US3158693A - Speech interpolation communication system - Google Patents

Speech interpolation communication system Download PDF

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US3158693A
US3158693A US215429A US21542962A US3158693A US 3158693 A US3158693 A US 3158693A US 215429 A US215429 A US 215429A US 21542962 A US21542962 A US 21542962A US 3158693 A US3158693 A US 3158693A
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band
frequency
burst
energy
bands
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US215429A
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James L Flanagan
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AT&T Corp
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Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc
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Priority to DE19631437487 priority patent/DE1437487A1/en
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Priority to FR944088A priority patent/FR1372633A/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
    • H04J3/00—Time-division multiplex systems
    • H04J3/16—Time-division multiplex systems in which the time allocation to individual channels within a transmission cycle is variable, e.g. to accommodate varying complexity of signals, to vary number of channels transmitted
    • H04J3/1682—Allocation of channels according to the instantaneous demands of the users, e.g. concentrated multiplexers, statistical multiplexers
    • H04J3/1688—Allocation of channels according to the instantaneous demands of the users, e.g. concentrated multiplexers, statistical multiplexers the demands of the users being taken into account after redundancy removal, e.g. by predictive coding, by variable sampling
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
    • H04B1/66—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission for reducing bandwidth of signals; for improving efficiency of transmission
    • H04B1/667—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission for reducing bandwidth of signals; for improving efficiency of transmission using a division in frequency subbands
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
    • H04J3/00—Time-division multiplex systems
    • H04J3/17—Time-division multiplex systems in which the transmission channel allotted to a first user may be taken away and re-allotted to a second user if the first user becomes inactive, e.g. TASI

Definitions

  • This invention relates to systems for reducing the frequency bandwidth required to transmit speech information, and particularly to systems in which bandwidth is reduced by interpolating speech information into the silent intervals that normally separate bursts of energy in human speech sounds.
  • a feature common to prior art bandwidth reduction systems or" the type described in the above-identified Melhose and Guenther patents is the interpolation of an energy burst from the voice signal of one talker into a time-coincident silent interval in the voice signal of another talker.
  • Speech interpolation systems therefore reduce the amount of bandwidth required to provide communication service between two points for a given number of talkers because in conventional s eech transmission systems the number of talkers typically cannot exceed the number of channels.
  • the present invention also interpolates speech energy bursts into silent intervals in order to reduce transmission channel bandwidth, but it does so by interpolating selected portions of a talkers voice signal into the same talkers silent intervals.
  • the bandwidth reduction effected by this invention is not dependent upon the number of talkers exceeding the number of transmission facilities between two points; instead, this invention realizes the same bandwidth reduction for each talkers voice signal, regardless of the number of talkers at a given instant.
  • a talkers voice signal is individually reduced in bandwidth before transmission by interpolating the high-frequency portion of each energy burst into the next following silent interval in the talkersown voice signal. This is achieved by lirst dividing each energy burst into two frequency bands, a high band and a low band, and then translating one or both of the bands to the frequency range accommodated by a reduced bandwidth transmission channel. After frequency transla- 3,158,693 Patented Nov. 2d, 1964 tion, the low band is transmitted directly from a transmitting terminal to a receiving terminal over the reduced bandwidth channel, while the high band is delayed for the duration of its own energy burst.
  • the low band and the next following high band are adjusted on the time scale to bring the two bands into time-coincidence. After translation of one or both of the now time-coincident bands to their original frequency ranges, the two bands are combined to reconstruct a replica of the original energy burst of the voice signal.
  • An important feature of the present invention is the maintenance of uninterrupted service even when a silent interval is too short to accommodate all of the high band of a preceding energy burst.
  • Both energy bursts and silent intervals vary in duration, with the average duration of energy bursts exceeding the average duration of silent intervals, according to the speech statistics published by R. H. lBolt and A. D. MacDonald in Theory of Speech Masking by Reverberation, volume 21, lournal of The Acoustical Society of America, page 577 (1949).
  • the difference in average duration between energy bursts and silent intervals means that occasionally the silent interval separating two bursts will be too short to accommodate all of the high band of the preceding burst.
  • the present invention transmits only as much of the high band of the preceding burst as there is time for during the next following silent interval, and discards the untransmitted portion of the high band to give preference to the low-frequency components of the next occurring energy burst.
  • the voice signal reconstructed at the receiving terminal is an undistorted replica of the original voice signal at the transmitting terminal despite wide variations in the durations of energy bursts in normal speech sounds.
  • the high band of each energy burst is delayed at the transmitting terminal for the duration of its own energy burst, at which point the delayed high band is transmitted during the silent interval next following theenergy burst. Because energy bursts vary widely in duration, both low bands and high bands also vary in duration, hence the amount of time by which each high band is delayed at the transmitting terminal varies from burst to burst.
  • each low band must also be delayed by an amount of time at least equal to the duration of its own energy burst in order to synchronize each low band with its following high band. It has been determined, however, that synchronization is not the sole criterion in determining the delay of the low bands at the receiving terminal, because delaying the low bands as well as the high bands by varying amounts introduces between the original voice signal and the reconstructed voice signal a variable transmission delay that is subjectively undesirable. On the other hand, it is well known that a constant transmission delay between transmitting i.; terminal and receiving terminal is subjectively tolerable provided that the delay is not excessive.
  • each low band is delayed by a constant amount that is selected to be equal to or greater than the longest anticipated burst duration but shorter than the maximum tolerable transmission delay.
  • the constant delay of the low band at the receiving terminal is selected to be longer than most burst durations, the delay of most high bands at the transmitting terminal is shorter than the delay of the corresponding low bands at the receiving terminal. Accordingly, to bring each pair of corresponding high and low bands into time-coincidence, this invention also delays each high band at the receiving terminal by an amount equal to the difference between the constant delay of the low band and the duration of the energy burst from which each high band and low band are derived.
  • the high band of such a burst is discarded in its entirety at the transmitting terminal in order to prevent the distortion that would result from combining the high band with the low band in improper synchrony.
  • the occasional loss of the high band in this situation does not significantly impair the reconstructed voice signal, since suflicient speech information is contained in the low band to maintain intelligibility.
  • FIGS. 1A and 1B are schematic block diagrams of complete bandwidth reduction systems embodying the principles of this invention.
  • FiG. 2A is a replica of the spectrogram of connected speech sounds
  • FIG. 2B is a signal waveform indicative of certain features of the sound spectrogram of FIG. 2A.
  • FIGS. 3 and 4 are circuit diagrams showing details of certain ⁇ of the components of FlGS. lA and 1B.
  • FIG. 2A there is illustrated a replica of a sound spectrogram of the utterance nShould we chase those young outlaw cowboys?
  • the shaded areas represent varying amounts of energy, with the darker areas representing greater amounts of energy than the lighter areas, and the unshaded or blank areas representing zero energy or silent intervals. It is observed that this seemingly continuous utterance is in fact composed of a succession of energy bursts separated by silent intervals.
  • This invention takes advantage of the silent intervals to reduce the bandwith required to transmit voice signals by interpolating a selected high-frequency portion of each energy burst into the next following silent interval, as indicated by the curved arrows in FIG. 2A.
  • FIG. lA there is illustrated a complete system for reducing the bandwith required to transmit speech information in accordance with the principles of this invention.
  • the system comprises transmitting terminal apparatus, a reduced bandwith transmission channel, and receiving terminal apparatus.
  • incoming speech sounds are converted by transducer 1 into a voice wave, where transducer l may be a conventional telephone transmitter microphone, if desired.
  • the voice wave is applied simultaneously to high-band filter 10, low-band tilter 1l, and energy-burst detector 12.
  • High-band lter lil and low-band filter 1l may be conventional bandpass filters and serve to vdivide the frequency components of each energy burst of the voice wave into two selected bands, a band of high-frequency components and a band of lowafrequency components. Selection of suitable limits for the two frequency bands depends upon a number of factors, for example, the total bandwidth of the voice wave, the bandwidth of the available transmission channel, and the quality desired in the Voice wave after transmission. In the case of a voice Wave of commercial telephone quality, for example, where the bandwith is on the order of 3,000 cycles per second, the present invention permits a channel of about 1,500 cycles per second bandwith to be utilized to transmit a voice wave of good quality by dividing the frequency components of the voice wave into two 1,500 cycles per second bands.
  • This example is illustrated graphically by the three horizontal lines in FIG. 2A which divide a telephone quality voice wave whose lower and upper frequency limits are respectively 200 cycles per second and 3,200 cycles per second into a low band from about 200 to 1,700 cycles per second and a high band from about 1,700 to 3,200 cycles per second. Transmission of these two bands over a channel of about 1,500 cycles per second bandwidth in accordance with the principles of this invention produces a good quality voice wave at the receiving terminal.
  • This example also illustrates that if conservation of bandwidth is of primary importance, a voice wave of given bandwidth may be transmitted over the narrowest possible channel by dividing the frequency components of the voice wave into two bands of equal width.
  • energy-burst detector I2 is deriving from the voice wave a succession of marker pulses indicative of the beginning, end, and duration of each energy burst.
  • Detector l2 is illustrated in detail in FIG. 3 and described further below, and FIG. 2B shows the succession of marker pulses corresponding to the utterance whose spectrogram is depicted in FIG. 2A. It is observed in FIG. 2B that the marker pulses are of uniform amplitude but variable length.
  • Atm The variable pulse lengths, denoted Atm, Atm, Atm correspond to the variable durations of the energy bursts, and the intervals between pulses, denoted Atm, MGZ, Atm, correspond to the durations of the silent intervals between successive bursts.
