US4874826A - Method of preparing polyphenylene oxide composition and laminates using such compositions - Google Patents
Method of preparing polyphenylene oxide composition and laminates using such compositions Download PDFInfo
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- US4874826A US4874826A US07/157,936 US15793688A US4874826A US 4874826 A US4874826 A US 4874826A US 15793688 A US15793688 A US 15793688A US 4874826 A US4874826 A US 4874826A
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B38/00—Ancillary operations in connection with laminating processes
- B32B38/08—Impregnating
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/04—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as impregnant, bonding, or embedding substance
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
- B32B5/02—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
- B32B5/22—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed
- B32B5/24—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer
- B32B5/26—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer another layer next to it also being fibrous or filamentary
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G65/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G65/34—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from hydroxy compounds or their metallic derivatives
- C08G65/48—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08G65/485—Polyphenylene oxides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
- C08J5/18—Manufacture of films or sheets
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L71/00—Compositions of polyethers obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L71/08—Polyethers derived from hydroxy compounds or from their metallic derivatives
- C08L71/10—Polyethers derived from hydroxy compounds or from their metallic derivatives from phenols
- C08L71/12—Polyphenylene oxides
- C08L71/123—Polyphenylene oxides not modified by chemical after-treatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L71/00—Compositions of polyethers obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L71/08—Polyethers derived from hydroxy compounds or from their metallic derivatives
- C08L71/10—Polyethers derived from hydroxy compounds or from their metallic derivatives from phenols
- C08L71/12—Polyphenylene oxides
- C08L71/126—Polyphenylene oxides modified by chemical after-treatment
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2260/00—Layered product comprising an impregnated, embedded, or bonded layer wherein the layer comprises an impregnation, embedding, or binder material
- B32B2260/02—Composition of the impregnated, bonded or embedded layer
- B32B2260/021—Fibrous or filamentary layer
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2260/00—Layered product comprising an impregnated, embedded, or bonded layer wherein the layer comprises an impregnation, embedding, or binder material
- B32B2260/04—Impregnation, embedding, or binder material
- B32B2260/046—Synthetic resin
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2371/00—Characterised by the use of polyethers obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2371/08—Polyethers derived from hydroxy compounds or from their metallic derivatives
- C08J2371/10—Polyethers derived from hydroxy compounds or from their metallic derivatives from phenols
- C08J2371/12—Polyphenylene oxides
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S525/00—Synthetic resins or natural rubbers -- part of the class 520 series
- Y10S525/905—Polyphenylene oxide
Definitions
- This invention relates to methods of preparing polyphenylene oxide compositions as well as laminates, in particular, metal-clad laminates that use such compositions.
- the present polyphenylene oxide compositions should be in the for of film members.
- a plurality these film members are stacked and integralized into the metal-clad laminate with either or both of an overlaying and interpositions of metal foil or foils that form the desired electric circuit or circuits.
- the obtained laminate is excellent in high frequency characteristic, particularly in the dielectric characteristics, they find an effective utility in use with such super high frequency bands as, for example, the X-band of 10 GHz used in satellite communication or the like.
- the laminate materials In general, for laminate materials to be effectively used in the superhigh frequency band for satellite communication or the like, the laminate materials must be excellent in the dielectric constant and dielectric loss at least in respect to the environmental resistance, and preferably low in the dielectric constant and loss, so as to achieve the desired high dielectric characteristics.
- poly-4-fluoroethylene, crosslinked polyethylene and alumina ceramics have been used as the materials for such laminates.
- poly-4-fluoroethylene and crosslinked polyethylene have proven to be defective in that they both have low glass-transition points and are likely to vary remarkably in the dielectric constant and loss when used in conjunction with high frequency bands.
- Alumina ceramics have also exhibited drawbacks.
- polyether sulfone As for other materials which are constant in the dielectric constant and loss, i.e., materials low in the dielectric constant and relatively high in the glass-transition point, there can be enumerated polyether sulfone, polyetherimide, polysulfone and the like which are considered to be suitable, in their normal state, for adhering to the metal foil for the circuit arrangement.
- their thermoplasticity creates problems that arise upon wiring connections with respect to the metal foil circuit by means of a soldering, the heat of which causes a deterioration in their adhesion.
- thermosetting resin It may be possible to provide a required heat resistance to PPO by blending PPO with a thermosetting resin.
- this causes a problem to arise in that, when the blending is carried out by means of melt extrusion, the inherently required high temperature melting results in a gelation of the resin so as to render its further processing difficult.
- the blending of the thermosetting resin with PPO may deteriorate the dielectric characteristics and eventually the high frequency characteristic of PPO.
- calendering may be employed to obtain sheet materials of a PPO composition that contains a thermosetting resin so as to form the metal-clad laminate with such sheet materials and the metal foil or foils properly stacked, such calendering creates a gelation problem similar to that caused by the melt extrusion.
- K. Kariya et al. have suggested in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Publication No. 59-193,929 a method in which 1,2-polybutadiene is added to and mixed with PPO.
- a substrate consisting of fiberglass or the like is impregnated with this mixture and subjected to thermodrying. This renders the mixture to be in an intermediate or prepreg in B-stage.
- a plurality of such prepregs are stacked and pressed into a laminate.
- the substrate itself is poor in the dielectric characteristics because of the use of the fiber glass or the like so that, notwithstanding the high dielectric characteristics of PPO, the eventually obtained laminate cannot maintain the desired high dielectric characteristics and is unsuitable for use in such superhigh frequency bands as the X band.
- a primary object of the present invention is, therefore, to provide a method of preparing polyphenylene oxide (PPO) compositions which can be formed into any required types of films in a lower temperature atmosphere so as to lower the production costs.
- PPO polyphenylene oxide
- this object can be realized by providing a method of preparing a PPO composition, wherein a setting means containing at least one polyfunctional component, for example, selected from the group consisting of a crosslinking monomer, a crosslinking polymer, and mixtures thereof, and, optionally, an initiator are added to and mixed with PPO, and a sufficient film-forming property is provided to PPO by allowing e.g., the setting means and, if present, the initiator to crosslink, whereby a film-forming property is provided to PPO.
