US3492463A - Electrical resistance heater - Google Patents
Electrical resistance heater Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3492463A US3492463A US676595A US3492463DA US3492463A US 3492463 A US3492463 A US 3492463A US 676595 A US676595 A US 676595A US 3492463D A US3492463D A US 3492463DA US 3492463 A US3492463 A US 3492463A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- molybdenum
- tantalum
- insulating material
- cylinder
- resistance conductor
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/40—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes
- H05B3/42—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes non-flexible
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/10—Heater elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
Definitions
- heating elements of the conductor-insulation-jacket type often suffer from the disadvantage that the thermal loading capacity as expressed in watts/cm. is not sufficiently high for a variety of applications.
- the thermal load actually a thermal load of the order of about 500 watts/cmF, at a temperature of about 600 C., because the heating element is constructed in such a way that even at the working temperature of the element there is maintained a contraction joint or shrink fit, and hence a surface pressure, between the outer jacket and the insulating layer. This surface pressure at the working temperature is of great importance, as it constitutes the only way in which the emission of the heat produced is ensured.
- This pressure furthermore ensures, in conjunction with the close fit of the contraction joint, that the basic geometry of the heating body is maintained. This is an important improvement as compared with electrical heating elements of prior art, which often showed local cavities due to deficient surface contact, or asymmetrical geometry, as a result of the swaging process to which the element had been subjected. Such asymmetrical configurations and local cavities invariably gave rise in practice to local overheating (hot spots), which adversely affected the loading level.
- the insulating layer is made of boron nitride, while both the resistance conductor and the metal outer jacket are made of molybdenum, tantalum or columhium, or of alloys of these metals.
- the advantageous effect that is obtained in this Way, especially with the preferred materials boron nitride and molybdenum, is enhanced by the fact that the coeificients of thermal expansion of boron nitride and molybdenum are of approximately the same magnitude. The result is that, when the heating element has heated up, its temperature gradient gives rise to such an expansion of the component materials that a mutual surface pressure is maintained.
- beryllium oxide may be used to advantage as an electrical insulating material.
- the most efficacious way of obtaining the said contraction joint in a heating element is by first selecting a tube of molybdenum, tantalum or columhium or of alloys of these metals, after which this tube is firmly shrunk around a solid cylinder of the electrical insulating material consisting essentially of boron nitride or beryllium oxide. Owing to the fact that this cylinder is solid, the required contraction joint or shrink fit may 'be elfected so as to have a firm contraction fit at about 700 to 800 C., without there being any need to fear that the boron nitride or the beryllium oxide might show dislocations.
- the central part of the cylinder made of the electrical insulating material is drilled out, with consequent formation of a cylindrical jacket of the electrical insulating material which is surrounded, via a contraction joint, by a cylindrical jacket of molybdenum, tantalum, columhium or alloys of these metals.
- this structure of coaxial cylinder and jacket is shrunk at a temperature of C. with a light contraction fit around a resistance conductor which is likewise composed of molybdenum, tantalum, columhium or an alloy of these metals.
- the heating element made in this way proves capable of emitting a very high heating current, resulting in a thermal load up to about 500 watts/cm. at temperatures in the neighborhood of 600 C.
- This heating element is very well adapted for heating liquid metals such as sodium, potassium, lithium or alloys thereof.
- the heating elements according to the invention will have an external diameter of about mm. or slightly higher. With this diameter it is possible to obtain a length of such a heating body of about 50 cm.
- FIGURE 1 is a transverse cross-sectional view of one form of a heating element embodying the principles of the present invention.
- FIGURE 2 is a similar view of a modified form of heating element.
- FIGURE 1 there is shown a heating element constructed of a central rod-shaped resistance conductor 1, a surrounding layer of insulating material 2, such as boron nitride or beryllium oxide and an outer metal jacket 3 of molybdenum, tantalum, columbium or alloys thereof.
- the heating element is fabricated by the steps previously described.
- FIGURE 2 differs from the embodiment represented in FIGURE 1 only insofar as the central resistance conductor 1 possesses the form of a cylindrical jacket having inside it a cylinder 4 in which other possible components (not shown in the drawing) may be incorporated.
- this cylinder 4 may be fitted, for instance, channels for electrical conductors or for a fluid.
- Cylinder 4 may be made of a material having qualities suitable for this purpose.
- An electrical resistance heating element comprising: an elongated resistance conductor having a closed cylindrical outer layer and constructed of a metal selected from the group consisting of molybdenum, tantalum and columbium and alloys thereof, a solid tube of solid insulating material concentrically surrounding said resistance conductor and being shrink-fitted in tight engagement therewith so as to establish a contraction joint at room temperature, said insulating material being selected from the group consisting of boron nitride and beryllium oxide, and an outer tubular jacket concentrically surrounding said layer of insulating material and shrink-fitted in tight engagement therewith so as to establish a contraction joint at the working temperature of said heating element in the range of 700 to 800 C., said jacket being constructed of a metal selected from the group consisting of molybdenum, tantalum and columbium and alloys thereof.
Abstract
1,136,368. Electric resistance heaters. REACTOR CENTRUM NEDERLAND. 17 Oct., 1967 [20 Oct., 1966], No. 47286/67. Heading H5H. A heater comprises on outer jacket 3 of molybdenum, tantalum, niobium or an alloy thereof shrunk around a cylinder 2 of electrically insulating material, either boron nitride or beryllium oxide, which is subsequently drilled out and lightly shrunk around the resistance conductor 1 of molybdenum, tantalum, niobium or an alloy thereof. The central resistance conductor 1 may be a cylindrical jacket enclosing a cylinder (4) containing other components such as channels for conductors or a fluid, (Fig. 2, not shown). The heater is used, e.g. for heating liquid sodium, potassium or lithium.
