US3137142A - Heat transfer system as it pertains to thermoelectrics - Google Patents

Heat transfer system as it pertains to thermoelectrics Download PDF

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US3137142A
US3137142A US225491A US22549162A US3137142A US 3137142 A US3137142 A US 3137142A US 225491 A US225491 A US 225491A US 22549162 A US22549162 A US 22549162A US 3137142 A US3137142 A US 3137142A
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panels
fluid
channels
adjacent panels
heat exchange
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US225491A
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Harry J Venema
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Borg Warner Corp
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Borg Warner Corp
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B21/00—Machines, plants or systems, using electric or magnetic effects
    • F25B21/02—Machines, plants or systems, using electric or magnetic effects using Peltier effect; using Nernst-Ettinghausen effect

Definitions

  • thermoelectricty In thermoelectricty the hot junctions are in close proximity to the cold junctions. This presents a problem withregard to isolating the hot and cold junctions from each other for more eificiency without increasing the length of the junctions beyond current practice because of cost.
  • the primary object of the present invention to provide an improved matrix in a thermoelectric system whereby maximum efficiency is produced by special arrangement of fluid flow with respect to the hot and cold junctions.
  • FIGURE 1 is a perspective view showing the arrangement of the panels and heat exchanger fins according to the present invention.
  • FIGURE 2 is an enlarged fragmentary view of one of the panels in FIGURE 1, illustrating the arrangement of modules, groups of heat exchanger fins and insulation.
  • a matrix comprises vertically spaced horizontal panels 11, 12, 13 and 14 which are interconnected by arrays of horizontally spaced vertical heat exchanger fins 15, 16 and 17, which in turn define arrays of horizontal fluid channels 18, 19 and 20, respectively.
  • the vertically spaced horizontal panels 11 and 14 have attached to their outer faces arrays of horizontally spaced heat exchanges fins 21 and 22, respectively, which provide arrays of horizontal fluid channels 23 and 24, respectively, that are covered by suitable means as, for example, metal cover panels 25 and 26, respectively.
  • thermoelectric couples 27 having hot and cold junctions 28 and 29.
  • the panel arrangement is such so that the hot junctions 28 face each other in adjacent panels and the cold junctions 29 also face eachother in adjacent panels.
  • the panel arrangement is such so that the arrays of horizontal fluid channels 19, 23 and 24 convey fluid between the arrays of heat exchanger fins 21, 16 and 22 and extend substantially at right angles to the arrays of horizontal fluid channels 18 and 20 which, because of channel arrangement, convey fluid between the arrays of heat exchanger fins and 17.
  • the outer faces of the outermost fins of the arrays of horizontally spaced vertical heat exchanger fins including the faces of the adjacent ends of the vertically spaced horizontal panels may be covered with generally triangular shaped insulation blocks 30 as shown on the intake sides of the matrix 10 which are provided with ducts 31 and 32 that encompass the entrances to the arrays of horizontal fluid channels 19, 23 and 24; and 18 and 20, respectively.
  • the matrix 10, incoporated in an air conditioning unit receives the air through duct 32, from the outside or from the area to be cooled, depending on the amount of recirculation desired.
  • the air then passes between the cold junctions through the arrays of horizontal fluid channels 18 and 20 into the area to be cooled.
  • maximum isolation of the air columns is procured.
  • the columns of air are further isolated at the intake and exhaust areas by the triangular shaped insulation blocks 30.
  • the arrangement thus shown in accordance with the present invention provides a minimum heat transfer from one air stream to the other air stream.
