US4863690A - Measuring instrument for bioluminescence and chemilumnescence or turbidimetry - Google Patents
Measuring instrument for bioluminescence and chemilumnescence or turbidimetry Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US4863690A US4863690A US07/052,291 US5229187A US4863690A US 4863690 A US4863690 A US 4863690A US 5229187 A US5229187 A US 5229187A US 4863690 A US4863690 A US 4863690A
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- specimen
- holders
- pans
- measuring instrument
- instrument according
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- Expired - Lifetime
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- 238000005415 bioluminescence Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 8
- 230000029918 bioluminescence Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 8
- 238000004879 turbidimetry Methods 0.000 title description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000033001 locomotion Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003550 marker Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000004020 luminiscence type Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000012190 activator Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013208 measuring procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- -1 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012857 radioactive material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012883 sequential measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002560 therapeutic procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/75—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated
- G01N21/76—Chemiluminescence; Bioluminescence
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/01—Arrangements or apparatus for facilitating the optical investigation
- G01N21/13—Moving of cuvettes or solid samples to or from the investigating station
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N35/00—Automatic analysis not limited to methods or materials provided for in any single one of groups G01N1/00 - G01N33/00; Handling materials therefor
- G01N35/02—Automatic analysis not limited to methods or materials provided for in any single one of groups G01N1/00 - G01N33/00; Handling materials therefor using a plurality of sample containers moved by a conveyor system past one or more treatment or analysis stations
- G01N35/021—Automatic analysis not limited to methods or materials provided for in any single one of groups G01N1/00 - G01N33/00; Handling materials therefor using a plurality of sample containers moved by a conveyor system past one or more treatment or analysis stations having a flexible chain, e.g. "cartridge belt", conveyor for reaction cells or cuvettes
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N35/00—Automatic analysis not limited to methods or materials provided for in any single one of groups G01N1/00 - G01N33/00; Handling materials therefor
- G01N35/00584—Control arrangements for automatic analysers
- G01N35/00722—Communications; Identification
- G01N35/00732—Identification of carriers, materials or components in automatic analysers
- G01N2035/00742—Type of codes
- G01N2035/00752—Type of codes bar codes
Definitions
- the invention relates to a measuring instrument for measuring bioluminescence and chemiluminescence.
- One reason which has contributed to this is the fact that it is not necessary to work with radioactive materials, whose manipulation and storage is troublesome and expensive for many users.
- a special substance is added to the specimen to be investigated, and in particular injected thereinto, after the addition of which a relatively rapid reaction ensues which is associated with the emission of light.
- This light emission can be detected by a suitable optical detector, e.g., a photomultiplier, and converted into an electrical signal, after which it is possible, from the intensity of the light signal and the time lapse, to draw conlusions as to the nature of the specimen and, in particular, the presence of specific substances.
- An essential aspect of this method is that, because of the rapidly occurring light reaction, the activator can only be injected if the specimen has already reached the point of measurement in front of the light entry port of the optical detector.
- the point of measurement i.e. the area in front of the light-sensitive opening of the optical detector, must be completely shielded from stray light, at least during the measuring procedure in order to achieve reliable results of measurement.
- the complete sealing of the point of measurement requires a certain technical complexity in customary commercial instruments as exemplfied in applicant's Published German patent application No. 3,239,866, which relates to a dimmable measuring station for a photometer.
- each specimen pan is pushed out of its own holder by a vertical lift and is returned thereto after the measurement has been completed, after which the chain of holders coupled together is moved further by one link and this measuring process is repeated.
- the object of the invention consists in modifying the measuring instrument of this type in such a way as to achieve a more rapid sequential measurement and a simplification of the construction of the apparatus.
- the basic concept of the invention is seen in the fact that the specimen pans need no longer be removed from their holders for measurement at the point of measurement, but can remain therein. This means, in the final analysis, that the vertical lifting motion for guiding the specimen pans out of their holders and into the point of measurement can be dispensed with. As a result, all mechanical drive and sliding devices for this vertical lift are eliminated.
- a cover plate seals off in light-tight fashion the entire surface locating the holders, along with the specimen pans, so that, at least during the measurement, a total dimming of the entire volume around the specimen pans is achieved.
