US4536179A - Implantable catheters with non-adherent contacting polymer surfaces - Google Patents
Implantable catheters with non-adherent contacting polymer surfaces Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US4536179A US4536179A US06/422,758 US42275882A US4536179A US 4536179 A US4536179 A US 4536179A US 42275882 A US42275882 A US 42275882A US 4536179 A US4536179 A US 4536179A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- catheter
- coating
- tubular elements
- fluorocarbon
- silicone rubber
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C59/00—Surface shaping of articles, e.g. embossing; Apparatus therefor
- B29C59/14—Surface shaping of articles, e.g. embossing; Apparatus therefor by plasma treatment
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L29/00—Materials for catheters, medical tubing, cannulae, or endoscopes or for coating catheters
- A61L29/08—Materials for coatings
- A61L29/085—Macromolecular materials
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M25/00—Catheters; Hollow probes
- A61M25/0043—Catheters; Hollow probes characterised by structural features
- A61M25/0045—Catheters; Hollow probes characterised by structural features multi-layered, e.g. coated
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S128/00—Surgery
- Y10S128/14—Polytetrafluoroethylene, i.e. PTFE
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S128/00—Surgery
- Y10S128/21—Silicone
Definitions
- This invention is directed to catheters adapted for long term implantation within living bodies and characterized by non-adherent contacting polymer surfaces.
- polymer films are in close contact with polymer surfaces.
- Two catheters of this type are disclosed in the copending Dorman application Ser. No. 245,379, filed Mar. 19, 1981, and the copending Wigness et al application Ser. No. 367,683, filed Apr. 12, 1982, hereafter referred to as the check valve catheter and the vascular access catheter, respectively. Both applications are of common ownership with the present application.
- the preferred form of the check valve catheter consists of a thin silicone rubber sleeve stretched over a silicone rubber catheter. Silicone rubber surfaces in contact will adhere over time. This can result from the attraction of some compounds to chemically similar compounds and a knitting phenomenon where loose polymer chains at the surface become woven together. This adhesion greatly compromises the long term operation of the check valve catheter. During its development, a method of eliminating this adhesion was researched. A method of impregnating the rubber with a lubricant gave a temporary solution, but a permanent solid lubricant that would not leach out was desired. Films of graphite and albumin were sandwiched between the sleeve and the catheter but did not reduce adhesion significantly. Although silicone rubber has a low surface energy which is known to reduce adhesion, its ability to knit into a surface increases the actual surface contact causing a net increase of adhesion. For these reasons, a smooth film of lower surface energy than silicone rubber was desired.
- the vascular access catheter consists of a flexible partition inside the catheter that can be shifted to one side to expose an inner lumen, thus enabling blood withdrawal or infusion.
- it is made of silicone rubber and over time the contacting surfaces adhere to one another.
- a fluorocarbon surface such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is known to have the desired nonadhering qualities. Glow discharge plasma polymerization of fluorocarbons is the only method known to provide the conditions necessary to react fluorine groups with the inert methyl groups on the surface of silicone rubber.
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- Plasma polymerization of TFE has been widely studied in the last decade. Although most of the studies are aimed at understanding the process, a few specific applications have been cited and patents that include the process have been granted.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,125,152, granted on Nov. 14, 1978 discloses the use of plasma polymerization of TFE to prevent adherent scale deposition on heat transfer surfaces in contact with heat transfer fluids.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,100,113, granted on July 11, 1978 discloses the use of plasma polymerization of TFE in the preparation of electrolytic cell membranes by polymerization onto polymer substrates.
- U.S. Pat. No. 3,703,585, granted on Nov. 21, 1972, discloses a process of sputtering PTFE polymer onto a substrate. This process differs from plasma polymerization of TFE in that a glow discharge using an inert gas such as argon is used to break off free radicals from the base material. The radicals are then able to deposit onto a substrate. This process has been studied for applying lubricant to small parts (K. G. Budinski, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 12:786-789, 1975).
