US3376914A - Production of metal ingots, slabs and billets - Google Patents
Production of metal ingots, slabs and billets Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3376914A US3376914A US407240A US40724064A US3376914A US 3376914 A US3376914 A US 3376914A US 407240 A US407240 A US 407240A US 40724064 A US40724064 A US 40724064A US 3376914 A US3376914 A US 3376914A
- Authority
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- mould
- substance
- metal
- walls
- ingots
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title description 49
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 49
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title description 15
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 61
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 23
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 22
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 22
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 22
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 21
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 17
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 17
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 17
- 125000002837 carbocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 12
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 11
- 230000001464 adherent effect Effects 0.000 description 11
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 11
- UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Naphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 9
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 230000009972 noncorrosive effect Effects 0.000 description 9
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 7
- DSSYKIVIOFKYAU-XCBNKYQSSA-N (R)-camphor Chemical compound C1C[C@@]2(C)C(=O)C[C@@H]1C2(C)C DSSYKIVIOFKYAU-XCBNKYQSSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 241000723346 Cinnamomum camphora Species 0.000 description 5
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229930008380 camphor Natural products 0.000 description 5
- 229960000846 camphor Drugs 0.000 description 5
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 235000010985 glycerol esters of wood rosin Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000004484 Briquette Substances 0.000 description 4
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 4
- QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydroquinone Chemical compound OC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920001568 phenolic resin Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 3
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- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 3
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- KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methoxy-6-methylphenol Chemical compound [CH]OC1=CC=CC([CH])=C1O KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JWAZRIHNYRIHIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-naphthol Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC(O)=CC=C21 JWAZRIHNYRIHIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CWRYPZZKDGJXCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N acenaphthene Chemical compound C1=CC(CC2)=C3C2=CC=CC3=C1 CWRYPZZKDGJXCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000180 alkyd Polymers 0.000 description 2
- KJCVRFUGPWSIIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-naphthol Natural products C1=CC=C2C(O)=CC=CC2=C1 KJCVRFUGPWSIIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthracene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC=CC=C3C=C21 MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- -1 carbocyclic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- YNPNZTXNASCQKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenanthrene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C=CC2=C1 YNPNZTXNASCQKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BBEAQIROQSPTKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C=CC3=CC=CC4=CC=C1C2=C43 BBEAQIROQSPTKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000001603 reducing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- GHMLBKRAJCXXBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N resorcinol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC(O)=C1 GHMLBKRAJCXXBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003505 terpenes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- DTGKSKDOIYIVQL-WEDXCCLWSA-N (+)-borneol Chemical compound C1C[C@@]2(C)[C@@H](O)C[C@@H]1C2(C)C DTGKSKDOIYIVQL-WEDXCCLWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- REPVLJRCJUVQFA-UHFFFAOYSA-N (-)-isopinocampheol Natural products C1C(O)C(C)C2C(C)(C)C1C2 REPVLJRCJUVQFA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BTXXTMOWISPQSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,4,4-trifluorobutan-2-one Chemical compound CC(=O)CC(F)(F)F BTXXTMOWISPQSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BQACOLQNOUYJCE-FYZZASKESA-N Abietic acid Natural products CC(C)C1=CC2=CC[C@]3(C)[C@](C)(CCC[C@@]3(C)C(=O)O)[C@H]2CC1 BQACOLQNOUYJCE-FYZZASKESA-N 0.000 description 1
- RSWGJHLUYNHPMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Abietic-Saeure Natural products C12CCC(C(C)C)=CC2=CCC2C1(C)CCCC2(C)C(O)=O RSWGJHLUYNHPMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004859 Copal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001208 Crucible steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000782205 Guibourtia conjugata Species 0.000 description 1
- HXGDTGSAIMULJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetnaphthylene Natural products C1=CC(C=C2)=C3C2=CC=CC3=C1 HXGDTGSAIMULJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000008064 anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- PYKYMHQGRFAEBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthraquinone Natural products CCC(=O)c1c(O)c2C(=O)C3C(C=CC=C3O)C(=O)c2cc1CC(=O)OC PYKYMHQGRFAEBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004056 anthraquinones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 159000000032 aromatic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229950011260 betanaphthol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000002529 biphenylenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=2C3=CC=CC=C3C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- CKDOCTFBFTVPSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N borneol Natural products C1CC2(C)C(C)CC1C2(C)C CKDOCTFBFTVPSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940116229 borneol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- DTGKSKDOIYIVQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N dl-isoborneol Natural products C1CC2(C)C(O)CC1C2(C)C DTGKSKDOIYIVQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GVEPBJHOBDJJJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoranthrene Natural