Description
Jan. 27, 1970 P. H. J. DE WRINGER E AL 3,492,453
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE E TER Filed Oct. 19, 1967 INVENTORS United States Patent 3,492,463 ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE HEATER Petrus H. J. de Wringer and Meindert W. Brieko, Schagen,
Netherlands, assignors to Reactor Centrum Nederland, The Hague, Netherlands, an institute of the Netherlands Filed Oct. 19, 1967, Ser. No. 676,595
Claims priority, application Netherlands, Oct. 20, 1966,
6614751 Int. Cl. HOSb 3/10 US. Cl. 219553 3 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE DISCLOSURE This invention relates to resistance heating elements and in particular to heating elements having high heat emission characteristics due to tight engagement between the insulating layer and an inner conductor and between the insulating layer and an outer jacket.
In practice, heating elements of the conductor-insulation-jacket type often suffer from the disadvantage that the thermal loading capacity as expressed in watts/cm. is not sufficiently high for a variety of applications. According to the present invention it is possible to obtain a high thermal load, actually a thermal load of the order of about 500 watts/cmF, at a temperature of about 600 C., because the heating element is constructed in such a way that even at the working temperature of the element there is maintained a contraction joint or shrink fit, and hence a surface pressure, between the outer jacket and the insulating layer. This surface pressure at the working temperature is of great importance, as it constitutes the only way in which the emission of the heat produced is ensured. This pressure furthermore ensures, in conjunction with the close fit of the contraction joint, that the basic geometry of the heating body is maintained. This is an important improvement as compared with electrical heating elements of prior art, which often showed local cavities due to deficient surface contact, or asymmetrical geometry, as a result of the swaging process to which the element had been subjected. Such asymmetrical configurations and local cavities invariably gave rise in practice to local overheating (hot spots), which adversely affected the loading level.
It is, moreover, desirable that measures be taken to provide a further contraction joint between the resistance conductor and the insulating layer surrounding it, which contraction joint should already exist at room temperature. It is pointed out by way of information that the first-mentioned, or outer contraction joint is particularly important. As the contact. surface on which the outer contraction joint acts is situated more toward the outer side of the heating element, the temperature gradient there has already lost some of its importance. In order to allow for possible inequalities in the coeificients of thermal expansion of the materials exerting pressure upon each other thereabouts, it is advisable to ensure a continual surface pressure at this particular location by providing a firm contraction joint.
This provision is necessary to a somewhat lesser extent at the contact between the resistance conductor and ice the insulating material, situated more toward the center of the heating element. Owing to the high temperature of the resistance conductor itself it will as a rule expand so much more than the insulating layer around it that it generally creates a surface pressure due to difference in thermal expansion even without the aid of a contraction joint.
The condition for this, however, is that even when cold there shall be close contact between the resistance conductor and the insulating layer. On this account it is advisable, according to the second preferred embodiment, to make a slight contraction joint between the resistance conductor and the insulating material.
According to a preferred embodiment, the insulating layer is made of boron nitride, while both the resistance conductor and the metal outer jacket are made of molybdenum, tantalum or columhium, or of alloys of these metals. The advantageous effect that is obtained in this Way, especially with the preferred materials boron nitride and molybdenum, is enhanced by the fact that the coeificients of thermal expansion of boron nitride and molybdenum are of approximately the same magnitude. The result is that, when the heating element has heated up, its temperature gradient gives rise to such an expansion of the component materials that a mutual surface pressure is maintained.
Although the coefficients of expansion of boron nitride and tantalum differ somewhat from each other it is quite possible to make serviceable use of this combination of materials if the contraction measures are matched with this inequality in coefficient of expansion.
Instead of boron nitride, beryllium oxide may be used to advantage as an electrical insulating material.
The most efficacious way of obtaining the said contraction joint in a heating element is by first selecting a tube of molybdenum, tantalum or columhium or of alloys of these metals, after which this tube is firmly shrunk around a solid cylinder of the electrical insulating material consisting essentially of boron nitride or beryllium oxide. Owing to the fact that this cylinder is solid, the required contraction joint or shrink fit may 'be elfected so as to have a firm contraction fit at about 700 to 800 C., without there being any need to fear that the boron nitride or the beryllium oxide might show dislocations. After the structure described has cooled down, the central part of the cylinder made of the electrical insulating material is drilled out, with consequent formation of a cylindrical jacket of the electrical insulating material which is surrounded, via a contraction joint, by a cylindrical jacket of molybdenum, tantalum, columhium or alloys of these metals.
Then, after the inner side of the cylindrical jacket of the electrical insulating material has been subjected to precise after-machining, this structure of coaxial cylinder and jacket is shrunk at a temperature of C. with a light contraction fit around a resistance conductor which is likewise composed of molybdenum, tantalum, columhium or an alloy of these metals.
Attention is drawn here to the fact that the highly loaded electrical heating elements of prior art have sometimes failed. This was generally caused either by the formation of local cavities due to differences in thermal expansion, or by chemical reactions, either because in many cases the thickness of the insulating layer was not uniform or because the insulating material was not homogeneous in its qualities. By applying the method described above for making a heating body according to the invention, the drawbacks attaching to heating elements of prior art are surmounted, because the structure taken as basis is a cylindrical tube of the insulating material made out of full bodied material. To this is added the advantage arising from the possibility of obtaining the desired and necessary surface pressures, as a result of correct selection of the contraction measurements which have to be obtained with a high degree of precision.
The heating element made in this way proves capable of emitting a very high heating current, resulting in a thermal load up to about 500 watts/cm. at temperatures in the neighborhood of 600 C.