  • each panel comprising a plurality of thermoelectric couples positioned to effect heating along one panel surface and cooling along another panel surface, said panels being so oriented that the heated surfaces of adjacent panels face each other and the cooled surfaces of adjacent panels face each other,
  • a first array of heat exchange fins connected to the heated surfaces of adjacent panels to define a first plurality of fluid-confining channels extending in a first direction
  • each panel comprising a plurality of thermoelectric couples positioned to effect heating along one panel surface and cooling along another panel surface, said panels being so oriented that the heated surfaces of adjacent panels face each other and the cooled surfaces of adjacent panels face each other,
  • a first array of heat exchange fins connected to the heated surfaces of adjacent panels to define a first plurality of fluid-confining channels extending in a first direction
  • a second array of heat exchange fins connected to the cooled surfaces of adjacent panels to define a second plurality of fluid-confining channels extending in a second direction at substantially right angles to said first direction, upper and lower cover panels disposed horizontally and spaced vertically from the uppermost and lowermost. of said four panels,
  • each panel comprising a plurality of thermoelectric couples positioned to effect heating along one panel surface and cooling along another panel surface, said panels being so oriented that the heated surfaces of adjacent panels face each other and the cooled surfaces of adjacent panels face each other,
  • a first array of heat exchange fins connected to the heated surfaces of adjacent panels to define a first plurality of fluid-confining channels extending in a first direction
  • a second array of heat exchange fins connected to the cooled surfaces of adjacent panels to define a second plurality of fluid-confining channels extending in a second direction at substantially right angles to said first direction, and a plurality of insulation blocks, each of a length approximately equal to the length of said heat exchange fins and substantially triangular in section, each block disposed adjacent and parallel to a fluid-confining channel extending in one of said first and second directions to reduce undesired heat transfer, each block being effective to modify the fluid stream of an adjacent fluidconfining channel extending in the other of said first and second directions, and thus further reduce undesired heat transfer between the fluid streams moving at right angles to each other.
  • each panel comprising a plurality of thermoelectric couples positioned to effect heating along one panel surface and cooling along another panel surface, said panels being so oriented that the heated surfaces of adjacent panels face each other and the cooled surfaces of adjacent panels face each other,
  • first array of heat exchange fins connected between the upper cover panel and the first of said four panels, a second array, of heat exchange fins connected between the second and third of said four panels, and a third array of heat exchange fins connected between the fourth of said four panels and the lower cover panel, said first, second and third arrays of heat exchange fins defining first, second and third arrays of fluid-confining channels all aligned in a first direction,
  • each block disposed adjacent and parallel to a fluidconfining channel extending in one of said first and 6 second directions to reduce undesired heat transfer
  • each block being effective to modify the fluid stream of an adjacent fluid-confining channel extending in the other of said first and second directions, and thus further'reduce undesired heat transfer between the fluid streams moving at right angles to each other.

Description

June 16, 1964 H. J. VENEMA 3,137,142
HEAT TRANSFER SYSTEM AS IT PERTAINS TO THERMOELECTRICS Filed Sept. 24, 1962 United States Patent 3,137,142 HEAT NSFER SYSTEM AS IT PERTAINS T0 THERMOELECTRICS Harry J. Venema, Wheaten, Ill., assignor to Borg-Warner Corporation, Chicago,Ill-, a corporation of Illinois Filed Sept. 24, 1962, Ser. No. 225,491 4 Claims. (Cl. 62-3) The present invention relates to air conditioning and matrices therefore, and more particularly to matrices employed in thermoelectric heat pumping means.
In thermoelectricty the hot junctions are in close proximity to the cold junctions. This presents a problem withregard to isolating the hot and cold junctions from each other for more eificiency without increasing the length of the junctions beyond current practice because of cost.
It is contemplated in the present invention to keep the fluid media in channels between hot junctions and cold junctions, respectively, to flow at right angles with respect to each other.
It is, therefore, the primary object of the present invention to provide an improved matrix in a thermoelectric system whereby maximum efficiency is produced by special arrangement of fluid flow with respect to the hot and cold junctions.
The invention consists of the novel constructions, arrangeme'nts and devices to be hereinafter described and claimed for carrying out the above stated objects and such other objects as will be apparent from the following description of a preferred form of the invention, illustrated with reference to the accompanying drawing, wherein:
FIGURE 1 is a perspective view showing the arrangement of the panels and heat exchanger fins according to the present invention; and
FIGURE 2 is an enlarged fragmentary view of one of the panels in FIGURE 1, illustrating the arrangement of modules, groups of heat exchanger fins and insulation.
Like characters of reference designate like parts in the several views.
Referring now to FIGURE 1, a matrix comprises vertically spaced horizontal panels 11, 12, 13 and 14 which are interconnected by arrays of horizontally spaced vertical heat exchanger fins 15, 16 and 17, which in turn define arrays of horizontal fluid channels 18, 19 and 20, respectively. The vertically spaced horizontal panels 11 and 14 have attached to their outer faces arrays of horizontally spaced heat exchanges fins 21 and 22, respectively, which provide arrays of horizontal fluid channels 23 and 24, respectively, that are covered by suitable means as, for example, metal cover panels 25 and 26, respectively.