- the invention is directed to catheters for long term implantation within living bodies which are composed of flexible inert non-toxic biocompatible polymeric material and which have surfaces in close face-to-face contact.
- the catheters are characterized by a thin film glow discharge plasma polymerized fluorocarbon coating on at least one of the contacting surfaces.
- the ultra-thin coating having a thickness in the range between about 50 and 1000 Angstroms prevents adhesion of cured polymer surfaces in contact and acts as a lubricant.
- the films are smooth and pinhole-free so as to control or prevent diffusion into or out of the polymer substrate.
- the films are biocompatible and do not change the bulk properties of the substrate materials.
- plasma polymerization is achieved by producing an electric glow discharge in a gas at ranges of 30-300 mtorr of pressure.
- a partially ionized gas or plasma is created when released electrons ionize the gas by inducing chain collisions.
- Radio frequency of 13.56 Mhz is most often used.
- audio frequency, 60 cycle, D.C., and microwave plasmas may also be used.
- TFE tetrafluoroethylene
- the process is applicable to a variety of other fluorocarbon monomers. These include, but are not limited to, hexafluoropropylene, perfluorobutene-2, chlorotrifluoroethylene, difluoroethylene, and the like.
- a plasma reactor In its simplest form, a plasma reactor consists of an air-tight chamber with an inlet for monomer and an outlet to a vacuum pump. The chamber is fitted with either capacitor plates or an inductor coil. These may be placed inside or outside of the reactor in such fashion that the fields generated are sufficient to produce glow over a substantial region of the incoming monomer when connected to a frequency generator. Bell-jar and cylindrical flow through reactors are the most common.
- Conditions such as pressure, monomer flow rate, power input and position of substrates relative to the glow are variables within the skill of the plasma polymerization art that depend upon the films desired and the reactor design.
- TFE monomer is metered into the reaction chamber and into the glow region.
- the power input into the glow region is set to maintain a deep violet glow. If a bluewhite glow is prevalent, a fluorine-poor polymer may result.
- the substrate should be placed downstream and out of the glow region. It must be far enough from the glow so that the undesirable high energy species, including electrons, ions, metastables and UV photons, do not interfere with the free radical polymerization of TFE at the surface of the substrate.
- the flow rate must be adjusted so that the desirable radicals can reach the substrate before terminating in the gas phase or attacking the reactor wall.
- the pumping rate should be adjusted to give pressures in the range of 150-250 mtorr.
- the inventors have found these general conditions to give films very similar to PTFE surfaces produced by other methods, as confirmed by contact angle measurements and Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA).
- ESCA is a major tool for surface analysis due to its low penetration of 50 Angstroms or less.
- binding energy of inner shell electrons is measured which gives information about the elements on the surface.
- the energy shift of the C 1s electron due to functional groups is too small for ESCA to be useful for structural analysis. Fluorine, however, produces energy shifts of about 2 eV per fluorine atom for the C 1s electron making ESCA quite useful for distinguishing functional groups containing fluorine.
- the ESCA C 1s peak is split into series of peaks corresponding to --CF 3 (294 eV), --CF 2 --CF 2 (292 eV), --CF 2 --C--(290 eV), --CF--C--(288 eV) and groups of lower energy corresponding to hydrocarbons and carbon bound to --CF 2 . Shifts to higher energies for the peaks listed occur due to charging effects and must be corrected.
- the first sample showed concentration of --CF 2 --C-- and --CF--C-- indicating fluorine abstraction and polymer cross-linking in the film resulting from the more undesirable, higher energy species.
- the second sample showed response at 285 eV from methyl groups on the surface of the silicone rubber substrate and indicates a film of less than 50 Angstroms thick. Conditions similar to the second sample provide superior non-adherent films. These scans demonstrate the importance of positioning the samples sufficiently far from the glow.
