US4636091A - Radiation detector having temperature readout - Google Patents
Radiation detector having temperature readout Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US4636091A US4636091A US06/750,524 US75052485A US4636091A US 4636091 A US4636091 A US 4636091A US 75052485 A US75052485 A US 75052485A US 4636091 A US4636091 A US 4636091A
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- cup
- radiation
- nosepiece
- radiation detector
- emissivity
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Images
Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J5/00—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry
- G01J5/02—Constructional details
- G01J5/06—Arrangements for eliminating effects of disturbing radiation; Arrangements for compensating changes in sensitivity
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J5/00—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry
- G01J5/02—Constructional details
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J5/00—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry
- G01J5/02—Constructional details
- G01J5/025—Interfacing a pyrometer to an external device or network; User interface
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J5/00—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry
- G01J5/02—Constructional details
- G01J5/026—Control of working procedures of a pyrometer, other than calibration; Bandwidth calculation; Gain control
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J5/00—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry
- G01J5/02—Constructional details
- G01J5/0265—Handheld, portable
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J5/00—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry
- G01J5/02—Constructional details
- G01J5/0275—Control or determination of height or distance or angle information for sensors or receivers
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J5/00—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry
- G01J5/02—Constructional details
- G01J5/04—Casings
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J5/00—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry
- G01J5/02—Constructional details
- G01J5/06—Arrangements for eliminating effects of disturbing radiation; Arrangements for compensating changes in sensitivity
- G01J5/064—Ambient temperature sensor; Housing temperature sensor; Constructional details thereof
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J5/00—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry
- G01J5/02—Constructional details
- G01J5/07—Arrangements for adjusting the solid angle of collected radiation, e.g. adjusting or orienting field of view, tracking position or encoding angular position
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J5/00—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry
- G01J5/02—Constructional details
- G01J5/08—Optical arrangements
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J5/00—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry
- G01J5/02—Constructional details
- G01J5/08—Optical arrangements
- G01J5/0815—Light concentrators, collectors or condensers
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J5/00—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry
- G01J5/02—Constructional details
- G01J5/08—Optical arrangements
- G01J5/0887—Integrating cavities mimicking black bodies, wherein the heat propagation between the black body and the measuring element does not occur within a solid; Use of bodies placed inside the fluid stream for measurement of the temperature of gases; Use of the reemission from a surface, e.g. reflective surface; Emissivity enhancement by multiple reflections
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J5/00—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry
- G01J5/02—Constructional details
- G01J5/08—Optical arrangements
- G01J5/0893—Arrangements to attach devices to a pyrometer, i.e. attaching an optical interface; Spatial relative arrangement of optical elements, e.g. folded beam path
Definitions
- the present invention relates to radiation detectors and in particular to such detectors used to provide temperature readings.
- thermocouples which must be placed in physical contact with the surface, a disadvantage in some applications.
- a further disadvantage of such temperature sensors is that they generally require an amount of time in the order of seconds to stabilize to the temperature of the surface.
- Radiation detectors have been used as a noncontact alternative to such temperature sensors. Such detectors are based on the principle that the thermal radiation emitted from a surface is proportional to the temperature of the surface raised to the fourth power. Typically radiation sensors much as thermopiles respond to changes in radiation in the order of one tenth second. Unfortunately, the radiation emitted is also a function of the emissivity of the surface and of background radiation. Because the emissivity of the surface is generally not accurately known assumptions must be made, and those assumptions lead to inaccuracies in the temperature reading.
- a more rapid and accurate temperature reading can be obtained with a radiation sensing device which further includes means for eliminating the effects of emissivity on the output. This has been accomplished by means of a high reflectivity hemispherical cup which is placed against the surface. Radiation from the surface is detected through an aperture in the cup. By reflecting all emissions from a target surface back onto that surface, the cup causes the surface to behave as a black body, the emissivity of which is equal to one, regardless of the actual emissivity of the surface. With such an arrangement, the temperature can be rapidly detected by a thermopile which may come to equilibrium in less than a tenth of a second and assumptions with regard to emissivity are unnecessary.
- the present invention relates to an improved radiation detector suitable for surface temperature measurements while negating the effects of surface emissivity.