  • the low-frequency components passed by filter 11 are transmitted directly from the transmitting terminal to the receiving terminal over a reduced bandwidth channel, the channel being indicated by broken lines.
  • the high-frequency components passed by filter I0 are delayed by interpolator 14 in order to be transmitted over the reduced bandwidth channel during the silent intervals between successive energy bursts, the operation of interpolator I4 being controlled by marker pulses from detector l2.
  • the details of interpolator 14 are shown in FIG. 3 and described fully below. Before the high bands are passed to interpolator lll, however, the frequency range of the high bands is shifted to the frequency range accommodated by the transmission channel.
  • frequency translator ESA is interposed between filter 10 and interpolator le, where translator ISA may be any one of a number of well-known devices for shifting the components of the high-band signal from their original range of frequencies to the range of frequencies accommodated by the reduced bandwidth channel.
  • translator ISA may be any one of a number of well-known devices for shifting the components of the high-band signal from their original range of frequencies to the range of frequencies accommodated by the reduced bandwidth channel.
  • An example of a suitable translator is shown in FIG. 3 of I. C. Steinberg Patent 1,836,824, issued December l5, 1931.
  • frequency shifting network 13B An arrangement for shifting the frequency range of one or both of the two bands is illustrated by frequency shifting network 13B in FIG. 1B.
  • frequency shifting network 13B Between filter l0 and interpolator I4 two subpaths are provided, one for delivering the high bands from filter 10 directly to interpolator 14, and the other for delivering the high bands to interpolator I4 through frequency translator 13H.
  • the construction of translator 13H may be similar to that of translator 13A of FIG. 1A, and the desired subpath is selected by setting switches S1 and S2 to the appropriate positions.
  • Translator 13L is similar in structure to translator 13H, and the desired subpath is chosen by setting switches S3 and S4 to the appropriate positions.
  • the reduced bandwidth channel carries a succession of bands of low-frequency components alternating with delayed bands of high-frequency components, with each band of low-frequency components and the next following band of highfrequency components being derived from the same original energy burst of the incoming voice wave.
  • the channel it is also necessary for the channel to have sufficient bandwidth to carry the marker pulses in order to reconstruct from the high and low bands a replica of the original voice wave at the receiving terminal; however, the bandwidth required to carry the marker pulses is relatively small compared to the total bandwidth of the channel.
  • a replica of the original voice wave is constructed from the transmitted high and low bands by combining each pair of high and low bands to form a succession of reconstructed energy bursts separated by silent intervals which closely follows the succession of energy bursts and silent intervals of the original voice wave.
  • the transmitted low bands and high bands are first separated from each other by relay 19, which is controlled by the marker pulses to pass the low bands to fixed delay 17 and the high bands to synchronizer 15.
  • Relay 19 is energized by the marker pulses so that the relay armature makes contact with the input terminal of fixed delay 1'7 whenever an energy burst is present.
  • Synchronizer 15 which is described in full below in connection with Fi 4, operates together with fixed delay 17 to synchronize the high and low bands from each energy burst so that the two bands may be combined to form an accurate replica of the original energy burst.
  • the need for synchronization arises from variations in the amount of delay of each high band at the transmitting terminal, and the exact manner in which synchronization is achieved by synchronizer 15 and delay 17 is explained in detail below in the description of FIG. 4.
  • each high band appearing at the output terminal of synchronizer 15 is in time-coincidence with its corresponding low band appearing at the output terminal of delayi.
  • each high band is then passed through frequency translator 16A to restore its frequency components to their original range of frequencies, and each frequency-translated high band is combined with its corresponding low band in adder 1S to reconstruct a replica of the original voice wave.
  • a suitable reproducer 2 for example, a telephone receiver, converts the reconstructed voice Wave into audible speech sounds ofV good quality.
  • restoration of the original frequency range of each band may be accomplished by frequency shifting network 16B of the receiving terminal apparatus shown in FIG. 1B.
  • Two subpaths are interposed between synchronizer i5 and adder 18, one of which serves to deliver the synchronized high bands directly to adder 13, while the other serves to deliver the synchronized high bands to adder 18 through frequency translator 16H. Selection of the desired subpath is obtained by setting switches S5 and S6 to the appropriate positions, and frequency translator 16H is designed to introduce a frequency shift that offsets the frequency shift introduced by translator 13H at the transmitting terminal, thereby restoring the high bands to their riginal frequency range.
  • a similar pair of subpaths is provided between fixed delay 17 and adder 18 so that by setting switches S7 and S to the appropriate positions,
  • the low bands may be delivered to adder 18 either directly or through frequency translator 161,.
  • Translator 16L is constructed to shift the low bands back to their original frequency range from the frequency range utilized during transmission and introduced by translator 1.3L at the transmitting terminal.
  • Energy-burst detector 12 derives a marker pulse of the type shown in FIG. 2B from each energy burst of the voice wave by means of a full-wave rectifier 12@ connested to a threshold circuit 123 through resistor 121 and shunt capacitor 122.
  • Rectifier 124i converts the incoming voice wave into a unidirectional wave
  • resistor 121 and capacitor 122 smooth the unidirectional wave
  • threshold circuit 123 which may be a conventional squaring amplifier or Schmidt trigger circuit, derives from the smoothed unidirectional Wave a succession of rectangular' marker pulses of uniform amplitude but variable length.
  • each marker pulse corresponds to an energy burst in the voice wave, with the length of each pulse indicating the duration of the corresponding energy burst.
  • the marker pulses from detector 12 are transmitted, as stated above, over a reduced bandwidth channel to a receiving terminal for use in synchronizer 15 as described below.
  • the marker pulses are also transmitted by way of a conductor 3@ to energize relay 147 of interpolator 1d during each energy burst and thereby control the amount of time by which the band of high-frequency components from each energy burst is delayed before being transmitted in the silent interval next following the burst.
  • the band of frequencytranslated, high-frequency components of the burst is applied to the input terminal of a wave transmission device 140 such as an electromagnetic or acoustic delay line.
  • Device 141i is terminated at its far end in an impedance 146 to prevent reiiections, and is provided with a number of lateral taps P1, P2 PN, PNH ⁇ so located that the incoming signal appears at each ta in succession after progressively larger amounts of preassigned delay, denoted Tl, r2 TN, TNH, respectively. It is evident that the taps quantize the burst durations by delaying each high band by a discrete quantum of time.
  • the preassigned delay times of the taps of device 14@ may start, for example, with a delay T1 as much as 5 milliseconds and proceeding at approximately 5 millisecond intervals to a delay TNH of about 505 milliseconds.
  • Detector 141-0 which may be of a construction similar to that of detector 12, converts the high band into a rectangular pulse, and differentiator 142-0 develops from the leading edge of this rectangular pulse a so-called reset pulse indicative of the onset of an energy burst.
  • the output terminal of differentiator 1424) is connected to one ofthe two armatures of relay 147 so that when relay 147 is energized by a marker pulse from detector 12 at the beginning of an energy burst, the tvvo armatures of relay 147 are closed and ⁇ the reset pulse from differentiator 142-@ is delivered to the reset terminal of counter 144.
  • Counter 144 may take various forms, a suitable form being a ring counter composed of a series of intercoupled bistable devices, as described by R. K. Richards in Arithmetic Operations in Digital Computers, page 205 (1955).
  • the bistable devices which may be flip-flops of wellknown design, are arranged so that the delivery of a reset pulse from differentiator 142-0 at the beginning of a high band causes flip-dop 144-1 to be turned on, or to conduction state one and flip-flops 144-2 through 14- (N-l-1) to be turned oit or to conduction state zerof
  • the output terminal of the one conduction stage of each bistable device 144-1 through 144-(N-l-1) is connected to the control terminal of a gate 145-1 through 14S-(N+1), respectively, where gates 145 are preferably of the linear or transmission variety described by L.
  • the input terminals of gates 145-1 through 14S-(N+1) are connected to the taps of wave transmission device 14), with delay elements 149-1 through 149-N being interposed between taps P1 ⁇ through PN and gates 145-1 through 14S-N, md the output terminals of the gates are connected to bus 32.
  • the delay introduced by eiements 149-1 through 149-N is just short enough to permit each of the gates 145 to be disabled, in the manner described below, before the leading edge of the high band reaches the input terminal of a gate.
  • gate 145-1 is enabled at the onset of an energy burst as a result of r'lip-iiop 144-1 being set to the one conduction state by the reset pulse from difterentiator 142-0 and gate 145-1 remains enabled until flip-lop 144-1 is changed to the zero state.
  • Gate 14S-1 remains enabled until a time 1-1 after the beginning of an energy burst, when the leading edge of a high band appears at tap P1.
  • the leading edge of the high band reaches tap P1, itis immediately detected by speech detector 141-1 4and converted into a so-called fir-st stepping pulse -by differentiator 142-1; and ir" the energy burst has not terminated and relay 147 is still closed, the first stepping pulse is delivered through the other closed armature of relay 147 to the step terminal of counter 144.
  • the step pulse is applied to all of the ip- 4 flops of counter 144 to change them from conduction state one to conduction state zero Since the only flipflop that is in conduction state one is 1413-1, only iiipf'lop 144-1 is changed to the zero conduction state by the first stepping pulse from differentiator 142-1.
  • the change of iip-iiop 144-1 ⁇ from conduction state one to conduction state zero disables gate 145-1, and because of element 149-1 interposed between tap P1 and gate 145-1, the gate .is disabled before the high band reaches it, thereby preventing the high band from passing to bus 32 and thence to the reduced bandwidth transmission channel.
