plate.

Description

Feb. 26, 1963 c. c. SIMS HIGH PRESSURE PIEZOELECTRIC HYDROPHONE WITH TUNGSTEN BACKING PLATE Filed Oct. 23, 1959 Cm Emmmzmv INVENTOR CLAUDE C. SIMS ATTORNEY ate 3,79,54 Patented Feb. 26, 1963 ice 3,079,584 HIGH PRESSURE PEEZOELECTRIC HYDRQhHONE WlTl-I TUNGSTEN BACKHNG PLATE h Claude C. Sims, Orlando, Fla, assignor to the United States of America as represented by the Secretary oif the Navy Filed Oct. 23, 195% Ser. No. 848,479 flaunts. (Cl. 340-40) (Granted under Title 35, U.S. Code (1952), see. 266) The invention described herein may be manufactured and used by or for the Government of the United States of America for governmental purposes without the payment of any royalties thereon or therefor.
The present invention relates to sound transducers. More particularly the invention relates to a broadband calibration hydrophone which employs a piezoelectric crystalr notor. The "various rnethodsof mounting piezoelectric crystals may be grouped roughly into three classes, inertia drive, symmetric drive, and clamped drive. The first of these generally requires an air pocket or other compensation device to prevent unbalanced stresses from distorting the crystal at the ambient pressure encountered in undersea Work. As the pressure increases, the design of an air pocket or other compensating device becomes increasingly diflicult. The symmetric drive systems generally require a preamplifier housing in the plane of the wavefront, so that the distance from the transducer at which free-field calibrations can be made is determined by the size of the preamplifier housing rather than by the smaller size of the transducer itself. The frequency response of this transducer is also sensitive to changes in ambient temperature and pressure which alter the phasing of its components.
The clamped drive crystal transducer in which the crystal of small mass is attached to a more massive backing element provides a very stable structure for use at high pressures. It also makes a satisfactory hydrophone from the standpoint of directivity and broadband stability. Clamped drive presents some unique problems of its own, but they are avoided by following the teachings of the present invention.
An object, therefore, of the present invention is to provide a crystal transducer for receiving sound waves in liquids under pressures such as are found thousands of feet under the sea.
A further object of the invention is to provide a novel clamped-drive crystal transducer for underwater use.
These and other objects of the invention will be better understood with reference to the accompanying drawing in which:
FIG. 1 shows a side view of a transducer of the invention in section to disclose inner details;
FIG. 2 shows an exploded view of the clamped crystal assembly of FIG. 1 and its mounting; and
FIG. 3 shows a directional transducer array using a plurality of the clamped crystals made in accordance with the invention.
Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown one form which the present invention may take. The transducer 11 includes a cylindrical housing 12 which has a forward chamber 13 for a crystal assembly 14 and a rear chamber 15 for a preamplifier (not shown). A cable 16 leads from the back of the housing and contains conductors 17 to carry operatin" voltages from an external power supply (not shown) to the preamplifier, as well as to transmit signals generated by the transducer.
The crystal assembly is best shown in FIG. 2. The crystal is a thin disc 44 of lithium sulfate, although other materials such as Tourmaline, PZT, or barium titanate could have been used. PZT is the common designation of lead zirconate titanate. The crystal is cut radially into a plurality of sections.
A layer of gold foil ll is cemented to each of the broad faces of the crystal sections, which are themselves cemented, and the combined structure is cemented to a tungsten backing plate 42. The tungsten plate is cylindrical and is also radially split and cemented together.
The radial splitting of these elements prevents undesired modes of resonance from occurring during operation of the device. Tungsten is preferred for the backing plate because of its high acoustic impedance compared to Water and the crystal. It also has a high density, so that its large mass is easily decoupled from the case. The crys tal in the example to be described is one inch in diameter and one-sixteenth of an inch thick. The backing plate is one half an inch thick. The assembly including the crystal and backing plate has a major resonance for the thickness mode of vibration in the vicinity of 800 kc.