products C1=CC(C2=CC=CC=C22)=C3C2=CC=CC3=C1 GVEPBJHOBDJJJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SLGWESQGEUXWJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N formaldehyde;phenol Chemical compound O=C.OC1=CC=CC=C1 SLGWESQGEUXWJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000295 fuel oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003517 fume Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002314 glycerols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- KDEZIUOWTXJEJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N heptacene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC4=CC5=CC6=CC7=CC=CC=C7C=C6C=C5C=C4C=C3C=C21 KDEZIUOWTXJEJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- WKHQSKREGKYGPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalene;4,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-3-one Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21.C1CC2(C)C(=O)CC1C2(C)C WKHQSKREGKYGPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000025 natural resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001151 other effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- SLIUAWYAILUBJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentacene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC4=CC5=CC=CC=C5C=C4C=C3C=C21 SLIUAWYAILUBJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentaerythritol Chemical compound OCC(CO)(CO)CO WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002080 perylenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=C2C=CC=C3C4=CC=CC5=CC=CC(C1=C23)=C45)* 0.000 description 1
- CSHWQDPOILHKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N peryrene Natural products C1=CC(C2=CC=CC=3C2=C2C=CC=3)=C3C2=CC=CC3=C1 CSHWQDPOILHKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002989 phenols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012254 powdered material Substances 0.000 description 1
- YYMBJDOZVAITBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N rubrene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C(C1=C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C2=CC=CC=C2C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C11)=C(C=CC=C2)C2=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 YYMBJDOZVAITBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000859 sublimation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008022 sublimation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920003002 synthetic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000057 synthetic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- IFLREYGFSNHWGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetracene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC4=CC=CC=C4C=C3C=C21 IFLREYGFSNHWGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D7/00—Casting ingots, e.g. from ferrous metals
- B22D7/005—Casting ingots, e.g. from ferrous metals from non-ferrous metals
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
- B22C23/00—Tools; Devices not mentioned before for moulding
- B22C23/02—Devices for coating moulds or cores
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D7/00—Casting ingots, e.g. from ferrous metals
- B22D7/06—Ingot moulds or their manufacture
Definitions
- ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A method for the production of ingots of steel and slabs and billets of Cu, Ni and alloys of each that prevents the formation of oxidation defects, and comprises pouring a molten metal into a metal mold, characterised in that there is placed in the bottom of a mold, the walls of which are free from mold dressing, a tablet or a fused tablet of a carbocyclic chemical substance which comprises carbon and hydrogen, burning the substance not later than the pouring of the molten metal into the mold, with the substance on burning causing a non-oxidising, non-corrosive vapor and a deposit of carbon particles on the walls of the mold, the particles being adherent to the walls because of the adhesive action of material deriving from the substance.
- This invention relates to the production of ingots by the method in which molten metal is poured into metal moulds and is particularly concerned with the production of ingots of steel or of slabs or billets of copper, nickel or alloys of either of these.
- mould dressings or mould additives which reduce oxidation of the molten metal by their fluxing or reducing action and thus help to prevent the above defects.
- slags With a melting point considerably lower than that of the metal being cast, which form a molten fluxing layer on the rising surface of cast metal
- mould dressing including those based on tar, pitch or heavy oil compositions.
- a method for the production of ingots of steel or slabs or billets of copper, nickel or alloys of either which comprises pouring the molten said metal into a metal mould, characterized in that there is placed in the mould a carbocyclic chemical substance which comprises carbon, hydrogen and optionally also oxygen and/ or nitrogen and which will on burning cause a deposit of carbon particles on the walls of the mould, the said particles being adherent to the said walls by reason of the adhesive action of a portion of the said substance or of a combustion product of said substance which deposits on the walls of the mould by sublimation or condensation, or which exists as a coating on the carbon particles, the said substance generating, on burning, a non-oxidising non-corrosive gas or vapour, and burning the said substance to establish a said deposit prior to or simultaneously with the pouring of the said molten metal into the mould.
- the substance may be a single organic chemical compound or mixture of such compounds. It has sometimes been found preferable to employ a substance which is a stable solid at temperatures up to about C. but, more particularly, remains solid at temperatures up to C. Alternatively, a substance which exists as a heavy gas at temperatures of 80 C. and above, but which is solid or liquid at room temperature, may be employed. If the selected substance has a melting point below 140 C. it is generally preferable that it should have a short-melting range, i.e. the temperature gap between its melting and boiling temperatures (at ordinary pressure) should be of the order of 30 C. or less.
- the selected substance should preferably not be deliquescent or hygroscopic since such substances have a tendency to introduce water vapour into the mould. It is generally found preferable to employ an aromatic compound with a high proportion of carbon in the molecule.
- a wide variety of compounds are suitable for use in carrying out the method of the invention. These include carbocyclic hydrocarbons such as naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, biphenylene, naphthacene, rubrene, pentacene, heptacene, pyrene, perylene and acenaphthene.