  • hip-flop 144-1 is intercoupled with flip-flop 144-2 so that the change of flip-dop 144-1 from conduction state one to conduction state zero causes ipflop 144-2 to be changed from conduction -state zero to conduction state one
  • Gate 145-2 associated with flipliop 144-2 is enabled when flip-flop 144-2 is in conduction state one, and it is therefore observed that as long as an energy burst continues, thefone conduction state of the bistable devices of counter 144 is stepped along just ahead of the high band moving through device 146.
  • the gate enabled by this one conduction state is also stepped along ahead of the high band moving through device 140. Hence the delay of the high band is successively increased by discrete amounts as long as the energy burst continues.
  • the markermodule from detector 12 disappears, thereby tie-energizing relay 147 and opening its armatures to block the pass-age of further stepping pulses from diiferentiators 142-1 through 142-N to counter 144.
  • the -last flip-hop By blocking the passage of further stepping Ipulses to counter 144, the -last flip-hop to be changed to conduction state one before the end of an energy burst remains in conduction state one even after the leading edge of the high band reaches the tap associated with this iiip-iiop.
  • the gate associated with the flip-iop in the one conduction state correspondingly remains enabled during the next following silent interval.
  • the high band arriving at the associated tap passes through the delay element to the enabled gate and thence to bus 3.2 .for transmission over the reduced bandwidth channel during the silent interval.
  • the corresponding marker pulse energizes relay 147, and the reset pulse from difterentiator 142-@ returns flip-liop 144-1 to the one conduction state and all of the other flip-Hops to the zero conduction state. It is therefore evident that in some instances the next energy burst may occur before all of the high band has passed out of device 140, thereby causing some of the high band of the preceding burst to Ibe lost. The loss of -a portion of the high-band signal in these instances may result in some loss of quality in the voice wave reconstructed at the receiving terminal, but these instances are comparatively rare and therefore the cumulative effect on intellig-bility is negligible.
  • interpolator 14 From the previously described construction and oper-ation of interpolator 14, it is apparent that in the event that the duration of an energy burst does exceed the anticipated maximum, a portion of the high band will have passed to the end of device 140 before the burst is over, and therefore some of the high band will have been lost by the time that the burst is over. Although the occasional loss of a portion of the high band does not seriously impair intelligibility, the problem of synchronizing the remaining portion of the high band with the corresponding portion of the previously transmitted low band is quite complex.
  • One solution is to make device 14@ suiiiciently long to accommodate the entire high band of all energy bursts, regardless of length, but this solution is accompanied by the introduction of an intolerably long delay between transmitting and receiving terminals.
  • Another solution is to make device 140 long enough to accommodate all of the high bands of most energy bursts, and to discard entirely the high bands of those energy bursts which have durations that exceed the preassigned length of device 140.
  • the second solution is adopted in the apparatus illustrated in FIG. 3 by providing device 140 with an extra tap PN+1 located at -a delay TN+1 which -is greater than the maximum anticipated burst duration.
  • tap PNN Associated with tap PNN are gate 14S-(N+1), relay 148, and hip-hop 144-(N-l-1) of counter 144.
  • the leadin g edge of the high band arriving at tap PN is converted by detector 141N and diierentiator 142-N into a stepping pulse that vadvances the one conduction state of counter 144 from flip-llop 144-N to llip-op 144-(N-l-1).
  • the output terminal of hip-flop 144-(N-1-1) is connected to relay 148 as well as to gate 14S-(N+1), so that when flip-flop 11M-(N+1) is in conduction state one, the armature of relay 148 makes contact with ground instead of with the reduced bandwidth channel.
  • synchronizer 15 of FlGS. 1A and 1B is illustrated in detail.
  • the incomino high band for example, from relay 19 as shown in FlG. 1A, is applied in parallel to the input terminals of linear gates 15G-N through 15G-t).
  • the output terminal of each gate 15u-N through 15u-1 is connected to one of the taps PN through P1' of wave transmission device 157, and the output terminal of gate 15u-tl, together with the output terminal of device 157, is connected directly to the input terminal of frequency translator 16A shown in FIG. 1A or to one of the input terminals of frequency shifting network 15B shown in FIG. 1B, as the case may be.
  • Wave transmission device 157 may be a delay line of construction similar to that of device 140 of interpolator 1d described above, and is provided with an impedance Z0 at one end to prevent reflections and with lateral taps PN through P1 located along device 157 to correspond to discrete amounts of delay denoted TN through T1 so that discrete delays TN through T1 are equal to corresponding discrete delays TN through T1 of the interpolator apparatus in FlG. 3.
  • the control terminal of each gate 15u-N through 15G-ii: is connected to the output terminal of a corresponding quantizer 151-N through 151-6, where each quantizer may be or the type disclosed in B. M. Oliver Patent 2,773,989, issued December 11, 1956.
  • a control signal generated by one of the quantizers at the end of an energy burst enables its corresponding gate to pass each high band to one of the taps of device 157 so that each delayed high band appearing at the output terminal of device 157 is time-coincident with its corresponding low band.
  • gate 15u-G and quantizer 151-0 are provided to pass the high band directly to frequency translator 16A shown in FIG. 1A or frequency shitting network 16B shown in FIG. 1B.
  • each high band is delayed at the transmitting terminal by a discrete amount of time, denoted T1 through TN, in order to permit all of the corresponding low band to be transmitted to the receiving terminal.
  • T1 through TN a discrete amount of time
  • TC iiXed amount of time
  • each high band received at the receiving terminal is never delayed by an amount exceeding Tmax, high bands of longer delay being discarded at the transmitting terminal in the manner shown in FIG. 3, the additional amount of time by which it is necessary to delay each high band at the receiving terminal is equal to the difference between the fixed delay of each low band at the receiving terminal, TC, and the discrete delay of each high band at the transmitting terminal, denoted TB, where TB may have any one of the discrete values T1 through TN.
  • the tap of device 157 to which each high band is passed by one ot the gates corresponds to a delay equal to the difference (TC-TB).
  • each marker pulse transmitted over the reduced bandwidth channel is applied in parallel to diode D1 and capacitor C2.
  • the length of each marker pulse is equal to the duration of an energy burst, and hence is approximately equal to TB, since TB denotes discrete energy burst durations.
  • Capacitor C2 and resistor R2 differentiate the leading edge and trailing edge of each marker pulse to obtain therefrom a positive-going pulse l@ and a negative-going pulse, respectively.
  • Diode D2 and resistor R3 pass the positive-going pulse to energize relay 152 momentarily at the beginning of an energy burst, while diode D3 and resistor R4 pass the negative-going pulse to energize relay 153 momentarily at the end of an energy burst.
  • diode D1 passes each marker pulse to resistor R1 and capacitor C1, which operate to integrate each marker pulse by building up a charge on capacitor C1 which is proportional to the length of the marker pulse. Since the length of the marker pulse is proportional to the duration of the corresponding energy burst and is approximately equal to the discrete dela TB, of the high band at the transmitting terminal, the momentary operation of relay 153 at the end of a marker pulse samples the TB voltage on capacitor C1.
  • the sampled TB voltage from capacitor C1 is held on capacitor C3 and amplied by amplifier 15d, for example, a cathode follower, and the polarity of the TB voltage is inverted by a conventional polarity inverter 15o' to obtain a signal representative of (-TB).
  • the (-TB) signal is combined in adder 15d with a constant amplitude signal from energy source E, where the constant amplitude signal is proportional to the ixed delay TC of the low band at the receiving terminal.
  • the dilerence signal appearing at the output terminal of adder 156 therefore has an amplitude proportional to the difference (TC-TB).
  • the momentary operation of relay 152 discharges capacitor C1 to allow integration of the marker pulse for the next energy burst.
  • each of the quantizers 151-N through 151-0 is set to respond to a difference signal whose amplitude falls within a relatively narrow range of Values about a selected difference between TC and one of the discrete values assumed by TB.
  • quantizer 151-N responds to difference signals whose amplitudes (ny-TB) are approximately equal to TN
  • quantizer 151-1 responds to difference signals whose amplitudes are approximately equal to T1.
  • Actuating a particular quantizer results in enabling its associated gate, hence the high band is passed to the tap which will cause the high band to be delayed by an amount of time most closely equal to the dilerence (TC-TB). Since delays TN through T1 are equal to corresponding delays TN through T1 in the interpolator apparatus of FIG. 3, the high-band signal appearing at'the output terminal of device 157 is therefore time-coincident with the low band appearing at the output terminal of delay device 17 of FIGS. 1A and 1B.
  • a communication system that comprises a transmitter terminal including means for dividing each energy burst of a voice wave into a first band of selected low-frequency components and a second band of selected high-frequency components', and
  • means for transmitting said iirst and second bands to a receiving terminal over a reduced bandwith channel said means for transmitting including means for sending said first band directly to said receiving terminal
  • arcanes means for delaying said first band by an amount of time selected to be equal to or greater than the longest anticipated energy burst but shorter than the maximum tolerable delay in transmission between said transmitter terminal and said receiving terminal,
  • a speech interpolation communication system that comprises a transmitting terminal inciuding a transducer for converting speech sounds into a voice Wave
  • first filter means supplied with said voice Wave for obtaining from each energy burst of said voice wave a first band of selected 1nigh-frequency components
  • second filter means supplied with said voice wave for obtaining from each energy burst of said voice wave a second band of selected low-frequency components
  • detector means supplied With said voice Wave for obtaining from each energy burst of said voice wave a marker pulse indicative of the duration of each en-v ergy burst,
  • a first frequency translator provided with first and second input terminals and first and second output terminals for shifting the frequency ranges of said first and second bands
  • interpolating means provided with a control terminal, an input terminal, and an output terminal, including means for delaying said first band for the duration of its energy burst when said burst is equal to or shorter than a preassigned maximum duration, and
  • a receiving terminal including means for separating said first band from said second band
  • a second frequency translator provided with first and second input terminals and first and second output terminals for returning said first and second bands to their original frequency ranges
  • 't2 means for connecting said delaying means to the second input terminal of said. second translator, an adding means provided with two input terminals and an output terminal,
  • said interpolating means comprises a wave transmission device provided with an input terminal, a plurality of (N+-) taps, and an impedance at its far end to prevent reflections,
  • a counter provided with (N+1) stages, a reset terminal and a step terminal
  • adding means provided with N input terminals and an output terminal
  • said synchronizing means comprises a wave transmission device provided with a plurality of N taps, an output terminal, and an impedance at its far end to prevent reflections,
  • each of said quantizers being responsive to a predetermined range of amplitudes and being provided with an input terminal and an output terminal,
  • Apparatus for reducing the bandwidth of a voice wave which comprises a transducer for converting speech sounds into a voice wave,
  • interpolating means responsive to said marker pulse for delaying the transmission of each frequency shifted first band over said reduced bandwidth channel for the duration of ⁇ the corresponding energy burst.
