US3613665A - Sampling means for exhaled air - Google Patents

Sampling means for exhaled air Download PDF

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US3613665A
US3613665A US848587A US3613665DA US3613665A US 3613665 A US3613665 A US 3613665A US 848587 A US848587 A US 848587A US 3613665D A US3613665D A US 3613665DA US 3613665 A US3613665 A US 3613665A
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time delay
port
valve
air
signal
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Reynolds G Gorsuch
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Bird Products Corp
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/08—Detecting, measuring or recording devices for evaluating the respiratory organs
    • A61B5/097—Devices for facilitating collection of breath or for directing breath into or through measuring devices

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  • the first portion of such mixture exhaled by a mammal consists principally of ambient air in passageways between the point of exhalation and the main airways of the lung.
  • the first portion merges into the second portion of the exhaled mixture which consists of the residual ambient air and alveolar gas; that is, the gas contained in the cells of the lung.
  • the last portion of the exhaled mixture consists principally of the alveolar gas, and is also known as end tidal air. This last portion of the exhaled mixture which is of primary interest in human and animal physiology for diagnostic and analytical purposes.
  • a valve permits discharge of a preselected portion of exhaled air and is then operated to divert a selected terminal portion for analysis.
  • the sensor is a self-heating resistance device, adapted, when cooled by the exhaled air, to initiate the time delay, and when heated, during the inhalation cycle, to disarm the time delay in preparation for the next inhalation cycle.
  • FIG. 1 is a sectional view of the diverted valve used in the sampling means for exhaled air, the view being taken through 1-1 of FIG. 2.
  • FIG. 2 is a sectional view of the diverter valve, taken through 2-2 of FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 3 is a block diagrammatical view indicating the electrical components of the sampling means as well as apparatus with which the sampling means is used.
  • the sampling means for exhaled air includes a diverter valve 1, having a valve body 2 which may comprise a pair of complementary components, and forming an inlet 3.
  • the inlet communicates with a valve chamber 4, having converging walls 5 and an apex end 6.
  • One of the walls 5 is provided with an opening which receives a seal ring having intumed flanges forming a diverter port 7, and the other wall is provided with a similar opening which receives a similar seal ring forming an exhaust port 8.
  • the seal rings project into the valve chamber and are held in place by suitable retainer fittings 9, attached by screws 10.
  • the apex end 6 of the valve chamber receives a pivot shaft II, the ends of which are joumaled in bearings 12.
  • the pivot shaft 11 supports a gate valve 13, in the form of a flat disk. Oscillation of the pivot shaft moves the gate valve 13 between the diverted port 7 and exhaust port 8.
  • control housing 14 which may be formed of complementary components, and contains a rotary solenoid 15, having a drive shaft 16, suitably engageable with the upper end of the pivot shaft 1 l.
  • a temperature sensor 17 mounted in the control housing 14 is a temperature sensor 17; for example, a Thermistor.
  • the temperature sensor includes a pair of supports 18, which extend into the valve chamber 4 adjacent the inlet 3 and are joined by a sensing element 18a in the form of a resistor.
  • a screen cage 19 may be provided around the supports and sensing elements.
  • the output of the sensor is capacitor coupled to a signal amplifier 20.
  • the signal amplifier is a DC coupled amplifier which operates at very high gain. This causes the output of the amplifier to swing between positive and negative saturation, producing a low quality square wave whose period is equal to the swings of the input signal.
  • This square wave is fed into a squaring amplifier 21, which increases the rise time of the square wave to a point that it can be used to trigger a time delay 22 which may be a monostable multivibrator.
  • the multivibrator is arranged so that it may be varied over a range of 0.] second to approximately 10 seconds.
  • the output of the monostable multivibrator or time delay, in conjunction with the output of the squaring amplifier 21, is fed to the input of a two input NAND-gate 23.
  • the NAND gate produces a signal at its output only if the following two conditions are satisfied:
  • the time delay has finished its time period and returned to its original state.
  • a silicon controlled rectifier power switch 24 is caused to turn on.
  • the output of the switch is filtered DC which is applied to the rotary solenoid 15.
  • the inlet 3 of the diverter valve is connected to an exhalation line 25, which is connected to the patient through a breathing apparatus which includes an exhalation valve 26 connected to the exhalation line 25, and an inhalation valve 27.
  • the two valves, 26 and 27, operate alternately as the patient inhales and exhales so that there is intermittent flow of air in the exhalation line.
  • the diverter port communicates with a conventional analyzing means 28, capable of identifying the composition of gases received from the diverter valve.
  • the temperature sensor element is supplied with sufficient current to maintain a normal temperature above F. so that the incoming air cools the sensor element by convection, thus changing its resistance.
  • This resistance change is utilized to arm the control circuit comprising the signal amplifier, squaring amplifier, time delay, NAND gate and power switch, and also to start the time delay circuit within the time delay mechanism.
  • the solenoid 15 is operated to close the exhaust port 8 and open the diverted port 7. By proper adjustment of the time delay, only the last portion of the exhaled gas is diverted. It is this last portion of the exhaled gas that is the end tidal or alveolar gas which is of primary interest.
  • the temperature sensor 17 returns to its normal temperature terminating operation of the control circuit so that the time delay may return to its initial condition. This operation takes place during the interval that the patient is inhaling; that is during the inhalation cycle, the diverter port is closed and the exhaust port opened so that the apparatus is ready for the next exhalation cycle.
  • a sampling means for diverting the end tidal portion of air exhaled by a patient and conveyed through an exhalation air line, and sampling means comprising:
  • a diverter valve having an inlet arranged for connection to such line, an exhaust port, an outlet diverter port and means including a valve member normally in position closing said diverter port and movable to a position opening said diverter port and closing said exhaust port;
  • valve-operating means including an electromagnet means connected to said valve member and efiective when energized to move said member to said position opening said diverted port;
  • a sampling means as defined in claim 3 wherein:
  • said time delay is a variable period monostable multivibraadjustable time delay means for adjustably delaying translimo" of recewed sgnalsi said Signal s F and said signal translating means comprises an amplifier inconnected to said electromagnet means for energizing the terposed between said thermistor and the time delay latter for operating said valve to cause said valve member
  • a sampling means as defined in claim 4 wherein: v a i f f i 'i g i f r 3;?
  • said signal translating means includes a two input NAND Se ficte unng passage 0 ex 6 m o Sal m e gate connected to receive signals from said amplifier and whereby to divert through said diverter port only the end tidal portion of the exhaled air.