- carbocyclic hydrocarbons such as naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, biphenylene, naphthacene, rubrene, pentacene, heptacene, pyrene, perylene and acenaphthene.
- Other suitable substances are phenolic compounds (eg. resorcinol, hydroquinone, alpha and beta-naphthol, anthraquinone and quinol), esters of carbocyclic acids (e.g.
- pentaerythritol and glycerol esters of rosins such as ester gum
- terpene compounds e.g. camphor, borneol, pinene or abietic acid, or certain natural or synthetic resins containing carboxylic groups (e.g. phenolformaldehyde, copal, terpene resins and alkyd resins)
- carboxylic groups e.g. phenolformaldehyde, copal, terpene resins and alkyd resins
- Nitrog enous compounds may also be used, e.g. u-naphthylamine and the aminoanthroquinones.
- Halogen-containing substances, aromatic acids and anhydrides are not preferred substances since they tend to cause corrosion.
- a preferred group of additives within this range are those having the following compositions:
- Ester gum 80-90 Resin (as aforesaid) 15-5 Carbon black -5 (B) Mixtures of camphor, and naphthalene, optionally also containing urea.
- the substance may be used in powder or tablet form.
- the physical condition of the additive has an important bearing on the results obtained, especially when the additive is used in the production of large ingots, e.g. ingots over 3 tons in weight.
- large ingots e.g. ingots over 3 tons in weight.
- the additive if used in powder or other divided form, to volatilise rather too rapidly so that its effects on the upper parts of the ingot are minimised.
- This difficulty is not readily overcome by the use of quantities of the additive localised at different heights in the mould but it has been found that satisfactory results can be obtained by using the additive in the form of a tablet, block or briquette.
- the volatilisation of the additive is slowed down.
- the tablet, block or briquette should have a bulk density closely approximating to the net density, or specific gravity, of the material or of its ingredients. Hence if a tablet, block or briquette is used which has been made by compressing the additive in a mould it is desirable that such high pressure should be used that there is little or no air included within the tablet, block or briquette.
- the additive When the additive is one which can be melted before volatilisation it is greatly preferred to employ the product in the form of a block-obtained by such a fusing operation since this tends to achieve a product of the highest available compactness. Moreover this method is especially valuable when the nature of the additive is such that it does not readily lend itself to the pressure-forming procedures.
- an additive of especial value is one 4 containing ester gum and phenol-formaldehyde resin e.g. in the following proportions:
- Fused blocks can be used on any size ingot from the smallest upwards whereas powder and tablet additions are preferably only employed for ingots up to three tons in weight.
- the rate of addition may be the same for tablets as for powder but with fused blocks, smaller additions can sometimes be used.
- powder multiple additions may be necessary throughout teeming but with fused blocks it is generally satisfactory to add the required quantity at the beginning of the teeming, the size of the block being such as to ensure that material remains available until the ingot mould is filled.
- Recommended additions are as follows:
- the required quantity of the substance is placed in the bottom of the metal ingot mould.
- the substance may be ignited and allowed to burn before introducing the molten metal or alternatively the ignition may be effected by the introduction of the molten metal into the mould.
- the substance decomposes so that the mould is filled with its vapours or the vapours of its decomposition products and an adherent carbon deposit is formed on the walls.
- the substances volatilise or decompose completely there is no possibility of experiencing the disadvantages peculiar to the previously known dressings, i.e. there is no possibility of inclusions in the cast steel deriving from the additive and there is no slag of any sort remaining on the surface of the cast metal. There is little or no fume problem.
- the simplicity of application compared to normal methods of applying mould dressings is a distinct advantage.
- the invention can be usefully applied in the casting of ingots of all types of steel but is especially useful for alloy steels, ingots of dimensions varying from 3 square to 18" square (approx. lbs.-2 tons) having been treated with absolute success, by the use of powdered additives and ingots of 3 to 6 tons having been successfully treated with the fused block additives.
- a method for the production of ingots of steel and slabs and billets of copper, nickel and alloys of each which comprises pouring the molten said metal into a metal mould, characterized in that there is placed in the bottom of mould, the walls of which are free from mould dressing a tablet of carbocyclic chemical substance which comprises carbon and hydrogen and which will on burning cause a deposit of carbon particles on the walls of the mould, the said particles being adherent to the said walls by reason of the adhesive action of material deriving from said substance, the said substance generating, on burning, a non-oxidising non-corrosive vapour, and burning the said substance to establish a said deposit not later than the pouring of the said molten metal into the mould.
