US3576305A - Cable hanger - Google Patents

Cable hanger Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US3576305A
US3576305A US772560A US3576305DA US3576305A US 3576305 A US3576305 A US 3576305A US 772560 A US772560 A US 772560A US 3576305D A US3576305D A US 3576305DA US 3576305 A US3576305 A US 3576305A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
hanger
bottom wall
sidewalls
apertures
channel member
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US772560A
Inventor
Robert Louis Welsh
William Russell Bodine
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
KSM Fastening Systems Inc
Original Assignee
Omark Industries Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Omark Industries Inc filed Critical Omark Industries Inc
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3576305A publication Critical patent/US3576305A/en
Assigned to MIDLANTIC NATIONAL BANK, 200 BROADACRES DRIVE, BLOOMFIELD, NJ 07003 reassignment MIDLANTIC NATIONAL BANK, 200 BROADACRES DRIVE, BLOOMFIELD, NJ 07003 SECURITY INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: KSM FASTENING SYSTEMS, INC.
Assigned to KSM FASTENING SYSTEMS INC., A CORP OF NJ reassignment KSM FASTENING SYSTEMS INC., A CORP OF NJ ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: OMARK INDUSTRIES, INC.
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16LPIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L3/00Supports for pipes, cables or protective tubing, e.g. hangers, holders, clamps, cleats, clips, brackets
    • F16L3/14Hangers in the form of bands or chains
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16LPIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L3/00Supports for pipes, cables or protective tubing, e.g. hangers, holders, clamps, cleats, clips, brackets
    • F16L3/22Supports for pipes, cables or protective tubing, e.g. hangers, holders, clamps, cleats, clips, brackets specially adapted for supporting a number of parallel pipes at intervals
    • F16L3/23Supports for pipes, cables or protective tubing, e.g. hangers, holders, clamps, cleats, clips, brackets specially adapted for supporting a number of parallel pipes at intervals for a bundle of pipes or a plurality of pipes placed side by side in contact with each other

Definitions

  • This invention relates to supports for cables and pipes and the like and, more specifically, to improvements in cable hangers of the U or channel configuration used for banding and supporting cables extending transversely to the axis of the channel.
  • hangers have been proposed and used to secure conductors such as cables, pipes, ducts and the like.
  • the various environments in which the hangers are used have resulted in different criteria for the various hangers.
  • the ability of the hanger to withstand shock and vibration and universality for different numbers and sizes of conductors are important factors.
  • a cable hanger which includes a planar channel member defined by a bottom wall and two sidewalls extending from the bottom wall wherein two apertures are provided in the bottom wall extending between the sidewalls.
  • Partable hanger attachment means are secured to the bottom wall between the two apertures and the sidewalls in alignment with the vertical axis of the hanger.
  • the flexible metal band is passed through the channel but underneath the hanger attachment means by way of the apertures provided in the bottom wall. In this way, the hanger attachment means can be positioned on the vertical axis of the cable hanger without interference with the bandsecuring means.
  • FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the cable hanger of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a sectional view of the cable hanger of FIG. 1 taken along lines 2-2 and
  • FIG. 3 is a side view of the cable hanger of the present invention including cables held in place.
  • the cable hanger of the present invention includes an elongate planar channel member 10.
  • the channel member 10 is defined by a bottom wall 11 and two upwardly extending sidewalls l2.
  • the apertures are cut transversely to the long axis of the channel member and extend between the sidewalls.
  • the portion of the bottom wall between the apertures 13 may be elevated above the remaining bottom wall to provide a tunnel 14 as best shown in FIG. 2.
  • An internally threaded stud 15 is stud welded to the raised bottom wall portion 16 at approximately the vertical axis of the channel member 10.
  • the channel member 10 will be disposed transversely to the axis of the cables 17 to be supported.
  • the entire assembly will be supported from a ship deck or bulkhead 18 by means of an externally threaded stud 19 welded to the deck at one end thereof and its opposite end threaded into the stud 15.
  • the cables 17 are compressively banded to the cable hanger by a flexible band 20 which passes through the channel, through the apertures 13 and around the cables 17.
  • the ends of the band are drawn tightly together and secured by a clamp 21.
  • cables of greatly varying size may be generally divided into two groups with the larger cables in one group and the smaller cables in another.
  • the cables of each group may be disposed either on the left or right side of the cable hanger and accordingly banded in groups generally according to their size.
  • the cables are not of greatly varying size, then they may be banded together across the entire bottom surface 22 of the cable hanger by a band, shown in phantom, which will pass through the channel between the sidewalls l2 and underneath the hanger-supporting stud 15 by means of the tunnel 14.
  • the tunnel l4 and the central location of the stud 15 assures that the cable hanger and bound cables will be supported through the vertical axis of the cable hanger while at the same time the supporting structure does not interfere with the banding operation during which the flexible band is passed around the cables.
  • the sidewalls 12 of the cable hanger of the present invention include a compound bend therein. This compound reinforces the sidewalls and prevents failure of the sidewalls due to bending moments in either direction along a vertical axis.
  • a hanger for compressively banding and supporting a cable run comprising;
  • an elongate planer channel member defined by a planer bottom wall and two sidewalls projecting from said bottom wall, said member being adapted to extend transversely to the length of the cable run and having its bottom wall surface opposite said sidewalls adapted to supportably engage cables of the run,
  • partable hanger attachment means secured at one end by the stud end welding technique to said bottom wall between said sidewalls and said apertures of said channel member, and band-securing means extending axially through at least a portion of said channel by way of at least one of said apertures to compressively band the cables of said run whereby the hanger may be supported through the vertical axis of the hanger by the partable hanger means without interference with the band-securing means.