This heating element is very well adapted for heating liquid metals such as sodium, potassium, lithium or alloys thereof.
It is particularly suitable for heat transfer tests with cooling by liquid sodium, to be carried out in a nuclear reactor or in a plant other than a nuclear reactor but designed to simulate the latter. This is because the metal outer jacket of molybdenum, tantalum or columbium or alloys of these metals is in no way attacked by the said liquid metals.
In many cases the heating elements according to the invention will have an external diameter of about mm. or slightly higher. With this diameter it is possible to obtain a length of such a heating body of about 50 cm.
The invention will be further understood from a consideration of the drawings in which:
FIGURE 1 is a transverse cross-sectional view of one form of a heating element embodying the principles of the present invention; and
FIGURE 2 is a similar view of a modified form of heating element.
In FIGURE 1 there is shown a heating element constructed of a central rod-shaped resistance conductor 1, a surrounding layer of insulating material 2, such as boron nitride or beryllium oxide and an outer metal jacket 3 of molybdenum, tantalum, columbium or alloys thereof. The heating element is fabricated by the steps previously described.
The embodiment of FIGURE 2 differs from the embodiment represented in FIGURE 1 only insofar as the central resistance conductor 1 possesses the form of a cylindrical jacket having inside it a cylinder 4 in which other possible components (not shown in the drawing) may be incorporated. In this cylinder 4 may be fitted, for instance, channels for electrical conductors or for a fluid. Cylinder 4 may be made of a material having qualities suitable for this purpose.
While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described, further modificationsmay be made without departing from the scope of the invention. Therefore, it is to be understood that the details set forth or shown in the drawings are to be interpreted in an illustrative, and not in a limiting sense, except as they appear in the appended claims.
What is claimed is:
1. An electrical resistance heating element comprising: an elongated resistance conductor having a closed cylindrical outer layer and constructed of a metal selected from the group consisting of molybdenum, tantalum and columbium and alloys thereof, a solid tube of solid insulating material concentrically surrounding said resistance conductor and being shrink-fitted in tight engagement therewith so as to establish a contraction joint at room temperature, said insulating material being selected from the group consisting of boron nitride and beryllium oxide, and an outer tubular jacket concentrically surrounding said layer of insulating material and shrink-fitted in tight engagement therewith so as to establish a contraction joint at the working temperature of said heating element in the range of 700 to 800 C., said jacket being constructed of a metal selected from the group consisting of molybdenum, tantalum and columbium and alloys thereof.
2. An electrical resistance heating element as in claim 1 wherein said conductor is a solid cylindrical body.
3. An electrical resistance heating element as in claim 1 wherein said conductor is a tubular cylindrical body.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,981,878 11/1934 Ruben 29-195 3,121,154 2/1964 Menzies et a1 2l9'-5'52 X 3,205,467 9/1965 Ganci 338-268 3,217,280 11/1965 Norton 338268 3,254,320 5/1966 Hill et a1. 338-241 3,356,834 12/1957 Mekjean 219-530 VOLODYMYR Y. MAYEWSKY, Primary Examiner US. Cl. X.R.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
NL666614751A NL153755C (en) | 1966-10-20 | 1966-10-20 | METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING AN ELECTRIC HEATING ELEMENT, AS WELL AS HEATING ELEMENT MANUFACTURED USING THIS METHOD. |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US3492463A true US3492463A (en) | 1970-01-27 |
Family
ID=19797967
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US676595A Expired - Lifetime US3492463A (en) | 1966-10-20 | 1967-10-19 | Electrical resistance heater |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US3492463A (en) |
BE (1) | BE705286A (en) |
DE (1) | DE1690665C2 (en) |
GB (1) | GB1136368A (en) |
NL (1) | NL153755C (en) |
Cited By (40)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3665598A (en) * | 1970-12-17 | 1972-05-30 | Meindert Willem Brieko | Method of making a heating body |
EP0057172A2 (en) * | 1981-01-26 | 1982-08-04 | Walther Dr. Menhardt | Self-regulating heating element |
US4998006A (en) * | 1990-02-23 | 1991-03-05 | Brandeis University | Electric heating elements free of electromagnetic fields |
US5976333A (en) * | 1998-01-06 | 1999-11-02 | Pate; Ray H. | Collector bar |
EP1145842A2 (en) * | 2000-04-13 | 2001-10-17 | Saint-Gobain Glass France | Laminated glazing |
WO2005103445A1 (en) | 2004-04-23 | 2005-11-03 | Shell Oil Company | Subsurface electrical heaters using nitride insulation |
US20070137857A1 (en) * | 2005-04-22 | 2007-06-21 | Vinegar Harold J | Low temperature monitoring system for subsurface barriers |