- a method for the production of ingots of steel and slabs and billets of copper, nickel and alloys of each which comprises pouring the molten said metal into a metal mould, characterized in that there is placed in the bottom of mould, the walls of which are free from mould dressings a tablet of carbocyclic chemical substance which comprises carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and which will on burning cause a deposit of carbon particles on the walls of the mould, the said particles being adherent to the said Walls by reason of the adhesive action of material deriving from said substance, the said substance generating, on burning, a non-oxidising noncorrosive vapour, and burning the said substance to 5 establish a said deposit not later than the pouring of the said molten metal into the mould.
- a method for the production of ingots of steel and slabs and billets of copper, nickel and alloys of each which comprises pouring the molten said metal into a metal mould, characterised in that there is placed in the mould a tablet of carbocylic chemical substance which comprises carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen and which will on burning cause a deposit of carbon particles on the walls of the mould, the said particles being adherent to the said walls by reason of the adhesive action of ma-- terial deriving from said substance, the said substance generating, on burning, a non-oxidising non-corrosive vapour, and burning the said substance to establish a said deposit not later than the pouring of the said molten metal into the mould.
- a tablet of carbocylic chemical substance which comprises carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen and which will on burning cause a deposit of carbon particles on the walls of the mould, the said particles being adherent to the said walls by reason of the adhesive action of ma-- terial deriving from said substance, the said substance generating, on burning, a non-
- a method for the production of ingots of steel and slabs and billets of copper, nickel and alloys of each which comprises pouring the molten said metal into a metal mould, characterised in that there is placed in the bottom of mould, the walls of which are free from mould dressings a tablet of carbocyclic chemical substance which comprises carbon and hydrogen and which will on burning cause a deposit of carbon particles on the walls of the mould, the said particles being adherent to the said walls by reason of the adhesive action of material deriving from said substance adherent to the said particles, the said substance generating, on burning, a non-oxidising non-corrosive vapour, and burning the said substance to establish a said deposit not later than the pouring of the said molten metal into the mould.
- a method for the production of ingots of steel and slabs and billets of copper, nickel and alloys of each which comprises pouring the molten said metal into a metal mould, characterised in that there is placed in the 5 bottom of mould, the walls of which are free from mould dressings a tablet of carbocyclic chemical substance which comprises carbon and hydrogen and which will on burning cause a deposit of carbon particles on the walls of the mould, the said particles being adherent to the said walls by reason of the adhesive action of material deriving from said substance which also deposits on said walls, the said substance generating, on burning, a nonoxidising non-corrosive vapour, and burning the said substance to establish a said deposit not later than the pouring of the said molten metal into the mould.
- a method for the production of ingots of steel and slabs and billets of copper, nickel and alloys of each which comprises pouring the molten said metal into a metal mould, characterised in that there is placed in the mould a fused tablet of a carbocyclic chemical substance which comprises carbon and hydrogen and which will on burning cause a deposit of carbon particles on the walls of the mould, the said particles being adherent to the said walls by reason of the adhesive action of material deriving from the said substance generating, on burning, a non-oxidising non-corrosive vapour, and burning the said substance to establish a said deposit not later than the pouring of the said molten metal into the mould.
- a method for the production of ingots of steel which comprises pouring the molten said metal into a metal mould, characterised in that there is placed in the bottom of the mould, the walls of which are free from mould dressings, in a proportion of 0.002 to 0.01% by weight of the steel cast, a tablet of carbocyclic chemical substance which comprises carbon and hydrogen and which will on burning cause a deposit of carbon particles on the walls of the mould, the said particles being adherent to the said walls by reason of the adhesive action of material deriving from the said substance generatin on burning, a non-oxidising non-corrosive vapour, and burning the said substance to establish a said deposit not later than the pouring of the said molten metal into the mould.
Description
United States Patent 14 Claims. (Cl. 164-33) ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A method for the production of ingots of steel and slabs and billets of Cu, Ni and alloys of each that prevents the formation of oxidation defects, and comprises pouring a molten metal into a metal mold, characterised in that there is placed in the bottom of a mold, the walls of which are free from mold dressing, a tablet or a fused tablet of a carbocyclic chemical substance which comprises carbon and hydrogen, burning the substance not later than the pouring of the molten metal into the mold, with the substance on burning causing a non-oxidising, non-corrosive vapor and a deposit of carbon particles on the walls of the mold, the particles being adherent to the walls because of the adhesive action of material deriving from the substance.
This invention relates to the production of ingots by the method in which molten metal is poured into metal moulds and is particularly concerned with the production of ingots of steel or of slabs or billets of copper, nickel or alloys of either of these.