- the cup In order to minimize the effective emissivity of a cup through which the radiation sensor views the surface, while maintaining the desired effects of the cup and avoiding contact of the radiation sensor with the sensed surface, the cup is conical with opposite surfaces of the cone angled 60 degrees to 150 degrees from each other. The field of view of the radiation sensor is less than the angle of the conical surface so that the radiation sensor only views the target surface.
- the conical surface is of high reflectivity (low emissivity) material.
- the effective emissivity of the conical surface should be less than 0.20.
- the effective emissivity of the conical surface is approximately equal to the product of (1) the ratio of the reflective surface area to the target surface area and (2) the sum of the actual emissivity of the reflective surface plus the ratio of the aperture area to the reflective area plus the ratio of the area of any gap between the two surfaces to the reflective area.
- the cup should also be of a material having high thermal conductance. With such material, the cup can be placed in contact with a very hot surface yet conduct the heat rapidly to a heat sink such as the detector housing without heating the radiation sensor. Heating of the radiation sensor would distort the measurement.
- Aluminum is the best material for the cup because it is of thermal conductance of over two watts per centimeter per degree Kelvin, can provide an effective emissivity of less than 0.20 and does not tarnish. Further, aluminum can be inexpensively machined without the need for plating which is vulnerable to wear.
- the actual temperature can be calculated electronically as the fourth root of the ratio of sensed radiation to the Stefan-Boltzmann constant. This computation is most readily performed by means of a piecewise linear approximation using a bank of linear gain analog circuits. A digital calculation method using a microprocessor device may also be employed.
- the conical depression is angled 120 degrees and has a base diameter of about one-half inch.
- a 60 degree field of view of the radiation sensor facilitates scanning of the surface for gross temperature measurements at short distances from the surface.
- the half inch diameter cone is preferred for hand held scanning followed by surface contact, larger cones are preferred for accurate temperature readings where a small gap between the device and the surface being measured must be provided.
- such a device is particularly suited to accurate and rapid temperature measurements of moving conveyors or webs.
- thermopile With the conical cup at the end of a one-half inch to one inch extension on the radiation detector, the thermopile is most conveniently mounted within the cup extension by positioning the thermopile and an associated temperature sensor within a low thermal conductivity casing sleeve. Potting of the devices within the casing with a high conductivity material serves to maintain thermal equilibrium within the casing.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a preferred embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a target surface viewed through an aperture in a conical cup by a radiation detector
- FIG. 3 is a longitudinal cross sectional view of the radiation sensor and associated conical cup in the device of FIG. 1 which is illustrated schematically in FIG. 2;
- FIG. 4 is a perspective view of an alternative embodiment of the invention in which a radiation sensor views a moving conveyor behind a much larger conical cup;
- FIG. 5 is an electrical block diagram of the computation and display circuitry of the device of FIG. 1;
- FIG. 6 is a graphical illustration of the piecewise linear approximation performed by the linearization circuit of FIG. 5;
- FIG. 7 is a detailed electrical, schematic of the linearization circuit of FIG. 5.
- a radiation detector 12 comprises a box-like housing 14. This housing has approximate dimensions of 33/8 inches by 5 inches by 5/8 inch. A flat, hand held housing can be easily carried in a pocket. A radiation sensor assembly 16 is positioned at one end of the housing 14.
- the unit can be used for scanning of a surface from a distance by directing the assembly 16 toward the surface.
- a digital display on the opposite end of the housing 14, not shown in FIG. 1 provides a digital readout of the approximate temperature of the surface being scanned. That temperature reading is only approximate because, when operating in this mode, the unit does not negate the effects of surface emissivity or environmental radiation.
- a button 18 on the top of the unit is pressed so that the digital readout varies with the temperature viewed by the radiation sensor.
- a button 20 can be pressed to lock the temperature reading. This is particularly useful when the unit must be positioned during a reading such that the display cannot be readily viewed by the user.
- the radiation sensor has a conical field of view of about 60 degrees. The field of view is determined by an aperture which serves as a field stop. That field of view is particularly suited to scanning at near distances of no greater than a few feet. Narrower fields of view may be provided for more distant scanning.
