US3777271A - Generation of microwave frequency combs with narrow line spacing - Google Patents

Generation of microwave frequency combs with narrow line spacing Download PDF

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US3777271A
US3777271A US00186367A US3777271DA US3777271A US 3777271 A US3777271 A US 3777271A US 00186367 A US00186367 A US 00186367A US 3777271D A US3777271D A US 3777271DA US 3777271 A US3777271 A US 3777271A
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line spacing
comb
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frequencies
generator
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F Telewski
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Cutler Hammer Inc
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H03ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03BGENERATION OF OSCILLATIONS, DIRECTLY OR BY FREQUENCY-CHANGING, BY CIRCUITS EMPLOYING ACTIVE ELEMENTS WHICH OPERATE IN A NON-SWITCHING MANNER; GENERATION OF NOISE BY SUCH CIRCUITS
    • H03B21/00Generation of oscillations by combining unmodulated signals of different frequencies
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H03ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03BGENERATION OF OSCILLATIONS, DIRECTLY OR BY FREQUENCY-CHANGING, BY CIRCUITS EMPLOYING ACTIVE ELEMENTS WHICH OPERATE IN A NON-SWITCHING MANNER; GENERATION OF NOISE BY SUCH CIRCUITS
    • H03B19/00Generation of oscillations by non-regenerative frequency multiplication or division of a signal from a separate source