When pouring molten steel into metal ingot moulds there is a tendency towards the formation of an oxide skin on the surface of the stream of molten metal which is exposed to the atmosphere. Such oxide formation is more prevalent in the case of top-poured ingots since on striking the bottom of the ingot mould, or the rising surface of the poured metal, splashed metal impinges on the side walls of the mould and remains as flattened droplets with oxidised surfaces. Most of these oxidised droplets cannot be redissolved into the body of the molten ingot metal and remain to form defects and blemishes on the ingot skin and, possibly, inclusions in the body of the ingot. Similarly, oxide floating on the surface of the rising metal as the molten metal is poured into the mould may become trapped between the molten metal and the mould walls, giving rise to similar defects.
It is known to use mould dressings or mould additives which reduce oxidation of the molten metal by their fluxing or reducing action and thus help to prevent the above defects. For example, there are, on the one hand, slags, With a melting point considerably lower than that of the metal being cast, which form a molten fluxing layer on the rising surface of cast metal and, on the other hand, there are the commonly used types of mould dressing including those based on tar, pitch or heavy oil compositions. These latter produce the required reducing atmosphere but they give rise to the production of large quantities of smoke and soot during casting, besides being unpleasant and dirty in their application.
Analogous difiiculties arise in the production of slabs and billets of copper-based and nickel-based alloys.
It is an object of the present invention to provide means whereby excellentprotection, and in some cases complete protection, against the formation of oxidation defects in steel ingots, and copper-based and nickel-based slabs and billets can be achieved.
3,376,914 Patented Apr. 9, 1968 According to the present invention, therefore, there is provided a method for the production of ingots of steel or slabs or billets of copper, nickel or alloys of either which comprises pouring the molten said metal into a metal mould, characterized in that there is placed in the mould a carbocyclic chemical substance which comprises carbon, hydrogen and optionally also oxygen and/ or nitrogen and which will on burning cause a deposit of carbon particles on the walls of the mould, the said particles being adherent to the said walls by reason of the adhesive action of a portion of the said substance or of a combustion product of said substance which deposits on the walls of the mould by sublimation or condensation, or which exists as a coating on the carbon particles, the said substance generating, on burning, a non-oxidising non-corrosive gas or vapour, and burning the said substance to establish a said deposit prior to or simultaneously with the pouring of the said molten metal into the mould.
The substance may be a single organic chemical compound or mixture of such compounds. It has sometimes been found preferable to employ a substance which is a stable solid at temperatures up to about C. but, more particularly, remains solid at temperatures up to C. Alternatively, a substance which exists as a heavy gas at temperatures of 80 C. and above, but which is solid or liquid at room temperature, may be employed. If the selected substance has a melting point below 140 C. it is generally preferable that it should have a short-melting range, i.e. the temperature gap between its melting and boiling temperatures (at ordinary pressure) should be of the order of 30 C. or less.
The selected substance should preferably not be deliquescent or hygroscopic since such substances have a tendency to introduce water vapour into the mould. It is generally found preferable to employ an aromatic compound with a high proportion of carbon in the molecule.
A wide variety of compounds are suitable for use in carrying out the method of the invention. These include carbocyclic hydrocarbons such as naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, biphenylene, naphthacene, rubrene, pentacene, heptacene, pyrene, perylene and acenaphthene. Other suitable substances are phenolic compounds (eg. resorcinol, hydroquinone, alpha and beta-naphthol, anthraquinone and quinol), esters of carbocyclic acids (e.g. pentaerythritol and glycerol esters of rosins, such as ester gum), terpene compounds (e.g. camphor, borneol, pinene or abietic acid, or certain natural or synthetic resins containing carboxylic groups (e.g. phenolformaldehyde, copal, terpene resins and alkyd resins) may be used. Nitrog enous compounds may also be used, e.g. u-naphthylamine and the aminoanthroquinones. Halogen-containing substances, aromatic acids and anhydrides are not preferred substances since they tend to cause corrosion.
The list of substances for use in the invention just set forth is not to be regarded as exhaustive since any organic carbocyclic substance which affords the desired coating of carbon particles and other effects as set forth may be employed. The efiiciency of any compound can be readily ascertained by simple test.
It has been found that extremely small amounts of such substances are sufiicient to give the desired effect. It is to be noted in this connection that when the same substances are included in sand moulds used for making castings an improvement in fluidity of the molten metal is achieved. This however usually requires a minimum proportion of the volatile substance of the order of 0.01% based on the molten metal being cast. In the present invention, which is concerned only with the casting of steel or copper based or nickel based metals, into metal chill moulds, still smaller quantities may be employed, i.e. quantities less than 0.01% and frequently as low as 0.002% or even less.
A preferred group of additives Within this range are those having the following compositions:
Parts by weight Ester gum 80-90 Resin (as aforesaid) 15-5 Carbon black -5 (B) Mixtures of camphor, and naphthalene, optionally also containing urea.