The vertically spaced horizontal panels 11, 12, 13 and 14 have incorporated therein a multiplicity of thermoelectric couples 27 having hot and cold junctions 28 and 29. The panel arrangement is such so that the hot junctions 28 face each other in adjacent panels and the cold junctions 29 also face eachother in adjacent panels. The panel arrangement is such so that the arrays of horizontal fluid channels 19, 23 and 24 convey fluid between the arrays of heat exchanger fins 21, 16 and 22 and extend substantially at right angles to the arrays of horizontal fluid channels 18 and 20 which, because of channel arrangement, convey fluid between the arrays of heat exchanger fins and 17.
The outer faces of the outermost fins of the arrays of horizontally spaced vertical heat exchanger fins including the faces of the adjacent ends of the vertically spaced horizontal panels may be covered with generally triangular shaped insulation blocks 30 as shown on the intake sides of the matrix 10 which are provided with ducts 31 and 32 that encompass the entrances to the arrays of horizontal fluid channels 19, 23 and 24; and 18 and 20, respectively.
3,137,142 Patented June 16, 1964 ice The exhaust sides of the arrays of horizontal fluid channels may also be provided with suitable ducts.
In operation, the matrix 10, incoporated in an air conditioning unit, receives the air through duct 32, from the outside or from the area to be cooled, depending on the amount of recirculation desired. The air then passes between the cold junctions through the arrays of horizontal fluid channels 18 and 20 into the area to be cooled. Outside air, or the air in the area to be cooled, depending again on the amount of recirculation desired, is taken into the duct 31 and passed between the hot junctions 28 and through the array of horizontal fluid channels 19, 23 and 24 and thence to the outside. By this arrangement of air movement through the respective channels, maximum isolation of the air columns is procured. The columns of air are further isolated at the intake and exhaust areas by the triangular shaped insulation blocks 30. The arrangement thus shown in accordance with the present invention provides a minimum heat transfer from one air stream to the other air stream.
While this invention has been described in connection with a specific embodiment thereof, it is to be understood that is by way of illustration and not by way of limitation V and the scope of this invention is defined solely by the apended claims which shrould be construed as broadly as the prior art will permit.
I claim:
1. In a heat transfer system, a
at least four panels disposed horizontally and spaced vertically from each other, each panel comprising a plurality of thermoelectric couples positioned to effect heating along one panel surface and cooling along another panel surface, said panels being so oriented that the heated surfaces of adjacent panels face each other and the cooled surfaces of adjacent panels face each other,
a first array of heat exchange fins connected to the heated surfaces of adjacent panels to define a first plurality of fluid-confining channels extending in a first direction,
and a second array of heat exchange fins connected to the cooled surfaces of adjacent panels to define a second plurality of fluid-confining channels extending in a second direction at substantially right angles to said first direction, thereby to improve system efliciency by positioning the inlet and outlet portions of the first channels as far as possible from the inlet and outlet portions of the second channels.
2. In a heat transfer system,
at least four panels disposed horizontally and spaced vertically from each other, each panel comprising a plurality of thermoelectric couples positioned to effect heating along one panel surface and cooling along another panel surface, said panels being so oriented that the heated surfaces of adjacent panels face each other and the cooled surfaces of adjacent panels face each other,
a first array of heat exchange fins connected to the heated surfaces of adjacent panels to define a first plurality of fluid-confining channels extending in a first direction,
a second array of heat exchange fins connected to the cooled surfaces of adjacent panels to define a second plurality of fluid-confining channels extending in a second direction at substantially right angles to said first direction, upper and lower cover panels disposed horizontally and spaced vertically from the uppermost and lowermost. of said four panels,
and additional arrays of heat exchange fins, connected between the upper cover panel and the uppermost one of said four panels, and between the lower cover panel and the lowermost one of said four panels, to provide additional fluid-confining channels extending in one of said first and second directions.