  • Apparatus for reconstructing a replica of a voice wave which comprises a source of a reduced bandwidth signal comprising selected low-frequency portions of the energy bursts of a voice wave separated by selected high-frequency portions of said energy bursts, each of said lowfrequency portions being followed by the high-frequency portion of the same energy burst,
  • Apparatus for reconstructing a replica of a voice wave which comprises a source of a marker pulse indicative of the duration of an energy burst of a voice wave
  • a source of a reduced bandwidth signal comprising a selected band of low-frequency components of an energy burst of said voice wave followed by a selected band of high-frequency components of said energy burst

Description

Nov. 24, 1964 J. L. FLANAGAN SPEECH INTERPCLATICN CCWUNICATION SYSTEM 5 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed Aug. 7, 1962 A T roRN/f y Nov. 24, 1964 J. L. FLANAGAN SPEECH INTERPOLATION COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 5 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed Aug. 7, 1962 @NSY ATTORNEV Nov. 24, 1964 J. L. FLANAGAN 3,158,693
SPEECH INTERPOLATICN COMMUNICATION SYSTEM Filed Aug. 7, 1962 5 Sheets-Sheet 3 j VE E EL E r1 QON QQQM. QON@ QQQv /NVENTOR .J L. FLANAGAN 5M/9a@ ATTORNEY Nov. 24, 1964 J. l.. FLANAGAN SPEECH INTEEPCLATICN COMMUNICATION sysTEM 5 Sheets-Sheet 4 Filed Aug. 7, 1962 ATTORNYV Nov. 24, 1964 J. l.. FLANAGAN SPEECH INTERPOLATICN COMMUNICATION sYsTEM 5 Sheets-Sheet 5 Filed Aug. 7, 1962 QAM/M Arron/Mey nted States Patent O M' .lames L. Flanagan, Warren Township, Somerset County,
NJ., assigner to Bell Telephone Laboratories, incorporated, New York, N.Y., a corporation of New York Filed Aug. 7, 1%2, Ser. No. Zlfit S Claims. (Cl. Hel-i555) This invention relates to systems for reducing the frequency bandwidth required to transmit speech information, and particularly to systems in which bandwidth is reduced by interpolating speech information into the silent intervals that normally separate bursts of energy in human speech sounds.
ln an effort to make more economical use of speech transmission facilities, a number of arrangements have been devised to reduce the amount of frequency bandwidth required to transmit speech information. Gne approach to bandwidth reduction is to turn to advantage the silent intervals that separate energy bursts in normal speech sounds. ln prior art systems embodying this approach, additional speech information is interpolated into these silent intervals so that a greater amount of information may be carried by a given amount of frequency bandwidth. Two examples of systems for reducing transmission channel bandwidth by speech interpolation are described in A. E. lvlelhose Patent 2,541,932, issued February 13, i951, and R. Guenther Patent 2,870,260, issued January 20, 1959.
A feature common to prior art bandwidth reduction systems or" the type described in the above-identified Melhose and Guenther patents is the interpolation of an energy burst from the voice signal of one talker into a time-coincident silent interval in the voice signal of another talker. By utilizing silent intervals in this fashion, a number of transmission channels between two points may accommodate a larger number of talkers. Speech interpolation systems therefore reduce the amount of bandwidth required to provide communication service between two points for a given number of talkers because in conventional s eech transmission systems the number of talkers typically cannot exceed the number of channels. lt is evident, however, that in speech interpolation arrangements of the sort shown in the Melhose and Guenther patents, transmission channel economy is realized only during those periods in which the number of talkers exceeds the number of channels, for only in such periods does the use of silent intervals enable the channels to transmit more speech information than conventional systems where the number of talkers does not exceed the number of channels.
The present invention also interpolates speech energy bursts into silent intervals in order to reduce transmission channel bandwidth, but it does so by interpolating selected portions of a talkers voice signal into the same talkers silent intervals. As a result, the bandwidth reduction effected by this invention is not dependent upon the number of talkers exceeding the number of transmission facilities between two points; instead, this invention realizes the same bandwidth reduction for each talkers voice signal, regardless of the number of talkers at a given instant.
In the present invention, a talkers voice signal is individually reduced in bandwidth before transmission by interpolating the high-frequency portion of each energy burst into the next following silent interval in the talkersown voice signal. This is achieved by lirst dividing each energy burst into two frequency bands, a high band and a low band, and then translating one or both of the bands to the frequency range accommodated by a reduced bandwidth transmission channel. After frequency transla- 3,158,693 Patented Nov. 2d, 1964 tion, the low band is transmitted directly from a transmitting terminal to a receiving terminal over the reduced bandwidth channel, while the high band is delayed for the duration of its own energy burst. At the end of an energy burst, all of the low band has been transmitted, and transmission of the delayed high band during the next following silent interval is commenced. At the receiving terminal, the low band and the next following high band are adjusted on the time scale to bring the two bands into time-coincidence. After translation of one or both of the now time-coincident bands to their original frequency ranges, the two bands are combined to reconstruct a replica of the original energy burst of the voice signal.
An important feature of the present invention is the maintenance of uninterrupted service even when a silent interval is too short to accommodate all of the high band of a preceding energy burst. Both energy bursts and silent intervals vary in duration, with the average duration of energy bursts exceeding the average duration of silent intervals, according to the speech statistics published by R. H. lBolt and A. D. MacDonald in Theory of Speech Masking by Reverberation, volume 21, lournal of The Acoustical Society of America, page 577 (1949). The difference in average duration between energy bursts and silent intervals means that occasionally the silent interval separating two bursts will be too short to accommodate all of the high band of the preceding burst. ln such a situation, the present invention transmits only as much of the high band of the preceding burst as there is time for during the next following silent interval, and discards the untransmitted portion of the high band to give preference to the low-frequency components of the next occurring energy burst.
The occasional loss of even a large portion of the high band of an energy burst does not seriously impair the intelligibility of the received voice signal because only a relatively small amount of speech information is contained in the high band of an energy burst. Correspondingly, transmission of all of the low band of each energy burst maintains uninterrupted service, since the low bands contain a sufhciently large amount of speech information to constitute an intelligible voice signal even in the absence of the high bands.
lt is another feature of this invention that except for the limitations mentioned above, the voice signal reconstructed at the receiving terminal is an undistorted replica of the original voice signal at the transmitting terminal despite wide variations in the durations of energy bursts in normal speech sounds. As previously mentioned, the high band of each energy burst is delayed at the transmitting terminal for the duration of its own energy burst, at which point the delayed high band is transmitted during the silent interval next following theenergy burst. Because energy bursts vary widely in duration, both low bands and high bands also vary in duration, hence the amount of time by which each high band is delayed at the transmitting terminal varies from burst to burst. It is therefore apparent that before each directly transmitted 10W band can be combined with its delay high band at the receiving terminal, each low band must also be delayed by an amount of time at least equal to the duration of its own energy burst in order to synchronize each low band with its following high band. It has been determined, however, that synchronization is not the sole criterion in determining the delay of the low bands at the receiving terminal, because delaying the low bands as well as the high bands by varying amounts introduces between the original voice signal and the reconstructed voice signal a variable transmission delay that is subjectively undesirable. On the other hand, it is well known that a constant transmission delay between transmitting i.; terminal and receiving terminal is subjectively tolerable provided that the delay is not excessive.
The present invention satisfies the dual criteria of synchronization and constant transmission delay in the following manner. At the receiving terminal, each low band is delayed by a constant amount that is selected to be equal to or greater than the longest anticipated burst duration but shorter than the maximum tolerable transmission delay. In addition, because the constant delay of the low band at the receiving terminal is selected to be longer than most burst durations, the delay of most high bands at the transmitting terminal is shorter than the delay of the corresponding low bands at the receiving terminal. Accordingly, to bring each pair of corresponding high and low bands into time-coincidence, this invention also delays each high band at the receiving terminal by an amount equal to the difference between the constant delay of the low band and the duration of the energy burst from which each high band and low band are derived.
In the relatively rare event that the duration of an energy burst exceeds the constant delay of the low band at the receiving terminal, the high band of such a burst is discarded in its entirety at the transmitting terminal in order to prevent the distortion that would result from combining the high band with the low band in improper synchrony. The occasional loss of the high band in this situation does not significantly impair the reconstructed voice signal, since suflicient speech information is contained in the low band to maintain intelligibility.