A suitable range of these ingredients is:
Parts by weight -95 Camphor Naphthalene 95-5 Urea 0-10 A preferred group of additives within this range are those having the following compositions:
Parts by weight Camphor 75-85 Naphthalene -20 Urea 0-10 A specific composition of this class is:
Parts by weight Camphor 80 Naphthalene 10 Urea 10 The substance may be used in powder or tablet form. However, it has been found that the physical condition of the additive has an important bearing on the results obtained, especially when the additive is used in the production of large ingots, e.g. ingots over 3 tons in weight. When dealing with large ingots there is sometimes a tendency for the additive, if used in powder or other divided form, to volatilise rather too rapidly so that its effects on the upper parts of the ingot are minimised. This difficulty is not readily overcome by the use of quantities of the additive localised at different heights in the mould but it has been found that satisfactory results can be obtained by using the additive in the form of a tablet, block or briquette. In this form the volatilisation of the additive is slowed down. To ensure the best results in the circumstances just outlined it is desirable that the tablet, block or briquette should have a bulk density closely approximating to the net density, or specific gravity, of the material or of its ingredients. Hence if a tablet, block or briquette is used which has been made by compressing the additive in a mould it is desirable that such high pressure should be used that there is little or no air included within the tablet, block or briquette.
When the additive is one which can be melted before volatilisation it is greatly preferred to employ the product in the form of a block-obtained by such a fusing operation since this tends to achieve a product of the highest available compactness. Moreover this method is especially valuable when the nature of the additive is such that it does not readily lend itself to the pressure-forming procedures.
Thus for example an additive of especial value is one 4 containing ester gum and phenol-formaldehyde resin e.g. in the following proportions: I
Parts by weight Ester gum 85 Phenol-formaldehyde resin 15 Such a composition cannot readily be tabletted but it can readily be melted and then cooled and the solidified product converted to blocks of convenient size.
In the state of fused blocks the rate of volatilisation is such that even on large ingots the material continues vapourising over the whole teeming period and thus the upper parts of the ingot have an improved surface WhlCh results from the use of such additives. The material, in fused block form, has a volatilisation time of approximately one and a half times that of the tabletted material and very much greater than that of the powdered material. In the form of fused blocks it is much more convenient to use and its handleability is considerably improved. The use of fused blocks also makes for greater economy as application of a predetermined amount 18 readily effected. Fused blocks can be used on any size ingot from the smallest upwards whereas powder and tablet additions are preferably only employed for ingots up to three tons in weight. The rate of addition may be the same for tablets as for powder but with fused blocks, smaller additions can sometimes be used. When using powder, multiple additions may be necessary throughout teeming but with fused blocks it is generally satisfactory to add the required quantity at the beginning of the teeming, the size of the block being such as to ensure that material remains available until the ingot mould is filled. Recommended additions are as follows:
For ingots up to 500 lbs., 2-4 oz. per ton.
For ingots of 500 lbs. to 5 tons, 4-10 oz. per ton.
For ingots above 5 tons, and on crusting steels, 6 oz. per ton.
In carrying out the method of the invention the required quantity of the substance is placed in the bottom of the metal ingot mould.
The substance may be ignited and allowed to burn before introducing the molten metal or alternatively the ignition may be effected by the introduction of the molten metal into the mould. The substance decomposes so that the mould is filled with its vapours or the vapours of its decomposition products and an adherent carbon deposit is formed on the walls. As the substances volatilise or decompose completely there is no possibility of experiencing the disadvantages peculiar to the previously known dressings, i.e. there is no possibility of inclusions in the cast steel deriving from the additive and there is no slag of any sort remaining on the surface of the cast metal. There is little or no fume problem. Furthermore, the simplicity of application compared to normal methods of applying mould dressings is a distinct advantage.
The invention can be usefully applied in the casting of ingots of all types of steel but is especially useful for alloy steels, ingots of dimensions varying from 3 square to 18" square (approx. lbs.-2 tons) having been treated with absolute success, by the use of powdered additives and ingots of 3 to 6 tons having been successfully treated with the fused block additives.
I claim as my invention:
1. A method for the production of ingots of steel and slabs and billets of copper, nickel and alloys of each which comprises pouring the molten said metal into a metal mould, characterized in that there is placed in the bottom of mould, the walls of which are free from mould dressing a tablet of carbocyclic chemical substance which comprises carbon and hydrogen and which will on burning cause a deposit of carbon particles on the walls of the mould, the said particles being adherent to the said walls by reason of the adhesive action of material deriving from said substance, the said substance generating, on burning, a non-oxidising non-corrosive vapour, and burning the said substance to establish a said deposit not later than the pouring of the said molten metal into the mould.