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  • a harmonic generator such as a step recovery d1ode 3,164,802 1/1965 Kl i 331 /37 device is driven by two or more input signals of differ- 3,379,995 4/1968 Koontz.
  • BACKGROUND are often called combs, and devices for producing 1 them are called comb generators. Y
  • a well-known type of microwave comb generator comprises a step recovery diode (SRD)v and associated circuit elements arranged obe driven'by a. repetitive input signal such as a I ve and "produce a train of very short pulses repetitive at the input signal frequency.
  • the resulting comb contains signal components, called lines, at frequencieswhich'are consecutive integral multiples of the input signal frequency.
  • SRD multipliers operate well when driven. at freqiie cies above about MHz. At lower frequencies the cf ficiency becomes too low for useful comb generation, owing to recombination of minoritycarriers near the diode junction. Accordingly the minimum combline spacing that can be obtained with reasonable efficiency using prior art SRD generators'is. about .10 MHz.
  • a conven-- tional comb generator preferably of the SRD type, is driven simultaneously by two or more signals of different frequencies to produce two or more different combs with line spacings corresponding to the respective drive signal frequencies.
  • Thecomb generator is inherently a non-linear device and therefore produces the intermodulation products of the different combs, resulting in a composite comb consisting of lines that are spaced by the difference between the frequencies of the driving signals. Since the line spacing of the composite comb depends on the difference between the drive signal frequencies, these frequencies may be chosen within a range-cf efficient comb generator operation.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a simple embodiment, illustrating the basic principle, of the invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a modification of the em- DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
  • the harmonic generator 4 may be a prior art comb generator, for example one of the SRD type described at 0 pages 89-92 in the Hewlett-Packard catalog of Solid ear passive device, such as a bridge network or a hybrid,for merelycoupling both oscillators 1 and 2 to the single input portof the harmonic generator 4.
  • the oscillators. 1 and 2 are designed to operate at frequencies of, say, MI-Iz and 102 MHz respectively, and the harmonic generator 4 is designed to operate with an input frequency of about 100 MHz, like the Hewlett- Packard module 32002A described in the above mentioned catalog.
  • the harmonic generator 4 operates in normal manner in response to oscillator 1 to produce a comb consisting of lines at; 100: MHZ intervals, and in response to oscillator 2 toproduceanother comb of lines at 102 MHz intervals.
  • the heavy lines 10 and 12 represent the 30th'and 31st harmonics respectively of 100MHz, and the heavy line 11 represents the 30th'harmonic of 102 MHz, at 3.06 GHz. Such lines are referred to hereinafter as primary comb lines.
  • T ee l lines 10, 11 and 12 would be the only ones pre'se ,m the illustrated position of the composite comb if the component 100 MHz and 102 MHz combs were generated separately and passively combined. Because both combs are generated in the same non-linear device, intermodulation occurs between pairs of elementary components-of different frequencies that are present or generated in the device, producing additional components whose frequencies are the sums and differences of the frequencies of the respective pairs. The additional components appear at successive frequencies that differ by the smallest difference between those of original generating components, in this case 2 MHz.
  • the finer lines in FIG. 4, collectively designated by the reference numeral 13, represent the 48 additional secondary comb lines between lines 10 and 12 that are produced by intermodulation. I
  • the signal in eachcomb line 13 is the summation of a large number of different intermodulation products, all of the same frequency.
  • the line at 3.062 GI-lz includes the sum frequency product at that frequency formed by line 11 at 3.06 GHz and a signal component at 2 MHz which in turn is the difference frequency product of 100 MHZ and 102 MHz.
  • the 3.062 GHz line also includes the difference frequency product of line 12 at 3.1 GHz and a component at 38 MHz, which in turn is the 19th harmonic of the aforementioned 2 MHz component.
  • Another intermodulation product at 3.062 GHz results from the difference between 31st harmonic of 102 MHz, at 3162 MHz, and the 100 MHz fundamental.
  • each composite comb line signal has a respective amplitude that depends upon the amplitudes of its constituents, and upon how they are combined to produce it. In general, the nearer a secondary comb line is to one of the primary lines, the greater its amplitude. Typically, the weakest secondary comb line signal may be of the order of db below the nearest primary comb line signal.
  • the oscillators l and 2 are phase locked, or controlled by a common frequency determining means, the phase relationship between the intermodulation products of a given frequency will vary more or less at random, producing corresponding time variations in amplitude of the individual secondary comb lines. Such variations may be desirable in some applications, but generally it is preferable to maintain constant amplitudes.
  • the oscillators may be phase locked in any of several well known manners, orthedesired drive signals may be obtained from a single original source.
  • an oscillator 5 is designed to operate at a frequency Fs equivalent to the desired line spacing, say 2 MHz.
  • the output of oscillator 5 is supplied to a frequency multiplier 6 and also to an amplitude modulator 7.
  • the frequency multiplier 6 is designed in known manner to provide an output of frequency NFs, where N is, for example, 50.
  • the 100 MHz output of multiplier 6 is amplitude modulated in the modulator 7 by the 2 MHz input from oscillator 5, to produce an output consisting of a 100 MHz carrier and the lower and upper sidebands at 98 MHz and 102 MHz.
  • This output is applied to the harmonic generator 4, which operates essentially as in the system of FIG. 1 to produce a composite comb with 2 MHz line spacing.
  • the phase relationships between the intermodulation components remain substantially constant because the drive signals are obtained from the same ultimate source, the oscillator 5.
  • the above described frequency multiplier and amplitude modulator are replaced by an impulse generator 8 which is driven by the oscillator 5 to produce a train of brief pulses recurrent at the frequency Fs, resulting in a frequency comb containing lines of appreciable amplitude in the region of NFs, say from 96 to 104 MHz.
  • the impulse generator 8 may be similar to the harmonic generator 4, but designed to operate at lower input and output frequencies. Its CffiClCl'lC); may be quite low compared to that of the generator 4, but may be improved to some extent by means of a resonator incorporated in the device and operating in known 1.
  • the method of generating a microwave frequency comb with narrow line spacing comprising the steps of: a. producing signals that differ in frequency by the desired line spacing, b. generating harmonics of said signals, and c. generating intermodulation products of said harmonics. 2.
  • the method of generating a microwave frequency "comb with narrow line spacing comprising the steps of:
  • Apparatus for generating a microwave frequency comb with narrow line spacing Fs comprising:
  • a harmonic generator adapted to be driven by signals of frequencies in the vicinity of NFs, where N is a number substantially greater than unity
  • said harmonic generator is a step recovery diode device
  • said means for producing said drive signals comprises an oscillator of frequency Fs;-an impulse generator driven by said oscillator, and bandpass filter means designed to pass frequencies in the vicinity of NFs.

Abstract

A harmonic generator such as a step recovery diode device is driven by two or more input signals of different frequencies to produce a comb spectrum consisting of lines at multiples of the input signal frequencies interspersed with lines at the frequencies of the intermodulation products.

