US3890686A - Surface coating for ferrous alloy parts - Google Patents

Surface coating for ferrous alloy parts Download PDF

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US3890686A
US3890686A US463923A US46392374A US3890686A US 3890686 A US3890686 A US 3890686A US 463923 A US463923 A US 463923A US 46392374 A US46392374 A US 46392374A US 3890686 A US3890686 A US 3890686A
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vickers
fesn
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Jacques-Jean Caubet
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Centre Stephanois de Recherches Mecaniques Hydromecanique et Frottement SA
AT&T Corp
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C10/00—Solid state diffusion of only metal elements or silicon into metallic material surfaces
    • C23C10/06—Solid state diffusion of only metal elements or silicon into metallic material surfaces using gases
    • C23C10/08—Solid state diffusion of only metal elements or silicon into metallic material surfaces using gases only one element being diffused
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C10/00—Solid state diffusion of only metal elements or silicon into metallic material surfaces
    • C23C10/28—Solid state diffusion of only metal elements or silicon into metallic material surfaces using solids, e.g. powders, pastes
    • C23C10/34—Embedding in a powder mixture, i.e. pack cementation
    • C23C10/36—Embedding in a powder mixture, i.e. pack cementation only one element being diffused
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10S428/922—Static electricity metal bleed-off metallic stock
    • Y10S428/923—Physical dimension
    • Y10S428/924—Composite
    • Y10S428/926—Thickness of individual layer specified
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12861—Group VIII or IB metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12951—Fe-base component
    • Y10T428/12958—Next to Fe-base component
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12986—Adjacent functionally defined components