- a setting means containing at least one polyfunctional component for example, selected from the group consisting of a crosslinking monomer, a crosslinking polymer, and mixtures thereof, and, optionally, an initiator are added to and mixed with PPO, and a sufficient film-forming property is provided to PPO by allowing e.g., the setting means and, if present, the initiator to crosslink, whereby a film-forming property is provided to PPO.
- composition should not be limited to be the only one for forming the film, and the term “composition” herein used is to mean the composition in a state different from that of any finally hardened or cured resin material, including an intermediate setting state between A and C stages, such as the state of prepreg in B stage where any subsequent physical processing can be carried out.
- FIG. 1 shows in a triangular diagram the composition ratios of PPO, styrene-containing and thermoplastic copolymer with unsaturated double bond (STP) and polybutadiene (PB) employed in EXAMPLES 1 to 10 and in their COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES, the respective components being taken on each of three sides of the diagram;
- STP unsaturated double bond
- PB polybutadiene
- FIG. 2 shows in a triangular diagram the composition ratios of PPO, styrene copolymer (STP) and triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC) employed in EXAMPLES 11 to 20 and in their COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES, which components being taken respectively on each of three sides of the diagram;
- STP styrene copolymer
- TAIC triallyl isocyanurate
- FIG. 3 is also a triangular diagram showing composition ratios of PPO, styrene copolymer (STP) and triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC) employed in EXAMPLES 22 to 34 and in their COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES, which components being taken respectively on each of three sides of the diagram; and
- FIG. 4 is a further triangular diagram showing composition ratios of PPO, PS and PB employed in EXAMPLES 35 to 45 and in their COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES, with which components respectively taken on each of three sides of the diagram.
- styrene copolymer hereinafter referred to as "STP”
- PB polybutadiene
- PPO is a resin of the following general structural formula, ##STR1## where R is a hydrocarbon radical having hydrogen or carbon of 1 to 3 in number and the respective R's may be all the same or different.
- R is a hydrocarbon radical having hydrogen or carbon of 1 to 3 in number and the respective R's may be all the same or different.
- PPO may be poly-(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phnylene oxide) having preferably a weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of 50,000 and a molecular-weight distribution (Mw/Mn) of 4.2 (Mn being a number-average molecular weight).
- STP is styrene-butadiene-block copolymer, styrene-isoprene-block copolymer or the like.
- the polymer state should desirably be of a high molecular weight.
- the block state may be, assuming that A and B represent polystyrene and polybutadiene (or polyisoprene), respectively, any of AB, ABA, ABAB and so on.
- PB is preferably, for example, one or a mixture of at least two of 1,2-polybutadiene, 1,4-polybutadiene, maleic-, acrylic- or epoxy-modified 1,2-polybutadiene and the like.
- PPO, STP, and PB may, of course, be of any other structure and need not be restricted to the foregoing ones.
- zone C1 showing the composition ratios of PPO, STP and PB which are taken respectively on each of three sides of the diagram, zone C1, shaded with rightward upward hatches, denotes the area in which favorable PPO compositions are obtained; within zone D1, shown within the zone C1 as shaded with leftward upward hatches, more preferred PPO compositions are obtained, and within zone E1, shown within the zone D1 as shaded with vertical hatches, in which PPO is present in an amount above 20 and below 70 weight %, STP is present in an amount above 30 and below 80 weight %, and PB is present in an amount below 20 weight %, a substantially optimum PPO composition is obtained.
- the solid resin content be in a range of 10 to 30 weight
- the solvent one or a mixture of at least two of such halogenated hydrocarbons as trichloroethylene (Trichlene), trichloroethane, chloroform, methylene chloride and the like, such aromatic hydrocarbon as benzene, chlorobenzene, toluene, xylene and the like, carbon tetrachloride and the like may be used, but it is preferable to employ trichloroethylene alone or in a mixture thereof with other solvent.
- halogenated hydrocarbons as trichloroethylene (Trichlene), trichloroethane, chloroform, methylene chloride and the like, such aromatic hydrocarbon as benzene, chlorobenzene, toluene, xylene and the like, carbon tetrachloride and the like
- the mixture solution of PPO, STP and PB in the solvent is cast to be, for example, 5 to 700 ⁇ m thick on a planished iron plate, a casting carrier film or the like.
- a resin film that is insoluble to the solvent such as polyethylene terephthalate (hereinafter referred to as "PET"), polyethylene, polypropylene, polyimide or the like can be used.
- PET polyethylene terephthalate
- the cast solution is subjected to air-drying and/or hot air processing to remove the solvent from the solution.
- the drying temperature range be set to be lower at its upper limit than the boiling temperature of the solvent or, in the case of drying as left on the carrier film, lower than the heat-resistant temperature of the carrier film, while the lower limit is set taking into consideration the necessary drying time or the desired ease of processing.
- TCE trichlorethylene
- PET film trichlorethylene
- the drying temperature range is set to be higher than a room temperature but lower than 80.C. The higher the drying temperature within this drying temperature range, the shorter the drying time.
- film herein used as the PPO composition should be interpreted in the broad sense and thus should include sheet, film, tape, layer, web or any equivalent thereto.
- the surface area or length perpendicular to the thickness direction of such products should not be restricted, and the thickness may be suitably set as required depending on the intended use.
- compositions were observed and tested in respect to the presence or absence of film-forming property, homogeneity, surface tackiness and tensile strength.
- results are shown in TABLE 2 below, in which "X" indicates excellent state while hyphen "-" indicates an unmeasureable state.
- PPO polystyrene
- TAIC triallyl isocyanurate
- TAC triallyl cyanurate
- FIG. 2 showing composition ratios of PPO, PS and TAIC in a triangular diagram, the three components being taken respectively on each of three sides of the triangle, it is seen that favorable PPO compositions can be obtained in a zone C2 shaded by rightward upward hatches. That is, when the PPO is present in an amount from 10 to 90 weight PS is present in an amount less than 90 weight % and TAIC (and/or TAC) is present in an amount below 60 weight % favorable results are obtained. Further, in a zone D2, located within the zone C2 and shaded with leftward upward hatches, more preferred PPO compositions can be obtained.