Abstract

A valve and control therefor for separating the end tidal air or alveolar gas from air exhaled from a human or animal, wherein a valve, having two ports, is inserted in the exhalation line forming part of a breathing apparatus, the first port discharging to atmosphere, the second port discharging into a collection receptacle or analytical device; and wherein a control, including a temperature sensor, is located ahead of the valve to sense movement of exhaled air, is electrically connected to a variable time delay means operable to close the first port and open the second port after a preselected portion of the exhaled air has passed so a desired portion of the end tidal air may be collected or analyzed.

Description

United States Patent Reynolds G. Gorsnch Suite 402, 642 W. 6th St., Los Angeles,
[72] Inventor [54] SAMPLING MEANS FOR EXl-IALED AIR 5 Claims, 3 Drawing Figs.
[52] U.S. Cl 128/2 R, 23/254, 73/421.5, 128/207 [51] Int. Cl A6lb 10/00 [50] Field of Search 128/2, 2.08, 2.07; 23/254;73/421.5, 23; 137/119, 101.21, 118
[56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 470,489 3/1892 Henkel 137/119 3,026,868 3/1962 Weinberg 128/2.08 3,196,689 7/1965 Forrester et al. 73/421 .5 3,238,783 3/1966 Wright 73/421.5 3,253,711 5/1966 Young 137/119X 3,303,840 2/1967 Etzlinger l28/2.08 X 3,426,745 2/1969 Farr 128/2 flECTRO MECHANICAL 2a ANALYZING l5 MEANS SCR POWER swarcu 24F (23 NAND GATE DELAY VALVE 3,429,186 2/1969 Priceetal 73/421.5 3,509,771 5/1970 Moberg et al... 128/2 X 3,512,393 5/1970 Weiss 73/23 OTHER REFERENCES Lourence, J. J. et al., Control Engineering, Sept. 1967, p. 105, (copy in 73/421.5)
NASA Tech. Brief, No. 68-10438, Dec. 1968, (copy in 128/208) Primary Examiner-Richard A. Gaudet Assistant Examiner-Kyle L. Howell Attorney-Fritz B. Peterson ABSTRACT: A valve and control therefor for separating the end tidal air or alveolar gas from air exhaled from a human or animal, wherein a valve, having two ports, is inserted in the exhalation line forming part of a breathing apparatus, the first port discharging to atmosphere, the second port discharging into a collection receptacle or analytical device; and wherein a control, including a temperature sensor, is located ahead of the valve to sense movement of exhaled air, is electrically connected to a variable time delay means operable to close the first port and open the second port after a preselected portion of the exhaled air has passed so a desired portion of the end tidal air may be collected or analyzed.
EXHALATION VALVE TO AND FROM PATIENT D L INHALATION PATENTEDUET 19 l97| WWII ANALYZING /5 SIGNAL EXHALATION MEANs [AMPLIFIER vALvE I I SCR POWER sQuARING To AND FROM Z4/ SWITCH AMPLIFIER PATIENT NAND x. TIME g INHALATION GATE I DEL Y vALvE 1&6. 5'
INvENToR.
REV/v0.4 5 6 60/250019 BY w ATTORNEYS SAMPLING MEANS FOR EXHALED AIR BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION It is desirable for diagnostic purposes to analyze the air-gas mixture exhaled by humans and animals. In a single exhalation cycle, the first portion of such mixture exhaled by a mammal consists principally of ambient air in passageways between the point of exhalation and the main airways of the lung. The first portion merges into the second portion of the exhaled mixture which consists of the residual ambient air and alveolar gas; that is, the gas contained in the cells of the lung. The last portion of the exhaled mixture consists principally of the alveolar gas, and is also known as end tidal air. This last portion of the exhaled mixture which is of primary interest in human and animal physiology for diagnostic and analytical purposes.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention is directed to means for sampling air exhaled from a mammal and is summarized in the following objects:
First, to provide a sampling means for exhaled air wherein a valve permits discharge of a preselected portion of exhaled air and is then operated to divert a selected terminal portion for analysis.