- Contact angles provide information about surface energy and have been found to correlate well with ESCA analysis.
- the contact angle of a liquid on a solid surface increases as the surface energy decreases.
- high contact angles reflect the liquid's inability to spread or wet the surface.
- Visual contact angles are sufficient to compare the surface energies of the scans of the experimental samples to silicone rubber and PTFE.
- Films polymerized under the conditions of the second experiment are indistinguishable from PTFE while the conditions of the first experiment give contact angles higher than silicone rubber but less than PTFE.
- Critical surface tension measurements introduced by W. A. Zisman (Science 162:1360-1368, 1968) give the most reliable index of surface energy.
- Construction of the check valve catheter begins with a silicone rubber catheter tube (0.090"OD ⁇ 0.015"ID) which is cut to the desired length. The end is plugged and exit ports are cut into the side of the tip. The area that the sleeve will cover is treated with a TFE plasma to eliminate adhesion of the sleeve to the catheter. A masking technique must be used to prevent TFE polymerization onto areas where it is not needed.
- a sleeve of wall thickness 0.003" is cast around a mandrel 0.083" in diameter from silicone rubber.
- the sleeve is trimmed to length and mounted onto the treated area of the catheter.
- the sleeve is glued to the catheter by dipping into a liquid silicone rubber mixture, let cure and trimmed.
- the squeeze fit between the sleeve and catheter provides a positive opening pressure and forms a uni-directional flow tip.
- the TFE film has been the most dependable method to date to lubricate the sleeve and allows the catheter to remain only a two piece construction of silicone rubber.
- a silicone rubber tube 0.052"ID ⁇ 0.062"OD is wrapped spirally around a small cylinder in a manner that flattens the tube and exposes one-half of its circumference. This is then treated with a TFE plasma. Upon removal from the cylinder, the result is a tube with one-half of its circumference over its whole length covered with a PTFE-like film. This is then dipped into a liquid silicone rubber mixture that gives a 0.100" overall catheter diameter when cured. The treated half of the wall easily separates from the dipped coating. After the inside wall is glued down at the tip, application of a vacuum to the inner lumen of the catheter collapses the inner wall forming the active state.
Abstract
Description
Claims (8)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US06/422,758 US4536179A (en) | 1982-09-24 | 1982-09-24 | Implantable catheters with non-adherent contacting polymer surfaces |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US06/422,758 US4536179A (en) | 1982-09-24 | 1982-09-24 | Implantable catheters with non-adherent contacting polymer surfaces |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US4536179A true US4536179A (en) | 1985-08-20 |
Family
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US06/422,758 Expired - Lifetime US4536179A (en) | 1982-09-24 | 1982-09-24 | Implantable catheters with non-adherent contacting polymer surfaces |
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Cited By (67)
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EP0196821A2 (en) * | 1985-03-25 | 1986-10-08 | PMT Inc | Tissue expander system |
EP0228762A1 (en) * | 1985-09-25 | 1987-07-15 | Sherwood Medical Company | Lubricant coated intubation device and method for the production thereof |
US4826480A (en) * | 1987-04-29 | 1989-05-02 | Pacesetter Infusion, Ltd. | Omentum diffusion catheter |