- a zone E2 located within the zone D2 and shaded by vertical hatches, where PPO is present in an amount from 30 to 70 weight PS is present in an amount from 20 to 60 weight % and TAIC (and/or TAC) is present in an amount from 10 to 40 weight %, substantially optimum PPO compositions particularly in the form of films can be obtained.
- composition ratio of PPO, PS and TAIC was variously changed as shown in the following TABLE 3, and PPO composition films were obtained through the same steps as in EXAMPLE 11.
- composition ratio of PPO, PS and TAIC was further changed as shown also in TABLE 3, to prepare differ®nt solutions, and an attempt was made to obtain films through the same steps as in EXAMPLE 11.
- compositions were observed and tested in respect to the presence or absence of the film-forming property, homogeneity, surface tackiness and tensile strength, results of which are given in TABLE 4 below.
- the mark "X” indicates excellent and hyphen "-" indicates unmeasurable.
- PPO, STP and TAIC were mixed to provide a film-forming property and obtain a PPO composition.
- the same PPO and STP as those in the foregoing EXAMPLES 1 to 10 can be used, and the same TAIC (and/or TAC) as those in the above EXAMPLES 11 to 21 can be used.
- favorable PPO compositions can be obtained in a zone C3, shaded with rightward upward hatches, in which PPO is present in an amount above 7 and below 93 weight STP is present in an amount above 7 and below 93 weight %, and TAIC (and/or TAC) is present in an amount below 70 weight %, more preferred PPO compositions can be obtained in a zone D3, located within the zone C3 and shaded with leftward upward hatches, and most preferred PPO compositions can be obtained in a zone E3, located inside the zone D3 and shaded with vertical hatches, wherein PPO is present in an amount above 10 and below 80 weight STP is present in an amount from 20 to 80 weight % and TAIC (and/or TAC) is present in an amount below 60 weight %.
- the solvent used in mixing the three of PPO, STP and TAIC (and/or TAC) may be the same as that explained in connection with the first feature, and the film formation can be performed by means of substantially the same casting process as explained also in connection with the first feature.
- a solution of 110 g of PPO, 80 g of styrene-butadiene-block copolymer (SBS) as STP and 10 g of TAIC with 800 g of TCE was prepared, and a PPO composition film of about 100 ⁇ m thick was obtained through the same steps as in EXAMPLE I.
- SBS styrene-butadiene-block copolymer
- composition ratio of PPO, STP and TAIC was varied as shown in the following TABLE 5 to obtain different PPO composition films through the same steps as in EXAMPLE 22.
- composition ratio of PPO, STP and TAIC was varied as shown also in TABLE 5 to prepare different solutions, and an attempt was made to obtain films through the same steps as in EXAMPLE 22.
- compositions were observed and tested in respect to the presence or absence of film-forming property, homogeneity, surface tackiness and tensile strength, the results of which are given in the following TABLE 6, in which the marks "X" and "-" indicate excellent and unmeasurable states, respectively.
- PB is further added to and mixed with the solution of PPO, STP and TAIC (and/or TAC) of the third feature, to provide a film-forming property and obtain a PPO compound.
- PB may be the one used in EXAMPLES 1 to 10.
- a favorable PPO compound can be obtained when PPO is present in an amount above 10 and below 90 weight %, STP is present in an amount above 10 and below 90 weight %, TAIC (and/or TAC) is present in an amount less than 80 weight % and PB is present in an amount below 20 weight %, and most preferred PPO composition films can be obtained when PPO is present in an amount above 30 and below 80 weight %, STP is present in an amount above 20 and below 70 weight %, TAIC (and/or TAC) is present in an amount less than 50 weight % and PB is present in an amount below 10 weight %.
- the solvent used in mixing PPO, STP and TAIC may be the same as that explained in connection with the first feature, and the casting referred to with reference also to the first feature may be carried out substantially through the same steps for forming the film.
- composition ratios of PPO, STP, TAIC and PB were changed as shown in the following TABLE 7 to obtain different PPO composition films through the same steps as in EXAMPLE 35.
- composition ratios of PPO, STP, TAIC and PB were changed as shown also in TABLE 7, to prepare different solutions in an attempt to obtain films through the same steps as in EXAMPLE 35.
- compositions were observed and tested in respect of the presence or absence of film-forming property, homogeneity, surface tackiness and tensile strength.
- results are given in TABLE 8 below, in which marks "X” and "-" represent excellent and unmeasurable states, respectively.
- PPO, PS and PB are mixed to obtain PPO compositions having the film-forming property.
- PPO and PB may be the same as those used in EXAMPLES 1 to 10, and PS may be that used in EXAMPLES 11 to 21.
- FIG. 4 a triangular diagram showing the composition ratios of PPO, PS and PB which are taken respectively on each of three sides of the diagram, it will be seen that favorable PPO compositions can be obtained in a zone C4, shaded with rightward upward hatches, wherein PPO is present in an amount above 8 and below 90 weight %, PS is present in an amount above 10 and below 92 weight % and PB is present in an amount below 24 weight %; that more preferred PPO compositions can be obtained in a zone D4, located inside the zone C4 and shaded with leftward upward hatches, and that most preferred PPO composition films can be obtained in a zone E4, located inside the zone D4 and shaded with vertical hatches wherein PPO is present in an amount above 30 and below 80 weight %, PS is present in an amount above 20 and below 70 weight % and PB is present in an amount below 10 weight %.
- the solvent used in mixing PPO, PS and PB may be the same as that explained in connection with the first feature, and the casting explained also in connection with the first feature may be employed for forming the films as carried out substantially through the same steps.
- composition ratios of PPO, PS and PB were changed as shown in the following TABLE 9, and different PPO composition films were obtained through the same steps as in EXAMPLE 46.
- composition ratios of PPO, PS and PB were changed as shown also in TABLE 9 to prepare different solutions, and an attempt was made to obtain films also through the same steps as in EXAMPLE 46.