US20080035347A1 (en) * | 2006-04-21 | 2008-02-14 | Brady Michael P | Adjusting alloy compositions for selected properties in temperature limited heaters |
US20090090158A1 (en) * | 2007-04-20 | 2009-04-09 | Ian Alexander Davidson | Wellbore manufacturing processes for in situ heat treatment processes |
US20090194286A1 (en) * | 2007-10-19 | 2009-08-06 | Stanley Leroy Mason | Multi-step heater deployment in a subsurface formation |
US20090272526A1 (en) * | 2008-04-18 | 2009-11-05 | David Booth Burns | Electrical current flow between tunnels for use in heating subsurface hydrocarbon containing formations |
US20100126727A1 (en) * | 2001-10-24 | 2010-05-27 | Shell Oil Company | In situ recovery from a hydrocarbon containing formation |
US7735935B2 (en) | 2001-04-24 | 2010-06-15 | Shell Oil Company | In situ thermal processing of an oil shale formation containing carbonate minerals |
US7831133B2 (en) | 2005-04-22 | 2010-11-09 | Shell Oil Company | Insulated conductor temperature limited heater for subsurface heating coupled in a three-phase WYE configuration |
US7942203B2 (en) | 2003-04-24 | 2011-05-17 | Shell Oil Company | Thermal processes for subsurface formations |
US20110124228A1 (en) * | 2009-10-09 | 2011-05-26 | John Matthew Coles | Compacted coupling joint for coupling insulated conductors |
US20110134958A1 (en) * | 2009-10-09 | 2011-06-09 | Dhruv Arora | Methods for assessing a temperature in a subsurface formation |
US20110132661A1 (en) * | 2009-10-09 | 2011-06-09 | Patrick Silas Harmason | Parallelogram coupling joint for coupling insulated conductors |
US8220539B2 (en) | 2008-10-13 | 2012-07-17 | Shell Oil Company | Controlling hydrogen pressure in self-regulating nuclear reactors used to treat a subsurface formation |
US8224164B2 (en) | 2002-10-24 | 2012-07-17 | Shell Oil Company | Insulated conductor temperature limited heaters |
US8225866B2 (en) | 2000-04-24 | 2012-07-24 | Shell Oil Company | In situ recovery from a hydrocarbon containing formation |
US8327932B2 (en) | 2009-04-10 | 2012-12-11 | Shell Oil Company | Recovering energy from a subsurface formation |
US8485256B2 (en) | 2010-04-09 | 2013-07-16 | Shell Oil Company | Variable thickness insulated conductors |
US8586867B2 (en) | 2010-10-08 | 2013-11-19 | Shell Oil Company | End termination for three-phase insulated conductors |
US8631866B2 (en) | 2010-04-09 | 2014-01-21 | Shell Oil Company | Leak detection in circulated fluid systems for heating subsurface formations |
US8701769B2 (en) | 2010-04-09 | 2014-04-22 | Shell Oil Company | Methods for treating hydrocarbon formations based on geology |
US8820406B2 (en) | 2010-04-09 | 2014-09-02 | Shell Oil Company | Electrodes for electrical current flow heating of subsurface formations with conductive material in wellbore |
US8857051B2 (en) | 2010-10-08 | 2014-10-14 | Shell Oil Company | System and method for coupling lead-in conductor to insulated conductor |
US8939207B2 (en) | 2010-04-09 | 2015-01-27 | Shell Oil Company | Insulated conductor heaters with semiconductor layers |
US8943686B2 (en) | 2010-10-08 | 2015-02-03 | Shell Oil Company | Compaction of electrical insulation for joining insulated conductors |
US9016370B2 (en) | 2011-04-08 | 2015-04-28 | Shell Oil Company | Partial solution mining of hydrocarbon containing layers prior to in situ heat treatment |
US9033042B2 (en) | 2010-04-09 | 2015-05-19 | Shell Oil Company | Forming bitumen barriers in subsurface hydrocarbon formations |
US9048653B2 (en) | 2011-04-08 | 2015-06-02 | Shell Oil Company | Systems for joining insulated conductors |
US9080409B2 (en) | 2011-10-07 | 2015-07-14 | Shell Oil Company | Integral splice for insulated conductors |
US9080917B2 (en) | 2011-10-07 | 2015-07-14 | Shell Oil Company | System and methods for using dielectric properties of an insulated conductor in a subsurface formation to assess properties of the insulated conductor |
US9226341B2 (en) | 2011-10-07 | 2015-12-29 | Shell Oil Company | Forming insulated conductors using a final reduction step after heat treating |
US9309755B2 (en) | 2011-10-07 | 2016-04-12 | Shell Oil Company | Thermal expansion accommodation for circulated fluid systems used to heat subsurface formations |
US20180176991A1 (en) * | 2015-12-08 | 2018-06-21 | Temp4 Inc. | Efficient Assembled Heating Elements of Large Sizes and of Metallic Tubular Designs for Electric Radiant Heaters |
US10047594B2 (en) | 2012-01-23 | 2018-08-14 | Genie Ip B.V. | Heater pattern for in situ thermal processing of a subsurface hydrocarbon containing formation |
WO2023046943A1 (en) | 2021-09-27 | 2023-03-30 | Basf Se | Multiple cylinders |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CA2212342C (en) * | 1995-02-21 | 2000-05-16 | Bertie Forrest Hall Jr. | Tubular heating element with insulating core |
Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US1981878A (en) * | 1929-09-23 | 1934-11-27 | Sirian Lamp Co | Lamp, filament, and process of making the same |
US3121154A (en) * | 1959-10-30 | 1964-02-11 | Babcock & Wilcox Ltd | Electric heaters |
US3205467A (en) * | 1962-07-27 | 1965-09-07 | Ward Leonard Electric Co | Plastic encapsulated resistor |
US3217280A (en) * | 1962-11-29 | 1965-11-09 | Thermel Inc | Heating element |