- a horizontally extending channel is provided for the specimen holders which, by means of a shadow screen, prevents damage to the optical detector when the cover plate is open.
- a problem which constantly arises in taking a large series measurement on a laboratory scale is the faultless identification and allocation of the specimen pans, i.e., in maintaining the sequence of specimen pans in the holders throughout the measuring process.
- the manual adjustment of the individual specimen containers in their own holders and their removal which must be carried out after the measurement, requires increased attention on the part of the laboratory workers, since an interchange of the sequence or a confusion of the specimens may lead to serious misjudgments of the laboratory findings concerning the patient involved and, in extreme cases, therapeutic procedures may be initiated or omitted that would be inadequate or urgently needed.
- this opens the possibility of combining the specimen pans in groups, so that they can be loaded as a group into their own holders and can again be removed therefrom as a group after the measurement has been completed.
- This means on the one hand, a reduction in the actions required for loading and unloading, thereby promoting the degree of automation of the measuring instrument and, in addition, it also produces an increased security with respect to interchanges in the sequence, since the combining of several specimen pans into groups prevents interchange within one group, and the interchange of groups between each other is much less likely.
- the creation of suitable combinations of specimen pans can also be used to assign a particular common parameter to each group of specimen pans, for example, the name of one patient with different specimens, or also one particular specimen substance for different patients.
- these coupled specimen pans can either be integrally formed, so that they cannot be detached from each other, or they can be coupled together by means of a flexible coupling element, so that the connection becomes detachable and the specimen pans can also be used in different ways, if required.
- further simplification in the area of the loading and unloading stations of the measuring instrument can be achieved if, in accordance with another specific embodiment, means are provided which, at least in the area of the loading and unloading stations, align one group of specimen pans linearly along their length. This can be done either by resilient tie bars between the specimen pans or by a straight guide section in the locating surface of the measuring instrument (or both), so that at any one time a single group of specimen pan is aligned linearly, permitting a definite loading and unloading of the specimen pan.
- markers or small labels to give appropriate information about the contents of the specimen or other parameters (so-called bar codes).
- turbidimetry i.e., measurements which call for a light beam emitted from the outside and passing through the specimen, and whose loss in intensity by absorption effects in the specimen ultimately represents the quantity measured.
- the basic idea of the invention to allow the specimen pans to remain in their own holders, even at the point of measurement, makes it possible to carry out a large number of additional steps which promote the efficiency and reliability of the measuring process.
- FIG. 1 is an overall perspective view of the measuring instrument, with the cover plate open;
- FIG. 2 is a plan view of the locating surface for the specimen chain, with the cover plate removed;
- FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a specimen pan holder for the specimen chain
- FIG. 4 shows a perspective view of a first embodiment of a group of specimen pans
- FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a second embodiment of a group of specimen pans, whose specimen pans are linked together by a coupling element;
- FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a construction of the first embodiment shown in FIG. 4.
- FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of the measuring station of the measuring instrument taken along the line A--A of FIG. 2.
- the measuring instrument 10 has a horizontal locating surface 11 for specimen chain 20 made up of holders and specimen pans, as will be explained in detail hereinafter.
- Three star-shaped wheels 16, 17 and 18 are mounted in this locating surface 11, with their axes perpendicular thereto and driven together by a motor (not shown) in such a way that their rotational speed and their sense of direction are so adjusted to each other that, together, they bring about the transport of the specimen chain 20 on the locating surface 11.
- the bearing axis of the central star-shaped wheel 17 lies in a common surface with the longitudinal axis of a optical detector, for example, a photomultiplier 13, whose light entry port forms the measuring station 19A of the measuring instrument.
- the specimen chain 20, driven by star-shaped wheels 16, 17 and 18, is moved toward the arrow through the measuring station 19A, i.e., past the light entry port of photomultiplier 13.
- An injector 15 is mounted to slide vertically (FIG. 7) above the particular element of the specimen chain 20 located in the measuring station 19A, the indicator liquid being injected by the injector 15 into the sample vessel concerned at the start of the luminescence reaction.
- the resulting luminescence is recorded by the photomultiplier 13 and is converted in a known manner into an electrical pulse, whose shape then permits conclusions to be drawn as to the nature and composition of the specimen in the specimen pan after these signals have been evaluated.
