US3668296A - Head for musical instrument - Google Patents

Head for musical instrument Download PDF

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US3668296A
US3668296A US44097A US3668296DA US3668296A US 3668296 A US3668296 A US 3668296A US 44097 A US44097 A US 44097A US 3668296D A US3668296D A US 3668296DA US 3668296 A US3668296 A US 3668296A
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head
section
diaphragm
ring
sections
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US44097A
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Andrew C Criscuolo
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10D—STRINGED MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; WIND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACCORDIONS OR CONCERTINAS; PERCUSSION MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; AEOLIAN HARPS; SINGING-FLAME MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G10D13/00—Percussion musical instruments; Details or accessories therefor
    • G10D13/10—Details of, or accessories for, percussion musical instruments
    • G10D13/20—Drumheads
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10D—STRINGED MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; WIND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACCORDIONS OR CONCERTINAS; PERCUSSION MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; AEOLIAN HARPS; SINGING-FLAME MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G10D13/00—Percussion musical instruments; Details or accessories therefor
    • G10D13/01—General design of percussion musical instruments
    • G10D13/02—Drums; Tambourines with drumheads

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT Heads for musical instruments such as drums, having a vibratile diaphragm section and a peripheral ring section for securing the head to a musical instrument, characterized by molding the head from a moldable synthetic resinous composition as a unitary structure.
  • drum heads comprise at least two separate elements, namely the vibratile diaphragm surface element and the peripheral ring section to which the diaphragm element was fastened.
  • Animal skins have been replaced with extruded polyethylene terephthalate polyester films as the diaphragm element, and a number of proposals have been made for fastening such films to peripheral n'ngs formed from metal, wood or plastic or combinations thereof.
  • the ring element is a channeled aluminum element and the circumferential edge of the diaphragm film is extended into the channel of the ring and bonded to the ring by means of epoxy resin adhesive or the like. Centering of the diaphragm in the channel is difficult.
  • the edge of the diaphragm is sewn to the ring or perforations are provided for dowels to assist in the centering and attachment of the diaphragm to the ring.
  • Such drum heads are unsatisfactory in that the diaphragm can break away from the ring and can crack and tear due to the weaknesses imparted to the circumferential edge by the sewing holes and/or dowel apertures therein.
  • the diaphragm element is so formed that its circumferential edge is a channel which is then filled with a liquid resin such as an epoxy resin and the resin is cured to solidify it.
  • a liquid resin such as an epoxy resin
  • Such proposals also provide unsatisfactory drum heads because the diaphragm of plastic film and the epoxy resin filler are chemically different materials and tend to separate from one another under the stress applied during fastening of the drum head to the drum and/or during use.
  • drum heads having a roughened playing surface on the diaphragm element can be produced in simple manner without the necessity of aftertreatments, such as the application of a coating, to produce this result.
  • FIG. 1 is a fragmentary cross-section of the structure of a drum head according to one embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 are fragmentary cross-sections of the structure of drum heads produced according to other embodiments of this invention.
  • the present drum head 1 comprises a vibratile diaphragm section 2 having at its outer periphery a circumferential ring section 3 of increased density or thickness molded as a unitary piece.
  • the playing surface 4 of the diaphragm is molded as a rough surface.
  • the drum head of FIG. 1 is molded in conventional manner from a synthetic molding resin composition having the required properties of toughness, strength and durability.
  • the resin composition is injected into a die mold cavity corresponding to the structure of the drum head and heat and pressure are applied to form the diaphragm and ring structures simultaneously as a unitary drum head in a single operation.
  • This is a preferred embodiment from the standpoint of ease of manufacture and unity of material. Since a single material is involved, the drum head is stable to changes in temperature,
  • drum heads composed of different materials having different properties of thermal expansion and contraction, moisture resistance, and the like.