- PPO is mixed with at least one crosslinking polymer and/or crosslinking monomer as a setting means that includes polyfunctional components.
- PPO is mixed with at least one crosslinking polymer and/or monomer and an initiator.
- a PPO composition that exhibits excellent film-forming properties, solvent resistance, heat resistance and strength is thereby obtained.
- the foregoing STP and PB are preferably used as the crosslinking polymers, but one or a mixture of two or more rubbers may be also used.
- the crosslinking monomers for example, other polyfunctional monomers than TAIC and TAC may be used such as ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, divinylbenzene, diallyl phthalate and the like, such acrylic acids as ester acrylate, epoxy acrylate, urethane acrylate, ether acrylate, melamine acrylate, alkyl acrylate, silicon acrylate and the like, such monofunctional monomers as vinyltoluene, ethyl vinyl benzene, stryene, paramethylstyrene and the like, and mixtures of such polyfunctional monomers.
- organic peroxides as di-cumyl peroxide, t-butyl cumyl peroxide, di-t-butyl peroxide, ketone peroxide, peroxyketal, hydroperoxide, dialkyl peroxide, diacyl peroxide, peroxydicarbonate, peroxyesther and the like may be employed.
- one or more peroxides selected from the group consisting of those compounds represented by following structural formulas (I), (II) and (III) may also be employed: ##STR2## where R represents a hydrocarbon radical and R' and R" represent a hydrocarbon radical or a hydrogen, and R, may be the same as or different from R".
- the peroxides expressed by formula (I) include, for example, 2,2-bis-t-butyl-peroxyoctane, n-butyl-peroxyvalerate, 2,2-bis-t-butyl-peroxybutane, 2,5-dimethyl-hexane-2,5-dihydro-peroxide, 2,2'-bis-t-butyl-peroxy-m-isopropyl-benzene (also known as (1,4 or 1,3)-bis-t-butyl-peroxyisopropyl-benzene)), 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di-t-butyl-peroxyhexane, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di-t-butyl-peroxyhexane-3 and the like.
- the compounds expressed by formula (II) include, for example, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di-benzoylperoxyhexane and the like.
- the compounds expressed by formula (III) include, for example, di-t-butyl-peroxyisophthalate and the like.
- these peroxides listed above in particular, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di-t-butyl-peroxyhexane-3 and ⁇ , ⁇ -bis-t-butyl-peroxy-m-isopropyl-benzene of formula (I) are preferred.
- the crosslinking property can be further enhanced by the application of external physical action as, for example, heating and irradiation of ultraviolet or radioactive ray, which causes O--O coupling in the initiator to be cut. That is,
- the desired PPO composition can be obtained when PPO is present in an amount from 50 to 95 weight %, the crosslinking polymer and/or crosslinking monomer is present in an amount from 5 to 50 weight and the initiator is present in an amount from 0.1 to 5.0 weight %.
- the solvent used in mixing them may be the same as explained in connection with the first feature, and the film formation may also be carried out by casting substantially through the same steps as in the case of the first feature.
- a method of manufacturing a laminate using the PPO compositions is provided.
- PPO, crosslinking polymer and/or crosslinking monomer are used in preparing the PPO composition film for the manufacture of the laminate, wherein PPO may be the same as used in EXAMPLES 1 to 10, and the crosslinking polymer and/or the crosslinking monomer may be the same as those detailed in connection with the sixth feature.
- BC has a one-minute half-life temperature of 330° C.
- the same solvent as that explained in connection with the first feature may be used and, in forming the films, the casting may be carried out substantially through the same steps as in the case of the first feature.
- an appropriate number of the PPO composition films, as well as such metallic foils as copper, aluminum or the like, are properly stacked and preferably heat-pressed so that the films will melt to bond with each other and with the metallic foils so as to form a laminate.
- the heat-press temperature is set depending on the reaction temperature of the initiator, and is usually within a range of about 150° to 300° C.
- the heat-press pressure and time are also to be appropriately set, and are preferable under 50 Kg/cm 2 for 10 to 60 minutes. It is possible to add to such a laminate a further metallic foil as overlaid onto one or both surfaces of the laminate and bonded thereto through a further carried out hot-press step.
- composition ratios of PPO, SBS, PB and TAIC were varied as shown in the following TABLE 11 with a suitable initiator (INIT) selected and added, and different PPO composition films were formed into different laminates through the same steps as in EXAMPLE 57.
- composition ratio of the materials of EXAMPLE 57 was varied as shown in TABLE 11, as COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 30 and 31, in an attempt to obtain PPO composition laminates through the same steps as in EXAMPLE 57.
- DCP dicumyl peroxide
- F is t-butylcumyl-peroxide
- G is di-t-butyl-peroxide
- H is 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di-t-butyl-peroxyhexane-3
- I is 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di-t-butyl-peroxyhexane
- J is ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis-t-butyl-peroxy-m-isopropyl-benzene.
- TABLE 12 shows the results of tests made on the obtained laminates in respect of (I) the room temperature peeling-strength, (II) soldering heat resistance, (III) insulation resistance, (IV) dielectric constant and (V) dielectric loss tangent, in which hyphens "-" indicate an unmeasurable state:
- the metal-load laminates of EXAMPLES 57 to 66 are extremely excellent in the room temperature peeling-strength, soldering heat resistance and insulation resistance, fairly excellent in the dielectric constant and dielectric loss tangent based on the U.S. Military Specification and Standard (MIL), excellent in high frequency characteristics, and thus suitable for use in such superhigh frequency bands as the X band.
- MIL U.S. Military Specification and Standard
- a step of irradiating the laminates with a radioactive ray may be added to the foregoing seventh feature so as to maintain the dielectric characteristics and to remarkably improve the room temperature peeling-strength and soldering heat resistance.
- PPO and crosslinking polymer and/or crosslinking monomer are used in making the PPO composition films for the preparation of laminate, as in the case of the seventh feature.
- PPO may be the same as used in the foregoing EXAMPLES 1 to 10, while the crosslinking polymer and/or monomer may be the ones that exhibit a good crosslinking property when exposed to the irradiation.