- Lateral guide elements 12A . . . 12D are provided for the proper guidance of the specimen chain 20, which elements will be explained in greater detail hereinafter. They consist of plastic parts fastened to the locating surface 11 and dividing the latter.
- a guide element 12B which has on its rear end a semi-circular notch into which projects the central star-shaped wheel 17.
- curved extensions On both sides of this semi-circular notch are curved extensions which partially surround the two outermost star-shaped wheels 16 and 18.
- Another guide element 12C is located on the rear edge and on the two side edges of the locating surface 11, its part opposite the guide element 12B being shaped such that it likewise surrounds partially the three star-shaped wheels 16, 17 and 18 circumferentially.
- the two guide elements 12B and 12C In the area of entrance into measuring station 19A, i.e., directly in front of the first star-shaped wheel 16, are the two guide elements 12B and 12C, with their vertical side faces opposite each other.
- An identification station 19C for the specimen chain 20, which contains a laser scanner, is arranged in this extension of the guide element 12C.
- the two guide elements 12B and 12C, including the three start-shaped wheels 16, 17 and 18, define a first guide channel for the specimen chain 20, through which they are moved successively past the measuring station 19A.
- the front end of the optical detector 13 extends into the front part of the guide element 12B, which optical detector 13 is terminated by a window 13A (FIG. 7), thereby establishing the optical connection between the specimen chain 20 in the first guide channel, on one side, and the optical detector 13, on the other.
- the rear part of the optical detector 13 is covered by another guide element 12A, which is shaped substantially like a T, said guide element 12A having a straight edge on the side opposite the measuring station 19A.
- This straight edge of the guide element 12A lies opposite the straight edge of another guide element 12D, which is fastened to the front edge area of the locating surface 11.
- a second guide channel is created in the space between these two guide elements 12A and 12B, and the specimen chain is aligned linearly in this guide channel.
- This guide channel serves as loading and unloading station 19B, into which the specimens are inserted or, after the measurement, are removed.
- the cover plate 14 has a circumferential rubber seal 14A, with which it can be fastened to the outer edge of the measuring instrument 10.
- the cover plate 14 is folded downward, so that the volume enclosed by the locating surface 11, the surfaces of the guide elements 12A . . . 12D and the lower side of the cover plate 14, in which the specimen chain is located, is sealed off in absolutely light-tight fashion, and thus an essential prerequisite is met for carrying out correct measurements in the measuring station 19A.
- a measuring cycle runs as follows:
- the specimen chain 20 is fitted with specimen pans, which contain the particular specimens to be examined.
- the cover plate 19 is closed and thus the entire locating volume defined above is sealed off in light-tight fashion.
- star-shaped wheels 16, 17 and 18 project with their radially placed blades into the interstices of the specimen chain and convey them further under clock control in such a way that, one after the other, they pass through the measuring station 19A, where the tip of the injector 15 is lowered into the specimen pan concerned, the measurement is carried out, and the chain moves on by one position.
- the blades 16A, 17A and 18A also serve to create a screening effect on the specimen pan, which is just at the measuring station 19A, with respect to the adjacent specimen pans, so that residual or stray radiation from the adjacent specimen pans cannot reach the optical detector 13.
- the optical detector 13 be likewise placed on the locating surface 11, and that therefore its light entry port be located on the level of the specimen chain 20 so that, in contradistinction to the prior art, the specimen pans need not be removed from the specimen chain in order to be measured.
- the measuring station 19A is an integral part of the guide element 12B.
- a specimen pan holder 30 shown in FIG. 3 consists of a small cylindrical plastic tube into which the specimen pan can be inserted from above. These holders have coupling elements on opposing sides, by means of which any desired number of holders 30 can be connected together to pivot about a vertical axis so that, after insertion of the specimen pans, the specimen chain 20 shown schematically in FIGS. 1 and 2 is formed.
- the coupling elements consist of corresponding upper coupling elements 31A and 31B, and corresponding lower coupling elements 32A and 32B.
- the lower coupling element 32A consists of a nose-shaped shoulder on the holder 30 with a hole.
- the second lower coupling element 32B On the opposite side, displaced upward, is the second lower coupling element 32B, which consists of a shoulder bearing a downwardly pointing pin, which can be pivotally inserted with play into the bore of the adjacent lower coupling element 32A.