US4846806A (en) * | 1987-10-06 | 1989-07-11 | 501 Regents Of University Of Minnesota | Implantable intravascular access system |
US4849285A (en) * | 1987-06-01 | 1989-07-18 | Bio Med Sciences, Inc. | Composite macrostructure of ceramic and organic biomaterials |
US4875468A (en) * | 1988-12-23 | 1989-10-24 | Welch Allyn, Inc. | Elastomer-ePTFE biopsy channel |
US4876126A (en) * | 1984-06-04 | 1989-10-24 | Terumo Kabushiki Kaisha | Medical instrument and method for making |
US4884573A (en) * | 1988-03-07 | 1989-12-05 | Leocor, Inc. | Very low profile angioplasty balloon catheter with capacity to use steerable, removable guidewire |
US4909799A (en) * | 1987-09-18 | 1990-03-20 | Olav Thulesius | Methods for preventing thrombosis; and surgical implant having reduced platelet deposition characteristics |
US4921483A (en) * | 1985-12-19 | 1990-05-01 | Leocor, Inc. | Angioplasty catheter |
US4973493A (en) * | 1982-09-29 | 1990-11-27 | Bio-Metric Systems, Inc. | Method of improving the biocompatibility of solid surfaces |
WO1990014054A1 (en) * | 1989-05-26 | 1990-11-29 | Impra Inc. | Non-porous coated ptfe graft |
US4979959A (en) * | 1986-10-17 | 1990-12-25 | Bio-Metric Systems, Inc. | Biocompatible coating for solid surfaces |
EP0407965A1 (en) * | 1989-07-10 | 1991-01-16 | Terumo Kabushiki Kaisha | Guide wire |
WO1991009722A2 (en) * | 1989-12-26 | 1991-07-11 | Medtronic, Inc. | Surface treatment for silicone tubing to improve slip properties |
WO1991015251A1 (en) * | 1990-04-02 | 1991-10-17 | W.L. Gore & Associates, Inc. | A catheter guidewire device having a covering of fluoropolymer tape |
US5073171A (en) * | 1989-01-12 | 1991-12-17 | Eaton John W | Biocompatible materials comprising albumin-binding dyes |
US5100383A (en) * | 1986-05-08 | 1992-03-31 | Meir Lichtenstein | Catheters permitting controlled diffusion |
US5217492A (en) * | 1982-09-29 | 1993-06-08 | Bio-Metric Systems, Inc. | Biomolecule attachment to hydrophobic surfaces |
US5242389A (en) * | 1990-07-19 | 1993-09-07 | Sherwood Medical Company | Enteral feeding tube enteral feeding tube with separate stylet lumen |
US5258041A (en) * | 1982-09-29 | 1993-11-02 | Bio-Metric Systems, Inc. | Method of biomolecule attachment to hydrophobic surfaces |
US5263992A (en) * | 1986-10-17 | 1993-11-23 | Bio-Metric Systems, Inc. | Biocompatible device with covalently bonded biocompatible agent |
US5282851A (en) * | 1987-07-07 | 1994-02-01 | Jacob Labarre Jean | Intraocular prostheses |
US5342387A (en) * | 1992-06-18 | 1994-08-30 | American Biomed, Inc. | Artificial support for a blood vessel |
US5433909A (en) * | 1992-03-13 | 1995-07-18 | Atrium Medical Corporation | Method of making controlled porosity expanded polytetrafluoroethylene products |
US5512329A (en) * | 1982-09-29 | 1996-04-30 | Bsi Corporation | Substrate surface preparation |
US5513654A (en) * | 1994-06-10 | 1996-05-07 | New Designs Corporation | Slip-resistant contraceptive male condom |
US5534287A (en) * | 1993-04-23 | 1996-07-09 | Schneider (Europe) A.G. | Methods for applying an elastic coating layer on stents |
US5562638A (en) * | 1993-06-21 | 1996-10-08 | Baxter International Inc. | Self-venting fluid system |
US5702754A (en) * | 1995-02-22 | 1997-12-30 | Meadox Medicals, Inc. | Method of providing a substrate with a hydrophilic coating and substrates, particularly medical devices, provided with such coatings |
US5888591A (en) * | 1996-05-06 | 1999-03-30 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Chemical vapor deposition of fluorocarbon polymer thin films |