- Such materials as disclosed in connection with the sixth feature may be also used as the crosslinking polymer and/or monomer. It is also possible to use poly-para-methylstyrene among the crosslinking resins or polymers disclosed in connection with the sixth feature, and TAIC among the crosslinking assistants or monomers disclosed also in connection with the sixth feature, in improving the crosslinking property by means of the irradiation. It has been found that TAIC increases the crosslinking degree up to 90% when exposed to 50 Mrad irradiation.
- the initiators explained in connection with the sixth feature and BC explained in connection with the seventh feature may be used concurrently.
- the organic peroxides there may be enumerated as the initiator, benzoin, benzyl, allyldiazonium fluoroborate, benzylmethylketal, 2,2-diethoxyacetophenone, benzoyl isobutyl ether, p-t-butyl-trichloroacetophenone, benzyl-o-ethoxy-carbonyl- ⁇ -monooxime, biacetyl, acetophenone, benzophenone, tetramethylthiuram sulfide, azobisisobutyronitril, benzoyl peroxide, 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenylethane, 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenylpropane-1-one, 1-(4-isopropylphenyl)-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropane-1-one, 2-chlorothioxanthone, methylbenzoyl
- the same solvent as explained in connection with the first feature may be employed to prepare a solution, and the film formation may be carried out by means of the casting substantially through the same steps as disclosed in connection with the first feature.
- the laminate was exposed to an irradiation ( ⁇ ray, ⁇ ray or the like) by an amount of 10 to 70 Mrad, preferably 40 to 60 Mrad, according to the composition ratio of the macromolecular materials employed, so as to induce the thermal melting and bonding property of PPO, to increase the crosslinking property at the bonding boundary surfaces between the films and the metallic foils, and to thereby complete the metal-clad laminate.
- ⁇ ray, ⁇ ray or the like an amount of 10 to 70 Mrad, preferably 40 to 60 Mrad, according to the composition ratio of the macromolecular materials employed, so as to induce the thermal melting and bonding property of PPO, to increase the crosslinking property at the bonding boundary surfaces between the films and the metallic foils, and to thereby complete the metal-clad laminate.
- the room temperature peeling-strength and soldering heat resistance of the laminates can be remarkably improved, while the insulation resistance, dielectric constant and dielectric loss tangent remain substantially unchanged so as to maintain the excellent dielectric characteristics.
- PPO, TAIC (and/or TAC) are used as basic materials to obtain the laminate of the PPO composition films.
- PPO may be the same as in EXAMPLES 1 to 10 and TAIC (and/or TAC) may be the same as explained in connection with the second feature.
- 0.1 to 5.0 weight % of an initiator is preferably added and mixed therewith.
- this mixture PB For the purpose of improving the film-forming property, it is further preferable to add to this mixture PB.
- the same solvent as explained in connection with the first feature may be used. Even a mere mixing may be sufficient.
- the films may be formed by means of the casting performed substantially through the same steps as explained in connection with the first feature. A required number of the films thus obtained and metallic foils are stacked to a predetermined laminate design thickness and processed through the same steps as in the seventh feature into a metalclad laminate having a thickness of preferably 0.6 to 0.8 mm, and suitable for a circuit design.
- a resin-impregnated substrate which may be glass cloth, glass mat, polyester cloth, aramid fiber cloth, paper, unwoven cloth or the like, impregnated with a resin solution containing PPO, TAIC (and/or TAC) and, if necessary, an initiator and/or PB and dried.
- the impregnation may be made alternatively with a solution containing such other material than PB as the crosslinking polymer and/or monomer disclosed in the sixth feature, added to PPO, TAIC (and/or TAC) and, if necessary, an initiator, the solution being also dried.
- the heatpress temperature is set depending on the reaction temperature of the initiator, usually within a range of 150° and 300° C., while the pressure and time are set preferably to be 10 to 150 Kg/cm 2 and for about 10 to 90 minutes.
- the laminate including resin-impregnated substrate and prepared in the above-mentioned manner can be exposed to heat and/or an irradiation of ultraviolet light or radioactive ray ( ⁇ or ⁇ ray), and radical reaction takes place so as to enhance the hardening of the laminate.
- ⁇ or ⁇ ray ultraviolet light or radioactive ray
- composition ratio of EXAMPLE 80 was changed to 100 g of PPO, 100 g of TAIC, and 4 g of ⁇ , ⁇ -bis-t-butylperoxy-m-isopropyl benzene as the initiator, and a laminate similar to that of EXAMPLE 80 was obtained substantially through the same steps.
- the composition ratio of EXAMPLE 81 was changed to 180 g of PPO, 20 g of TAIC, and 2 g of 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-t-butylperoxyhexane-3 as the initiator, to obtain a laminate including the resin-impregnated substrates similar to that of EXAMPLE 81 substantially through the same steps.
- the composition ratio of EXAMPLE 80 was changed to 140 g of PPO, 40 g of TAIC, 20 g of 1,2-PB, and 4 g of 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-t-butylperoxyhexane-3 to form the PPO composition films, 15 sheets of which were stacked and heat-pressed under a pressure of 100 Kg/cm 2 , but without changing other conditions of the steps of EXAMPLE 80 for forming the laminate thereof.
- the composition ratio of EXAMPLE 81 was changed to 120 g of PPO, 40 g of TAIC, 40 g of 1,2-PB, and 2 g of ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis-t-butylperoxy-m-isopropylbenzene as the initiator, and a laminate including the resin-impregnated substrates similar to that of EXAMPLE 81 was obtained through a heat-press process that used a temperature and time of 200° C. and 60 minutes, respectively, but without changing the other conditions.
- the composition ratio of EXAMPLE 80 was changed to 160 g of PPO, 20 g of TAIC, 20 g of 1,2-PB, and 2 g of an initiator, and a laminate similar to that of EXAMPLE 80 was obtained substantially through the same steps.
- the PPO composition according to the present invention is suitable not only for making the laminates, but also in the form of a single film as further hardened to be in C-stage, in which instance the film may be provided on one surface with, for example, a printed-wiring so as to form a circuit film.