The invention will be fully understood from the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments thereof taken in connection with the appended drawings, in which:
FIGS. 1A and 1B are schematic block diagrams of complete bandwidth reduction systems embodying the principles of this invention;
FiG. 2A is a replica of the spectrogram of connected speech sounds;
FIG. 2B is a signal waveform indicative of certain features of the sound spectrogram of FIG. 2A; and
FIGS. 3 and 4 are circuit diagrams showing details of certain `of the components of FlGS. lA and 1B.
Referring first to FIG. 2A, there is illustrated a replica of a sound spectrogram of the utterance nShould we chase those young outlaw cowboys? The shaded areas represent varying amounts of energy, with the darker areas representing greater amounts of energy than the lighter areas, and the unshaded or blank areas representing zero energy or silent intervals. It is observed that this seemingly continuous utterance is in fact composed of a succession of energy bursts separated by silent intervals. This invention takes advantage of the silent intervals to reduce the bandwith required to transmit voice signals by interpolating a selected high-frequency portion of each energy burst into the next following silent interval, as indicated by the curved arrows in FIG. 2A.
Turning now to FIG. lA, there is illustrated a complete system for reducing the bandwith required to transmit speech information in accordance with the principles of this invention. The system comprises transmitting terminal apparatus, a reduced bandwith transmission channel, and receiving terminal apparatus. At the transmitting terminal, incoming speech sounds are converted by transducer 1 into a voice wave, where transducer l may be a conventional telephone transmitter microphone, if desired. From transducer I, the voice wave is applied simultaneously to high-band filter 10, low-band tilter 1l, and energy-burst detector 12.
High-band lter lil and low-band filter 1l may be conventional bandpass filters and serve to vdivide the frequency components of each energy burst of the voice wave into two selected bands, a band of high-frequency components and a band of lowafrequency components. Selection of suitable limits for the two frequency bands depends upon a number of factors, for example, the total bandwidth of the voice wave, the bandwidth of the available transmission channel, and the quality desired in the Voice wave after transmission. In the case of a voice Wave of commercial telephone quality, for example, where the bandwith is on the order of 3,000 cycles per second, the present invention permits a channel of about 1,500 cycles per second bandwith to be utilized to transmit a voice wave of good quality by dividing the frequency components of the voice wave into two 1,500 cycles per second bands. This example is illustrated graphically by the three horizontal lines in FIG. 2A which divide a telephone quality voice wave whose lower and upper frequency limits are respectively 200 cycles per second and 3,200 cycles per second into a low band from about 200 to 1,700 cycles per second and a high band from about 1,700 to 3,200 cycles per second. Transmission of these two bands over a channel of about 1,500 cycles per second bandwidth in accordance with the principles of this invention produces a good quality voice wave at the receiving terminal. This example also illustrates that if conservation of bandwidth is of primary importance, a voice wave of given bandwidth may be transmitted over the narrowest possible channel by dividing the frequency components of the voice wave into two bands of equal width.
Returning to FIG. lA, at the same time that lters 10 and II are dividing energy bursts of the voice wave from transducer l into two bands of frequency components, energy-burst detector I2 is deriving from the voice wave a succession of marker pulses indicative of the beginning, end, and duration of each energy burst. Detector l2 is illustrated in detail in FIG. 3 and described further below, and FIG. 2B shows the succession of marker pulses corresponding to the utterance whose spectrogram is depicted in FIG. 2A. It is observed in FIG. 2B that the marker pulses are of uniform amplitude but variable length. The variable pulse lengths, denoted Atm, Atm, Atm correspond to the variable durations of the energy bursts, and the intervals between pulses, denoted Atm, MGZ, Atm, correspond to the durations of the silent intervals between successive bursts.
The low-frequency components passed by filter 11 are transmitted directly from the transmitting terminal to the receiving terminal over a reduced bandwidth channel, the channel being indicated by broken lines. The high-frequency components passed by filter I0 are delayed by interpolator 14 in order to be transmitted over the reduced bandwidth channel during the silent intervals between successive energy bursts, the operation of interpolator I4 being controlled by marker pulses from detector l2. The details of interpolator 14 are shown in FIG. 3 and described fully below. Before the high bands are passed to interpolator lll, however, the frequency range of the high bands is shifted to the frequency range accommodated by the transmission channel. Accordingly, frequency translator ESA is interposed between filter 10 and interpolator le, where translator ISA may be any one of a number of well-known devices for shifting the components of the high-band signal from their original range of frequencies to the range of frequencies accommodated by the reduced bandwidth channel. An example of a suitable translator is shown in FIG. 3 of I. C. Steinberg Patent 1,836,824, issued December l5, 1931.
It is to be understood, however, that it may be desirable to shift the frequency range of the low bands, either as an alternative to shifting the frequency range of the high bands or in addition to shifting the frequency range of the high bands. An arrangement for shifting the frequency range of one or both of the two bands is illustrated by frequency shifting network 13B in FIG. 1B. Between filter l0 and interpolator I4 two subpaths are provided, one for delivering the high bands from filter 10 directly to interpolator 14, and the other for delivering the high bands to interpolator I4 through frequency translator 13H. The construction of translator 13H may be similar to that of translator 13A of FIG. 1A, and the desired subpath is selected by setting switches S1 and S2 to the appropriate positions. Similarly, two subpaths are provided between lter 11 and the reduced bandwidth channel, with one subpath serving to deliver the low bands from filter 11 directly to the channel, and the other subpath serving to deliver the low bands to the channel through frequency translator LSL. Translator 13L is similar in structure to translator 13H, and the desired subpath is chosen by setting switches S3 and S4 to the appropriate positions.
In the present invention, therefore, the reduced bandwidth channel carries a succession of bands of low-frequency components alternating with delayed bands of high-frequency components, with each band of low-frequency components and the next following band of highfrequency components being derived from the same original energy burst of the incoming voice wave. ln addition to carrying the succession of high and low bands, it is also necessary for the channel to have sufficient bandwidth to carry the marker pulses in order to reconstruct from the high and low bands a replica of the original voice wave at the receiving terminal; however, the bandwidth required to carry the marker pulses is relatively small compared to the total bandwidth of the channel.
At the receiving terminal, as shown in FIG. lA, a replica of the original voice wave is constructed from the transmitted high and low bands by combining each pair of high and low bands to form a succession of reconstructed energy bursts separated by silent intervals which closely follows the succession of energy bursts and silent intervals of the original voice wave. The transmitted low bands and high bands are first separated from each other by relay 19, which is controlled by the marker pulses to pass the low bands to fixed delay 17 and the high bands to synchronizer 15. Relay 19 is energized by the marker pulses so that the relay armature makes contact with the input terminal of fixed delay 1'7 whenever an energy burst is present. During silent intervals, the absence of marker pulses de-energizes relay 19, thereby causing the armature to malte contact with the input terminal of synchronizer 15 for receiving high bands during silent intervals. Synchronizer 15, which is described in full below in connection with Fi 4, operates together with fixed delay 17 to synchronize the high and low bands from each energy burst so that the two bands may be combined to form an accurate replica of the original energy burst. The need for synchronization arises from variations in the amount of delay of each high band at the transmitting terminal, and the exact manner in which synchronization is achieved by synchronizer 15 and delay 17 is explained in detail below in the description of FIG. 4.
As a result of the synchronizing operation performed by synchronizer 15 in conjunction with fixed delay 17, each high band appearing at the output terminal of synchronizer 15 is in time-coincidence with its corresponding low band appearing at the output terminal of delayi. From synchronizer 15, each high band is then passed through frequency translator 16A to restore its frequency components to their original range of frequencies, and each frequency-translated high band is combined with its corresponding low band in adder 1S to reconstruct a replica of the original voice wave. A suitable reproducer 2, for example, a telephone receiver, converts the reconstructed voice Wave into audible speech sounds ofV good quality.
In the event that the transmitting terminal apparatus shown in FIG. 1B is utilized for shifting the frequency range of one or both of the two bands before transmission, restoration of the original frequency range of each band may be accomplished by frequency shifting network 16B of the receiving terminal apparatus shown in FIG. 1B. Two subpaths are interposed between synchronizer i5 and adder 18, one of which serves to deliver the synchronized high bands directly to adder 13, while the other serves to deliver the synchronized high bands to adder 18 through frequency translator 16H. Selection of the desired subpath is obtained by setting switches S5 and S6 to the appropriate positions, and frequency translator 16H is designed to introduce a frequency shift that offsets the frequency shift introduced by translator 13H at the transmitting terminal, thereby restoring the high bands to their riginal frequency range. A similar pair of subpaths is provided between fixed delay 17 and adder 18 so that by setting switches S7 and S to the appropriate positions,
the low bands may be delivered to adder 18 either directly or through frequency translator 161,. Translator 16L is constructed to shift the low bands back to their original frequency range from the frequency range utilized during transmission and introduced by translator 1.3L at the transmitting terminal.
Referring now to FIG. 3, this drawing illustrates the circuit details of energy-burst detector 12 and interpolator 14. Energy-burst detector 12 derives a marker pulse of the type shown in FIG. 2B from each energy burst of the voice wave by means of a full-wave rectifier 12@ connested to a threshold circuit 123 through resistor 121 and shunt capacitor 122. Rectifier 124i converts the incoming voice wave into a unidirectional wave, resistor 121 and capacitor 122 smooth the unidirectional wave, and threshold circuit 123, which may be a conventional squaring amplifier or Schmidt trigger circuit, derives from the smoothed unidirectional Wave a succession of rectangular' marker pulses of uniform amplitude but variable length. As illustrated in FIGS. 2A and 2B, each marker pulse corresponds to an energy burst in the voice wave, with the length of each pulse indicating the duration of the corresponding energy burst.