  • the increased thickness of the ring section 3 is necessary to impart strength to the drum head and to provide a hoop which is capable of tight engagement with the counter hoop and clamping means present on the cylindrical body of the drum to which the drum head is to be attached.
  • the inner circumference of the ring section is greater than the outer circumference of the drum cylinder, and the outer circumference of the ring section is slightly smaller than the inner circumference of the drum counter hoop, whereby the drum head is capable of engagement between these elements on the drum in known manner.
  • the rough surface 4 of the diaphragm section 2 is an optional feature but represents an important advantage of this invention. Such a surface enables the drum to be played with a brush to produce a shuffling or scratching noise in known manner. Prior extruded diaphragms had to be coated to provide such a surface, and such coatings are expensive and tend to wear off during use.
  • the present rough surface 4 is an integral part of the diaphragm section and is produced by means of a die face having a pitted or etched surface.
  • FIGS. 2 and 3 are used in cases where additional strength is required in the ring section. These embodiments are particularly pertinent to drum heads of larger diameter and drums of increased size.
  • the drum head may be molded together with a channeled metallic ring which gives the drum head increased resistance to flexing and warping.
  • the metallic ring 13 preferably of aluminum, is present in the die cavity of the molding machine and the molding resin composition is injected into the cavity to fill the channel of the metallic ring 13 and to form the molding resin ring section 12 therewithin while at the same time forming the diaphragm section 11.
  • the metallic ring 13 is provided with a lip 14 which extends over the resin ring section 12 and restrains it against slippage from the channel.
  • the drum head 10 of FIG. 2 comprises a diaphragm section 11 integral with a resin ring section 12, embedded in the channel of a metallic ring 13 having a restraining lip 14, the diaphragm having a rough surface 15.
  • FIG. 3 is similar to that of FIG. 1 except that a metallic ring 23 is embedded in the resin ring section 22 to impart additional strength to the drum head. This is accomplished by providing means such as pins within the die cavity for centering the metallic ring 23 within the ring section of the die cavity, and then injecting molding resin into the die cavity and around the metallic ring.
  • the final drum head 20 has a diaphragm section 21 integral with a resin ring section 22 having a metallic ring 23 embedded therein, the diaphragm having a rough surface 24.
  • a continuous thin woven fabric material is incorporated into the present drum heads.
  • Preferred materials are woven synthetic thermoplastics such as nylon, Dacron, Orlon, fiberglass, and the like. This is accomplished by placing the woven fabric into the mold prior to the injection of the molding resin. The resin is injected onto the top side of the fabric and some amount of the resin penetrates the fabric so that the fabric is embedded in the molding resin in the final product, as illustrated by FIG. 4 of the drawing.
  • woven fabric 33 is embedded in the diaphragm section 31 and the ring section 32 to provide a drum head 30 having exceptional strength and resistance to stretch.
  • Such a drum head requires little or no adjustment once it has been fastened to the cylindrical body of the drum. Also the embedded fabric is insulated against the effects of moisture.
  • the molding resin compositions useful according to the present invention are conventional compositions providing diaphragm section and a circumferential ring section of greater thickness than said diaphragm section, said sections being molded in a single operation from the same synthetic resinous molding composition as a unitary element whereby the head is stable against separation of said sections with changes in temperature and humidity.
  • a head according to claim 1 in which a metallic ring is contained within said circumferential ring section.
  • said synthetic resinous molding composition comprises a resin selected from the group consisting of nylon, polyvinyl chloride, polycarbonate, polyoxymethylene and polyurethane.
  • a head for a musical instrument comprising a vibratile diaphragm section and a circumferential ring section of greater thickness than said diaphragm section, said sections being molded in association with a continuous thin woven fabric in a single operation from the same synthetic resinous molding composition as a unitary element whereby the head is stable against separation of said sections with changes in temperature and humidity, said fabric being penetrated by said molding composition and being embedded therein in both said diaphragm and ring sections to render said head exceptionally strong and resistant to stretch.

Abstract

Heads for musical instruments, such as drums, having a vibratile diaphragm section and a peripheral ring section for securing the head to a musical instrument, characterized by molding the head from a moldable synthetic resinous composition as a unitary structure.