Abstract

A cable hanger for banding and supporting a cable run which includes an elongate planar channel member having a bottom wall and two sidewalls. Two apertures are disposed centrally in the bottom wall of the channel member and the wall portion between the apertures is raised above the remaining bottom wall surface to provide a tunnel through which the band passes as it extends through the channel and around the cables to be secured. Partable hanger attachment means are secured to the raised portion of the bottom wall out of interference with the band and can thus support the channel member along its vertical axis. A compound bend is provided in the sidewalls of the channel member to reinforce the sidewalls.

Description

D United States Patent 1 1 3,576,305
[72] Inventors Robert Louiswelsh; 2,964,274 12/1960 Richardson 248/68 William Russell Bodllle, Cherry H J- RE26,175 3/1967 Wesseler 248/68 1 pp 772.560 FOREIGN PATENTS ii ff d 1: 2 m 85,723 8/1954 Denmark 248/68 1 a e 1,048,227 11/1966 Great Britain 248/68 [73] Ass1gnee Omark Industnes, inc.
Portland, Oreg. Primary Examiner-Chancellor E. Harris Attorney-Charles F. Duffield 54 CABLE HANGER 3 Cl 3 D in F aims "w 8 '85 ABSTRACT: A cable hanger for banding and supporting a [52] U.S. Cl. 248/68, bl run hi h in ludes an elongate planar channel member 248,62 having a bottom wall and two sidewalls. Two apertures are [51] Int. Cl F16] 3/22 disposed centrally in the bottom wall of the channel member [50] Field of Search 248/62, 68, and the wall portion between the apertures is raised above the 74,65; 24/73-7 remaining bottom wall surface to provide a tunnel through which the band passes as it extends through the channel and [56] References cued around the cables to be secured. Partable hanger attachment UNITED STATES PATENTS means are secured to the raised portion of the bottom wall out 429,357 6/1890 McBee 248/68 of interference with the band and can thus support the chan- 2,560,845 7/1951 Carpenter 248/68X nel member along its vertical axis. A compound bend is pro- 2,840,629 6/1958 Roth 248/74X vided in the sidewalls of the channel member to reinforce the 3,087,700 4/1963 Carpenter 248/74 sidewalls.
PATENTEU APR 2 7 IBYI INVENTORS. Robert L. Welsh BY William RBOdine MJOW AT TORN EY.
CABLE HANGER SUMMARY AND OBJECTS OF INVENTION This invention relates to supports for cables and pipes and the like and, more specifically, to improvements in cable hangers of the U or channel configuration used for banding and supporting cables extending transversely to the axis of the channel.
. Various types of hangers have been proposed and used to secure conductors such as cables, pipes, ducts and the like. The various environments in which the hangers are used have resulted in different criteria for the various hangers. In the environment of ships and vehicles, the ability of the hanger to withstand shock and vibration and universality for different numbers and sizes of conductors are important factors.
Over the past few years, a cable hanger has come into use in the shipbuilding industry which employs a flexible metal band which passes through a U-shaped or channel member which is disposed transversely to the axis of the cables being supported.'
Such a cable hanger is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Re 26,]75. One of the disadvantages found with this type cable hanger is that the supporting structure for the hanger is secured at one wall of the channel member and thus offset to one side of the centerline of the hanger. During conditions of extreme vibration and shock, this offset from the centerline of the hanger has caused excessive moments and failure of the hanger.
Another design of cable hanger of this general type which has found some use in the shipbuilding industry is that disclosed in U.S. Pat. 2,964,274. This cable hanger employs a square tubing member in place of the U-shaped channel in the design of the cable hanger above described. In this cable hanger, the flexible banding passes through the square tube and around the cables which are disposed transversely to the long axis of the tube. The advantages of this cable hanger are that the hanger attachment means may be placed on one of the walls of the square tube directly in line with the vertical axis of the hanger. In this manner, undo moments are avoided. Nevertheless, one of the disadvantages of this type of hanger is the added weight and cost of manufacture of the square tube.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a cable hanger which combines the low expense and ease of manufacture of the open-channel type hanger and, as well, the rigidity and strength of the mounting arrangement of the square-type cable hanger.