2. A method for the production of ingots of steel and slabs and billets of copper, nickel and alloys of each which comprises pouring the molten said metal into a metal mould, characterized in that there is placed in the bottom of mould, the walls of which are free from mould dressings a tablet of carbocyclic chemical substance which comprises carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and which will on burning cause a deposit of carbon particles on the walls of the mould, the said particles being adherent to the said Walls by reason of the adhesive action of material deriving from said substance, the said substance generating, on burning, a non-oxidising noncorrosive vapour, and burning the said substance to 5 establish a said deposit not later than the pouring of the said molten metal into the mould.
3. A method for the production of ingots of steel and slabs and billets of copper, nickel and alloys of each which comprises pouring the molten said metal into a metal mould, characterised in that there is placed in the mould a tablet of carbocylic chemical substance which comprises carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen and which will on burning cause a deposit of carbon particles on the walls of the mould, the said particles being adherent to the said walls by reason of the adhesive action of ma-- terial deriving from said substance, the said substance generating, on burning, a non-oxidising non-corrosive vapour, and burning the said substance to establish a said deposit not later than the pouring of the said molten metal into the mould.
4. A method for the production of ingots of steel and slabs and billets of copper, nickel and alloys of each which comprises pouring the molten said metal into a metal mould, characterised in that there is placed in the bottom of mould, the walls of which are free from mould dressings a tablet of carbocyclic chemical substance which comprises carbon and hydrogen and which will on burning cause a deposit of carbon particles on the walls of the mould, the said particles being adherent to the said walls by reason of the adhesive action of material deriving from said substance adherent to the said particles, the said substance generating, on burning, a non-oxidising non-corrosive vapour, and burning the said substance to establish a said deposit not later than the pouring of the said molten metal into the mould.
5. A method for the production of ingots of steel and slabs and billets of copper, nickel and alloys of each which comprises pouring the molten said metal into a metal mould, characterised in that there is placed in the 5 bottom of mould, the walls of which are free from mould dressings a tablet of carbocyclic chemical substance which comprises carbon and hydrogen and which will on burning cause a deposit of carbon particles on the walls of the mould, the said particles being adherent to the said walls by reason of the adhesive action of material deriving from said substance which also deposits on said walls, the said substance generating, on burning, a nonoxidising non-corrosive vapour, and burning the said substance to establish a said deposit not later than the pouring of the said molten metal into the mould.
6. A method according to claim 1 wherein the said substance includes naphthalene.
7. A method according to claim 1 wherein the said substance includes a compound of the terpene class.
8. A method according to claim 1 wherein the said substance includes camphor.
9. A method according to claim 1 wherein the said substance includes an ester of a carbocyclic acid.
10. A method according to claim 1 wherein the said substance includes ester gum.
11. A method according to claim 1 wherein the said substance includes a resin containing a carbocyclic groupmg.
12. A method according to claim 1 wherein the said substance includes an alkyd resin.
13. A method for the production of ingots of steel and slabs and billets of copper, nickel and alloys of each which comprises pouring the molten said metal into a metal mould, characterised in that there is placed in the mould a fused tablet of a carbocyclic chemical substance which comprises carbon and hydrogen and which will on burning cause a deposit of carbon particles on the walls of the mould, the said particles being adherent to the said walls by reason of the adhesive action of material deriving from the said substance generating, on burning, a non-oxidising non-corrosive vapour, and burning the said substance to establish a said deposit not later than the pouring of the said molten metal into the mould.
14. A method for the production of ingots of steel which comprises pouring the molten said metal into a metal mould, characterised in that there is placed in the bottom of the mould, the walls of which are free from mould dressings, in a proportion of 0.002 to 0.01% by weight of the steel cast, a tablet of carbocyclic chemical substance which comprises carbon and hydrogen and which will on burning cause a deposit of carbon particles on the walls of the mould, the said particles being adherent to the said walls by reason of the adhesive action of material deriving from the said substance generatin on burning, a non-oxidising non-corrosive vapour, and burning the said substance to establish a said deposit not later than the pouring of the said molten metal into the mould.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,216,078 11/1965 Zrimsek 164-56 3,138,836 6/1964 Amala 164-43 2,025,336 12/1935 Brearley l6459 2,923,041 2/ 1960 Ryznar 164-72 3,042,541 7/1962 Kaplan 117-5.3 3,037,873 6/ 1962 Ingala 117--5.3 1,536,952 5/ 1925 Meloche et al. 2,245,651 6/1941 Craig et al. 164-72 X 373,186 11/1887 Illingworth 16474 2,893,084 7/ 1959 Eisermann 164--67 3,158,913 12/1964 Bolkcom et al 16455 FOREIGN PATENTS 986,422 3/ 1965 Great Britain.
525,223 8/1940 Great Britain.
792,040 3/ 1958 Great Britain.