- the use of the PPO composition according to the present invention allows such adhesion to be reliably achieved without using any separate adhesive such as epoxy resin or the like, and that, in this respect, too, the invention achieves improvements in the heat-resistance and high frequency characteristics.
- another feature of the present invention lies in the preparation of a PPO resin composition that has a desired dielectric constant by mixing with the aforementioned PPO compositions an inorganic filler.
- a filler can be chosen such that the final PPO resin composition exhibits any desired dielectric constant. It is preferable to use an inorganic filler that has as large a dielectric constant as possible.
- the inorganic filler should preferably be of a relative dielectric constant of above 10.
- Suitable inorganic fillers include such ceramics as titanium dioxide ceramics, barium titanate ceramics, lead titanate ceramics, strontium titanate ceramics, calcium titanate ceramics, bismuth titanate ceramics, magnesium titanae ceramics, lead zirconate ceramics, and the like. These fillers can be used alone or in a mixture of two or more. This mixture can be sintered. Further, the ceramics can be refined or can be present as raw materials. If used as raw materials, the ceramics are preferably crushed after sintering.
- the inorganic fillers have different dielectric properties depending not only on their composition but also on their sintering and crushing conditions, i.e., particle size and particle size distribution.
- the inorganic filler be of finely divided particles of a size less that 50 ⁇ m so that the production of the final product is not inconvenient.
- the particle size should preferably be in the range of 0.1 to 20 ⁇ m, or, most preferably, in the range of 0.5 to 7 ⁇ m so as to avoid difficulties that may arise when the particle size is too small.
- the inorganic filler may be used without any special surface treatment, it is possible to perform a surface treatment to improve, for example, the heat resistance and water absorption of the hardened composition.
- a surface treatment to improve, for example, the heat resistance and water absorption of the hardened composition.
- coupling agents such as silane, titanium, and the like are used.
- the resulting PPO resin compositions are relatively high in their dielectric constant in their hardened product state. It is also possible to adjust the dielectric constant of the hardened product of the PPO resin composition over a wide range by choosing the appropriate type and amount of the dielectric material used as the inorganic filler. That is, the inorganic filler acts as a dielectric constant adjuster and any type of filler high in dielectric constant may be used when it is only intended to elevate the dielectric constant.
- the upper limit of the amount of inorganic filler that can be used in the PPO resin composition is the point where undesirable loss of strength of the PPO resin composition occurs, such as where the hardened PPO resin composition product becomes porous.
- the composition ratio of the inorganic filler may be up to 450 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the PPO resin composition except any solvent utilized, i.e., the resin composition including PPO, setting means, initiator, and any other organic material added as desired.
- the ratio should be below 400 parts, preferably below 200 parts by weight of the PPO resin composition, as ratios over 450 parts by weight create undesirable strength deterioration. There is substantially no lower limit since the mere addition of an inorganic filler has a positive effect on the PPO resin composition.
- the addition of less than 5 parts by weight of inorganic filler to 100 parts by weight of the PPO resin composition causes no appreciable effect, while a practically appreciable effect arises when the inorganic filler is added in an amount of at least 30 parts by weight to 100 parts by weight of the PPO resin composition.
- a PPO composition comprising 70 par&:s by weight of PPO, 15 parts by weight of styrene-butadiene copolymer, 14 parts by weight of triallyl isocyanurate, and 1 part by weight of dicumyl peroxide exhibits a dielectric constant of 2.6 and a dielectric loss of 0.002 at 23° C. and 1 MHz.
- the dielectric constant and dielectric loss of the PPO composition becomes 9.2 and 0.009 at 23° C. and 1 MHz, respectively.
- the dielectric constant of barium titanate is 2000
- the composition ratio of barium titanate added as the inorganic filler bears a close relationship to the dielectric properties of the PPO resin composition. Accordingly, the dielectric constant of the PPO resin composition can be set by fixing the composition ratio of the inorganic filler to the level that achieves the desired dielectric constant.
- the PPO composition and any other organic materials are dissolved in a suitable solvent so as to obtain a solution of 5 to 50 weight %.
- An inorganic filler is added to the solution to adjust the dielectric constant of the resin composition solution.
- the inorganic filler is not dissolved but is dispersed in the solution.
- a substrate is impregnated with this PPO resin/inorganic filler composition by dipping the substrate into the solution so as to deposit the composition onto the substrate.
- the solvent may be removed from the produced prepreg by, e.g., drying or the composition may be semi-hardened so as to be in the B stage.
- the resin composition content of the prepreg is preferably from 30 to 80 weight %.
- the produced product, such as a laminate, of the PPO resin/inorganic filler composition retains the desirable properties of PPO and is excellent in its dielectric properties, heat resistance, chemical resistance, and dimensional stability. Furthermore, the dielectric constant of the composition can be set by the appropriate selection of the type and amount of the added inorganic filler, while the dielectric loss of the composition remains low. The following examples illustrate this aspect of the present invention.
- PPO resin composition solution was applied onto a film of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) by means of a coating applicator so as to be 500 m thick.
- PET polyethylene terephthalate
- the coating was dried at 50° C. for about 10 minutes.
- the produced film of the composition was separated from the PET film and was further dried at 170°C. for 20 minutes to completely remove trichloroethylene and a sheet of the PPO resin composition having a thickness of about 150 m was obtained.
- Four of the sheets were stacked and joined under conditions of 220° C. and 50 kg/cm 2 for 30 minutes, to have them completely set, and a laminate was thereby obtained.
- EXAMPLES 88 to 107 as well as COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 32 and 33 were carried out to obtain a variety of laminates.
- the process steps were substantially iden&:ical to those of EXAMPLE 87.
- the composition ratio of the solution as well as the solid state properties of the obtained laminates, including those of EXAMPLE 87, are as shown in TABLE 16, in which the composition ratio of the inorganic filler is shown in parts by weight with respect to 100 parts of the PPO composition solution.