The marker pulses from detector 12 are transmitted, as stated above, over a reduced bandwidth channel to a receiving terminal for use in synchronizer 15 as described below. The marker pulses are also transmitted by way of a conductor 3@ to energize relay 147 of interpolator 1d during each energy burst and thereby control the amount of time by which the band of high-frequency components from each energy burst is delayed before being transmitted in the silent interval next following the burst.
At the onset of an energy burst, the band of frequencytranslated, high-frequency components of the burst is applied to the input terminal of a wave transmission device 140 such as an electromagnetic or acoustic delay line. Device 141i is terminated at its far end in an impedance 146 to prevent reiiections, and is provided with a number of lateral taps P1, P2 PN, PNH `so located that the incoming signal appears at each ta in succession after progressively larger amounts of preassigned delay, denoted Tl, r2 TN, TNH, respectively. It is evident that the taps quantize the burst durations by delaying each high band by a discrete quantum of time. However, the spacing between taps is sufficiently small so that the effect of the discrete delay times is subjectively equivalent to a continuously variable delay. The preassigned delay times of the taps of device 14@ may start, for example, with a delay T1 as much as 5 milliseconds and proceeding at approximately 5 millisecond intervals to a delay TNH of about 505 milliseconds. v
At the beginning of an energy burst, the high band is applied to Speech detector 141-@ as well as to wave transmission device 1413. Detector 141-0, which may be of a construction similar to that of detector 12, converts the high band into a rectangular pulse, and differentiator 142-0 develops from the leading edge of this rectangular pulse a so-called reset pulse indicative of the onset of an energy burst. The output terminal of differentiator 1424) is connected to one ofthe two armatures of relay 147 so that when relay 147 is energized by a marker pulse from detector 12 at the beginning of an energy burst, the tvvo armatures of relay 147 are closed and `the reset pulse from differentiator 142-@ is delivered to the reset terminal of counter 144.
Counter 144 may take various forms, a suitable form being a ring counter composed of a series of intercoupled bistable devices, as described by R. K. Richards in Arithmetic Operations in Digital Computers, page 205 (1955). The bistable devices, which may be flip-flops of wellknown design, are arranged so that the delivery of a reset pulse from differentiator 142-0 at the beginning of a high band causes flip-dop 144-1 to be turned on, or to conduction state one and flip-flops 144-2 through 14- (N-l-1) to be turned oit or to conduction state zerof The output terminal of the one conduction stage of each bistable device 144-1 through 144-(N-l-1) is connected to the control terminal of a gate 145-1 through 14S-(N+1), respectively, where gates 145 are preferably of the linear or transmission variety described by L. W. Hussey in Semiconductor Diode Gates, volume 32, Bell System Technical Journal, page 1137 (1953). The input terminals of gates 145-1 through 14S-(N+1) are connected to the taps of wave transmission device 14), with delay elements 149-1 through 149-N being interposed between taps P1 `through PN and gates 145-1 through 14S-N, md the output terminals of the gates are connected to bus 32. The delay introduced by eiements 149-1 through 149-N is just short enough to permit each of the gates 145 to be disabled, in the manner described below, before the leading edge of the high band reaches the input terminal of a gate.
By the arrangement described above, gate 145-1 is enabled at the onset of an energy burst as a result of r'lip-iiop 144-1 being set to the one conduction state by the reset pulse from difterentiator 142-0 and gate 145-1 remains enabled until flip-lop 144-1 is changed to the zero state. Gate 14S-1 remains enabled until a time 1-1 after the beginning of an energy burst, when the leading edge of a high band appears at tap P1. When the leading edge of the high band reaches tap P1, itis immediately detected by speech detector 141-1 4and converted into a so-called fir-st stepping pulse -by differentiator 142-1; and ir" the energy burst has not terminated and relay 147 is still closed, the first stepping pulse is delivered through the other closed armature of relay 147 to the step terminal of counter 144. The step pulse is applied to all of the ip- 4 flops of counter 144 to change them from conduction state one to conduction state zero Since the only flipflop that is in conduction state one is 1413-1, only iiipf'lop 144-1 is changed to the zero conduction state by the first stepping pulse from differentiator 142-1. The change of iip-iiop 144-1`from conduction state one to conduction state zero disables gate 145-1, and because of element 149-1 interposed between tap P1 and gate 145-1, the gate .is disabled before the high band reaches it, thereby preventing the high band from passing to bus 32 and thence to the reduced bandwidth transmission channel.
Further, hip-flop 144-1 is intercoupled with flip-flop 144-2 so that the change of flip-dop 144-1 from conduction state one to conduction state zero causes ipflop 144-2 to be changed from conduction -state zero to conduction state one Gate 145-2 associated with flipliop 144-2 is enabled when flip-flop 144-2 is in conduction state one, and it is therefore observed that as long as an energy burst continues, thefone conduction state of the bistable devices of counter 144 is stepped along just ahead of the high band moving through device 146. Correspondingly, as the one conduction state ot counter 144 is stepped along, the gate enabled by this one conduction state is also stepped along ahead of the high band moving through device 140. Hence the delay of the high band is successively increased by discrete amounts as long as the energy burst continues.
However, at the end of an energy burst, the marker puise from detector 12 disappears, thereby tie-energizing relay 147 and opening its armatures to block the pass-age of further stepping pulses from diiferentiators 142-1 through 142-N to counter 144. By blocking the passage of further stepping Ipulses to counter 144, the -last flip-hop to be changed to conduction state one before the end of an energy burst remains in conduction state one even after the leading edge of the high band reaches the tap associated with this iiip-iiop.
As a result of the one conduction state of one of the bistable devices or" counter 144 remaining stationary at the end of `an energy burst, the gate associated with the flip-iop in the one conduction state correspondingly remains enabled during the next following silent interval. Hence the high band arriving at the associated tap passes through the delay element to the enabled gate and thence to bus 3.2 .for transmission over the reduced bandwidth channel during the silent interval.
At the beginning of the next energy burst, the corresponding marker pulse energizes relay 147, and the reset pulse from difterentiator 142-@ returns flip-liop 144-1 to the one conduction state and all of the other flip-Hops to the zero conduction state. It is therefore evident that in some instances the next energy burst may occur before all of the high band has passed out of device 140, thereby causing some of the high band of the preceding burst to Ibe lost. The loss of -a portion of the high-band signal in these instances may result in some loss of quality in the voice wave reconstructed at the receiving terminal, but these instances are comparatively rare and therefore the cumulative effect on intellig-bility is negligible.
The maximum time by which a high band may be delayed before interpolating it in the next following silent interval depends upon the maximum anticipated length of the energy bursts, and it is this maximum anticipated length that determines the length of wave transmission device 149 and therefore the location of the Nth tap on device 149, As indicated in FIG. 3 -by the equation 1N=Tmm the location of the Nth tap cor-responds to the maximum anticipated length of the energy bursts, but it is possible that an occasion-al energy burst will be longer than the anticipated maximum. From the previously described construction and oper-ation of interpolator 14, it is apparent that in the event that the duration of an energy burst does exceed the anticipated maximum, a portion of the high band will have passed to the end of device 140 before the burst is over, and therefore some of the high band will have been lost by the time that the burst is over. Although the occasional loss of a portion of the high band does not seriously impair intelligibility, the problem of synchronizing the remaining portion of the high band with the corresponding portion of the previously transmitted low band is quite complex. One solution is to make device 14@ suiiiciently long to accommodate the entire high band of all energy bursts, regardless of length, but this solution is accompanied by the introduction of an intolerably long delay between transmitting and receiving terminals. Another solution is to make device 140 long enough to accommodate all of the high bands of most energy bursts, and to discard entirely the high bands of those energy bursts which have durations that exceed the preassigned length of device 140. The second solution is adopted in the apparatus illustrated in FIG. 3 by providing device 140 with an extra tap PN+1 located at -a delay TN+1 which -is greater than the maximum anticipated burst duration. Associated with tap PNN are gate 14S-(N+1), relay 148, and hip-hop 144-(N-l-1) of counter 144. When a burst exceeds the maximum anticipated duration, the leadin g edge of the high band arriving at tap PN is converted by detector 141N and diierentiator 142-N into a stepping pulse that vadvances the one conduction state of counter 144 from flip-llop 144-N to llip-op 144-(N-l-1). The output terminal of hip-flop 144-(N-1-1) is connected to relay 148 as well as to gate 14S-(N+1), so that when flip-flop 11M-(N+1) is in conduction state one, the armature of relay 148 makes contact with ground instead of with the reduced bandwidth channel. Hence, upon the high band reaching tap FNM, it is discarded because gate 14S-(N+1) passes the high band to ground regardless of how much longer the energy burst continues beyond the maximum duration. When 9 the one conduction state of counter 14d is reset to flipop 1414-1 Iat Ithe beginning of the next energy burst, relay 14S is cle-energized and its armature returns to its normal position connecting bus 3T. to the reduced bandwidth channel.
Turning now to FlG. 4, synchronizer 15 of FlGS. 1A and 1B is illustrated in detail. The incomino high band, for example, from relay 19 as shown in FlG. 1A, is applied in parallel to the input terminals of linear gates 15G-N through 15G-t). The output terminal of each gate 15u-N through 15u-1 is connected to one of the taps PN through P1' of wave transmission device 157, and the output terminal of gate 15u-tl, together with the output terminal of device 157, is connected directly to the input terminal of frequency translator 16A shown in FIG. 1A or to one of the input terminals of frequency shifting network 15B shown in FIG. 1B, as the case may be.