The foregoing object is carried out in the present invention by means of a cable hanger which includes a planar channel member defined by a bottom wall and two sidewalls extending from the bottom wall wherein two apertures are provided in the bottom wall extending between the sidewalls. Partable hanger attachment means are secured to the bottom wall between the two apertures and the sidewalls in alignment with the vertical axis of the hanger. During banding of the cables to the cable hanger, the flexible metal band is passed through the channel but underneath the hanger attachment means by way of the apertures provided in the bottom wall. In this way, the hanger attachment means can be positioned on the vertical axis of the cable hanger without interference with the bandsecuring means.
These and other objects of the present invention will become apparent from the following description thereof taken in conjunction with the drawings.
DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the cable hanger of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a sectional view of the cable hanger of FIG. 1 taken along lines 2-2 and FIG. 3 is a side view of the cable hanger of the present invention including cables held in place.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION Referring now to the drawings, the cable hanger of the present invention includes an elongate planar channel member 10. The channel member 10 is defined by a bottom wall 11 and two upwardly extending sidewalls l2.
Disposed inwardly from the ends of the channel member 10 are two apertures 13. The apertures are cut transversely to the long axis of the channel member and extend between the sidewalls.
The portion of the bottom wall between the apertures 13 may be elevated above the remaining bottom wall to provide a tunnel 14 as best shown in FIG. 2.
An internally threaded stud 15 is stud welded to the raised bottom wall portion 16 at approximately the vertical axis of the channel member 10.
During use of the hanger, as best shown in FIG. 3, the channel member 10 will be disposed transversely to the axis of the cables 17 to be supported. The entire assembly will be supported from a ship deck or bulkhead 18 by means of an externally threaded stud 19 welded to the deck at one end thereof and its opposite end threaded into the stud 15.
The cables 17 are compressively banded to the cable hanger by a flexible band 20 which passes through the channel, through the apertures 13 and around the cables 17. The ends of the band are drawn tightly together and secured by a clamp 21.
In accordance with the invention, cables of greatly varying size may be generally divided into two groups with the larger cables in one group and the smaller cables in another. The cables of each group may be disposed either on the left or right side of the cable hanger and accordingly banded in groups generally according to their size.
If the cables are not of greatly varying size, then they may be banded together across the entire bottom surface 22 of the cable hanger by a band, shown in phantom, which will pass through the channel between the sidewalls l2 and underneath the hanger-supporting stud 15 by means of the tunnel 14.
The tunnel l4 and the central location of the stud 15 assures that the cable hanger and bound cables will be supported through the vertical axis of the cable hanger while at the same time the supporting structure does not interfere with the banding operation during which the flexible band is passed around the cables.
The sidewalls 12 of the cable hanger of the present invention, as best shown in FIG. 2, include a compound bend therein. This compound reinforces the sidewalls and prevents failure of the sidewalls due to bending moments in either direction along a vertical axis.
The foregoing invention has been described in reference to a particular embodiment thereof shown in the drawings. However, no limitation is thereby intended but instead the scope of the invention is to be interpreted within the spirit and scope of appended claims.
We claim:
I. A hanger for compressively banding and supporting a cable run comprising;
an elongate planer channel member defined by a planer bottom wall and two sidewalls projecting from said bottom wall, said member being adapted to extend transversely to the length of the cable run and having its bottom wall surface opposite said sidewalls adapted to supportably engage cables of the run,
at least two apertures in said bottom wall surface extending between said sidewalls and transversely to the long axis of said bottom wall,
partable hanger attachment means secured at one end by the stud end welding technique to said bottom wall between said sidewalls and said apertures of said channel member, and band-securing means extending axially through at least a portion of said channel by way of at least one of said apertures to compressively band the cables of said run whereby the hanger may be supported through the vertical axis of the hanger by the partable hanger means without interference with the band-securing means.
3. The hanger of claim 1 in which the sidewalls of said channel member include a compound bend therein to reinforce the sidewalls.