Abstract
A method of preparing a film-forming polyphenylene oxide (PPO) composition as well as a laminate using such composition, wherein a setting means selected from the group consisting of a crosslinking monomer, a crosslinking polymer, and mixtures thereof, and, optionally, an initiator are added to and mixed with PPO, and a sufficient film-forming property is provided to PPO by allowing the setting means and, if present, the initiator to crosslink, whereby the PPO composition has the ability to form a film. Further, when a plurality of such films are stacked and integralized to form a melt-clad laminate, the laminate exhibits low dielectric constant and loss, so as to be used effectively in superhigh frequency bands such as the X band used for satellite communication.
Description
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 06/896,964 filed Sept. 21, 1987, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 06/840,753 filed Mar. 18, 1986 by the present inventors, and now abandoned.
This invention relates to methods of preparing polyphenylene oxide compositions as well as laminates, in particular, metal-clad laminates that use such compositions.
The present polyphenylene oxide compositions should be in the for of film members. A plurality these film members are stacked and integralized into the metal-clad laminate with either or both of an overlaying and interpositions of metal foil or foils that form the desired electric circuit or circuits. Because the obtained laminate is excellent in high frequency characteristic, particularly in the dielectric characteristics, they find an effective utility in use with such super high frequency bands as, for example, the X-band of 10 GHz used in satellite communication or the like.
In general, for laminate materials to be effectively used in the superhigh frequency band for satellite communication or the like, the laminate materials must be excellent in the dielectric constant and dielectric loss at least in respect to the environmental resistance, and preferably low in the dielectric constant and loss, so as to achieve the desired high dielectric characteristics. To this end, poly-4-fluoroethylene, crosslinked polyethylene and alumina ceramics have been used as the materials for such laminates. However, poly-4-fluoroethylene and crosslinked polyethylene have proven to be defective in that they both have low glass-transition points and are likely to vary remarkably in the dielectric constant and loss when used in conjunction with high frequency bands. Alumina ceramics have also exhibited drawbacks. Thus, while its dielectric constant and loss are known to be relatively constant, its workability is poor, specifically when used for preparing the metal-clad laminate. Also, no simple and favorable process has been found for forming the electric circuits with, for example, a copper foil and the alumina ceramics.
As for other materials which are constant in the dielectric constant and loss, i.e., materials low in the dielectric constant and relatively high in the glass-transition point, there can be enumerated polyether sulfone, polyetherimide, polysulfone and the like which are considered to be suitable, in their normal state, for adhering to the metal foil for the circuit arrangement. However, their thermoplasticity creates problems that arise upon wiring connections with respect to the metal foil circuit by means of a soldering, the heat of which causes a deterioration in their adhesion.
It has been proposed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,059,568 to use polyphenylene oxide (hereinafter referred to as "PPO") which has a high glass-transition point and is known to yield excellent results, particularly when used in laminate materials to be utilized with superhigh frequency bands. However, the thermoplasticity of PPO still leaves the problem of the poor heat resistance unsolved. In this case, an optimum and reliable measure for improving the heat resistance of PPO would be to have it crosslinked, but it is impossible to crosslink PPO by a simple crosslinking process, such as the application of heat that is effective with thermosetting resins.
It may be possible to provide a required heat resistance to PPO by blending PPO with a thermosetting resin. However, this causes a problem to arise in that, when the blending is carried out by means of melt extrusion, the inherently required high temperature melting results in a gelation of the resin so as to render its further processing difficult. Also, the blending of the thermosetting resin with PPO may deteriorate the dielectric characteristics and eventually the high frequency characteristic of PPO. Further, while calendering may be employed to obtain sheet materials of a PPO composition that contains a thermosetting resin so as to form the metal-clad laminate with such sheet materials and the metal foil or foils properly stacked, such calendering creates a gelation problem similar to that caused by the melt extrusion.
Of course, if PPO could be processed into films by means of solvent-casting, such processing would be preferable because the casting could be performed at a lower temperature. However, the film casting of PPO alone has been difficult and, thus, it has been attempted to render PPO adaptable to simple and inexpensive casting processing by means of adding a crosslinking agent so as to obtain films of the PPO composition.
Thus, K. Kariya et al. have suggested in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Publication No. 59-193,929 a method in which 1,2-polybutadiene is added to and mixed with PPO. A substrate consisting of fiberglass or the like is impregnated with this mixture and subjected to thermodrying. This renders the mixture to be in an intermediate or prepreg in B-stage. A plurality of such prepregs are stacked and pressed into a laminate. However, in this case the substrate itself is poor in the dielectric characteristics because of the use of the fiber glass or the like so that, notwithstanding the high dielectric characteristics of PPO, the eventually obtained laminate cannot maintain the desired high dielectric characteristics and is unsuitable for use in such superhigh frequency bands as the X band.
A primary object of the present invention is, therefore, to provide a method of preparing polyphenylene oxide (PPO) compositions which can be formed into any required types of films in a lower temperature atmosphere so as to lower the production costs. Such a film is effectively used in forming the metal-clad laminates suitable for use in the superhigh frequency band.
According to the present invention, this object can be realized by providing a method of preparing a PPO composition, wherein a setting means containing at least one polyfunctional component, for example, selected from the group consisting of a crosslinking monomer, a crosslinking polymer, and mixtures thereof, and, optionally, an initiator are added to and mixed with PPO, and a sufficient film-forming property is provided to PPO by allowing e.g., the setting means and, if present, the initiator to crosslink, whereby a film-forming property is provided to PPO.
The "PPO composition" should not be limited to be the only one for forming the film, and the term "composition" herein used is to mean the composition in a state different from that of any finally hardened or cured resin material, including an intermediate setting state between A and C stages, such as the state of prepreg in B stage where any subsequent physical processing can be carried out.
Other objects and advantages of the present invention shall become clear from the following description of the invention detailed with reference to preferred examples of the invention.