Description

o I I Umted States Patent 11 1 [111 3,777,271 Telewski Dec. 4, 1973 GENERATION 0F MICROWAVE 3,401,355 9/1968 Kafitz 331 53 FREQUENCY COMBS WITH NARROW FOREIGN PATENTS OR APPLICATIONS LINE SPACING 645,706 11/1950 Great Britain 331/37 [75] Inventor: Frederick John Telewski, Portland, 99, 11/1957 Canada Oreg. 642,253 11/1960 Italy 331/37 [73] Assignee: Cutler-Hammer, Inc., Milwaukee, OTHER PUBLICATIONS 1 M011 Physical Modeling of the Step Recovery D1- [22] Filed: Oct 4 1971 ode Proceeding of IEEE Vol. 57 No. 7 July 1969 Pages 1250-1259 Appl' 186367 Berry Variable-Width Fractional-Nanosecond Pulse Generators 1962 International Solid State Circuits 52 us. (:1 328/16, 307/281, 331/76 Conference Pages 80-81 [51] Int. Cl. 1101b 19/00 Gottlieb Harmonic Generation With the Step Recov- [58] Field of Search .....328/14-16; ery Diode Book Frequency Changers 1st Edition Jan.
3 3 1 7, 53, 7 3- 9 65 Pages 87-96 307/281; 332/17, 16, 22 Krakauer Harmonic Generation, Rectification Proceeding of lEEE July 1962 Pages 1665-1676 [56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS Primary Examiner-John W. Huckert 2,028,212 1 1936 Heising 331 76 Assistant 3,448,401 6/1969 We1ch 331 53 oy Huff 2,500,945 3/1950 Hansen 332/17 2,459,822 1/1949 Lalande 331/53 57 ABSTRACT 3,059,187 10/1962 Jaffe 328/16 3,054969 9/1962 Harrison 331/76 A harmonic generator such as a step recovery d1ode 3,164,802 1/1965 Kl i 331 /37 device is driven by two or more input signals of differ- 3,379,995 4/1968 Koontz..... 331/53 1 ent frequencies to produce a comb spectrum consist- 3,576,499 4/1971 f 33 /7 ing of lines at multiples of the input signal frequencies 2-402385 6/1946 Eaton 331/53 interspersed with lines at the frequencies of the inter- 3,199,047 8/1965 Cushman 331/76 modulation products 3,296,549 1/1967 Johnson 331/53 3,312,909 4/1967 Bryant .v 331 /76 6 Claims, 4 Drawing Figures 7 8 7 4 7 OSCILLATOR IMPULSE g g fl f' HARMONIC Fs GENERATOR "'GENERATOR PATENTEDBEE 4% 3,777,271 A I 2 OSCILLATOR HARMONIC COMBINER 27 GENERATOR A OSCILLATOR v F2 FREQUENCY HARMONIC MULTIPLI ER MODULATOR GENERATOR OSCILLATOR 5 a 7 ,4 7 OSCILLATOR IMPULSE BANDPASS HARMONIC Fs GENERATOR fig-Q? GENERATOR I0 I3 1/ I2 o I v D A j a FREQUENCY, GHz
. l GENERATION OF MICROWAVE FREQUENCY COMBS WITHNARROW LINE SPACING,
BACKGROUND are often called combs, and devices for producing 1 them are called comb generators. Y
2. Prior Art A well-known type of microwave comb generator comprises a step recovery diode (SRD)v and associated circuit elements arranged obe driven'by a. repetitive input signal such as a I ve and "produce a train of very short pulses repetitive at the input signal frequency. The resulting comb contains signal components, called lines, at frequencieswhich'are consecutive integral multiples of the input signal frequency.
SRD multipliers operate well when driven. at freqiie cies above about MHz. At lower frequencies the cf ficiency becomes too low for useful comb generation, owing to recombination of minoritycarriers near the diode junction. Accordingly the minimum combline spacing that can be obtained with reasonable efficiency using prior art SRD generators'is. about .10 MHz.
Another limitation on. the'closeness of line spacing in. prior art comb generatorsresults fromthe fact that the amplitude generally decreases with increasing harmonic order, becoming too low to be useful in lines above the 150th to 200th, for example. Therefore the minimum obtainable comb line spacing in any event is about one half to one percent of the frequency of the uppermost useful comb line.
SUMMARY According to this invention, the foregoing obstacles to efficient generation of close-spaced microwave combs are avoided by operating the harmonic generator also as an intermodulation generator. A conven-- tional comb generator, preferably of the SRD type, is driven simultaneously by two or more signals of different frequencies to produce two or more different combs with line spacings corresponding to the respective drive signal frequencies. Thecomb generator is inherently a non-linear device and therefore produces the intermodulation products of the different combs, resulting in a composite comb consisting of lines that are spaced by the difference between the frequencies of the driving signals. Since the line spacing of the composite comb depends on the difference between the drive signal frequencies, these frequencies may be chosen within a range-cf efficient comb generator operation.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a simple embodiment, illustrating the basic principle, of the invention.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a modification of the em- DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring to FIG. 1, two oscillators l and 2, operating at respective different radio frequencies F1 and F2, are connected'to a combiner 3. The resultant output of the combiner isapplied to a harmonic generator 4. The harmonic generator 4 may be a prior art comb generator, for example one of the SRD type described at 0 pages 89-92 in the Hewlett-Packard catalog of Solid ear passive device, such as a bridge network or a hybrid,for merelycoupling both oscillators 1 and 2 to the single input portof the harmonic generator 4. The oscillators. 1 and 2 are designed to operate at frequencies of, say, MI-Iz and 102 MHz respectively, and the harmonic generator 4 is designed to operate with an input frequency of about 100 MHz, like the Hewlett- Packard module 32002A described in the above mentioned catalog.
In the operation of the embodiment of FIG. 1, the harmonic generator 4 operates in normal manner in response to oscillator 1 to produce a comb consisting of lines at; 100: MHZ intervals, and in response to oscillator 2 toproduceanother comb of lines at 102 MHz intervals. A small'portion of the composite comb, in the region from 3.0 to,3.1 GI-Iz, is shown in FIG. 4. The heavy lines 10 and 12 represent the 30th'and 31st harmonics respectively of 100MHz, and the heavy line 11 represents the 30th'harmonic of 102 MHz, at 3.06 GHz. Such lines are referred to hereinafter as primary comb lines.