Claims (3)

1. 0A hanger for compressively banding and supporting a cable run comprising; an elongate planer channel member defined by a planer bottom wall and two sidewalls projecting from said bottom wall, said member being adapted to extend transversely to the length of the cable run and having its bottom wall surface opposite said sidewalls adapted to supportably engage cables of the run, at least two apertures in said bottom wall surface extending between said sidewalls and transversely to the long axis of said bottom wall, partable hanger attachment means secured at one end by the stud end welding technique to said bottom wall between said sidewalls and said apertures of said channel member, and band-securing means extending axially through at least a portion of said channel by way of at least one of said apertures to compressively band the cables of said run whereby the hanger may be supported through the vertical axis of the hanger by the partable hanger means without interference with the band-securing means.
2. The hanger of claim 1 in which the bottom wall between said apertures is displaced in the direction of said sidewalls to provide a tunnel through which the band-securing means may pass beneath the partable hanger attachment means.
3. The hanger of claim 1 in which the sidewalls of said channel member include a compound bend therein to reinforce the sidewalls.
US772560A 1968-11-01 1968-11-01 Cable hanger Expired - Lifetime US3576305A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US77256068A 1968-11-01 1968-11-01

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3576305A true US3576305A (en) 1971-04-27

Family

ID=25095489

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US772560A Expired - Lifetime US3576305A (en) 1968-11-01 1968-11-01 Cable hanger

Country Status (1)

Country Link
US (1) US3576305A (en)

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4573652A (en) * 1983-02-07 1986-03-04 Progressive Fastening, Inc. Support system for maritime or other use
US4579305A (en) * 1984-09-24 1986-04-01 Rockwell International Corporation Cable support apparatus
US4679754A (en) * 1986-07-28 1987-07-14 Richards Peter S Connector assembly for securing cables, pipes, or the like to a support structure
US4932626A (en) * 1989-05-05 1990-06-12 Gem Industries Inc. Breakaway hanger
US5390882A (en) * 1993-09-23 1995-02-21 Chrysler Corporation Stackable clip with a flat profile on a weld stud, with method
US5564658A (en) * 1993-12-29 1996-10-15 B-Line Systems, Inc. Support system for data transmission lines
US5730400A (en) * 1995-09-01 1998-03-24 Sigma-Aldrich Cable tray cover system
US5782439A (en) * 1995-11-28 1998-07-21 Sigma-Aldrich Company Support system for transmission lines and cable
US6086029A (en) * 1997-08-25 2000-07-11 Oliver Systems International, Inc. Support system for wood framed construction
US6452095B1 (en) * 1997-04-25 2002-09-17 Raymond E. Perrault Threaded cable hangers for supporting electrical cables in ships
US20040227038A1 (en) * 2003-05-15 2004-11-18 Strasser Daniel G. Self-aligning mounting bracket and system for mounting a vehicle roof
US20120267483A1 (en) * 2011-04-19 2012-10-25 Douglas Colvin Cable Support and Method for Using Same
US20170204993A1 (en) * 2016-01-15 2017-07-20 Bechtel Oil, Gas and Chemicals Inc. Adjustable support

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US429357A (en) * 1890-06-03 Randolph mcbee
US2560845A (en) * 1948-01-26 1951-07-17 John A Carpenter Hanger
US2840629A (en) * 1953-04-22 1958-06-24 Bendix Aviat Corp Electron discharge tube shield and mounting
US2964274A (en) * 1958-12-30 1960-12-13 Franklin L Richardson Cable hanger
US3087700A (en) * 1960-10-31 1963-04-30 John A Carpenter Cable support
GB1048227A (en) * 1964-04-29 1966-11-16 Raymond A An improved cable holding device
USRE26175E (en) * 1967-03-21 Wesseler cable hangers

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US429357A (en) * 1890-06-03 Randolph mcbee
USRE26175E (en) * 1967-03-21 Wesseler cable hangers
US2560845A (en) * 1948-01-26 1951-07-17 John A Carpenter Hanger
US2840629A (en) * 1953-04-22 1958-06-24 Bendix Aviat Corp Electron discharge tube shield and mounting
US2964274A (en) * 1958-12-30 1960-12-13 Franklin L Richardson Cable hanger
US3087700A (en) * 1960-10-31 1963-04-30 John A Carpenter Cable support
GB1048227A (en) * 1964-04-29 1966-11-16 Raymond A An improved cable holding device