Definitions

  • FIG. 2 DEPTH SUPPORTING MATERIAL Fein BY WEIGHT) SURFACE "LAYER"
  • the object of the present invention is to reconcile the various requirements. It relates to mechanical parts made of ferrous alloys which are treated in a manner such that, according to the invention, said parts are coated with a novel layer, having surprising properties, and called hereinafter the layer".
  • a part coated with the layer increases substantially five of its mechanical characteristics mentioned hereinabove, that is, its resistance to seizing, to wear, to corrosion, and to shocks, as well as its ability to adsorb the oil film highly, while its sixth characteristic, that is, its overall resistance to fatigue, is not altered.
  • FeSn from 5 to percent by volume FeSn from 60 to 90 percent by volume FeSnC, from O to 10 percent by volume.
  • the FeSn content should be within the hatched area of FIG. 1;
  • the FeSn content should be within the hatched area of FIG. 2;
  • the FeSnC content should be within the hatched area of FIG. 3.
  • the thickness of the layer will be indicated hereinafter by e, e being a value pre-selected as a function of the parameters of the problem of mechanics set.
  • Said hardness laws are as follows: according to the Vickers standard and under a load of 15 g, the hardness at a depth e/5 from the outside to the inside should range from 500 to 650 Vickers; then, it increases and goes through a maximum which lies at a depth ranging from e/S to e, said maximum having to range from 600 to 900 Vickers.
  • the test for resistance to seizing was carried out on a HEF type Tribometre apparatus.
  • This is a friction simulator which allows, with a ring and a small plate, to represent a cylindrical sliding contact over a plane. While the ring is rotating, the parallele-pipedal plate describes a reciprocating translation motion, which allows keeping a constant generatrix contact for any length of time.
  • Such a test when carried out in water on a plate of structural steel containing 0.35 percent carbon, with a ring of hardened cement steel, results in immediate seizing. On the contrary, under the same conditions, with a plate of the same material coated with the layer according to the invention, the test was voluntarily stopped after fifteen hours without any sign of seizing appearing.
  • the test for adsorption of the oil film was carried out on a Faville Levally apparatus.
  • the test tube which has a diameter of 6 mm and a height of 40 mm, is rotatively driven between two jaws cut in V-shape with angles of The jaws and test tube assembly are immersed in oil.
  • a load which increases linearly as a function of the time is applied on the jaws.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates the influence of the layer on the adsorption of an oil film.
  • the reference tube made of structural steel containing 0.35 percent carbon, breaks its oil film at a load near to 600 daN, and seizes then immediately, while the test tube coated with the layer according to the invention may reach 2,500 daN without the coefficient of friction exceeding a value of 0.05 at the end of the test, which proves that the oil film is sufficient for ensuring the friction under hydrodynamic conditions.
  • a micrographic examination of the tube shows that the supporting material has creeped and has been deeply cold-hammered, while the micro-layer has been compacted.
  • the tests for resistance to wear were carried out by means of the conventional so-called pin on ring" device.
  • the ring is given a rotary motion with a speed of r.p.m., that is, a sliding speed of 0.3 m/s;
  • the load applied on the pin is 10 N.
  • the wearing speed of a reference disk made of structural steel containing 0.35 percent carbon is 8 mg/hour, while the wearing speed of a disk made of the same Resistance to fatigue
  • the results of tests made with rotative deflection indicate that a part having a surface of ferrous alloy coated with the layer according to the invention has a total resistance to fatigue which varies by about 1 percent: the limit of fatigue of a reference tube made of structural steel containing 0.48 percent carbon is 40.2 kg/mm while that ofa tube made of the same material and coated with the layer according to the invention is 40.6 kg/mm
  • Such a variation is lower than the accuracy of the measurement, and shows therefore that the layer according to the invention has no adverse influence on the resistance of the treated parts to fatigue.
  • the tests for resiliency (resistance to shocks) carried out with a Charpy pendulum-tap indicate a marked reduction of the brittleness of the test tubes treated: for instance, on carbon structural steel containing 0.48 percent carbon, the resiliency passes from 2.9 to 3.7 daJ/cm for tubes respectively uncoated and coated with the layer according to the invention, while on car bon structural steel containing 0.35 percent carbon the resiliency passes from 5.73 to 7.5 daJ/cm
  • the tests for resistance to corrosion show that parts coated with the layer according to the-invention behave quite well in an atmospheric environment and in a saltcontaining environment, as compared with test tubes uncoated with the layer.
  • the characteristics of resistance to corrosion of the layer are such that the weight losses registered are substantially the same as those for a stainless steel, that is, about 0.3 mglcm
  • any method allowing obtaining the layer described hereinabove makes part. of the present invention, in particular methods such as cementations in gaseous phase by the metals, or the electolytic depo sitions followed by a baking operation intended to diffuse the metal deposited in the substrate.
  • Non-limiting examples are given hereinafter, which describe the method for obtaining the layer according to the invention.
  • Example 1 The part to be treated is immersed in a cement constituted by 5 percent of tin fluoride, SnF and 95 percent of an inert substance such as magnesia; the part cement assembly is raised to a temperature of 600C. A reducing atmosphere is maintained during the whole duration of the treatment by a flushing with hydrogen. After lhour of treatment, the part is coated with a dif fusion layer 50 micron thick, which is in accordance with the layer described in the present invention.
  • Example 2 The part to be treated is raised to the temperature of 570C in an oven, in the presence of tin chloride vapours, SnCl such vapours being produced by heating tin chloride to the temperature of 500C in a secondary oven, and then introduced into the main oven by a stream of hydrogenated nitrogen. After l /zhour of treatment, the part is coated with a diffusion layer 50 micron thick, corresponding to the layer described in the present invention.
  • Example 3 An electrolytic deposit of tin, 10 micron thick, is effected on the part to be treated, which is then subjected to the following heat treatment:
  • a layer 25 micron thick is thus obtained on the surface of the part, said layer being in accordance with the layer described in the present invention.
  • a mechanical part made of ferrous alloys and coated with a surface layer characterized in that said layer enables the part to resist wear, seizing, corrosion, and shocks at the same time, while simultaneously the ability to adsorb a film of lubricating oil increases without the resistance to fatigue being altered, said layer consisting essentially of the FeSn- FeSn, FeSnC, phases (.r ranging from 0.7 to 1.3 according to the following proportions:
  • FeSn ranging from 5 to 30 percent by volume FeSn ranging from 60 to 95 percent by volume FeSnC, ranging from O to 10 percent by volume, the distribution of said three phases within the layer being in accordance with the diagrams of FIGS. 1, 2 and 3, respectively.

Abstract

Mechanical parts of ferrous alloys are provided with a coating consisting essentially of FeSn2, FeSn, and FeSnCx, with x ranging from 0.7-1.3.