The crystal assembly is mounted on a cylindrical forward Wall member 43 which forms the end of the preamplifier cha-mber. For this purpose a metal mounting ring 4-4 having a diameter substantially equal to that of the crystal assembly is attached to the wall member by means of stiff metal wires 45. The wires extend past the ring to engage the sides of the assembly and to center it on the mounting ring. Rubber mounts 46 and a rubber ring mount 37 are cemented to the wires and mounting ring, respectively, to decouple these elements from the crystal assembly.
The forward Wall member 43 is secured in the end of collar 18 secured to the end of a hollow tubular member 19 which forms side walls of the preamplifier housing. A rear wall member 20 is secured to the opposite end of the tubular member to complete the preamplifier chamber. The rear wall is apertured and provided with a conventional gland assembly 21 to admit the connecting cable.
The Wall and tubular members are made from a metal which resists corrosive action of the fluid in which the transducer is to be used, as for example stainless steel. To avoid galvanic action the same materials should be used for each member. (Ii-ring seals 28 are provided at appropriate points to provide fluid-tight connections.
The remaining walls of the chamber for the crystal assembly are provided by a cylindrical cup-shaped host 22 fastened to the collar 18. The boot is lined with metal 23 to prevent the fluid penetrating to the crystal chamber and to provide a shield for the crystal. The forward wall member contains an aperture 24 which is used to fill the crystal chamber with an inert fluid such as castor oil. The chamber is then closed by means of a threaded plug 25. Electrical connection between the crystal and the preamplifier chamber is made through additional openings such as aperture 2-6 which is closed at the crystal chamber end by a dielectric seal 27.
The transducer shows no change in response over the frequency range from kc. to less than 10 c.p.s. as the ambient pressure was varied from (k106i) psi. The transducer is also very temperature stable, varying less than 0.3 db re 1 V/u bar as the temperature varied from 25 C. to 1 C.
FIG. 3 shows another manner in which the invention may be reduced to practice. If desired, the crystal 52 and backing 51 with proper Waterproofing (not shown) may be irnmcsrsed directly in the fluid medium. A number of crystal assemblies may be mounted on a sound pervious support 5i; such as rubber, for example, and operated in or out of phase to provide directional arrays. The size of the transducer may be scaled up or down to vary the frequency range. While tungsten is preferred as a backing plate material, useful transducers can also be made with tungsten alloys and some steels.
Obviously many modifications and variations of the the present invention are possible in the light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that Within the scope of the appended claims the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.
What is claimed is:
1. A transducer for converting sound energy over a selected frequency band in a fiuid medium to electrical energy comprising a piezoelectric crystal immersed in said fluid medium, said crystal having first and second opposed sound radiating faces, and a tungsten backing plate cemented to the second of said faces, said crystal having a mass equal to a small fraction of the mass of said backing plate.
2. The transducer according to claim 1 wherein said fluid medium is enclosed in a sound conducting housing, said housing having at least one resilient exterior Wall in contact with said fluid medium, at least one sound conducting wall opposite said first crystal face, and resilient mounting means supporting said crystal and backingplate within said housing.
3. In combination, a plurality of piezoelectric crystal motors arrayed to produce a directional receiving response pattern, each of said crystal motors having a tungsten 4 backing plate, said crystal motors each having a mass equal to a small fraction of the mass of said backing plate and a support structure transparent to ound Waves interconnecting said motors.
4. The transducer according to claim 1 wherein said backing plate is split normal to said radiating faces to prevent undesired reso-nant modes therein.
5. The transducer according to claim 2. wherein said resilient mounting means includes three resilient wires projecting from said housing, a mounting ring supported at an intermediate point on said Wires and a resilient material on said ring and the ends of said wires engaging said back ing plate.
References, Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS

Claims (1)

1. A TRANSDUCER FOR CONVERTING SOUND ENERGY OVER A SELECTED FREQUENCY BAND IN A FLUID MEDIUM TO ELECTRICAL ENERGY COMPRISING A PIEZOELECTRIC CRYSTAL IMMERSED IN SAID FLUID MEDIUM, SAID CRYSTAL HAVING FIRST AND SECOND OPPOSED SOUND RADIATING FACES, AND A TUNGSTEN BACKING PLATE CEMENTED TO THE SECOND OF SAID FACES, SAID CRYSTAL HAVING A
US848479A 1959-10-23 1959-10-23 High pressure piezoelectric hydrophone with tungsten backing plate Expired - Lifetime US3079584A (en)

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Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3277435A (en) * 1963-02-18 1966-10-04 John H Thompson Deck velocity ultrasonic hydrophones
US3336573A (en) * 1966-09-14 1967-08-15 Texaco Inc Crystal pressure sensitive geophones for use in soft earth
US3405288A (en) * 1966-02-25 1968-10-08 William A. Dittrich Sound and vibration detector device
US3553501A (en) * 1968-02-16 1971-01-05 Us Interior Ultrasonic piezoelectric transducer cartridge
US3924259A (en) * 1974-05-15 1975-12-02 Raytheon Co Array of multicellular transducers
US4254661A (en) * 1978-04-19 1981-03-10 The Commonwealth Of Australia Ultrasonic transducer array
FR2540325A1 (en) * 1983-01-28 1984-08-03 Thomson Csf SPEED HYDROPHONE
EP0328564A1 (en) * 1987-05-26 1989-08-23 Inter Therapy, Inc. Ultrasonic imaging array and balloon catheter assembly
US20040199228A1 (en) * 2003-01-03 2004-10-07 Wilson Richard R. Ultrasonic catheter with axial energy field

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2384465A (en) * 1945-09-11 Submarine signaling appabatus
US2430013A (en) * 1942-06-10 1947-11-04 Rca Corp Impedance matching means for mechanical waves
US2484626A (en) * 1946-07-26 1949-10-11 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Electromechanical transducer
US2520938A (en) * 1944-10-07 1950-09-05 Klein Elias Tourmaline crystal transducer
US2733423A (en) * 1951-03-06 1956-01-31 Ceramic transducers having annular elements

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2384465A (en) * 1945-09-11 Submarine signaling appabatus
US2430013A (en) * 1942-06-10 1947-11-04 Rca Corp Impedance matching means for mechanical waves
US2520938A (en) * 1944-10-07 1950-09-05 Klein Elias Tourmaline crystal transducer
US2484626A (en) * 1946-07-26 1949-10-11 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Electromechanical transducer
US2733423A (en) * 1951-03-06 1956-01-31 Ceramic transducers having annular elements

Cited By (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3277435A (en) * 1963-02-18 1966-10-04 John H Thompson Deck velocity ultrasonic hydrophones
US3405288A (en) * 1966-02-25 1968-10-08 William A. Dittrich Sound and vibration detector device
US3336573A (en) * 1966-09-14 1967-08-15 Texaco Inc Crystal pressure sensitive geophones for use in soft earth
US3553501A (en) * 1968-02-16 1971-01-05 Us Interior Ultrasonic piezoelectric transducer cartridge
US3924259A (en) * 1974-05-15 1975-12-02 Raytheon Co Array of multicellular transducers
US4254661A (en) * 1978-04-19 1981-03-10 The Commonwealth Of Australia Ultrasonic transducer array
FR2540325A1 (en) * 1983-01-28 1984-08-03 Thomson Csf SPEED HYDROPHONE
US4547870A (en) * 1983-01-28 1985-10-15 Thomson-Csf Velocity hydrophone
EP0328564A1 (en) * 1987-05-26 1989-08-23 Inter Therapy, Inc. Ultrasonic imaging array and balloon catheter assembly
EP0328564A4 (en) * 1987-05-26 1989-10-12 Inter Therapy Inc Ultrasonic imaging array and balloon catheter assembly.
US20040199228A1 (en) * 2003-01-03 2004-10-07 Wilson Richard R. Ultrasonic catheter with axial energy field
EP1583569A2 (en) * 2003-01-03 2005-10-12 Ekos Corporation Ultrasonic catheter with axial energy field
EP1583569A4 (en) * 2003-01-03 2009-05-06 Ekos Corp Ultrasonic catheter with axial energy field
US7771372B2 (en) 2003-01-03 2010-08-10 Ekos Corporation Ultrasonic catheter with axial energy field
US20110060253A1 (en) * 2003-01-03 2011-03-10 Ekos Corporation Ultrasonic catheter with axial energy field

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