Description

United States Patent Criscuolo [54] HEAD FOR MUSICAL rNsTRUmN'r [72] Inventor: Andrew C. Criscuolo, 8 Belleview Drive,
Derby, Conn. 06418 [22] Filed: June 8, 1970 [21] Appl.No.: 44,097
[52] US. Cl ..84/414 [51] Int. Cl. ..Gl0d 13/02 [58] Field ofSearch ....84/4l1,414; 264/328 1 June 6,1972
Cheslow ..84/414 Fischer ..264/328 X Hull et a]. ..264/328 X Weinbrenner et al. ..264/328 X Primary Examiner-Stephen J. Tomsky Assistant Examiner-Lawrence R. Franklin Attorney-Johnson & Kline [5 7] ABSTRACT Heads for musical instruments, such as drums, having a vibratile diaphragm section and a peripheral ring section for securing the head to a musical instrument, characterized by molding the head from a moldable synthetic resinous composition as a unitary structure.
6 Claims, 4 Drawing Figures PATENTEDJUN 6 I972 3, 668 296 Jay INVENTOR. And/"6W C. Cxz'sc'uoio WWW HEAD FOR MUSICAL INSTRUMENT In the manufacture and use of musical instruments such as drums, the head presents the greatest problems with respect to assembly and failure. Prior known drum heads comprise at least two separate elements, namely the vibratile diaphragm surface element and the peripheral ring section to which the diaphragm element was fastened. Animal skins have been replaced with extruded polyethylene terephthalate polyester films as the diaphragm element, and a number of proposals have been made for fastening such films to peripheral n'ngs formed from metal, wood or plastic or combinations thereof.
According to one proposal, the ring element is a channeled aluminum element and the circumferential edge of the diaphragm film is extended into the channel of the ring and bonded to the ring by means of epoxy resin adhesive or the like. Centering of the diaphragm in the channel is difficult. The edge of the diaphragm is sewn to the ring or perforations are provided for dowels to assist in the centering and attachment of the diaphragm to the ring. Such drum heads are unsatisfactory in that the diaphragm can break away from the ring and can crack and tear due to the weaknesses imparted to the circumferential edge by the sewing holes and/or dowel apertures therein.
According to other proposals, the diaphragm element is so formed that its circumferential edge is a channel which is then filled with a liquid resin such as an epoxy resin and the resin is cured to solidify it. Such proposals also provide unsatisfactory drum heads because the diaphragm of plastic film and the epoxy resin filler are chemically different materials and tend to separate from one another under the stress applied during fastening of the drum head to the drum and/or during use.
It is the principal object of the present invention to provide a novel drum head which is sufficiently strong and durable to resist separation of the diaphragm section from the ring section, and to resist cracking and tearing of the diaphragm during attachment and use.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a novel simplified and economical method for producing drum heads.
It is an advantage of this invention that drum heads having a roughened playing surface on the diaphragm element can be produced in simple manner without the necessity of aftertreatments, such as the application of a coating, to produce this result.
These and other objects and advantages of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art in the light of the present disclosure including the drawing, in which:
FIG. 1 is a fragmentary cross-section of the structure of a drum head according to one embodiment of the present invention.
FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 are fragmentary cross-sections of the structure of drum heads produced according to other embodiments of this invention.
The objects and advantages of the present invention are accomplished by means of the discovery that a drum head having improved properties can be molded as a unitary element in simple manner thereby eliminating the prior art problems and disadvantages involved in the attachment of the diaphragm to the ring.
Referring to FIG. 1 of the drawing, the present drum head 1 comprises a vibratile diaphragm section 2 having at its outer periphery a circumferential ring section 3 of increased density or thickness molded as a unitary piece. The playing surface 4 of the diaphragm is molded as a rough surface.
The drum head of FIG. 1 is molded in conventional manner from a synthetic molding resin composition having the required properties of toughness, strength and durability. The resin composition is injected into a die mold cavity corresponding to the structure of the drum head and heat and pressure are applied to form the diaphragm and ring structures simultaneously as a unitary drum head in a single operation. This is a preferred embodiment from the standpoint of ease of manufacture and unity of material. Since a single material is involved, the drum head is stable to changes in temperature,
humidity or other factors which present problems with drum heads composed of different materials having different properties of thermal expansion and contraction, moisture resistance, and the like.