3. In a heat transfer system,
at least four panels disposed horizontally and spaced vertically from each other, each panel comprising a plurality of thermoelectric couples positioned to effect heating along one panel surface and cooling along another panel surface, said panels being so oriented that the heated surfaces of adjacent panels face each other and the cooled surfaces of adjacent panels face each other,
a first array of heat exchange fins connected to the heated surfaces of adjacent panels to define a first plurality of fluid-confining channels extending in a first direction,
a second array of heat exchange fins connected to the cooled surfaces of adjacent panels to define a second plurality of fluid-confining channels extending in a second direction at substantially right angles to said first direction, and a plurality of insulation blocks, each of a length approximately equal to the length of said heat exchange fins and substantially triangular in section, each block disposed adjacent and parallel to a fluid-confining channel extending in one of said first and second directions to reduce undesired heat transfer, each block being effective to modify the fluid stream of an adjacent fluidconfining channel extending in the other of said first and second directions, and thus further reduce undesired heat transfer between the fluid streams moving at right angles to each other.
4. In a heat transfer system,
at least four panels disposed horizontally and spaced vertically from each other, each panel comprising a plurality of thermoelectric couples positioned to effect heating along one panel surface and cooling along another panel surface, said panels being so oriented that the heated surfaces of adjacent panels face each other and the cooled surfaces of adjacent panels face each other,
a first array of heat exchange fins connected between the upper cover panel and the first of said four panels, a second array, of heat exchange fins connected between the second and third of said four panels, and a third array of heat exchange fins connected between the fourth of said four panels and the lower cover panel, said first, second and third arrays of heat exchange fins defining first, second and third arrays of fluid-confining channels all aligned in a first direction,
a fourth array of heat exchange fins connected between the first and second of said four panels, and a fifth array of heat exchange fins connected between the third and fourth of said four panels, said fourth and fifth arrays of heat exchange fins defining fourth and fifth arrays of fluid-confining channels, both of which channels are aligned in a second direction substantially normal to said first direction, thereby to improve system efiiciency by positioning the inlet and outlet portions of the first, second and third channels as far as possible from the inlet and outlet portions of the fourth and fifth channels,
and a plurality of insulation blocks, each of a length approximately equal to the length of said heat exchange fins and substantially triangular in section, each block disposed adjacent and parallel to a fluidconfining channel extending in one of said first and 6 second directions to reduce undesired heat transfer,
each block being effective to modify the fluid stream of an adjacent fluid-confining channel extending in the other of said first and second directions, and thus further'reduce undesired heat transfer between the fluid streams moving at right angles to each other.
References Citedin the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,016,715 Pietsch Jan. 16, 1962 3,040,538 Alsing June 26, 1962 3,077,080 Pietsch Feb. 12, 1963

Claims (1)

1. IN A HEAT TRANSFER SYSTEM, AT LEAST FOUR PANELS DISPOSED HORIZONTALLY AND SPACED VERTICALLY FROM EACH OTHER, EACH PANEL COMPRISING A PLURALITY OF THERMOELECTRIC COUPLES POSITIONED TO EFFECT HEATING ALONG ONE PANEL SURFACE AND COOLING ALONG ANOTHER PANEL SURFACE, SAID PANELS BEING SO ORIENTED THAT THE HEATED SURFACES OF ADJACENT PANELS FACE EACH OTHER AND THE COOLED SURFACES OF ADJACENT PANELS FACE EACH OTHER, A FIRST ARRAY OF HEAT EXCHANGE FINS CONNECTED TO THE HEATED SURFACES OF ADJACENT PANELS TO DEFINE A FIRST PLURALITY OF FLUID-CONFINING CHANNELS EXTENDING IN A FIRST DIRECTION, AND A SECOND ARRAY OF HEAT EXCHANGE FINS CONNECTED TO THE COOLED SURFACES OF ADJACENT PANELS TO DEFINE A SECOND PLURALITY OF FLUID-CONFINING CHANNELS EXTENDING IN A SECOND DIRECTION AT SUBSTANTIALLY RIGHT ANGLES TO SAID FIRST DIRECTION, THEREBY TO IMPROVE SYSTEM EFFICIENCY BY POSITIONING THE INLET AND OUTLET PORTIONS OF THE FIRST CHANNELS AS FAR AS POSSIBLE FROM THE INLET AND OUTLET PORTIONS OF THE SECOND CHANNELS.