Wave transmission device 157 may be a delay line of construction similar to that of device 140 of interpolator 1d described above, and is provided with an impedance Z0 at one end to prevent reflections and with lateral taps PN through P1 located along device 157 to correspond to discrete amounts of delay denoted TN through T1 so that discrete delays TN through T1 are equal to corresponding discrete delays TN through T1 of the interpolator apparatus in FlG. 3. The control terminal of each gate 15u-N through 15G-ii: is connected to the output terminal of a corresponding quantizer 151-N through 151-6, where each quantizer may be or the type disclosed in B. M. Oliver Patent 2,773,989, issued December 11, 1956. A control signal generated by one of the quantizers at the end of an energy burst enables its corresponding gate to pass each high band to one of the taps of device 157 so that each delayed high band appearing at the output terminal of device 157 is time-coincident with its corresponding low band. In theevent that it is unnecessary to delay a high band in order to synchronize it with its corresponding low band, gate 15u-G and quantizer 151-0 are provided to pass the high band directly to frequency translator 16A shown in FIG. 1A or frequency shitting network 16B shown in FIG. 1B.
It is recalled from the foregoing description of FIG. 3 that each high band is delayed at the transmitting terminal by a discrete amount of time, denoted T1 through TN, in order to permit all of the corresponding low band to be transmitted to the receiving terminal. lt is further recalled from the description of FlG. 1A above that each low band is delayed at the receiving terminal by a iiXed amount of time, to be denoted TC, where TC may be chosen to be'equal to or greater than the duration of the longest anticipated energy burst, Tmax, but short enough to yield a subjectively tolerable constant transmission delay bet veen transmitting terminal and receiving terminal. Since each high band received at the receiving terminal is never delayed by an amount exceeding Tmax, high bands of longer delay being discarded at the transmitting terminal in the manner shown in FIG. 3, the additional amount of time by which it is necessary to delay each high band at the receiving terminal is equal to the difference between the fixed delay of each low band at the receiving terminal, TC, and the discrete delay of each high band at the transmitting terminal, denoted TB, where TB may have any one of the discrete values T1 through TN. Hence the tap of device 157 to which each high band is passed by one ot the gates corresponds to a delay equal to the difference (TC-TB).
To select the, tap of device 157 corresponding to the difference (TC-TB), each marker pulse transmitted over the reduced bandwidth channel is applied in parallel to diode D1 and capacitor C2. The length of each marker pulse is equal to the duration of an energy burst, and hence is approximately equal to TB, since TB denotes discrete energy burst durations. Capacitor C2 and resistor R2 differentiate the leading edge and trailing edge of each marker pulse to obtain therefrom a positive-going pulse l@ and a negative-going pulse, respectively. Diode D2 and resistor R3 pass the positive-going pulse to energize relay 152 momentarily at the beginning of an energy burst, while diode D3 and resistor R4 pass the negative-going pulse to energize relay 153 momentarily at the end of an energy burst. Meanwhile, diode D1 passes each marker pulse to resistor R1 and capacitor C1, which operate to integrate each marker pulse by building up a charge on capacitor C1 which is proportional to the length of the marker pulse. Since the length of the marker pulse is proportional to the duration of the corresponding energy burst and is approximately equal to the discrete dela TB, of the high band at the transmitting terminal, the momentary operation of relay 153 at the end of a marker pulse samples the TB voltage on capacitor C1. The sampled TB voltage from capacitor C1 is held on capacitor C3 and amplied by amplifier 15d, for example, a cathode follower, and the polarity of the TB voltage is inverted by a conventional polarity inverter 15o' to obtain a signal representative of (-TB). The (-TB) signal is combined in adder 15d with a constant amplitude signal from energy source E, where the constant amplitude signal is proportional to the ixed delay TC of the low band at the receiving terminal. The dilerence signal appearing at the output terminal of adder 156 therefore has an amplitude proportional to the difference (TC-TB). At the beginning of the next energy burst, the momentary operation of relay 152 discharges capacitor C1 to allow integration of the marker pulse for the next energy burst.
From adder 156 the difference signal is applied in parallel to quantizers Idil-N through 151-0. As described in the above-mentioned Oliver patent, a single state quantizer responds only to signal amplitudes falling within a preselected range of values. For a signal whose amplitude falls within this range, the output condition of the quantizer chances to signify this occurrence. In the present invention, each of the quantizers 151-N through 151-0 is set to respond to a difference signal whose amplitude falls within a relatively narrow range of Values about a selected difference between TC and one of the discrete values assumed by TB. Thus quantizer 151-N responds to difference signals whose amplitudes (ny-TB) are approximately equal to TN, while quantizer 151-1 responds to difference signals whose amplitudes are approximately equal to T1. Actuating a particular quantizer results in enabling its associated gate, hence the high band is passed to the tap which will cause the high band to be delayed by an amount of time most closely equal to the dilerence (TC-TB). Since delays TN through T1 are equal to corresponding delays TN through T1 in the interpolator apparatus of FIG. 3, the high-band signal appearing at'the output terminal of device 157 is therefore time-coincident with the low band appearing at the output terminal of delay device 17 of FIGS. 1A and 1B.
lt is to be understood that the above-described arrangements are merely illustrative of applications of the principles of this invention. Numerous other arrangements may be devised by those skilled in the art without depart'- ing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
What is clamedis: 1. A communication system that comprises a transmitter terminal including means for dividing each energy burst of a voice wave into a first band of selected low-frequency components and a second band of selected high-frequency components', and
means for transmitting said iirst and second bands to a receiving terminal over a reduced bandwith channel, said means for transmitting including means for sending said first band directly to said receiving terminal, and
means for delaying said second band for the duration of its energy burst so that said second band is transmitted to said receiving terminal during the silent interval following its energy burst,
and at said receiving terminal,
arcanes means for delaying said first band by an amount of time selected to be equal to or greater than the longest anticipated energy burst but shorter than the maximum tolerable delay in transmission between said transmitter terminal and said receiving terminal,
means for adjusting said second band on the time scale to coincide with said first band, and
means for combining said time-coincident first and second bands to form a replica of the original voice wave.
2. A speech interpolation communication system that comprises a transmitting terminal inciuding a transducer for converting speech sounds into a voice Wave,
first filter means supplied with said voice Wave for obtaining from each energy burst of said voice wave a first band of selected 1nigh-frequency components,
second filter means supplied with said voice wave for obtaining from each energy burst of said voice wave a second band of selected low-frequency components,
detector means supplied With said voice Wave for obtaining from each energy burst of said voice wave a marker pulse indicative of the duration of each en-v ergy burst,
a first frequency translator provided with first and second input terminals and first and second output terminals for shifting the frequency ranges of said first and second bands,
means for connecting said first filter means to the first input terminal of said first translator,
means for connecting said second filter means to the second input terminal of said first translator,
interpolating means provided with a control terminal, an input terminal, and an output terminal, including means for delaying said first band for the duration of its energy burst when said burst is equal to or shorter than a preassigned maximum duration, and
means for discarding said first band when the duration of said burst exceeds said preassigned maximum duration,
means for applying said marker pulses to the control terminal of said interpolating means,
a reduced bandwidth channel,
means for connecting the first output terminal of said first translator to the input terminal of said interpolating means,
means for connecting the second output terminal of said first translator to said channel,
means for connecting the output terminal of said interpolating means to said channel, and
means for connecting said detector means to said channel, and
a receiving terminal including means for separating said first band from said second band,
means supplied with said second band for delaying said second band for a fixed interval of time selected to be equal to or greater than the longest anticipated burst duration but shorter than the maximum tolerable delay in transmission between said transmitting terminal and said receiving terminal,
synchronizing means controlled by each marker pulse and supplied with said first band for delaying said rst band by an amount of time equal to the difference between the delay of said second band at the receiving terminal and the delay of said first band at the transmitting terminal,
a second frequency translator provided with first and second input terminals and first and second output terminals for returning said first and second bands to their original frequency ranges,
means for connecting said synchronizing means to the first input terminal of said second translator,
't2 means for connecting said delaying means to the second input terminal of said. second translator, an adding means provided with two input terminals and an output terminal,
5 means for connecting the output terminals of said second translator to the input terminals of said adding means, and
a reproducing means connected to the output terminal of said adding means.
l@ 3. A system as defined in claim 2 wherein said dctector comprises a full-wave rectifier, a resistor shunted by a capacitor,
and a threshold circuit connected in tandem.
A system as defined in claim 2 wherein said interpolating means comprises a wave transmission device provided with an input terminal, a plurality of (N+-) taps, and an impedance at its far end to prevent reflections,
a plurality of N delay devices,
means for connecting each of the first N taps of said wave transmission device to one of said delay devices,
a plurality of (N+1) gates, each of which is provided with an input terminal, a control terminal, and an output terminal,
means for connecting each of said delay devices to the input terminal of one of the first N of said gates,
means for connecting the (N+1)th tap of said wave transmission device to the input terminal of said (N+-mth gate,
means for connecting the output terminals of all of said gates to a common conductor,
a counter provided with (N+1) stages, a reset terminal and a step terminal,
reset means provided with an input terminal and an output terminal,
means for connecting the input terminal of said reset means and the input terminal of said wave transmission device to a common input point for receiving the first band from said first translator,
a plurality of N stepping means each of which is provided with an input terminal and an output terminal,
means for connecting each of the first N taps of said Wave transmission device to the input terminal of one of said stepping means,
adding means provided with N input terminals and an output terminal,
means for connecting the output terminal of each stepping means to one of the input terminals of said adding means,
means responsive to each marker pulse for connecting the output terminal of said reset means to the reset terminal of said counter and for connecting the output terminal of said adding means to the step terminal of said counter,
means for connecting each stage of said counter to the control terminal of one of said gates, and
means controlled by the (N+1)th stage of said counter for connecting said common conductor to said reduced bandwidth channel.