The increased thickness of the ring section 3 is necessary to impart strength to the drum head and to provide a hoop which is capable of tight engagement with the counter hoop and clamping means present on the cylindrical body of the drum to which the drum head is to be attached. The inner circumference of the ring section is greater than the outer circumference of the drum cylinder, and the outer circumference of the ring section is slightly smaller than the inner circumference of the drum counter hoop, whereby the drum head is capable of engagement between these elements on the drum in known manner.
The rough surface 4 of the diaphragm section 2 is an optional feature but represents an important advantage of this invention. Such a surface enables the drum to be played with a brush to produce a shuffling or scratching noise in known manner. Prior extruded diaphragms had to be coated to provide such a surface, and such coatings are expensive and tend to wear off during use. The present rough surface 4 is an integral part of the diaphragm section and is produced by means of a die face having a pitted or etched surface.
The embodiments of FIGS. 2 and 3 are used in cases where additional strength is required in the ring section. These embodiments are particularly pertinent to drum heads of larger diameter and drums of increased size.
As shown in FIG. 2, the drum head may be molded together with a channeled metallic ring which gives the drum head increased resistance to flexing and warping. The metallic ring 13, preferably of aluminum, is present in the die cavity of the molding machine and the molding resin composition is injected into the cavity to fill the channel of the metallic ring 13 and to form the molding resin ring section 12 therewithin while at the same time forming the diaphragm section 11. The metallic ring 13 is provided with a lip 14 which extends over the resin ring section 12 and restrains it against slippage from the channel.
Thus the drum head 10 of FIG. 2 comprises a diaphragm section 11 integral with a resin ring section 12, embedded in the channel of a metallic ring 13 having a restraining lip 14, the diaphragm having a rough surface 15.
The embodiment of FIG. 3 is similar to that of FIG. 1 except that a metallic ring 23 is embedded in the resin ring section 22 to impart additional strength to the drum head. This is accomplished by providing means such as pins within the die cavity for centering the metallic ring 23 within the ring section of the die cavity, and then injecting molding resin into the die cavity and around the metallic ring. The final drum head 20 has a diaphragm section 21 integral with a resin ring section 22 having a metallic ring 23 embedded therein, the diaphragm having a rough surface 24.
According to another preferred embodiment, where additional strength and increased resistance to stretching is required in the diaphragm section, a continuous thin woven fabric material is incorporated into the present drum heads. Preferred materials are woven synthetic thermoplastics such as nylon, Dacron, Orlon, fiberglass, and the like. This is accomplished by placing the woven fabric into the mold prior to the injection of the molding resin. The resin is injected onto the top side of the fabric and some amount of the resin penetrates the fabric so that the fabric is embedded in the molding resin in the final product, as illustrated by FIG. 4 of the drawing. Thus woven fabric 33 is embedded in the diaphragm section 31 and the ring section 32 to provide a drum head 30 having exceptional strength and resistance to stretch. Such a drum head requires little or no adjustment once it has been fastened to the cylindrical body of the drum. Also the embedded fabric is insulated against the effects of moisture.
The molding resin compositions useful according to the present invention are conventional compositions providing diaphragm section and a circumferential ring section of greater thickness than said diaphragm section, said sections being molded in a single operation from the same synthetic resinous molding composition as a unitary element whereby the head is stable against separation of said sections with changes in temperature and humidity.
2. A head according to claim 1 in which said ring section is contained within a circumferential channeled metallic ring.
3. A head according to claim 1 in which a metallic ring is contained within said circumferential ring section.
4. A head according to claim 1 in which said synthetic resinous molding composition comprises a resin selected from the group consisting of nylon, polyvinyl chloride, polycarbonate, polyoxymethylene and polyurethane.
5. A head according to claim 1 in which the molding composition comprises a polyurethane resin.
6. A head for a musical instrument comprising a vibratile diaphragm section and a circumferential ring section of greater thickness than said diaphragm section, said sections being molded in association with a continuous thin woven fabric in a single operation from the same synthetic resinous molding composition as a unitary element whereby the head is stable against separation of said sections with changes in temperature and humidity, said fabric being penetrated by said molding composition and being embedded therein in both said diaphragm and ring sections to render said head exceptionally strong and resistant to stretch.