- the upper coupling element 31A corresponds essentially to the lower coupling element 32A, with the difference, however, that a longitudinal slit at the side leads into the hole.
- the second upper coupling element 31B has an upwardly pointing pin, which can be clicked resiliently into the hole of the upper coupling element 31A of the adjacent holder.
- Two holders 30 are therefore coupled together, as follows: First, the pin of a lower coupling element 32B is inserted into the corresponding hole of the adjacent lower coupling element 32A, after which the upwardly pointing pin of the upper coupling element 31B is clicked from the side into the hole of the adjacent upper coupling element 31A.
- a flexible chain is created, where a space remains between the adjacent holders, in which can engage the blades of the star-shaped wheels 16, 17 and 18 to convey the chain.
- the holder 30 has a vertical groove 33 in the area of its upper edge.
- a front window 34 be introduced into the entrance window of the optical detector 13 (FIG. 7) so that, when a specimen pan is introduced from above into the holder 30, its lower end, with the specimen therein, remains visible through the front window 34, that is to say, that the luminescence reaction taking place thereat after injection of the activator, can be detected by the photocathode 13B of the photodetector 13.
- the wall thickness of the holder 30 in its lower part is greater than in its upper part so that, with identical outside diameter, a smaller internal cross section is created in the lower part.
- a substantially annular bearing surface results for the hemispherical lower end of the specimen pan containing the specimen, so that a definite seat is created to ensure that the specimen is located in the window 34 during the luminescence measurement, and thus opposite the photocathode 13B.
- a second window 35 is installed on the wall of the holder 30 opposite the front window 34, at the same level, so that this holder can also be used for turbidimetry, if a continuous light path is required instead of a luminescence measurement.
- specimen pans each with the specimen to be measured, are inserted from above into the specimen chain 20, which is made up of a rather large number of the holders 30 described earlier. These specimen pans are then seated, as described above, on the lower section of the holder 30. Owing to the scheme advocated in the present invention, which avoids removal and, thereby, isolation of the specimen pans from their holders 30 in the measuring station, an important, advantageous construction of the specimen pans results, as shown in FIGS. 4 to 6.
- the fundamental idea is to combine several specimen pans 40 into one group of specimen pans, with the distance between axes of the individual specimen pans 40 corresponding to the distance between axes of the successively coupled holders 30, so that a group of specimen pans can together be inserted into the corresponding number of holders or removed therefrom.
- this occurs in the loading and unloading station 19B (FIG. 2), whose length corresponds to the length of a group of specimen pans.
- each specimen pan 40 has a cam 40B on its front end.
- this lateral cam 40B projects into the groove 33 (FIG. 3), thereby cancelling out the symmetry in the longitudinal axis of the group of specimens, thus permitting a clear definition of the sequence of the specimen pans and preventing interchanges during the allocation of the measured specimens.
- the specimen pans are not grouped as one piece into a group of specimens, but instead are joined together with a separate flexible coupling element 42 consisting essentially of rings 42B joined together by tie bars 42A.
- cams 42C are attached to the underside of the rings 42B.
- commercial test tubes may be used, which are inserted in friction-lock fashion into rings 42B.
- Vertical slots 40E may be provided in the connectors 40A, which enable them to be separated, so that the length of a group of specimens can be shortened as required.
- the one-piece group of specimen pans shown in FIG. 4, or the coupling element 42 may be integrally formed of plastic material, such as polyethylene.
- guideways may also be chosen which deviate from the guideways depicted by way of example in FIGS. 1 and 2.
- a linear guide channel may also be provided in the area of the point of measurement 19A, if additional pieces of apparatus are to be inserted therein.