Second, to provide a sampling means for exhaled air, as indicated in the preceding object, wherein a sensor exposed to the exhaled air initiates a variable time delay which operates the diverted valve after a selected interval calculated to divert a predetermined terminal portion of the exhaled air.
Third, to provide a sampling means for exhaled air wherein the sensor is a self-heating resistance device, adapted, when cooled by the exhaled air, to initiate the time delay, and when heated, during the inhalation cycle, to disarm the time delay in preparation for the next inhalation cycle.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a sectional view of the diverted valve used in the sampling means for exhaled air, the view being taken through 1-1 of FIG. 2.
FIG. 2 is a sectional view of the diverter valve, taken through 2-2 of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a block diagrammatical view indicating the electrical components of the sampling means as well as apparatus with which the sampling means is used.
The sampling means for exhaled air includes a diverter valve 1, having a valve body 2 which may comprise a pair of complementary components, and forming an inlet 3. The inlet communicates with a valve chamber 4, having converging walls 5 and an apex end 6.
One of the walls 5 is provided with an opening which receives a seal ring having intumed flanges forming a diverter port 7, and the other wall is provided with a similar opening which receives a similar seal ring forming an exhaust port 8. The seal rings project into the valve chamber and are held in place by suitable retainer fittings 9, attached by screws 10.
The apex end 6 of the valve chamber receives a pivot shaft II, the ends of which are joumaled in bearings 12. The pivot shaft 11 supports a gate valve 13, in the form of a flat disk. Oscillation of the pivot shaft moves the gate valve 13 between the diverted port 7 and exhaust port 8.
Mounted on top of the valve body 2 is a control housing 14 which may be formed of complementary components, and contains a rotary solenoid 15, having a drive shaft 16, suitably engageable with the upper end of the pivot shaft 1 l.
Mounted in the control housing 14 is a temperature sensor 17; for example, a Thermistor. The temperature sensor includes a pair of supports 18, which extend into the valve chamber 4 adjacent the inlet 3 and are joined by a sensing element 18a in the form of a resistor. A screen cage 19 may be provided around the supports and sensing elements.
The output of the sensor is capacitor coupled to a signal amplifier 20. The signal amplifier is a DC coupled amplifier which operates at very high gain. This causes the output of the amplifier to swing between positive and negative saturation, producing a low quality square wave whose period is equal to the swings of the input signal. This square wave is fed into a squaring amplifier 21, which increases the rise time of the square wave to a point that it can be used to trigger a time delay 22 which may be a monostable multivibrator. The multivibrator is arranged so that it may be varied over a range of 0.] second to approximately 10 seconds. The output of the monostable multivibrator or time delay, in conjunction with the output of the squaring amplifier 21, is fed to the input of a two input NAND-gate 23. The NAND gate produces a signal at its output only if the following two conditions are satisfied:
l. The output of the squaring amplifier 21 is still at negative saturation.
2. The time delay has finished its time period and returned to its original state.
When the preceding two conditions have been met, a silicon controlled rectifier power switch 24 is caused to turn on. The output of the switch is filtered DC which is applied to the rotary solenoid 15.
The inlet 3 of the diverter valve is connected to an exhalation line 25, which is connected to the patient through a breathing apparatus which includes an exhalation valve 26 connected to the exhalation line 25, and an inhalation valve 27. The two valves, 26 and 27, operate alternately as the patient inhales and exhales so that there is intermittent flow of air in the exhalation line.
The diverter port communicates with a conventional analyzing means 28, capable of identifying the composition of gases received from the diverter valve.