- a conical cup 22 is formed in the nose of the radiation assembly.
- the radiation sensor views the target surface through a cup aperture 24 at the center of the cone.
- the cup aperture 24 serves as the field stop to set the field of view of the radiation sensor.
- the selection of an aperture which provides a 60° field of view is the result of several considerations.
- a large field of view advantageously increases the energy received at the sensor but disadvantageously increases the effective emissivity of the cup.
- the cup 22 is preferably of high reflectivity aluminum to provide a highly reflective surface.
- the cup is positioned near or against a target surface 26, the temperature of which is to be measured. If the reflective surface absorbed no radiation from the target surface, that is its emissivity were zero, and there were no gap 28 between the reflective surface and the target surface and there were no cup aperture 24, all radiation from the target surface would be reflected back to that surface and would eventually be absorbed by the surface. Because the target absorbs all radiation within the cup, it behaves as a black body. Because it absorbs as a black body it must also emit as a black body. The small aperture 24 in the cone does not greatly detract from the black body characteristics of the target surface and allows that surface to be viewed by a radiation detector 30 through a field stop aperture 24.
- the temperature of the surface can be computed from the detected radiation from the function
- R is the sensed radiation
- ⁇ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant
- e is the emissivity of the target surface. Due to the reflective surface 22, it is assumed that the emissivity is equal to one. Therefore, temperature can be calculated directly from the detected radiation.
- the accuracy of the temperature reading is dependent on the closeness to which the target surface 26 can be forced to behave as a black body which is in turn dependent on how close to totally reflecting the cup surface 22 can be made.
- the effective emissivity of the reflective surface is ##EQU1## where e m is the actual emissivity of the reflected surface material, A s is the area of the sensor aperture 24, A 1 is the reflective surface area, A g is the area of the gap 28 and A 2 is the target surface area.
- the effective emissivity of the surface 22 should be no greater than about 0.2.
- the target surface 26 best approaches black body behavior with a small aperture area and a small gap area.
- the ratio of the reflective surface area to the target surface area should be made as close to one as possible.
- the conical surface as opposed to a hemispherical surface, minimizes the area of the reflective surface and thus brings that ratio closest to one.
- a wide angle cone tends to bring the ratio of the surface area closer to unity but is also more likely to allow an irregular target surface to come into close relationship with the radiation sensor and thus defeat the effects of the cone. Therefore, the angle of the cone should not exceed 150 degrees.
- decreasing the angle of the cone increases the surface area ratios and thus increases the effective emissivity of the surface 22. Therefore, the angle of the cone should not be less than 60 degrees.
- the 60 degree angle also keeps the cone out of the 60 degree field of view of the detector.
- the cone is at about 120 degrees as shown in FIG. 2.
- the effective emissivity of the cone when the cup is placed directly against the target surface is about 0.20.
- That device provides a two percent error through a range of emissivities of 0.8 to 1.0.
- That unit provides a plus or minus three percent error for target surface emissivities in the range of 0.2 to 1.0 and a seven percent error in the range of 0.1 to 1.0.
- the detailed construction of the radiation sensor assembly 16 is shown in FIG. 3.
- the cup surface 22 is formed in an aluminum nosepiece extension 34. So that the radiation sensor can be positioned close to the cup aperture 24, it is positioned within a bore 37 in the extension 34.
- the radiation sensor 36 is mounted within a low thermal conductivity plastic sleeve 38.
- the insulating sleeve 38 isolates the radiation sensor and temperature sensor and their associated thermal mass from the aluminum nosepiece 34. Because the nosepiece 34 may be pressed directly against a high temperature surface, such as one of 500° F., its temperature can be expected to rise substantially.
- a temperature sensor 42 is mounted in thermal contact with the radiation sensor 36 in order to provide temperature compensation. It is important that both the radiation sensor 36 and the temperature sensor 42 be in near thermal equilibrium with each other. To that end, they may be potted in a high conductivity potting material 44 within the low conductivity sleeve 38. The potting material 44 has sufficient thermal mass to quickly conduct heat generated in the sensor by thermal radiation away from the sensor while holding both the detector and temperature sensor at a relatively stable temperature.