Abstract
Description
Claims (15)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE3623601 | 1986-07-12 | ||
DE3623601A DE3623601C2 (en) | 1986-07-12 | 1986-07-12 | Measuring device for bio- and chemiluminescence |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US4863690A true US4863690A (en) | 1989-09-05 |
Family
ID=6305074
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US07/052,291 Expired - Lifetime US4863690A (en) | 1986-07-12 | 1987-05-21 | Measuring instrument for bioluminescence and chemilumnescence or turbidimetry |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US4863690A (en) |
DE (1) | DE3623601C2 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2601452B1 (en) |
IT (1) | IT1205027B (en) |
Cited By (32)
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WO1991008464A1 (en) * | 1989-12-01 | 1991-06-13 | Akzo N.V. | Sample handling system for an optical monitoring system |
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US5178834A (en) * | 1989-07-19 | 1993-01-12 | Tosoh Corporation | Automatic immunoassay analyzer |
WO1993009420A1 (en) * | 1991-10-29 | 1993-05-13 | Perstorp Analytical Ab | Luminescence measuring system and luminometer device |
US5316726A (en) * | 1991-07-26 | 1994-05-31 | Cirrus Diagnostics, Inc. | Automated immunoassay analyzer with pictorial display of assay information |
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US5422075A (en) * | 1990-03-13 | 1995-06-06 | Sankyo Company, Limited | Chemical luminescence-detecting apparatus with multiple sensors |
JPH08503650A (en) * | 1992-09-17 | 1996-04-23 | ジェイ.ヴォーゲル プレミアム ウォーター カンパニィ | Water purification and supply system |
EP0753735A2 (en) * | 1995-07-13 | 1997-01-15 | Ciba Corning Diagnostics Corp. | Specimen testing apparatus |
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US5730321A (en) * | 1995-12-13 | 1998-03-24 | Mcallister; Todd | Glow-in-the-dark water emitters |
US5795784A (en) | 1996-09-19 | 1998-08-18 | Abbott Laboratories | Method of performing a process for determining an item of interest in a sample |
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WO2001063247A2 (en) | 2000-02-25 | 2001-08-30 | Xenogen Corporation | Imaging apparatus with light-tight-box |
US6436349B1 (en) | 1991-03-04 | 2002-08-20 | Bayer Corporation | Fluid handling apparatus for an automated analyzer |
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US20050219535A1 (en) * | 2002-02-22 | 2005-10-06 | Xenogen Corporation | Bottom fluorescence illumination assembly for an imaging apparatus |
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US20060204997A1 (en) * | 2005-03-10 | 2006-09-14 | Gen-Probe Incorporated | Method for performing multi-formatted assays |
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US8192992B2 (en) | 1998-05-01 | 2012-06-05 | Gen-Probe Incorporated | System and method for incubating the contents of a reaction receptacle |
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US9046507B2 (en) | 2010-07-29 | 2015-06-02 | Gen-Probe Incorporated | Method, system and apparatus for incorporating capacitive proximity sensing in an automated fluid transfer procedure |
US20150247806A1 (en) * | 2012-08-20 | 2015-09-03 | Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc. | Clam-shell luminometer |
US9347894B2 (en) | 2010-09-01 | 2016-05-24 | Spectral Instruments Imaging, LLC | Methods and systems for producing visible light and x-ray image data |
JP2016105090A (en) * | 2014-11-27 | 2016-06-09 | ハッハ ランゲ ゲゼルシャフト ミット ベシュレンクテル ハフツングHach Lange Gmbh | Nephelometric turbidimeter |
CN106290816A (en) * | 2016-07-03 | 2017-01-04 | 曲建强 | Chemiluminescence immune assay device |
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DE3840462A1 (en) * | 1988-12-01 | 1990-06-07 | Berthold Lab Prof R | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR MEASURING CHEMILUMINESCENCE |
DE8816086U1 (en) * | 1988-12-24 | 1989-02-09 | Laboratorium Prof. Dr. Rudolf Berthold, 7547 Wildbad, De | |
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DE4123818C2 (en) * | 1991-07-18 | 1994-05-19 | Berthold Lab Prof Dr | Device for measuring the chemiluminescence of a sample in a sample vessel |
DE19602145C2 (en) * | 1996-01-22 | 1999-06-24 | Lange Gmbh Dr Bruno | Optical measuring method for determining the bio- or chemiluminescence of a sample, in particular as part of the luminous bacteria test and device for carrying out the method |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE3623601C2 (en) | 1997-01-16 |
FR2601452A1 (en) | 1988-01-15 |
DE3623601A1 (en) | 1988-01-14 |
IT8720645A0 (en) | 1987-05-22 |
IT1205027B (en) | 1989-03-10 |
FR2601452B1 (en) | 1993-12-03 |
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