US3254320A (en) * | 1963-08-15 | 1966-05-31 | Babcock & Wilcox Co | Electric heaters |
US3356834A (en) * | 1964-05-11 | 1967-12-05 | Hooker Chemical Corp | Process and apparatus for storing heat |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
BE539613A (en) * | 1954-07-07 | |||
DE1079238B (en) * | 1956-05-30 | 1960-04-07 | Manfried Steinmetz | Electric high temperature radiator |
DE1090790B (en) * | 1957-12-11 | 1960-10-13 | Max Planck Inst Eisenforschung | Ceramic heating element containing chromium oxide, especially for high-temperature ovens |
-
1966
- 1966-10-20 NL NL666614751A patent/NL153755C/en active
-
1967
- 1967-10-17 GB GB47286/67A patent/GB1136368A/en not_active Expired
- 1967-10-18 BE BE705286D patent/BE705286A/xx unknown
- 1967-10-19 US US676595A patent/US3492463A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1967-10-20 DE DE1690665A patent/DE1690665C2/en not_active Expired
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US1981878A (en) * | 1929-09-23 | 1934-11-27 | Sirian Lamp Co | Lamp, filament, and process of making the same |
US3121154A (en) * | 1959-10-30 | 1964-02-11 | Babcock & Wilcox Ltd | Electric heaters |
US3205467A (en) * | 1962-07-27 | 1965-09-07 | Ward Leonard Electric Co | Plastic encapsulated resistor |
US3217280A (en) * | 1962-11-29 | 1965-11-09 | Thermel Inc | Heating element |
US3254320A (en) * | 1963-08-15 | 1966-05-31 | Babcock & Wilcox Co | Electric heaters |
US3356834A (en) * | 1964-05-11 | 1967-12-05 | Hooker Chemical Corp | Process and apparatus for storing heat |
Cited By (131)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3665598A (en) * | 1970-12-17 | 1972-05-30 | Meindert Willem Brieko | Method of making a heating body |
EP0057172A2 (en) * | 1981-01-26 | 1982-08-04 | Walther Dr. Menhardt | Self-regulating heating element |
EP0057172A3 (en) * | 1981-01-26 | 1982-09-01 | Walther Dr. Menhardt | Self-regulating heating element |
US4998006A (en) * | 1990-02-23 | 1991-03-05 | Brandeis University | Electric heating elements free of electromagnetic fields |
US5976333A (en) * | 1998-01-06 | 1999-11-02 | Pate; Ray H. | Collector bar |
EP1145842A2 (en) * | 2000-04-13 | 2001-10-17 | Saint-Gobain Glass France | Laminated glazing |
EP1145842A3 (en) * | 2000-04-13 | 2002-05-02 | Saint-Gobain Glass France | Laminated glazing |
US8485252B2 (en) | 2000-04-24 | 2013-07-16 | Shell Oil Company | In situ recovery from a hydrocarbon containing formation |
US8225866B2 (en) | 2000-04-24 | 2012-07-24 | Shell Oil Company | In situ recovery from a hydrocarbon containing formation |
US8789586B2 (en) | 2000-04-24 | 2014-07-29 | Shell Oil Company | In situ recovery from a hydrocarbon containing formation |
US7735935B2 (en) | 2001-04-24 | 2010-06-15 | Shell Oil Company | In situ thermal processing of an oil shale formation containing carbonate minerals |
US8627887B2 (en) | 2001-10-24 | 2014-01-14 | Shell Oil Company | In situ recovery from a hydrocarbon containing formation |
US20100126727A1 (en) * | 2001-10-24 | 2010-05-27 | Shell Oil Company | In situ recovery from a hydrocarbon containing formation |
US8224163B2 (en) | 2002-10-24 | 2012-07-17 | Shell Oil Company | Variable frequency temperature limited heaters |
US8238730B2 (en) | 2002-10-24 | 2012-08-07 | Shell Oil Company | High voltage temperature limited heaters |
US8224164B2 (en) | 2002-10-24 | 2012-07-17 | Shell Oil Company | Insulated conductor temperature limited heaters |
US8579031B2 (en) | 2003-04-24 | 2013-11-12 | Shell Oil Company | Thermal processes for subsurface formations |
US7942203B2 (en) | 2003-04-24 | 2011-05-17 | Shell Oil Company | Thermal processes for subsurface formations |
US8355623B2 (en) | 2004-04-23 | 2013-01-15 | Shell Oil Company | Temperature limited heaters with high power factors |
CN1954131B (en) * | 2004-04-23 | 2012-02-08 | 国际壳牌研究有限公司 | Subsurface electrical heaters using nitride insulation |
WO2005103445A1 (en) | 2004-04-23 | 2005-11-03 | Shell Oil Company | Subsurface electrical heaters using nitride insulation |
US20060289536A1 (en) * | 2004-04-23 | 2006-12-28 | Vinegar Harold J | Subsurface electrical heaters using nitride insulation |
AU2005236490B2 (en) * | 2004-04-23 | 2009-01-29 | Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. | Subsurface electrical heaters using nitride insulation |
US8224165B2 (en) | 2005-04-22 | 2012-07-17 | Shell Oil Company | Temperature limited heater utilizing non-ferromagnetic conductor |
US7831134B2 (en) | 2005-04-22 | 2010-11-09 | Shell Oil Company | Grouped exposed metal heaters |
US7831133B2 (en) | 2005-04-22 | 2010-11-09 | Shell Oil Company | Insulated conductor temperature limited heater for subsurface heating coupled in a three-phase WYE configuration |
US8233782B2 (en) | 2005-04-22 | 2012-07-31 | Shell Oil Company | Grouped exposed metal heaters |
US7986869B2 (en) | 2005-04-22 | 2011-07-26 | Shell Oil Company | Varying properties along lengths of temperature limited heaters |
US7860377B2 (en) | 2005-04-22 | 2010-12-28 | Shell Oil Company | Subsurface connection methods for subsurface heaters |
US20070137857A1 (en) * | 2005-04-22 | 2007-06-21 | Vinegar Harold J | Low temperature monitoring system for subsurface barriers |