J. SPENCER OVERHOLSER, Primary Examiner. V. RISING, Assistant Examiner.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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GB43520/63A GB1043176A (en) | 1963-11-04 | 1963-11-04 | Production of metal ingots, slabs and billets |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US3376914A true US3376914A (en) | 1968-04-09 |
Family
ID=10429108
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US407240A Expired - Lifetime US3376914A (en) | 1963-11-04 | 1964-10-28 | Production of metal ingots, slabs and billets |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US3376914A (en) |
ES (1) | ES305666A1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB1043176A (en) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3862837A (en) * | 1968-01-11 | 1975-01-28 | Kokichi Otani | Process of reforming metal material |
US4548381A (en) * | 1984-09-05 | 1985-10-22 | Solarex Corporation | Castable receiver |
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US2025336A (en) * | 1933-03-24 | 1935-12-24 | Brearley Arthur William | Method of forming large hollow castings |
GB525223A (en) * | 1939-02-16 | 1940-08-23 | Lewis Byron Lindemuth | Casting steel ingots |
US2245651A (en) * | 1940-09-11 | 1941-06-17 | Linde Air Prod Co | Mold coating |
GB792040A (en) * | 1956-03-12 | 1958-03-19 | Midland Silicones Ltd | Mould release agents |
US2893084A (en) * | 1953-10-16 | 1959-07-07 | Sulzer Ag | Casting mold and method of casting carbon-containing alloys |
US2923041A (en) * | 1956-06-18 | 1960-02-02 | Nalco Chemical Co | Mold release agents for use in die casting |
US3037873A (en) * | 1960-04-04 | 1962-06-05 | Ingala Frank Joseph | Method and composition for coating molds |
US3042541A (en) * | 1958-04-16 | 1962-07-03 | Albi Mfg Company Inc | Method of treating a casting mold and the treated mold |
US3138836A (en) * | 1960-12-27 | 1964-06-30 | Gen Motors Corp | Foundry molds and cores and process for making same |
US3158913A (en) * | 1961-07-17 | 1964-12-01 | American Metallurg Products Co | Method of treating steel |
GB986422A (en) * | 1961-05-02 | 1965-03-17 | Foseco Int | Production of cast iron castings |
US3216078A (en) * | 1962-08-30 | 1965-11-09 | Magnet Cove Barium Corp | Process for casting steel and compositions of matter for use therein |
-
1963
- 1963-11-04 GB GB43520/63A patent/GB1043176A/en not_active Expired
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1964
- 1964-10-28 US US407240A patent/US3376914A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1964-11-04 ES ES0305666A patent/ES305666A1/en not_active Expired
Patent Citations (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US373186A (en) * | 1887-11-15 | John illotgworth | ||
US1536952A (en) * | 1922-05-06 | 1925-05-05 | George M Holley | Method of protecting the surfaces of metal molds |
US2025336A (en) * | 1933-03-24 | 1935-12-24 | Brearley Arthur William | Method of forming large hollow castings |
GB525223A (en) * | 1939-02-16 | 1940-08-23 | Lewis Byron Lindemuth | Casting steel ingots |
US2245651A (en) * | 1940-09-11 | 1941-06-17 | Linde Air Prod Co | Mold coating |
US2893084A (en) * | 1953-10-16 | 1959-07-07 | Sulzer Ag | Casting mold and method of casting carbon-containing alloys |
GB792040A (en) * | 1956-03-12 | 1958-03-19 | Midland Silicones Ltd | Mould release agents |
US2923041A (en) * | 1956-06-18 | 1960-02-02 | Nalco Chemical Co | Mold release agents for use in die casting |
US3042541A (en) * | 1958-04-16 | 1962-07-03 | Albi Mfg Company Inc | Method of treating a casting mold and the treated mold |
US3037873A (en) * | 1960-04-04 | 1962-06-05 | Ingala Frank Joseph | Method and composition for coating molds |
US3138836A (en) * | 1960-12-27 | 1964-06-30 | Gen Motors Corp | Foundry molds and cores and process for making same |
GB986422A (en) * | 1961-05-02 | 1965-03-17 | Foseco Int | Production of cast iron castings |
US3158913A (en) * | 1961-07-17 | 1964-12-01 | American Metallurg Products Co | Method of treating steel |
US3216078A (en) * | 1962-08-30 | 1965-11-09 | Magnet Cove Barium Corp | Process for casting steel and compositions of matter for use therein |
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US3862837A (en) * | 1968-01-11 | 1975-01-28 | Kokichi Otani | Process of reforming metal material |
US4548381A (en) * | 1984-09-05 | 1985-10-22 | Solarex Corporation | Castable receiver |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ES305666A1 (en) | 1965-03-01 |
GB1043176A (en) | 1966-09-21 |
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