Description

United States Patent Caubet June 24, 1975 SURFACE COATING FOR FERROUS V ALLOY PARTS [56] References Cited Inventor: J q s-J Caubet, UNITED STATES PATENTS AndrezleuxBoutheon France 3,174,917 3/1965 Lesney et al 29/196.4 x 73 Assignfie; Centre stephanois de Recherches 3,481,841 12/1969 Ham et a]. 29/196.4 X Mecaniques Hydmmecanique et 3,522,154 7/1970 Swalherm 29/196.4 x Frottement, Andrezieux Boutheon (Loire), France Primary Examiner-L. Dewayne Rutledge Assistant Examiner-Arthur J. Steiner [22] Flled' 1974 Attorney, Agent, or FirmSughrue, Rothwell, Mion, [21] App]. No.2 463,923 Zinn and Macpeak [30] Foreign Application Priority Data ABSTRACT Apr. 25, 1973 France 73.15787 Mechanical arts of ferrous alloys are provided with a coating consisting essentially of FeSn FeSn, and [52] U.S. Cl 29/l96.l; 29/l96.2 FeSnC with x ranging from 0.7-1.3. [51] Int. Cl 1332b 15/18; B3213 15/20 t [58]. Field of Search 29/196.4, 196.1 3 Clams, 4 Drawmg Figures PATENTEIJJUN 24 I975 SHEET FeSn BY WEIGHT) DEPTH SUPPORTING MATERIAL "LAYER" SURFACE FIG. I
DEPTH SUPPORTING MATERIAL Fein BY WEIGHT) SURFACE "LAYER" FIG. 2
PATENTEDJUN24 ms 3 8 90,686
SHEET 2 FeS C BY WEIGHT) SURFACE l DEPTH "LAYER" SUPPORTING MATERIAL r duN LOAD A A 2&00 5- T800 60 12 0 160 TIME (a) I x035 (STRUCTURAL STEEL CONTAINING 0.35% CARBON) 2 X035 coATEo WLTH'TRE LAYER" FIG. 4
SURFACE COATING FOR FERROUS ALLOY PARTS Surface treatments are known for parts made of ferrous alloys, in order to increase the resistance of said parts to seizing and surface wearing. Other treatments are known, which improve the resistance of such parts to corrosion. But if, in addition, the variations in the total resistance of said parts to fatigue and to brittleness, or the variations in the adsorption of the oil film on the surface of the parts, as a result of any such known treatment, are taken into consideration, one finds that at the present time there exists no treatment enabling at least five out of the six above-mentioned mechanical characteristics to be improved, the sixth one, at the worst, remaining unchanged.
The object of the present invention is to reconcile the various requirements. It relates to mechanical parts made of ferrous alloys which are treated in a manner such that, according to the invention, said parts are coated with a novel layer, having surprising properties, and called hereinafter the layer". A part coated with the layer increases substantially five of its mechanical characteristics mentioned hereinabove, that is, its resistance to seizing, to wear, to corrosion, and to shocks, as well as its ability to adsorb the oil film highly, while its sixth characteristic, that is, its overall resistance to fatigue, is not altered.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 1.3). If the whole layer is analyzed, the proportion of each of said three phases should necessarily be ineluded within the following ranges:
FeSn from 5 to percent by volume FeSn from 60 to 90 percent by volume FeSnC, from O to 10 percent by volume.
3. In addition to those proportions resulting from an analysis throughout the thickness of the layer, the latter, when coating mechanical parts made of ferrous alloys in accordance with the invention should show concentration gradients of each of said three phases, which gradients should comply, from the outside to the inside, with the accurate rules graphically shown in the FIGS. 1-3 of the drawings. In other words:
the FeSn content should be within the hatched area of FIG. 1;
the FeSn content should be within the hatched area of FIG. 2;
the FeSnC content should be within the hatched area of FIG. 3.
4. The layer follows also, from the outside towards the inside, very accurate hardness laws, which make it conformable with the so-called three layer scientific rule which governs the design of surfaces having a good resistance to seizing and deformation. One may consult thereabout the work entitled Surface treatments against wear: description and industrial applications" by Centre Stephanois de Recherches Mecaniques HYDRONECANIQUE ET FROTTEMENT (Editor: Dunod, Paris, 1968).
The thickness of the layer will be indicated hereinafter by e, e being a value pre-selected as a function of the parameters of the problem of mechanics set.
Said hardness laws are as follows: according to the Vickers standard and under a load of 15 g, the hardness at a depth e/5 from the outside to the inside should range from 500 to 650 Vickers; then, it increases and goes through a maximum which lies at a depth ranging from e/S to e, said maximum having to range from 600 to 900 Vickers.
Performances obtained with parts having ferrous alloy surfaces, and coated with the layer according to the invention, are given hereinafter.
Resistance to seizing The test for resistance to seizing was carried out on a HEF type Tribometre apparatus. This is a friction simulator which allows, with a ring and a small plate, to represent a cylindrical sliding contact over a plane. While the ring is rotating, the parallele-pipedal plate describes a reciprocating translation motion, which allows keeping a constant generatrix contact for any length of time. Such a test, when carried out in water on a plate of structural steel containing 0.35 percent carbon, with a ring of hardened cement steel, results in immediate seizing. On the contrary, under the same conditions, with a plate of the same material coated with the layer according to the invention, the test was voluntarily stopped after fifteen hours without any sign of seizing appearing.