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US20060068224A1 (en) * | 2004-09-30 | 2006-03-30 | George Grobe | Coated biomedical device and associated method |
US20060122560A1 (en) * | 2004-12-07 | 2006-06-08 | Robert Burgmeier | Medical devices and processes for preparing same |
US20070235427A1 (en) * | 2006-04-04 | 2007-10-11 | Sakhrani Vinay G | Apparatus and method for treating a workpiece with ionizing gas plasma |
US20080044588A1 (en) * | 2006-08-15 | 2008-02-21 | Sakhrani Vinay G | Method for Treating a Hydrophilic Surface |
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US20090010985A1 (en) * | 2004-03-02 | 2009-01-08 | Tribofilm Research, Inc. | Article with Lubricated Surface and Method |
US20090014551A1 (en) * | 2007-07-13 | 2009-01-15 | Bacoustics Llc | Ultrasound pumping apparatus |
US20090014550A1 (en) * | 2007-07-13 | 2009-01-15 | Bacoustics Llc | Echoing ultrasound atomization and/or mixing system |
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US20090126404A1 (en) * | 2006-08-15 | 2009-05-21 | Tribofilm Research, Inc. | Method for Treating a Hydrophilic Surface |
US20100174245A1 (en) * | 2009-01-08 | 2010-07-08 | Ward Dean Halverson | System for pretreating the lumen of a catheter |
US7896539B2 (en) | 2005-08-16 | 2011-03-01 | Bacoustics, Llc | Ultrasound apparatus and methods for mixing liquids and coating stents |
US20110148003A1 (en) * | 2007-06-13 | 2011-06-23 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Hardened polymeric lumen surfaces |
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US9119956B2 (en) | 2012-11-21 | 2015-09-01 | Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. | Medical electrodes with layered coatings |
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---|---|---|---|---|
US5258041A (en) * | 1982-09-29 | 1993-11-02 | Bio-Metric Systems, Inc. | Method of biomolecule attachment to hydrophobic surfaces |
US5512329A (en) * | 1982-09-29 | 1996-04-30 | Bsi Corporation | Substrate surface preparation |
US4973493A (en) * | 1982-09-29 | 1990-11-27 | Bio-Metric Systems, Inc. | Method of improving the biocompatibility of solid surfaces |
US5741551A (en) * | 1982-09-29 | 1998-04-21 | Bsi Corporation | Preparation of polymeric surfaces |
US5217492A (en) * | 1982-09-29 | 1993-06-08 | Bio-Metric Systems, Inc. | Biomolecule attachment to hydrophobic surfaces |
US4876126A (en) * | 1984-06-04 | 1989-10-24 | Terumo Kabushiki Kaisha | Medical instrument and method for making |
EP0196821A3 (en) * | 1985-03-25 | 1988-10-26 | PMT Inc | Tissue expander system |
EP0196821A2 (en) * | 1985-03-25 | 1986-10-08 | PMT Inc | Tissue expander system |
US4685447A (en) * | 1985-03-25 | 1987-08-11 | Pmt Corporation | Tissue expander system |
EP0228762A1 (en) * | 1985-09-25 | 1987-07-15 | Sherwood Medical Company | Lubricant coated intubation device and method for the production thereof |
AU584742B2 (en) * | 1985-09-25 | 1989-06-01 | Sherwood Medical Company | Lubricant composition, method of coating and a coated lubricant intubation device |
US4705709A (en) * | 1985-09-25 | 1987-11-10 | Sherwood Medical Company | Lubricant composition, method of coating and a coated intubation device |
US4921483A (en) * | 1985-12-19 | 1990-05-01 | Leocor, Inc. | Angioplasty catheter |
US5100383A (en) * | 1986-05-08 | 1992-03-31 | Meir Lichtenstein | Catheters permitting controlled diffusion |
US4979959A (en) * | 1986-10-17 | 1990-12-25 | Bio-Metric Systems, Inc. | Biocompatible coating for solid surfaces |
US5263992A (en) * | 1986-10-17 | 1993-11-23 | Bio-Metric Systems, Inc. | Biocompatible device with covalently bonded biocompatible agent |
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