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Cited By (59)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3213630A (en) * 1964-12-18 1965-10-26 Westinghouse Electric Corp Thermoelectric apparatus
US3240261A (en) * 1964-12-14 1966-03-15 Robert H Dietrich Thermoelectric apparatus and method
US3474632A (en) * 1968-10-21 1969-10-28 Borg Warner Thermoelectric conditioning apparatus
US3500650A (en) * 1968-05-13 1970-03-17 Westinghouse Electric Corp Multistage direct transfer thermoelectric apparatus
US3937028A (en) * 1973-09-18 1976-02-10 Compagnie Industrielle Des Telecommunications Cit-Alcatel Module for conditioning air by the peltier effect and air conditioning installations comprising such modules
US4065936A (en) * 1976-06-16 1978-01-03 Borg-Warner Corporation Counter-flow thermoelectric heat pump with discrete sections
FR2455723A1 (en) * 1979-05-02 1980-11-28 Buffet Jean Heat exchanger for thermoelectric systems - has thermocouple rods between end plates joined by riveting or welding
DE3340667A1 (en) * 1983-11-10 1985-05-23 Hölter, Heinz, Dipl.-Ing., 4390 Gladbeck PELTIERTECHNIK FOR HEATING CHEMISORPTIONS, PREFERABLY FOR OCCUPATIONAL PROTECTION AND AUTO FILTER
EP0338283A1 (en) * 1988-03-24 1989-10-25 Koslow Technologies Corporation Thermoelectric cooling device
US5229702A (en) * 1991-06-26 1993-07-20 Boehling Daniel E Power system battery temperature control
WO1994012833A1 (en) * 1992-11-27 1994-06-09 Pneumo Abex Corporation Thermoelectric device for heating and cooling air for human use
US5584183A (en) * 1994-02-18 1996-12-17 Solid State Cooling Systems Thermoelectric heat exchanger
US5655374A (en) * 1996-02-21 1997-08-12 Surgical Specialty Products, Inc. Surgical suit
US5761908A (en) * 1994-06-10 1998-06-09 Air Quality Engineering Apparatus suited for ventilating rooms contaminated with infectious disease organisms
USRE36242E (en) * 1992-06-19 1999-06-29 Apisdorf; Yair J. Helmet-mounted air system for personal comfort
US6606866B2 (en) * 1998-05-12 2003-08-19 Amerigon Inc. Thermoelectric heat exchanger
US20050139692A1 (en) * 2002-02-25 2005-06-30 Famm Co., Ltd Heat recovery unit and heat recovery system of building utilizing it
US20060048518A1 (en) * 1998-05-12 2006-03-09 Bell Lon E Theremoelectric heat exchanger
US20070214799A1 (en) * 2006-03-16 2007-09-20 Goenka Lakhi N Thermoelectric device efficiency enhancement using dynamic feedback
US20080060695A1 (en) * 2006-09-12 2008-03-13 C.R.F. Societa Consortile Per Azioni Generator of electric energy based on the thermoelectric effect
US20080173342A1 (en) * 2001-02-09 2008-07-24 Bell Lon E Thermoelectric power generating systems utilizing segmented thermoelectric elements
US20080230618A1 (en) * 2004-05-10 2008-09-25 Bsst Llc Climate control system for hybrid vehicles using thermoelectric devices
US20090293499A1 (en) * 2008-06-03 2009-12-03 Bell Lon E Thermoelectric heat pump
US20100031988A1 (en) * 2001-02-09 2010-02-11 Bell Lon E High power density thermoelectric systems
US20100236595A1 (en) * 2005-06-28 2010-09-23 Bell Lon E Thermoelectric power generator for variable thermal power source
US20100287952A1 (en) * 2009-05-18 2010-11-18 Lakhi Nandlal Goenka Temperature control system with thermoelectric device
US20100291414A1 (en) * 2009-05-18 2010-11-18 Bsst Llc Battery Thermal Management System
US20100313575A1 (en) * 2005-04-08 2010-12-16 Goenka Lakhi N Thermoelectric-based heating and cooling system
US20110079023A1 (en) * 2005-07-19 2011-04-07 Goenka Lakhi N Energy management system for a hybrid-electric vehicle
US7926293B2 (en) 2001-02-09 2011-04-19 Bsst, Llc Thermoelectrics utilizing convective heat flow