Adsorption of the oil film The test for adsorption of the oil film was carried out on a Faville Levally apparatus. In such a kind of test, the test tube, which has a diameter of 6 mm and a height of 40 mm, is rotatively driven between two jaws cut in V-shape with angles of The jaws and test tube assembly are immersed in oil. A load which increases linearly as a function of the time is applied on the jaws. FIG. 4 illustrates the influence of the layer on the adsorption of an oil film. It shows that the reference tube, made of structural steel containing 0.35 percent carbon, breaks its oil film at a load near to 600 daN, and seizes then immediately, while the test tube coated with the layer according to the invention may reach 2,500 daN without the coefficient of friction exceeding a value of 0.05 at the end of the test, which proves that the oil film is sufficient for ensuring the friction under hydrodynamic conditions.
A micrographic examination of the tube shows that the supporting material has creeped and has been deeply cold-hammered, while the micro-layer has been compacted.
Resistance to wear The tests for resistance to wear were carried out by means of the conventional so-called pin on ring" device. The ring is given a rotary motion with a speed of r.p.m., that is, a sliding speed of 0.3 m/s; The load applied on the pin is 10 N.
Under such conditions, with a pin made of steel containing 1% carbon and 1.5 percent chromium, the wearing speed of a reference disk made of structural steel containing 0.35 percent carbon is 8 mg/hour, while the wearing speed of a disk made of the same Resistance to fatigue The results of tests made with rotative deflection indicate that a part having a surface of ferrous alloy coated with the layer according to the invention has a total resistance to fatigue which varies by about 1 percent: the limit of fatigue of a reference tube made of structural steel containing 0.48 percent carbon is 40.2 kg/mm while that ofa tube made of the same material and coated with the layer according to the invention is 40.6 kg/mm Such a variation is lower than the accuracy of the measurement, and shows therefore that the layer according to the invention has no adverse influence on the resistance of the treated parts to fatigue.
The tests for resiliency (resistance to shocks) carried out with a Charpy pendulum-tap indicate a marked reduction of the brittleness of the test tubes treated: for instance, on carbon structural steel containing 0.48 percent carbon, the resiliency passes from 2.9 to 3.7 daJ/cm for tubes respectively uncoated and coated with the layer according to the invention, while on car bon structural steel containing 0.35 percent carbon the resiliency passes from 5.73 to 7.5 daJ/cm The tests for resistance to corrosion show that parts coated with the layer according to the-invention behave quite well in an atmospheric environment and in a saltcontaining environment, as compared with test tubes uncoated with the layer. For instance, after a 500 hour exposure to salt-containing fog, the characteristics of resistance to corrosion of the layer are such that the weight losses registered are substantially the same as those for a stainless steel, that is, about 0.3 mglcm It is obvious that any method allowing obtaining the layer described hereinabove makes part. of the present invention, in particular methods such as cementations in gaseous phase by the metals, or the electolytic depo sitions followed by a baking operation intended to diffuse the metal deposited in the substrate.
Non-limiting examples are given hereinafter, which describe the method for obtaining the layer according to the invention.
Example 1 The part to be treated is immersed in a cement constituted by 5 percent of tin fluoride, SnF and 95 percent of an inert substance such as magnesia; the part cement assembly is raised to a temperature of 600C. A reducing atmosphere is maintained during the whole duration of the treatment by a flushing with hydrogen. After lhour of treatment, the part is coated with a dif fusion layer 50 micron thick, which is in accordance with the layer described in the present invention.
Example 2 The part to be treated is raised to the temperature of 570C in an oven, in the presence of tin chloride vapours, SnCl such vapours being produced by heating tin chloride to the temperature of 500C in a secondary oven, and then introduced into the main oven by a stream of hydrogenated nitrogen. After l /zhour of treatment, the part is coated with a diffusion layer 50 micron thick, corresponding to the layer described in the present invention.
Example 3 An electrolytic deposit of tin, 10 micron thick, is effected on the part to be treated, which is then subjected to the following heat treatment:
from 0 to 200C within l5minutes,
from 200 to 280C within 7 hours,
from 290 to 570C within 2 hours, and then for 2 hours at 570C.
A layer 25 micron thick is thus obtained on the surface of the part, said layer being in accordance with the layer described in the present invention.
1 claim 1. A mechanical part made of ferrous alloys and coated with a surface layer, characterized in that said layer enables the part to resist wear, seizing, corrosion, and shocks at the same time, while simultaneously the ability to adsorb a film of lubricating oil increases without the resistance to fatigue being altered, said layer consisting essentially of the FeSn- FeSn, FeSnC, phases (.r ranging from 0.7 to 1.3 according to the following proportions:
FeSn ranging from 5 to 30 percent by volume FeSn ranging from 60 to 95 percent by volume FeSnC, ranging from O to 10 percent by volume, the distribution of said three phases within the layer being in accordance with the diagrams of FIGS. 1, 2 and 3, respectively.
2. A mechanical part made of ferrous alloys according to claim 1, characterized in that the Vickers hardness of the layer coating the part ranges from 5 to microns.
3. A mechanical part made of ferrous alloys according to claim 1, characterized in that the Vickers hardness of the layer coating the part, as measured under a load of 15 g, conforms to the following law as a function of the thickness 6 of the layer: at a depth of e/5 from the outside towards the inside, the hardness should range from 500 to 600 Vickers; then, it increases and passes through a maximum which is found at a depth between e/5 and e, said maximum having to range from 600 to 900 Vickers.