Claims (6)

1. A head for a musical instrument comprising a vibratile diaphragm section and a circumferential ring section of greater thickness than said diaphragm section, said sections being molded in a single operation from the same synthetic resinous molding composition as a unitary element whereby the head is stable against separation of said sections with changes in temperature and humidity.
2. A head according to claim 1 in which said ring section is contained within a circumferential channeled metallic ring.
3. A head according to claim 1 in which a metallic ring is contained within said circumferential ring section.
4. A head according to claim 1 in which said synthetic resinous molding composition comprises a resin selected from the group consisting of nylon, polyvinyl chloride, polycarbonate, polyoxymethylene and polyurethane.
5. A head according to claim 1 in which the molding composition comprises a polyurethane resin.
6. A head for a musical instrument comprising a vibratile diaphragm section and a circumferential ring section of greater thickness than said diaphragm section, said sections being molded in association with a continuous thin woven fabric in a single operation from the same synthetic resinous molding composition as a unitary element whereby the head is stable against separation of said sections with changes in temperature and humidity, said fabric being penetrated by said molding composition and being embedded therein in both said diaphragm and ring sections to render said head exceptionally strong and resistant to stretch.
US44097A 1970-06-08 1970-06-08 Head for musical instrument Expired - Lifetime US3668296A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US4409770A 1970-06-08 1970-06-08
GB2500872 1972-05-26
FR7220084A FR2188899A5 (en) 1970-06-08 1972-06-05
DE2227255A DE2227255A1 (en) 1970-06-08 1972-06-05 MUSICAL INSTRUMENT STRING

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Cited By (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4254685A (en) * 1979-06-13 1981-03-10 Rose Calvin D Drum and drumhead structure
US4282793A (en) * 1978-05-30 1981-08-11 Research Development Systems, Inc. Composite drum head
US4308782A (en) * 1979-10-04 1982-01-05 Remo, Incorporated Laminated head of plastic sheet material and a synthetic fabric material having random fiber orientation
US4356756A (en) * 1981-04-03 1982-11-02 Remo, Inc. Method of forming a non-tunable head
US4362081A (en) * 1980-10-06 1982-12-07 Remo, Inc. Laminated head of plastic sheet material and nonimpregnated synthetic woven fabric material
US4469001A (en) * 1980-04-03 1984-09-04 Remo, Inc. Method of forming a non-tunable head
US4616552A (en) * 1985-12-10 1986-10-14 Jang Chan Hwei Jazz drumhead
US5385076A (en) * 1994-06-20 1995-01-31 Remo, Inc. Reinforced drumhead
US5554812A (en) * 1995-02-28 1996-09-10 Aquarian Accessories Corporation Drum head and tensioning hoop with positioning and T-lock ridges
US6365812B1 (en) 2000-01-20 2002-04-02 Dimension Polyant Sailcloth, Inc. Drumhead material and method
US6696007B1 (en) 1996-11-22 2004-02-24 Innovative Automation, Inc. Mold and process for producing drumhead membranes
US20040211310A1 (en) * 2003-04-25 2004-10-28 Takashi Hagiwara Sound pickup device for percussion instrument
US7009099B1 (en) * 1997-07-18 2006-03-07 Remo, Inc. Drum counterhoop
US20070193432A1 (en) * 2006-02-23 2007-08-23 Ronn Dunnett Hoop body apparatus
EP2843654A1 (en) * 2013-09-02 2015-03-04 Roland Corporation Percussion instrument and drumhead for percussion instrument
WO2024047223A1 (en) * 2022-09-02 2024-03-07 Goltermann Elisabetta Membranophone and sound membrane for a membranophone

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2159658B (en) * 1984-03-15 1987-05-07 Robert Craig Hedditch Improvements to drum heads
US4706540A (en) * 1987-01-07 1987-11-17 Donohoe David G Tear resistant drum head assembly