- the gradient between the two should be less than 1% of the temperature difference between the radiation detector and the target surface.
- the thermal time constant presented by the high conductivity potting material 44 should be such that the temperature difference between the two devices is less than about 4 degrees for a target design temperature of about 500 degrees and thermopile temperature of about 100 degrees.
- the nosepiece 34 is of high thermal conductivity material. Further, it is attached directly to a metal casing which forms the housing 14 and that casing serves as a large heat sink. In practice, it has been determined that by the time the radiation sensor 36 becomas sufficiently heated to distort measurements the casing itself becomes warm to the touch to serve as an indication to the user.
- Machined aluminum is the preferred material for forming a cup surface 22 in a high thermal conductance nosepiece.
- gold plated cups have been utilized. Plating is necessitated by the cost of the gold.
- Material such as copper and silver would also provide the low emissivity and high thermal conductance required, but those materials tend to tarnish. Therefore, it has been found that aluminum, which can be readily machined at low cost, provides an effective emissivity of less than 0.2 and a sufficient thermal conductivity, is preferred.
- an aluminum alloy will generally provide the best mechanical characteristics. Even an alloy will be comprised substantially of aluminum, most likely over 90% aluminum.
- the emissivity of even polished aluminum is not sufficiently low to enable accurate measurement of low emissivity surfaces.
- most surfaces of interest in temperature measurements are of higher emissivity.
- a particularly useful application for the present invention is in measuring the temperature of a moving object.
- a radiation detector 48 is shown suspended over a moving conveyor belt 50 by a mounting bracket 51.
- a small gap must be provided between the nosepiece 52 of the radiation detector and the conveyor belt to avoid interference with the moving belt.
- the base diameter of the cup In order to maintain an effective emissivity of the reflective surface less than 0.2, where a gap is provided between the nose piece and the target surface, the base diameter of the cup must be enlarged somewhat. With a 0.1 inch gap using aluminum having an actual emissivity of 0.1, the base diameter of a 120 degree conical cup must be 6.25 inches. This size can be decreased by a factor of approximately two by using a very reflective gold surface.
- the unit 48 has a digital readout 54, it is also provided with an output lead 56 which may be connected directly to process control electronics.
- the system of FIG. 4 provides very rapid temperature measurements of a moving surface without the need for contact of the surface yet without significant measurement errors due to changes in emissivity of the surface or to background radiation.
- the circuitry required to provide the digital display on the radiation detector is shown in FIG. 5.
- the output of the radiation detector 36 is applied through a preamplifier 58 to a linearization circuit 60.
- the sensed radiation signal is compensated to allow for radiation from the radiation sensor back toward the target. This compensation is a function of the temperature of the sensor 36 and that temperature is determined by the temperature sensor 42 of FIG. 3.
- the linearization circuit also computes the fourth root of the ratio of the sensed radiation to the Stefan-Boltzmann constant.
- the temperature indication provided by the linearization circuit 60 is applied to an analog to digital converter 64.
- the output of the converter 64 can be locked by the button 20 on the housing of the detector through a circuit 66.
- the digital indication of temperature is applied to a conventional digital display 68.
- the linearization circuit converts sensed radiation to temperature by means of a piecewise linear approximation illustrated in FIG. 6. This piecewise linear approximation is performed by the circuit of FIG. 7.
- the temperature signal is applied through a scaling amplifier 70 to produce a negative signal on line 72. That signal draws through a resistor R16 to generate a positive output from a summing amplifier 74.
- a comparator 88 provides a positive output due to the positive input from a voltage divider R29, R33.
- the positive current through resistor R26 is summed with the negative current through resistor R16 at the input to the summing amplifier to set the slope of the curve of FIG. 6 below 70°.
- the comparator 88 adds less positive current.
- comparator 88 shuts off completely and stops adding current to the summing amplifier 74.