US8230927B2 (en) | 2005-04-22 | 2012-07-31 | Shell Oil Company | Methods and systems for producing fluid from an in situ conversion process |
US8192682B2 (en) | 2006-04-21 | 2012-06-05 | Shell Oil Company | High strength alloys |
US7785427B2 (en) | 2006-04-21 | 2010-08-31 | Shell Oil Company | High strength alloys |
US20080035347A1 (en) * | 2006-04-21 | 2008-02-14 | Brady Michael P | Adjusting alloy compositions for selected properties in temperature limited heaters |
US7683296B2 (en) | 2006-04-21 | 2010-03-23 | Shell Oil Company | Adjusting alloy compositions for selected properties in temperature limited heaters |
US20090090158A1 (en) * | 2007-04-20 | 2009-04-09 | Ian Alexander Davidson | Wellbore manufacturing processes for in situ heat treatment processes |
US8662175B2 (en) | 2007-04-20 | 2014-03-04 | Shell Oil Company | Varying properties of in situ heat treatment of a tar sands formation based on assessed viscosities |
US7950453B2 (en) | 2007-04-20 | 2011-05-31 | Shell Oil Company | Downhole burner systems and methods for heating subsurface formations |
US7931086B2 (en) | 2007-04-20 | 2011-04-26 | Shell Oil Company | Heating systems for heating subsurface formations |
US7849922B2 (en) | 2007-04-20 | 2010-12-14 | Shell Oil Company | In situ recovery from residually heated sections in a hydrocarbon containing formation |
US7841425B2 (en) | 2007-04-20 | 2010-11-30 | Shell Oil Company | Drilling subsurface wellbores with cutting structures |
US7841408B2 (en) | 2007-04-20 | 2010-11-30 | Shell Oil Company | In situ heat treatment from multiple layers of a tar sands formation |
US8042610B2 (en) | 2007-04-20 | 2011-10-25 | Shell Oil Company | Parallel heater system for subsurface formations |
US7832484B2 (en) | 2007-04-20 | 2010-11-16 | Shell Oil Company | Molten salt as a heat transfer fluid for heating a subsurface formation |
US7798220B2 (en) | 2007-04-20 | 2010-09-21 | Shell Oil Company | In situ heat treatment of a tar sands formation after drive process treatment |
US8327681B2 (en) | 2007-04-20 | 2012-12-11 | Shell Oil Company | Wellbore manufacturing processes for in situ heat treatment processes |
US8791396B2 (en) | 2007-04-20 | 2014-07-29 | Shell Oil Company | Floating insulated conductors for heating subsurface formations |
US9181780B2 (en) | 2007-04-20 | 2015-11-10 | Shell Oil Company | Controlling and assessing pressure conditions during treatment of tar sands formations |
US8381815B2 (en) | 2007-04-20 | 2013-02-26 | Shell Oil Company | Production from multiple zones of a tar sands formation |
US7866388B2 (en) | 2007-10-19 | 2011-01-11 | Shell Oil Company | High temperature methods for forming oxidizer fuel |
US8162059B2 (en) | 2007-10-19 | 2012-04-24 | Shell Oil Company | Induction heaters used to heat subsurface formations |
US8536497B2 (en) | 2007-10-19 | 2013-09-17 | Shell Oil Company | Methods for forming long subsurface heaters |
US8146669B2 (en) | 2007-10-19 | 2012-04-03 | Shell Oil Company | Multi-step heater deployment in a subsurface formation |
US8196658B2 (en) | 2007-10-19 | 2012-06-12 | Shell Oil Company | Irregular spacing of heat sources for treating hydrocarbon containing formations |
US8146661B2 (en) | 2007-10-19 | 2012-04-03 | Shell Oil Company | Cryogenic treatment of gas |
US8113272B2 (en) | 2007-10-19 | 2012-02-14 | Shell Oil Company | Three-phase heaters with common overburden sections for heating subsurface formations |
US8011451B2 (en) | 2007-10-19 | 2011-09-06 | Shell Oil Company | Ranging methods for developing wellbores in subsurface formations |
US7866386B2 (en) | 2007-10-19 | 2011-01-11 | Shell Oil Company | In situ oxidation of subsurface formations |
US8272455B2 (en) | 2007-10-19 | 2012-09-25 | Shell Oil Company | Methods for forming wellbores in heated formations |
US20090200290A1 (en) * | 2007-10-19 | 2009-08-13 | Paul Gregory Cardinal | Variable voltage load tap changing transformer |
US20090200022A1 (en) * | 2007-10-19 | 2009-08-13 | Jose Luis Bravo | Cryogenic treatment of gas |
US20090194286A1 (en) * | 2007-10-19 | 2009-08-06 | Stanley Leroy Mason | Multi-step heater deployment in a subsurface formation |
US8240774B2 (en) | 2007-10-19 | 2012-08-14 | Shell Oil Company | Solution mining and in situ treatment of nahcolite beds |
US8276661B2 (en) | 2007-10-19 | 2012-10-02 | Shell Oil Company | Heating subsurface formations by oxidizing fuel on a fuel carrier |
US8752904B2 (en) | 2008-04-18 | 2014-06-17 | Shell Oil Company | Heated fluid flow in mines and tunnels used in heating subsurface hydrocarbon containing formations |
US8172335B2 (en) | 2008-04-18 | 2012-05-08 | Shell Oil Company | Electrical current flow between tunnels for use in heating subsurface hydrocarbon containing formations |
US20090272536A1 (en) * | 2008-04-18 | 2009-11-05 | David Booth Burns | Heater connections in mines and tunnels for use in treating subsurface hydrocarbon containing formations |
US20100071903A1 (en) * | 2008-04-18 | 2010-03-25 | Shell Oil Company | Mines and tunnels for use in treating subsurface hydrocarbon containing formations |
US8636323B2 (en) | 2008-04-18 | 2014-01-28 | Shell Oil Company | Mines and tunnels for use in treating subsurface hydrocarbon containing formations |