Operation of the sampling means for exhaled air is as follows:
Air exhaled from the patient enters the inlet port 3 and impinges on the temperature sensor element 18a. The temperature sensor element is supplied with sufficient current to maintain a normal temperature above F. so that the incoming air cools the sensor element by convection, thus changing its resistance. This resistance change is utilized to arm the control circuit comprising the signal amplifier, squaring amplifier, time delay, NAND gate and power switch, and also to start the time delay circuit within the time delay mechanism. After a predetermined interval has elapsed, determined by the setting of the time delay, the solenoid 15 is operated to close the exhaust port 8 and open the diverted port 7. By proper adjustment of the time delay, only the last portion of the exhaled gas is diverted. It is this last portion of the exhaled gas that is the end tidal or alveolar gas which is of primary interest.
When the exhalation cycle is completed, the temperature sensor 17 returns to its normal temperature terminating operation of the control circuit so that the time delay may return to its initial condition. This operation takes place during the interval that the patient is inhaling; that is during the inhalation cycle, the diverter port is closed and the exhaust port opened so that the apparatus is ready for the next exhalation cycle.
The present embodiment of this invention is to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive.
Ielaim:
l. A sampling means for diverting the end tidal portion of air exhaled by a patient and conveyed through an exhalation air line, and sampling means comprising:
a diverter valve having an inlet arranged for connection to such line, an exhaust port, an outlet diverter port and means including a valve member normally in position closing said diverter port and movable to a position opening said diverter port and closing said exhaust port;
valve-operating means including an electromagnet means connected to said valve member and efiective when energized to move said member to said position opening said diverted port;
means including temperature-sensitive electrical resistor means disposed in said inlet and means for electrically heating said resistor means to a temperature above that of such exhaled air and said resistor means disposed to be 3. A sampling means as defined in claim 1 wherein: cooled to a lower temperature by exhaled air incident to said temperature-sensitive resistor is a thermistor device passage of exhaled air int sald In wh re y to produce and is heated by electric current and is cooled by exhaled an electri ign l lncldem to being 50 cooled; air to produce an initiating signal for said time delay.
and signal translating means connected to said resistor 5 4. A sampling means as defined in claim 3 wherein:
means for receptlon of Slgnals therefrom and mcludms said time delay is a variable period monostable multivibraadjustable time delay means for adjustably delaying translimo" of recewed sgnalsi said Signal s F and said signal translating means comprises an amplifier inconnected to said electromagnet means for energizing the terposed between said thermistor and the time delay latter for operating said valve to cause said valve member A sampling means as defined in claim 4 wherein: v a i f f i 'i g i f r 3;? i said signal translating means includes a two input NAND Se ficte unng passage 0 ex 6 m o Sal m e gate connected to receive signals from said amplifier and whereby to divert through said diverter port only the end tidal portion of the exhaled air. 2. A sampling means as defined in claim 1, including: means in said signal translating means to cause said time delay to reset after completion of the exhalation, to permit sequential diversion of like portions of exhaled air.
from said time delay to produce a signal for operating said electromagnet means only upon coincidence of a signal from said amplifier and a signal from said time delay indicating completion of a determined time delay period.