US7946120B2 (en) 2001-02-09 2011-05-24 Bsst, Llc High capacity thermoelectric temperature control system
US8069674B2 (en) 2001-08-07 2011-12-06 Bsst Llc Thermoelectric personal environment appliance
US8613200B2 (en) 2008-10-23 2013-12-24 Bsst Llc Heater-cooler with bithermal thermoelectric device
US8631659B2 (en) 2006-08-02 2014-01-21 Bsst Llc Hybrid vehicle temperature control systems and methods
US8722222B2 (en) 2011-07-11 2014-05-13 Gentherm Incorporated Thermoelectric-based thermal management of electrical devices
US9006557B2 (en) 2011-06-06 2015-04-14 Gentherm Incorporated Systems and methods for reducing current and increasing voltage in thermoelectric systems
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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3240261A (en) * 1964-12-14 1966-03-15 Robert H Dietrich Thermoelectric apparatus and method
US3213630A (en) * 1964-12-18 1965-10-26 Westinghouse Electric Corp Thermoelectric apparatus
US3500650A (en) * 1968-05-13 1970-03-17 Westinghouse Electric Corp Multistage direct transfer thermoelectric apparatus
US3474632A (en) * 1968-10-21 1969-10-28 Borg Warner Thermoelectric conditioning apparatus
US3937028A (en) * 1973-09-18 1976-02-10 Compagnie Industrielle Des Telecommunications Cit-Alcatel Module for conditioning air by the peltier effect and air conditioning installations comprising such modules
US4065936A (en) * 1976-06-16 1978-01-03 Borg-Warner Corporation Counter-flow thermoelectric heat pump with discrete sections
FR2455723A1 (en) * 1979-05-02 1980-11-28 Buffet Jean Heat exchanger for thermoelectric systems - has thermocouple rods between end plates joined by riveting or welding
DE3340667A1 (en) * 1983-11-10 1985-05-23 Hölter, Heinz, Dipl.-Ing., 4390 Gladbeck PELTIERTECHNIK FOR HEATING CHEMISORPTIONS, PREFERABLY FOR OCCUPATIONAL PROTECTION AND AUTO FILTER
EP0338283A1 (en) * 1988-03-24 1989-10-25 Koslow Technologies Corporation Thermoelectric cooling device
US5229702A (en) * 1991-06-26 1993-07-20 Boehling Daniel E Power system battery temperature control
USRE36242E (en) * 1992-06-19 1999-06-29 Apisdorf; Yair J. Helmet-mounted air system for personal comfort
WO1994012833A1 (en) * 1992-11-27 1994-06-09 Pneumo Abex Corporation Thermoelectric device for heating and cooling air for human use
US5431021A (en) * 1992-11-27 1995-07-11 Gwilliam; Scott B. Thermoelectric device with a plurality of modules individually controlled
US5385020A (en) * 1992-11-27 1995-01-31 Pneumo Abex Corporation Thermoelectric air cooling method with individual control of multiple thermoelectric devices
US5584183A (en) * 1994-02-18 1996-12-17 Solid State Cooling Systems Thermoelectric heat exchanger
US5761908A (en) * 1994-06-10 1998-06-09 Air Quality Engineering Apparatus suited for ventilating rooms contaminated with infectious disease organisms
US5655374A (en) * 1996-02-21 1997-08-12 Surgical Specialty Products, Inc. Surgical suit
US6606866B2 (en) * 1998-05-12 2003-08-19 Amerigon Inc. Thermoelectric heat exchanger
US20040055312A1 (en) * 1998-05-12 2004-03-25 Bell Lon E. Thermoelectric heat exchanger
US6907739B2 (en) 1998-05-12 2005-06-21 Lon E. Bell Thermoelectric heat exchanger
USRE44272E1 (en) 1998-05-12 2013-06-11 Gentherm Incorporated Thermoelectric heat exchanger
US20060048518A1 (en) * 1998-05-12 2006-03-09 Bell Lon E Theremoelectric heat exchanger
US7178344B2 (en) 1998-05-12 2007-02-20 Amerigon, Inc. Thermoelectric heat exchanger
US8375728B2 (en) 2001-02-09 2013-02-19 Bsst, Llc Thermoelectrics utilizing convective heat flow
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