US20090272526A1 (en) * | 2008-04-18 | 2009-11-05 | David Booth Burns | Electrical current flow between tunnels for use in heating subsurface hydrocarbon containing formations |
US8562078B2 (en) | 2008-04-18 | 2013-10-22 | Shell Oil Company | Hydrocarbon production from mines and tunnels used in treating subsurface hydrocarbon containing formations |
US8151907B2 (en) | 2008-04-18 | 2012-04-10 | Shell Oil Company | Dual motor systems and non-rotating sensors for use in developing wellbores in subsurface formations |
US9528322B2 (en) | 2008-04-18 | 2016-12-27 | Shell Oil Company | Dual motor systems and non-rotating sensors for use in developing wellbores in subsurface formations |
US8162405B2 (en) | 2008-04-18 | 2012-04-24 | Shell Oil Company | Using tunnels for treating subsurface hydrocarbon containing formations |
US8177305B2 (en) | 2008-04-18 | 2012-05-15 | Shell Oil Company | Heater connections in mines and tunnels for use in treating subsurface hydrocarbon containing formations |
US8261832B2 (en) | 2008-10-13 | 2012-09-11 | Shell Oil Company | Heating subsurface formations with fluids |
US8220539B2 (en) | 2008-10-13 | 2012-07-17 | Shell Oil Company | Controlling hydrogen pressure in self-regulating nuclear reactors used to treat a subsurface formation |
US9129728B2 (en) | 2008-10-13 | 2015-09-08 | Shell Oil Company | Systems and methods of forming subsurface wellbores |
US9022118B2 (en) | 2008-10-13 | 2015-05-05 | Shell Oil Company | Double insulated heaters for treating subsurface formations |
US8353347B2 (en) | 2008-10-13 | 2013-01-15 | Shell Oil Company | Deployment of insulated conductors for treating subsurface formations |
US8267170B2 (en) | 2008-10-13 | 2012-09-18 | Shell Oil Company | Offset barrier wells in subsurface formations |
US8267185B2 (en) | 2008-10-13 | 2012-09-18 | Shell Oil Company | Circulated heated transfer fluid systems used to treat a subsurface formation |
US9051829B2 (en) | 2008-10-13 | 2015-06-09 | Shell Oil Company | Perforated electrical conductors for treating subsurface formations |
US8256512B2 (en) | 2008-10-13 | 2012-09-04 | Shell Oil Company | Movable heaters for treating subsurface hydrocarbon containing formations |
US8281861B2 (en) | 2008-10-13 | 2012-10-09 | Shell Oil Company | Circulated heated transfer fluid heating of subsurface hydrocarbon formations |
US8881806B2 (en) | 2008-10-13 | 2014-11-11 | Shell Oil Company | Systems and methods for treating a subsurface formation with electrical conductors |
US8851170B2 (en) | 2009-04-10 | 2014-10-07 | Shell Oil Company | Heater assisted fluid treatment of a subsurface formation |
US8327932B2 (en) | 2009-04-10 | 2012-12-11 | Shell Oil Company | Recovering energy from a subsurface formation |
US8448707B2 (en) | 2009-04-10 | 2013-05-28 | Shell Oil Company | Non-conducting heater casings |
US8434555B2 (en) | 2009-04-10 | 2013-05-07 | Shell Oil Company | Irregular pattern treatment of a subsurface formation |
US9466896B2 (en) | 2009-10-09 | 2016-10-11 | Shell Oil Company | Parallelogram coupling joint for coupling insulated conductors |
US20110124223A1 (en) * | 2009-10-09 | 2011-05-26 | David Jon Tilley | Press-fit coupling joint for joining insulated conductors |
US8257112B2 (en) | 2009-10-09 | 2012-09-04 | Shell Oil Company | Press-fit coupling joint for joining insulated conductors |
US20110134958A1 (en) * | 2009-10-09 | 2011-06-09 | Dhruv Arora | Methods for assessing a temperature in a subsurface formation |
US8356935B2 (en) | 2009-10-09 | 2013-01-22 | Shell Oil Company | Methods for assessing a temperature in a subsurface formation |
US20110132661A1 (en) * | 2009-10-09 | 2011-06-09 | Patrick Silas Harmason | Parallelogram coupling joint for coupling insulated conductors |
US20110124228A1 (en) * | 2009-10-09 | 2011-05-26 | John Matthew Coles | Compacted coupling joint for coupling insulated conductors |
US8816203B2 (en) | 2009-10-09 | 2014-08-26 | Shell Oil Company | Compacted coupling joint for coupling insulated conductors |
US8485847B2 (en) | 2009-10-09 | 2013-07-16 | Shell Oil Company | Press-fit coupling joint for joining insulated conductors |
US8485256B2 (en) | 2010-04-09 | 2013-07-16 | Shell Oil Company | Variable thickness insulated conductors |
US9022109B2 (en) | 2010-04-09 | 2015-05-05 | Shell Oil Company | Leak detection in circulated fluid systems for heating subsurface formations |
US8739874B2 (en) | 2010-04-09 | 2014-06-03 | Shell Oil Company | Methods for heating with slots in hydrocarbon formations |
US8859942B2 (en) | 2010-04-09 | 2014-10-14 | Shell Oil Company | Insulating blocks and methods for installation in insulated conductor heaters |
US8502120B2 (en) | 2010-04-09 | 2013-08-06 | Shell Oil Company | Insulating blocks and methods for installation in insulated conductor heaters |
US9127538B2 (en) | 2010-04-09 | 2015-09-08 | Shell Oil Company | Methodologies for treatment of hydrocarbon formations using staged pyrolyzation |
US8939207B2 (en) | 2010-04-09 | 2015-01-27 | Shell Oil Company | Insulated conductor heaters with semiconductor layers |
US9127523B2 (en) | 2010-04-09 | 2015-09-08 | Shell Oil Company | Barrier methods for use in subsurface hydrocarbon formations |