Cited By (21)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4573652A (en) * 1983-02-07 1986-03-04 Progressive Fastening, Inc. Support system for maritime or other use
US4579305A (en) * 1984-09-24 1986-04-01 Rockwell International Corporation Cable support apparatus
US4679754A (en) * 1986-07-28 1987-07-14 Richards Peter S Connector assembly for securing cables, pipes, or the like to a support structure
US4932626A (en) * 1989-05-05 1990-06-12 Gem Industries Inc. Breakaway hanger
US5390882A (en) * 1993-09-23 1995-02-21 Chrysler Corporation Stackable clip with a flat profile on a weld stud, with method
US5816542A (en) * 1993-12-29 1998-10-06 Sigma-Aldrich Company Support system for data transmission lines
US5564658A (en) * 1993-12-29 1996-10-15 B-Line Systems, Inc. Support system for data transmission lines
US5618014A (en) * 1993-12-29 1997-04-08 B-Line Systems, Inc. Support system for data transmission lines
US5628481A (en) * 1993-12-29 1997-05-13 B-Line Systems, Inc. Support system for data transmission lines
US5634614A (en) * 1993-12-29 1997-06-03 B-Line Systems, Inc. Support system for data transmission lines
US5651518A (en) * 1993-12-29 1997-07-29 B-Line Systems, Inc. Support system for data transmission lines
US5868361A (en) * 1993-12-29 1999-02-09 Sigma-Aldrich Co. Support system having an interchangeable splice
US5730400A (en) * 1995-09-01 1998-03-24 Sigma-Aldrich Cable tray cover system
US5782439A (en) * 1995-11-28 1998-07-21 Sigma-Aldrich Company Support system for transmission lines and cable
US6452095B1 (en) * 1997-04-25 2002-09-17 Raymond E. Perrault Threaded cable hangers for supporting electrical cables in ships
US6086029A (en) * 1997-08-25 2000-07-11 Oliver Systems International, Inc. Support system for wood framed construction
US20040227038A1 (en) * 2003-05-15 2004-11-18 Strasser Daniel G. Self-aligning mounting bracket and system for mounting a vehicle roof
US6986494B2 (en) * 2003-05-15 2006-01-17 Dyneter Industries Ltd. Self-aligning mounting bracket and system for mounting a planar structure to a fixed structure
US20120267483A1 (en) * 2011-04-19 2012-10-25 Douglas Colvin Cable Support and Method for Using Same
US8985528B2 (en) * 2011-04-19 2015-03-24 Colvin Industries, Llc Cable support and method for using same
US20170204993A1 (en) * 2016-01-15 2017-07-20 Bechtel Oil, Gas and Chemicals Inc. Adjustable support

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US3576305A (en) Cable hanger
US4379537A (en) Cable hanger
US6454232B1 (en) Stiffener apparatus for stabilizing a hanger rod
US3856244A (en) Clamping apparatus
US3463428A (en) Multi-purpose pipe clamp
US4930193A (en) Cable retaining apparatus
US5632457A (en) Adjustable routing clamp assembly
US3486726A (en) Universal pipe clamp
US4148113A (en) Clamp for securing a plurality of elongated articles
US6334285B1 (en) Hanger for mounting to I-beams
US5816736A (en) Robot arm assembly
KR870008145A (en) Band clamp
US2440469A (en) Multiple clip and bracket
US2567463A (en) Conduit hanger
US3232393A (en) Beam clamp
KR920007971B1 (en) Pipe/wire gripping and fixing clamp
US2939664A (en) Cable hanger
US3528634A (en) Pipe hanger
US2387951A (en) Hanger
US3243151A (en) Self-holding pipe strap
US3556447A (en) Support for elongate members
US2964274A (en) Cable hanger
KR930010355A (en) Joint connection device of vehicle exhaust line member
US3339870A (en) Multiple cable support
US2879964A (en) Transformer mounting apparatus

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AS Assignment

Owner name: MIDLANTIC NATIONAL BANK, 200 BROADACRES DRIVE, BLO

Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:KSM FASTENING SYSTEMS, INC.;REEL/FRAME:004204/0589

Effective date: 19831220

AS Assignment

Owner name: KSM FASTENING SYSTEMS INC. 301 NEW ALBANY ROAD, MO

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:OMARK INDUSTRIES, INC.;REEL/FRAME:004258/0308

Effective date: 19831220