Abstract
Description
T=(R/eσ).sup.1/4 (1)
Claims (27)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US06/750,524 US4636091A (en) | 1985-06-27 | 1985-06-27 | Radiation detector having temperature readout |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US06/750,524 US4636091A (en) | 1985-06-27 | 1985-06-27 | Radiation detector having temperature readout |
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US4636091A true US4636091A (en) | 1987-01-13 |
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US06/750,524 Expired - Lifetime US4636091A (en) | 1985-06-27 | 1985-06-27 | Radiation detector having temperature readout |
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Cited By (65)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4831258A (en) * | 1988-03-04 | 1989-05-16 | Exergen Corporation | Dual sensor radiation detector |
US4874253A (en) * | 1987-03-27 | 1989-10-17 | Exergen Corporation | Radiation detector with temperature display |
US4895164A (en) * | 1988-09-15 | 1990-01-23 | Telatemp Corp. | Infrared clinical thermometer |
US4910409A (en) * | 1988-11-07 | 1990-03-20 | James W. Hoffman | Earth radiation array sensing system |
WO1990006090A1 (en) * | 1988-12-06 | 1990-06-14 | Exergen Corporation | Radiation detector suitable for tympanic temperature measurement |
US5012813A (en) * | 1988-12-06 | 1991-05-07 | Exergen Corporation | Radiation detector having improved accuracy |
US5017018A (en) * | 1987-12-25 | 1991-05-21 | Nippon Steel Corporation | Clinical thermometer |
US5066142A (en) * | 1990-03-08 | 1991-11-19 | Ivac Corporation | Protective apparatus for a biomedical probe |
US5199436A (en) * | 1988-12-06 | 1993-04-06 | Exergen Corporation | Radiation detector having improved accuracy |
US5240329A (en) * | 1992-08-14 | 1993-08-31 | Ford Motor Company | Non-destructive method for detecting defects in a workpiece |
USRE34599E (en) * | 1988-11-01 | 1994-05-03 | Diatek Incorporated | Disposable probe cover assembly for medical thermometer |
US5313202A (en) * | 1991-01-04 | 1994-05-17 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Method of and apparatus for detection of ice accretion |
US5316385A (en) * | 1993-03-30 | 1994-05-31 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Correction-free pyrometry in radiant wall furnaces |
US5323005A (en) * | 1993-05-12 | 1994-06-21 | Nordson Corporation | Method and apparatus for monitoring energy radiant from a dispensed heated material |
US5445158A (en) * | 1988-12-06 | 1995-08-29 | Exergen Corporation | Radiation detector probe |
US5582663A (en) * | 1993-09-07 | 1996-12-10 | Nordson Corporation | Infrared adhesive bead detector |
US5589094A (en) * | 1994-03-18 | 1996-12-31 | Goldstar Co., Ltd. | Microwave oven employing thermopile type sensor |
USRE35554E (en) * | 1987-03-27 | 1997-07-08 | Exergen Corporation | Radiation detector with temperature display |
US5653238A (en) * | 1988-12-06 | 1997-08-05 | Exergen Corporation | Radiation detector probe |
WO1998019143A1 (en) * | 1996-10-25 | 1998-05-07 | Exergen Corporation | Axillary infrared thermometer and method of use |
US5833367A (en) | 1996-11-12 | 1998-11-10 | Trutek, Inc. | Tympanic thermometer probe cover |
US5967992A (en) | 1998-06-03 | 1999-10-19 | Trutex, Inc. | Radiometric temperature measurement based on empirical measurements and linear functions |
US6001066A (en) | 1997-06-03 | 1999-12-14 | Trutek, Inc. | Tympanic thermometer with modular sensing probe |
US6030117A (en) | 1996-11-12 | 2000-02-29 | Trutek, Inc. | Tympanic thermometer probe cover |
US6090050A (en) * | 1998-07-16 | 2000-07-18 | Salix Medical, Inc. | Thermometric apparatus and method |
US6123454A (en) | 1999-06-11 | 2000-09-26 | Trutek, Inc. | Tympanic thermometer disposable probe cover with further stretching prevention structure |
US6219573B1 (en) | 1989-04-14 | 2001-04-17 | Exergen Corporation | Radiation detector probe |
EP1114302A1 (en) | 1998-09-11 | 2001-07-11 | Exergen Corporation | Temporal artery temperature detector |
EP1133680A2 (en) * | 1998-09-15 | 2001-09-19 | Jonathan Gerlitz | Infrared ear thermometer |
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