Claims (5)

1. A sampling means for diverting the end tidal portion of air exhaled by a patient and conveyed through an exhalation air line, and sampling means comprising: a diverter valve having an inlet arranged for connection to such line, an exhaust port, an outlet diverter port and means including a valve member normally in position closing said diverter port and movable to a position opening said diverter port and closing said exhaust port; valve-operating means including an electromagnet means connected to said valve member and effective when energized to move said member to said position opening said diverted port; means including temperature-sensitive electrical resistor means disposed in said inlet and means for electrically heating said resistor means to a temperature above that of such exhaled air and said resistor means disposed to be cooled to a lower temperature by exhaled air incident to passage of exhaled air into said inlet whereby to produce an electric signal incident to being so cooled; and signal translating means connected to said resistor means for reception of signals therefrom and including an adjustable time delay means for adjustably delaying translation of received signals, said signal translating means connected to said electromagnet means for energizing the latter for operating said valve to cause said valve member to open said diverter port and close the exhaust port at a selected time during passage of exhaled air into said inlet, whereby to divert through said diverter port only the end tidal portion of the exhaled air.
2. A sampling means as defined in claim 1, including: means in said signal translating means to cause said time delay to reset after completion of the exhalation, to permit sequential diversion of like portions of exhaled air.
3. A sampling means as defined in claim 1 wherein: said temperature-sensitive resistor is a thermistor device and is heated by electric current and is cooled by exhaled air to produce an initiating signal for said time delay.
4. A sampling means as defined in claim 3 wherein: said time delay is a variable period monostable multivibrator; and said signal translating means comprises an amplifier interposed between said thermistor and the time delay.
5. A sampling means as defined in claim 4 wherein: said signal translating means includes a two input NAND gate connected to receive signals from said amplifier and from said time delay to produce a signal for operating said electromagnet means only upon coincidence of a signal from said amplifier and a signal from said time delay indicating completion of a determined time delay period.
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Cited By (24)