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2934989A (en) * 1957-08-15 1960-05-03 Remo Inc Drum head
US3215019A (en) * 1963-07-12 1965-11-02 John A O Sloan Mechanical banjo head tighteners
US3285117A (en) * 1965-04-05 1966-11-15 David Wexler & Co Drum head
US3311690A (en) * 1963-03-13 1967-03-28 Continuous Molding Corp Injection molding method for encapsulating metal objects
US3472715A (en) * 1964-10-10 1969-10-14 Bayer Ag Process for the manufacture of pneumatic tires
US3473196A (en) * 1966-10-06 1969-10-21 Hull Corp Apparatus for the transfer and injection molding of synthetic thermosetting and thermoplastic resins

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2934989A (en) * 1957-08-15 1960-05-03 Remo Inc Drum head
US3311690A (en) * 1963-03-13 1967-03-28 Continuous Molding Corp Injection molding method for encapsulating metal objects
US3215019A (en) * 1963-07-12 1965-11-02 John A O Sloan Mechanical banjo head tighteners
US3472715A (en) * 1964-10-10 1969-10-14 Bayer Ag Process for the manufacture of pneumatic tires
US3285117A (en) * 1965-04-05 1966-11-15 David Wexler & Co Drum head
US3473196A (en) * 1966-10-06 1969-10-21 Hull Corp Apparatus for the transfer and injection molding of synthetic thermosetting and thermoplastic resins

Cited By (20)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4282793A (en) * 1978-05-30 1981-08-11 Research Development Systems, Inc. Composite drum head
US4254685A (en) * 1979-06-13 1981-03-10 Rose Calvin D Drum and drumhead structure
US4308782A (en) * 1979-10-04 1982-01-05 Remo, Incorporated Laminated head of plastic sheet material and a synthetic fabric material having random fiber orientation
US4469001A (en) * 1980-04-03 1984-09-04 Remo, Inc. Method of forming a non-tunable head
US4362081A (en) * 1980-10-06 1982-12-07 Remo, Inc. Laminated head of plastic sheet material and nonimpregnated synthetic woven fabric material
US4356756A (en) * 1981-04-03 1982-11-02 Remo, Inc. Method of forming a non-tunable head
US4616552A (en) * 1985-12-10 1986-10-14 Jang Chan Hwei Jazz drumhead
US5385076A (en) * 1994-06-20 1995-01-31 Remo, Inc. Reinforced drumhead
US5554812A (en) * 1995-02-28 1996-09-10 Aquarian Accessories Corporation Drum head and tensioning hoop with positioning and T-lock ridges
US6696007B1 (en) 1996-11-22 2004-02-24 Innovative Automation, Inc. Mold and process for producing drumhead membranes
US7009099B1 (en) * 1997-07-18 2006-03-07 Remo, Inc. Drum counterhoop
US6365812B1 (en) 2000-01-20 2002-04-02 Dimension Polyant Sailcloth, Inc. Drumhead material and method
US20040211310A1 (en) * 2003-04-25 2004-10-28 Takashi Hagiwara Sound pickup device for percussion instrument
US7256342B2 (en) * 2003-04-25 2007-08-14 Yamaha Corporation Sound pickup device for percussion instrument
US20070193432A1 (en) * 2006-02-23 2007-08-23 Ronn Dunnett Hoop body apparatus
US7462770B2 (en) 2006-02-23 2008-12-09 Ronn Dunnett Hoop body apparatus
EP2843654A1 (en) * 2013-09-02 2015-03-04 Roland Corporation Percussion instrument and drumhead for percussion instrument
CN104424927A (en) * 2013-09-02 2015-03-18 罗兰株式会社 Percussion instrument, drumhead for percussion instrument,
US10043499B2 (en) 2013-09-02 2018-08-07 Roland Corporation Percussion instrument, drumhead for percussion instrument, mold for manufacture of drumhead, and manufacturing method of drumhead
WO2024047223A1 (en) * 2022-09-02 2024-03-07 Goltermann Elisabetta Membranophone and sound membrane for a membranophone

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Publication number Publication date
FR2188899A5 (en) 1974-01-18
GB1336827A (en) 1973-11-14
DE2227255A1 (en) 1973-12-20

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