T ee l lines 10, 11 and 12 would be the only ones pre'se ,m the illustrated position of the composite comb if the component 100 MHz and 102 MHz combs were generated separately and passively combined. Because both combs are generated in the same non-linear device, intermodulation occurs between pairs of elementary components-of different frequencies that are present or generated in the device, producing additional components whose frequencies are the sums and differences of the frequencies of the respective pairs. The additional components appear at successive frequencies that differ by the smallest difference between those of original generating components, in this case 2 MHz. The finer lines in FIG. 4, collectively designated by the reference numeral 13, represent the 48 additional secondary comb lines between lines 10 and 12 that are produced by intermodulation. I
The signal in eachcomb line 13 is the summation of a large number of different intermodulation products, all of the same frequency. For example, the line at 3.062 GI-lz includes the sum frequency product at that frequency formed by line 11 at 3.06 GHz and a signal component at 2 MHz which in turn is the difference frequency product of 100 MHZ and 102 MHz. The 3.062 GHz line also includes the difference frequency product of line 12 at 3.1 GHz and a component at 38 MHz, which in turn is the 19th harmonic of the aforementioned 2 MHz component. Another intermodulation product at 3.062 GHz results from the difference between 31st harmonic of 102 MHz, at 3162 MHz, and the 100 MHz fundamental. These and many other such intermodulation products, all at 3.062 GHz, combine to produce the resultant comb line signal at that frequency. Secondary comb line signals are formed in similar manner at 2 MHz intervals throughout the entire comb line spectrum.
The amplitude of any particular intermodulation product depends upon, and is lower than the amplitudes of the signal components from which it is produced. Successively higher order harmonic intermodulation products are of successively lower amplitude. Each composite comb line signal has a respective amplitude that depends upon the amplitudes of its constituents, and upon how they are combined to produce it. In general, the nearer a secondary comb line is to one of the primary lines, the greater its amplitude. Typically, the weakest secondary comb line signal may be of the order of db below the nearest primary comb line signal.
Unless the oscillators l and 2 are phase locked, or controlled by a common frequency determining means, the phase relationship between the intermodulation products of a given frequency will vary more or less at random, producing corresponding time variations in amplitude of the individual secondary comb lines. Such variations may be desirable in some applications, but generally it is preferable to maintain constant amplitudes. To this end, the oscillators may be phase locked in any of several well known manners, orthedesired drive signals may be obtained from a single original source.
Referring to FIG. 2, an oscillator 5 is designed to operate at a frequency Fs equivalent to the desired line spacing, say 2 MHz. The output of oscillator 5 is supplied to a frequency multiplier 6 and also to an amplitude modulator 7. The frequency multiplier 6 is designed in known manner to provide an output of frequency NFs, where N is, for example, 50.
The 100 MHz output of multiplier 6 is amplitude modulated in the modulator 7 by the 2 MHz input from oscillator 5, to produce an output consisting of a 100 MHz carrier and the lower and upper sidebands at 98 MHz and 102 MHz. This output is applied to the harmonic generator 4, which operates essentially as in the system of FIG. 1 to produce a composite comb with 2 MHz line spacing. The phase relationships between the intermodulation components remain substantially constant because the drive signals are obtained from the same ultimate source, the oscillator 5.
Referring to FIG. 3, the above described frequency multiplier and amplitude modulator are replaced by an impulse generator 8 which is driven by the oscillator 5 to produce a train of brief pulses recurrent at the frequency Fs, resulting in a frequency comb containing lines of appreciable amplitude in the region of NFs, say from 96 to 104 MHz.
The impulse generator 8 may be similar to the harmonic generator 4, but designed to operate at lower input and output frequencies. Its CffiClCl'lC); may be quite low compared to that of the generator 4, but may be improved to some extent by means of a resonator incorporated in the device and operating in known 1. The method of generating a microwave frequency comb with narrow line spacing, comprising the steps of: a. producing signals that differ in frequency by the desired line spacing, b. generating harmonics of said signals, and c. generating intermodulation products of said harmonics. 2. The method of generating a microwave frequency "comb with narrow line spacing, comprising the steps of:
a. producing a signal of a frequency equal to the desired line spacing,
b. utilizing said signal to produce at least two further signals that differ in frequency by the desired line spacing,
c. generating harmonics of said further signals, and
d. generating intermodulation products of said harmonies.
3. The method of operating a step recovery diode comb generator which comprises driving said generator at two frequencies that differ from eachother by the desired comb line spacing. I
4. The method set forth in claim 3, wherein said two frequencies are integral multiples of said comb line spacing.
5. Apparatus for generating a microwave frequency comb with narrow line spacing Fs, comprising:
a. a harmonic generator adapted to be driven by signals of frequencies in the vicinity of NFs, where N is a number substantially greater than unity,
b. means for producing at least two drive signals of frequencies in the vicinity of NFs that differ in frequency by the desired line spacing Fs, and
0. means for applying said drive signals simultaneously to said harmonic generator.
6. The invention set forth in claim 5, wherein said harmonic generator is a step recovery diode device, and said means for producing said drive signals comprises an oscillator of frequency Fs;-an impulse generator driven by said oscillator, and bandpass filter means designed to pass frequencies in the vicinity of NFs.
* I! I t I