G0 5. A system as defined in claim 2 wherein said synchronizing means comprises a wave transmission device provided with a plurality of N taps, an output terminal, and an impedance at its far end to prevent reflections,
a plurality of (N+1) gates each of which is provided with an input terminal, a control terminal and an output terminal,
means for connecting the output terminal of each of .-0 the first N of said gates to one of the taps of said Wave transmission device,
means for connecting the output terminal of said (N+l)th gate and the output terminal of said wave transmission device to a common output point for delivering said first band `to said second translator,
means for applying said first band in parallel to the input terminals of all of said gates,
a plurality of (N+1) quantizers in one-to-one correspondence with said (N+1) gates, each of said quantizers being responsive to a predetermined range of amplitudes and being provided with an input terminal and an output terminal,
means for connecting the output terminal of each quantizer to the control terminal of its corresponding gate,
means for connecting the input terminals of said quantizers to a common conductor, and
means connected to said common conductor for generating from each marker pulse a signal whose amplitude is representative of the difference between the delay of said second band at the receiving terminal and the delay of said first oand at the transmitting terminal.
6. Apparatus for reducing the bandwidth of a voice wave which comprises a transducer for converting speech sounds into a voice wave,
means for separating each energy burst of said voice Wave into a first narrow band of high-frequency components and a second narrow band of low-frequency components,
means for shifting said rst and second narrow bands to a predetermined narrow range of frequencies,
means for obtaining from each energy burst of said voice wave a corresponding marker pulse indicative of the duration of its energy burst,
a reduced bandwidth channel for transmitting said frequency shifted second band directly to a distant point, and
interpolating means responsive to said marker pulse for delaying the transmission of each frequency shifted first band over said reduced bandwidth channel for the duration of `the corresponding energy burst.
7. Apparatus for reconstructing a replica of a voice wave which comprises a source of a reduced bandwidth signal comprising selected low-frequency portions of the energy bursts of a voice wave separated by selected high-frequency portions of said energy bursts, each of said lowfrequency portions being followed by the high-frequency portion of the same energy burst,
means for delaying each of said low-frequency portions of said reduced bandwidth signal for a preassigned length of time,
synchronizing means for bringing the high-frequency portion of each energy burst into time-coincidence with the delayed low-frequency portion of the same energy burst, and
means for combining said synchronized low-frequency and high-frequency portions to reconstruct a replica of the original voice wave.
8. Apparatus for reconstructing a replica of a voice wave which comprises a source of a marker pulse indicative of the duration of an energy burst of a voice wave,
a source of a reduced bandwidth signal comprising a selected band of low-frequency components of an energy burst of said voice wave followed by a selected band of high-frequency components of said energy burst,
means under the control of said marker pulse for separating said low-frequency band from said high-frequency band,
means for delaying said low-frequency band for a predetermined interval of time,
means responsive to said marker pulse for bringing said high-frequency band into time-coincidence with the delayed low-frequency band,
means supplied with said time-coincident bands for restoring said bands to their original frequency ranges, and
means for combining said time-coincident, frequency restored bands.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS OTHER REFERENCES Transmission Systems for Communications, pages 29-1 to 29-12, Bell Laboratories, 463 West Street, New York,
NLY.

Claims (1)

  1. 7. APPARATUS FOR RECONSTRUCTING A REPLICA OF A VOICE WAVE WHICH COMPRISES A SOURCE OF A REDUCED BANDWIDTH SIGNAL COMPRISING SELECTED LOW-FREQUENCY PORTIONS OF THE ENERGY BURSTS OF A VOICE WAVE SEPARATED BY SELECTED HIGH-FREQUENCY PORTIONS OF SAID ENERGY BURSTS, EACH OF SAID LOWFREQUENCY PORTIONS BEING FOLLOWED BY THE HIGH-FREQUENCY PORTION OF THE SAME ENERGY BURST, MEANS FOR DELAYING EACH OF SAID LOW-FREQUENCY PORTIONS OF SAID REDUCED BANDWIDTH SIGNAL FOR A PREASSIGNED LENGTH OF TIME, SYNCHRONIZING MEANS FOR BRINGING THE HIGH-FREQUENCY PORTION OF EACH ENERGY BURST INTO TIME-COINCIDENCE WITH THE DELAYED LOW-FREQUENCY PORTION OF THE SAME ENERGY BURST, AND MEANS FOR COMBINING SAID SYNCHRONIZED LOW-FREQUENCY AND HIGH-FREQUENCY PORTIONS TO RECONSTRUCT A REPLICA OF THE ORIGINAL VOICE WAVE.
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DE19631437487 DE1437487A1 (en) 1962-08-07 1963-07-22 Message transmission system with speech interpolation
GB30555/63A GB1055169A (en) 1962-08-07 1963-08-01 Improvements in or relating to communication systems
FR944088A FR1372633A (en) 1962-08-07 1963-08-07 Conversation signal interpolation communication system

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US3424869A (en) * 1965-06-15 1969-01-28 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Digital speech interpolation communication system
US4071707A (en) * 1975-08-19 1978-01-31 Patelhold Patentverwertungs- & Elektro-Holding Ag Process and apparatus for improving the utilization of transmisson channels through thinning out sections of the signal band
DE2818505A1 (en) * 1977-04-28 1978-11-02 Western Electric Co METHOD AND DEVICE FOR PACKAGE TRANSFER OF LANGUAGE
US4170719A (en) * 1978-06-14 1979-10-09 Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated Speech transmission system
US4442540A (en) * 1981-06-04 1984-04-10 Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated Data over voice transmission arrangement
WO2006107834A1 (en) * 2005-04-01 2006-10-12 Qualcomm Incorporated Systems, methods, and apparatus for highband burst suppression
US20060277039A1 (en) * 2005-04-22 2006-12-07 Vos Koen B Systems, methods, and apparatus for gain factor smoothing

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3424869A (en) * 1965-06-15 1969-01-28 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Digital speech interpolation communication system
US4071707A (en) * 1975-08-19 1978-01-31 Patelhold Patentverwertungs- & Elektro-Holding Ag Process and apparatus for improving the utilization of transmisson channels through thinning out sections of the signal band
DE2818505A1 (en) * 1977-04-28 1978-11-02 Western Electric Co METHOD AND DEVICE FOR PACKAGE TRANSFER OF LANGUAGE
US4170719A (en) * 1978-06-14 1979-10-09 Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated Speech transmission system
US4442540A (en) * 1981-06-04 1984-04-10 Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated Data over voice transmission arrangement
US8078474B2 (en) 2005-04-01 2011-12-13 Qualcomm Incorporated Systems, methods, and apparatus for highband time warping
AU2006232358B2 (en) * 2005-04-01 2010-11-25 Qualcomm Incorporated Systems, methods, and apparatus for highband burst suppression
US20060277038A1 (en) * 2005-04-01 2006-12-07 Qualcomm Incorporated Systems, methods, and apparatus for highband excitation generation
US20060277042A1 (en) * 2005-04-01 2006-12-07 Vos Koen B Systems, methods, and apparatus for anti-sparseness filtering
US20060282263A1 (en) * 2005-04-01 2006-12-14 Vos Koen B Systems, methods, and apparatus for highband time warping
US8484036B2 (en) 2005-04-01 2013-07-09 Qualcomm Incorporated Systems, methods, and apparatus for wideband speech coding
US20070088541A1 (en) * 2005-04-01 2007-04-19 Vos Koen B Systems, methods, and apparatus for highband burst suppression
US20070088542A1 (en) * 2005-04-01 2007-04-19 Vos Koen B Systems, methods, and apparatus for wideband speech coding
US20070088558A1 (en) * 2005-04-01 2007-04-19 Vos Koen B Systems, methods, and apparatus for speech signal filtering
US20080126086A1 (en) * 2005-04-01 2008-05-29 Qualcomm Incorporated Systems, methods, and apparatus for gain coding
JP2008536169A (en) * 2005-04-01 2008-09-04 クゥアルコム・インコーポレイテッド System, method and apparatus for suppression of high bandwidth burst
US8364494B2 (en) 2005-04-01 2013-01-29 Qualcomm Incorporated Systems, methods, and apparatus for split-band filtering and encoding of a wideband signal
US8069040B2 (en) 2005-04-01 2011-11-29 Qualcomm Incorporated Systems, methods, and apparatus for quantization of spectral envelope representation
WO2006107834A1 (en) * 2005-04-01 2006-10-12 Qualcomm Incorporated Systems, methods, and apparatus for highband burst suppression
US8140324B2 (en) 2005-04-01 2012-03-20 Qualcomm Incorporated Systems, methods, and apparatus for gain coding
US8244526B2 (en) 2005-04-01 2012-08-14 Qualcomm Incorporated Systems, methods, and apparatus for highband burst suppression
US8260611B2 (en) 2005-04-01 2012-09-04 Qualcomm Incorporated Systems, methods, and apparatus for highband excitation generation
US8332228B2 (en) 2005-04-01 2012-12-11 Qualcomm Incorporated Systems, methods, and apparatus for anti-sparseness filtering
US20060277039A1 (en) * 2005-04-22 2006-12-07 Vos Koen B Systems, methods, and apparatus for gain factor smoothing
US20060282262A1 (en) * 2005-04-22 2006-12-14 Vos Koen B Systems, methods, and apparatus for gain factor attenuation
US8892448B2 (en) 2005-04-22 2014-11-18 Qualcomm Incorporated Systems, methods, and apparatus for gain factor smoothing
US9043214B2 (en) 2005-04-22 2015-05-26 Qualcomm Incorporated Systems, methods, and apparatus for gain factor attenuation

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