US8967259B2 (en) | 2010-04-09 | 2015-03-03 | Shell Oil Company | Helical winding of insulated conductor heaters for installation |
US8631866B2 (en) | 2010-04-09 | 2014-01-21 | Shell Oil Company | Leak detection in circulated fluid systems for heating subsurface formations |
US8701768B2 (en) | 2010-04-09 | 2014-04-22 | Shell Oil Company | Methods for treating hydrocarbon formations |
US9399905B2 (en) | 2010-04-09 | 2016-07-26 | Shell Oil Company | Leak detection in circulated fluid systems for heating subsurface formations |
US9033042B2 (en) | 2010-04-09 | 2015-05-19 | Shell Oil Company | Forming bitumen barriers in subsurface hydrocarbon formations |
US8820406B2 (en) | 2010-04-09 | 2014-09-02 | Shell Oil Company | Electrodes for electrical current flow heating of subsurface formations with conductive material in wellbore |
US8701769B2 (en) | 2010-04-09 | 2014-04-22 | Shell Oil Company | Methods for treating hydrocarbon formations based on geology |
US9755415B2 (en) | 2010-10-08 | 2017-09-05 | Shell Oil Company | End termination for three-phase insulated conductors |
US8943686B2 (en) | 2010-10-08 | 2015-02-03 | Shell Oil Company | Compaction of electrical insulation for joining insulated conductors |
US8732946B2 (en) | 2010-10-08 | 2014-05-27 | Shell Oil Company | Mechanical compaction of insulator for insulated conductor splices |
US8586866B2 (en) | 2010-10-08 | 2013-11-19 | Shell Oil Company | Hydroformed splice for insulated conductors |
US8857051B2 (en) | 2010-10-08 | 2014-10-14 | Shell Oil Company | System and method for coupling lead-in conductor to insulated conductor |
US8586867B2 (en) | 2010-10-08 | 2013-11-19 | Shell Oil Company | End termination for three-phase insulated conductors |
US9337550B2 (en) | 2010-10-08 | 2016-05-10 | Shell Oil Company | End termination for three-phase insulated conductors |
US9048653B2 (en) | 2011-04-08 | 2015-06-02 | Shell Oil Company | Systems for joining insulated conductors |
US9016370B2 (en) | 2011-04-08 | 2015-04-28 | Shell Oil Company | Partial solution mining of hydrocarbon containing layers prior to in situ heat treatment |
US9080409B2 (en) | 2011-10-07 | 2015-07-14 | Shell Oil Company | Integral splice for insulated conductors |
US9309755B2 (en) | 2011-10-07 | 2016-04-12 | Shell Oil Company | Thermal expansion accommodation for circulated fluid systems used to heat subsurface formations |
US9226341B2 (en) | 2011-10-07 | 2015-12-29 | Shell Oil Company | Forming insulated conductors using a final reduction step after heat treating |
US9080917B2 (en) | 2011-10-07 | 2015-07-14 | Shell Oil Company | System and methods for using dielectric properties of an insulated conductor in a subsurface formation to assess properties of the insulated conductor |
US10047594B2 (en) | 2012-01-23 | 2018-08-14 | Genie Ip B.V. | Heater pattern for in situ thermal processing of a subsurface hydrocarbon containing formation |
US20180176991A1 (en) * | 2015-12-08 | 2018-06-21 | Temp4 Inc. | Efficient Assembled Heating Elements of Large Sizes and of Metallic Tubular Designs for Electric Radiant Heaters |
US10542587B2 (en) * | 2015-12-08 | 2020-01-21 | Temp4 Inc. | Heating elements of large sizes and of metallic tubular designs |
WO2023046943A1 (en) | 2021-09-27 | 2023-03-30 | Basf Se | Multiple cylinders |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE1690665C2 (en) | 1975-12-04 |
GB1136368A (en) | 1968-12-11 |
BE705286A (en) | 1968-03-01 |
DE1690665B1 (en) | 1971-07-29 |
NL6614751A (en) | 1968-04-22 |
NL153755C (en) | 1977-11-15 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US3492463A (en) | Electrical resistance heater | |
US3142158A (en) | Thermoelectric cooling device | |
Slack et al. | Thermal conductivity of germanium from 3 K to 1020 K | |
JPH0359558B2 (en) | ||
US3650844A (en) | Diffusion barriers for semiconductive thermoelectric generator elements | |
US3794527A (en) | Thermoelectric converter | |
US2685015A (en) | Resistance thermometer element | |
US2933586A (en) | Electrical heating appliances | |
US2352056A (en) | Thermally controlled resistor | |
US2332596A (en) | Resistor device | |
US2335358A (en) | Thermocouple structure | |
US4794229A (en) | Flexible, elongated thermistor heating cable | |
US2916594A (en) | Electric heating | |
US3665598A (en) | Method of making a heating body | |
US3403212A (en) | Electric furnace having a heating element of carbon or graphite for producing temperatures under high pressures | |
US3254320A (en) | Electric heaters | |
US3632978A (en) | Electrical heater with temperature cutout | |
US4007369A (en) | Tubular oven | |
US4258569A (en) | Self-regulated device for temperature stabilization of at least one connection point, and temperature-controlled plug-in connector for the use of said device | |
US2972654A (en) | Thermoelectric generator | |
US2397445A (en) | Electric resistance element and method of operating the same | |
US5386870A (en) | High thermal conductivity connector having high electrical isolation | |
US3057941A (en) | Heat-sensing device with protective sheath | |
JPH06300719A (en) | Method and apparatus for measuring thermoelectric conversion characteristic | |
US1234973A (en) | Electrical heating apparatus and process of making the same. |