Claims (6)

1. The method of generating a microwave frequency comb with narrow line spacing, comprising the steps of: a. producing signals that differ in frequency by the desired line spacing, b. Generating harmonics of said signals, and c. generating intermodulation products of said harmonics.
2. The method of generating a microwave frequency comb with narrow line spacing, comprising the steps of: a. producing a signal of a frequency equal to the desired line spacing, b. utilizing said signal to produce at least two further signals that differ in frequency by the desired line spacing, c. generating harmonics of said further signals, and d. generating intermodulation products of said harmonics.
3. The method of operating a step recovery diode comb generator which comprises driving said generator at two frequencies that differ from each other by the desired comb line spacing.
4. The method set forth in claim 3, wherein said two frequencies are integral multiples of said comb line spacing.
5. Apparatus for generating a microwave frequency comb with narrow line spacing Fs, comprising: a. a harmonic generator adapted to be driven by signals of frequencies in the vicinity of NFs, where N is a number substantially greater than unity, b. means for producing at least two drive signals of frequencies in the vicinity of NFs that differ in frequency by the desired line spacing Fs, and c. means for applying said drive signals simultaneously to said harmonic generator.
6. The invention set forth in claim 5, wherein said harmonic generator is a step recovery diode device, and said means for producing said drive signals comprises an oscillator of frequency Fs, an impulse generator driven by said oscillator, and band pass filter means designed to pass frequencies in the vicinity of NFs.
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Cited By (13)