Claims (3)

1. A MACHANICAL PART MADE OF FERROUS ALLOYS AND COATED WTH A SURFACE LAYER, CHARACTERIZED IN THAT SAID LAYER ENABLES THE PART TO RESIST WEAR, SEIZING, CORROSION AND SHOCKS AT THE SAME TIME, WHILE SIMULTANEOUSLY THE ABILITY TO ADSORB A FILM OF LUBRICATING OIL INCREASES WITHOUT THE RESISTANCE TO FATIGUE BEING ALTERED, SAID LAYER CONSISTING ESSENTIALLY OF THE FESN2, FESN, FESNCX PHASES (X RANGING FROM 0.7 TO 1.3), ACCORDING TO THE FOLLOWING PROPORTIONS: FESN2 RANGING FROM 5 TO 30 PERCENT BY VOLUME FESN RANGING FROM 60 TO 95 PERCENT BY VOLUME FESNCX RANGING FROM 0 TO 10 PERCENT BY VOLUME, THE DISTRIBUTION OF SAID THREE PHASES WITHIN THE LAYER BEING IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE DIAGRAMS OF FIGS. 1, 2 AND 3, RESPECTIVELY.
2. A mechanical part made of ferrous alloys according to claim 1, characterized in that the Vickers hardness of the layer coating the part ranges from 5 to 80 microns.
3. A mechanical part made of ferrous alloys according to claim 1, characterized in that the Vickers hardness of the layer coating the part, as measured under a load of 15 g, conforms to the following law as a function of the thickness e of the layer: at a depth of e/5 from the outside towards the inside, the hardness should range from 500 to 600 Vickers; then, it increases and passes through a maximum which is found at a depth between e/5 and e, said maximum having to range from 600 to 900 Vickers.
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US6630257B2 (en) 1998-06-10 2003-10-07 U.S. Nanocorp. Thermal sprayed electrodes
US6689424B1 (en) 1999-05-28 2004-02-10 Inframat Corporation Solid lubricant coatings produced by thermal spray methods
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US6794086B2 (en) 2000-02-28 2004-09-21 Sandia Corporation Thermally protective salt material for thermal spraying of electrode materials
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US3996400A (en) 1976-12-07
DE2419716A1 (en) 1974-11-07
JPS5041725A (en) 1975-04-16
BR7403398D0 (en) 1974-12-24
FR2227346B1 (en) 1976-11-12
SE398132B (en) 1977-12-05
GB1436661A (en) 1976-05-19
AR202924A1 (en) 1975-07-31
CA1059845A (en) 1979-08-07
NL7405574A (en) 1974-10-29
ZA742640B (en) 1975-03-26
FR2227346A1 (en) 1974-11-22
IT1010088B (en) 1977-01-10

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