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US3838971A (en) * 1973-05-04 1974-10-01 Borg Warner Electrolytic alcohol detection
US3886929A (en) * 1971-09-20 1975-06-03 Borg Warner Breath tester null memory system
US3910261A (en) * 1974-06-11 1975-10-07 Bourns Inc End-tidal gas analysis apparatus for respirators
US4016876A (en) * 1973-11-06 1977-04-12 Westinghouse Electric Corporation Breathing apparatus
US4157040A (en) * 1975-12-10 1979-06-05 General Electric Company Apparatus for collecting pyrolysates from a gas-cooled dynamoelectric machine
FR2420157A1 (en) * 1978-03-16 1979-10-12 Inst Nat Sante Rech Med Flow selector for separating inhaled and exhaled gases - has electronically controlled shutter which opens or closes one of two pipes according to direction of gas flow
FR2422380A1 (en) * 1978-04-15 1979-11-09 Draegerwerk Ag METHOD AND DEVICE FOR IDENTIFYING AND SEPARATING THE FRACTION OF ALVEOLAR AIR CONTAINED IN THE RESPIRATORY AIR
US4220162A (en) * 1978-11-24 1980-09-02 Intermountain Health Care Alveolar gas sampling system and method
FR2449436A1 (en) * 1979-02-22 1980-09-19 Draegerwerk Ag METHOD AND DEVICE FOR DETERMINING THE MEASUREMENT TIME IN APPARATUSES FOR CONTROLLING THE ALCOHOL CONTENT OF EXPIRED AIR
US4579826A (en) * 1983-09-30 1986-04-01 Bolton Craig E Method and device for analyzing human breath
US5211181A (en) * 1991-05-17 1993-05-18 Martek Corporation Apparatus and method for collecting human breath samples
EP0650051A2 (en) * 1993-10-25 1995-04-26 Kyoto Dai-ichi Kagaku Co., Ltd. Expiration collecting method and automatic expiration collector
US5555890A (en) * 1992-06-08 1996-09-17 University Of Southern California Pharyngeal end-tidal carbon dioxide measuring catheter
US5687593A (en) * 1995-06-01 1997-11-18 Hiatt And Company Limited Handcuffs
US6248078B1 (en) 1998-08-31 2001-06-19 Johns Hopkins University Volatile biomarkers for analysis of hepatic disorders
US20040138577A1 (en) * 2002-12-20 2004-07-15 Kline Jeffrey A. Disposable hand-held device for collection of exhaled breath condensate
US20050000517A1 (en) * 2000-11-07 2005-01-06 Eriksson Nils Olof Arrangement in ventilatory treatment of the lungs
US20050208614A1 (en) * 2002-12-20 2005-09-22 The Charlotte-Mecklenburg Hospital Authority Utilizing lipopolysaccharide in exhaled breath condensate to diagnose gram negative pneumonia
US20070073183A1 (en) * 2003-02-14 2007-03-29 The Charlotte-Mecklenburg Hospital Authority Device and method for collection of exhaled alveolar breath condensate
US20080009761A1 (en) * 2006-06-21 2008-01-10 Acker Jaron M Ventilator breath condensate sampler and method of collecting a breath condensate sample
US7422723B1 (en) 2003-10-24 2008-09-09 Alcohol Detection Systems, Inc. Alcohol breath test device
US20090044597A1 (en) * 2005-06-25 2009-02-19 Frank Kvasnik Breath sampling device
US20090320844A1 (en) * 2006-08-04 2009-12-31 Nielsen Joergen Groenlund Method to compensate for the effect of recirculation of inert blood soluble gas on the determination of pulmonary blood flow in repeated inert gas rebreathing tests
WO2011064759A1 (en) 2009-11-30 2011-06-03 Delmedica Investments Limited Method and device for measurement of exhaled respiratory gas temperature

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Cited By (36)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3886929A (en) * 1971-09-20 1975-06-03 Borg Warner Breath tester null memory system
US3838971A (en) * 1973-05-04 1974-10-01 Borg Warner Electrolytic alcohol detection
US4016876A (en) * 1973-11-06 1977-04-12 Westinghouse Electric Corporation Breathing apparatus
US3910261A (en) * 1974-06-11 1975-10-07 Bourns Inc End-tidal gas analysis apparatus for respirators
US4157040A (en) * 1975-12-10 1979-06-05 General Electric Company Apparatus for collecting pyrolysates from a gas-cooled dynamoelectric machine
FR2420157A1 (en) * 1978-03-16 1979-10-12 Inst Nat Sante Rech Med Flow selector for separating inhaled and exhaled gases - has electronically controlled shutter which opens or closes one of two pipes according to direction of gas flow
US4248245A (en) * 1978-04-15 1981-02-03 Dragerwerk Aktiengesellschaft Method and device for determining and separating the alveolar air proportion from the breathing air
FR2422380A1 (en) * 1978-04-15 1979-11-09 Draegerwerk Ag METHOD AND DEVICE FOR IDENTIFYING AND SEPARATING THE FRACTION OF ALVEOLAR AIR CONTAINED IN THE RESPIRATORY AIR
US4220162A (en) * 1978-11-24 1980-09-02 Intermountain Health Care Alveolar gas sampling system and method
FR2449436A1 (en) * 1979-02-22 1980-09-19 Draegerwerk Ag METHOD AND DEVICE FOR DETERMINING THE MEASUREMENT TIME IN APPARATUSES FOR CONTROLLING THE ALCOHOL CONTENT OF EXPIRED AIR
US4317453A (en) * 1979-02-22 1982-03-02 Dragerwerk Aktiengesellschaft Method and apparatus for testing a person's breath for the determination of its alcohol content
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