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US3354291A (en) * 1965-05-14 1967-11-21 John G Behrendt Battery-operated cigarette lighter
US4047121A (en) * 1975-10-16 1977-09-06 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy RF signal generator
FR2571187A1 (en) * 1984-10-01 1986-04-04 Sundstrand Data Control FREQUENCY MULTIPLIER
EP0348283A1 (en) * 1988-06-24 1989-12-27 Thomson-Csf Frequency multiplier with a programmable coefficient
EP0367546A2 (en) * 1988-11-01 1990-05-09 Gte Laboratories Incorporated Microwave subcarrier generation for fiber optic systems
FR2653616A1 (en) * 1989-10-24 1991-04-26 Sorep Sa Generator of a periodic signal with a wide spectral band
US5307029A (en) * 1992-07-10 1994-04-26 Hughes Aircraft Company Method and apparatus for generating multiple frequency tones using a digital frequency divider
US5369373A (en) * 1992-10-16 1994-11-29 Unisys Corporation Comb data generation
US5508661A (en) * 1991-10-24 1996-04-16 Litton Industries Fast tuning YIG frequency synthesizer
US5793309A (en) * 1996-08-14 1998-08-11 Lockheed Martin Corporation Short range electromagnetic proximity detection
WO2001025811A1 (en) * 1999-10-07 2001-04-12 Rohde & Schwarz Gmbh & Co. Kg Arrangement for determining the complex transmission function of a measuring device
WO2003084053A2 (en) * 2002-03-28 2003-10-09 Farran Technology Limited 'an upconverter'
CN109254209A (en) * 2017-07-12 2019-01-22 罗德施瓦兹两合股份有限公司 comb signal generator, measuring device and method

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Cited By (21)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3354291A (en) * 1965-05-14 1967-11-21 John G Behrendt Battery-operated cigarette lighter
US4047121A (en) * 1975-10-16 1977-09-06 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy RF signal generator
FR2571187A1 (en) * 1984-10-01 1986-04-04 Sundstrand Data Control FREQUENCY MULTIPLIER
EP0348283A1 (en) * 1988-06-24 1989-12-27 Thomson-Csf Frequency multiplier with a programmable coefficient
FR2633467A1 (en) * 1988-06-24 1989-12-29 Thomson Csf FREQUENCY MULTIPLIER WITH PROGRAMMABLE MULTIPLICATION RANK
US4967160A (en) * 1988-06-24 1990-10-30 Thomson-Csf Frequency multiplier with programmable order of multiplication
EP0367546A2 (en) * 1988-11-01 1990-05-09 Gte Laboratories Incorporated Microwave subcarrier generation for fiber optic systems
EP0367546A3 (en) * 1988-11-01 1991-07-17 Gte Laboratories Incorporated Microwave subcarrier generation for fiber optic systems
FR2653616A1 (en) * 1989-10-24 1991-04-26 Sorep Sa Generator of a periodic signal with a wide spectral band
US5508661A (en) * 1991-10-24 1996-04-16 Litton Industries Fast tuning YIG frequency synthesizer
US5307029A (en) * 1992-07-10 1994-04-26 Hughes Aircraft Company Method and apparatus for generating multiple frequency tones using a digital frequency divider
US5369373A (en) * 1992-10-16 1994-11-29 Unisys Corporation Comb data generation
US5793309A (en) * 1996-08-14 1998-08-11 Lockheed Martin Corporation Short range electromagnetic proximity detection
WO2001025811A1 (en) * 1999-10-07 2001-04-12 Rohde & Schwarz Gmbh & Co. Kg Arrangement for determining the complex transmission function of a measuring device
US6529012B1 (en) 1999-10-07 2003-03-04 Rohde & Schwarz Gmbh & Co. Kg Arrangement for determining the complex transmission function of a measuring device
WO2003084053A2 (en) * 2002-03-28 2003-10-09 Farran Technology Limited 'an upconverter'
WO2003084053A3 (en) * 2002-03-28 2004-03-18 Farran Technology Ltd 'an upconverter'
US20050042993A1 (en) * 2002-03-28 2005-02-24 Sean Cremin Upconverter
US7349676B2 (en) 2002-03-28 2008-03-25 Farran Technology Limited Upconverter
CN109254209A (en) * 2017-07-12 2019-01-22 罗德施瓦兹两合股份有限公司 comb signal generator, measuring device and method
US10288660B2 (en) * 2017-07-12 2019-05-14 Rohde & Schwarz Gmbh & Co. Kg Comb signal generator, measuring device and method

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