FIG. 1 shows in a triangular diagram the composition ratios of PPO, styrene-containing and thermoplastic copolymer with unsaturated double bond (STP) and polybutadiene (PB) employed in EXAMPLES 1 to 10 and in their COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES, the respective components being taken on each of three sides of the diagram;
FIG. 2 shows in a triangular diagram the composition ratios of PPO, styrene copolymer (STP) and triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC) employed in EXAMPLES 11 to 20 and in their COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES, which components being taken respectively on each of three sides of the diagram;
FIG. 3 is also a triangular diagram showing composition ratios of PPO, styrene copolymer (STP) and triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC) employed in EXAMPLES 22 to 34 and in their COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES, which components being taken respectively on each of three sides of the diagram; and
FIG. 4 is a further triangular diagram showing composition ratios of PPO, PS and PB employed in EXAMPLES 35 to 45 and in their COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES, with which components respectively taken on each of three sides of the diagram.
While the present invention shall now be described with reference to the preferred examples, it should be understood that the intention is not to limit the invention only to the particular examples but rather to cover all alterations, modifications, and equivalent methods possible within the scope of appended claims.
According to a first feature of the present invention, styrene copolymer (hereinafter referred to as "STP") and polybutadiene (hereinafter referred to as "PB") are added to and mixed with PPO to provide thereto a film-forming property and obtain a PPO composition in the form of a film.
As used herein, PPO is a resin of the following general structural formula, ##STR1## where R is a hydrocarbon radical having hydrogen or carbon of 1 to 3 in number and the respective R's may be all the same or different. For example, PPO may be poly-(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phnylene oxide) having preferably a weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of 50,000 and a molecular-weight distribution (Mw/Mn) of 4.2 (Mn being a number-average molecular weight).
Desirably used as STP is styrene-butadiene-block copolymer, styrene-isoprene-block copolymer or the like. The polymer state should desirably be of a high molecular weight. The block state may be, assuming that A and B represent polystyrene and polybutadiene (or polyisoprene), respectively, any of AB, ABA, ABAB and so on. PB is preferably, for example, one or a mixture of at least two of 1,2-polybutadiene, 1,4-polybutadiene, maleic-, acrylic- or epoxy-modified 1,2-polybutadiene and the like. PPO, STP, and PB may, of course, be of any other structure and need not be restricted to the foregoing ones.
It has been found that when PPO is present in an amount from 9 to 71 weight %, STP is present in an amount from above 19 and below 91 weight % and PB is present in an amount from below 40 weight %, a PPO composition in the form of a favorable film can be obtained. Referring now to the triangular diagram of FIG. 1 showing the composition ratios of PPO, STP and PB which are taken respectively on each of three sides of the diagram, zone C1, shaded with rightward upward hatches, denotes the area in which favorable PPO compositions are obtained; within zone D1, shown within the zone C1 as shaded with leftward upward hatches, more preferred PPO compositions are obtained, and within zone E1, shown within the zone D1 as shaded with vertical hatches, in which PPO is present in an amount above 20 and below 70 weight %, STP is present in an amount above 30 and below 80 weight %, and PB is present in an amount below 20 weight %, a substantially optimum PPO composition is obtained.
While the foregoing three component resins are usually mixed as dissolved in a solvent, it has been found preferable that the solid resin content be in a range of 10 to 30 weight As the solvent, one or a mixture of at least two of such halogenated hydrocarbons as trichloroethylene (Trichlene), trichloroethane, chloroform, methylene chloride and the like, such aromatic hydrocarbon as benzene, chlorobenzene, toluene, xylene and the like, carbon tetrachloride and the like may be used, but it is preferable to employ trichloroethylene alone or in a mixture thereof with other solvent.
In obtaining the PPO composition in the form of a film, it is preferred to employ a solvent-mold casting. More specifically, the mixture solution of PPO, STP and PB in the solvent is cast to be, for example, 5 to 700 μm thick on a planished iron plate, a casting carrier film or the like. When the casting carrier film is employed, such a resin film that is insoluble to the solvent such as polyethylene terephthalate (hereinafter referred to as "PET"), polyethylene, polypropylene, polyimide or the like can be used. Then, the cast solution is subjected to air-drying and/or hot air processing to remove the solvent from the solution. It is preferable that the drying temperature range be set to be lower at its upper limit than the boiling temperature of the solvent or, in the case of drying as left on the carrier film, lower than the heat-resistant temperature of the carrier film, while the lower limit is set taking into consideration the necessary drying time or the desired ease of processing. When, for example, trichlorethylene (hereinafter referred to as "TCE") and PET film are used, respectively, as the solvent and carrier film, the drying temperature range is set to be higher than a room temperature but lower than 80.C. The higher the drying temperature within this drying temperature range, the shorter the drying time.
The term "film" herein used as the PPO composition should be interpreted in the broad sense and thus should include sheet, film, tape, layer, web or any equivalent thereto. The surface area or length perpendicular to the thickness direction of such products should not be restricted, and the thickness may be suitably set as required depending on the intended use.
In a reactor having a defoamer and of a capacity of 2 liters, 80 g of PPO, 80 g of styrene-butadiene-block copolymer as STP, 40 g of PB and then 800 g of TCE were added and sufficiently stirred to mix them until a homogeneous solution was obtained. The solution was thereafter defoamed and then applied onto a PET casting film to form thereon a film of 500 μm thick. In this state, the thus formed film was subjected to air-drying and then to drying with blown air heated to 50° C., after which the dried film was released from the PET film and further dried for 30 minutes under a heat of 120° C. As a result, the PPO composition film thus obtained was of a thickness of about 100 μm.
Different PPO compositions were obtained through the same steps as in EXAMPLE 1 but with the composition ratios of PPO, STP and PB as shown in TABLE 1.
The ratios of PPO, STP and PB were varied as also shown in TABLE 1, solutions were prepared, and an attempt was made to obtain films through the same steps as in EXAMPLE 1.
TABLE 1
__________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLES
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
__________________________________________________________________________
(1)
PPO (g)
80 40 120
65 130
60 30 90 25 20
(2)
STP (g)
80 120
70 130
50 90 155
50 100
140
(3)
PB (g)
40 40 10 20 20 50 15 60 75 40
__________________________________________________________________________
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES
1 2 3 4 5 6
__________________________________________________________________________
(1) 200 40 10 140 60 160
(2) 0 0 140 20 40 40
(3) 0 160 50 40 100 0
__________________________________________________________________________
The obtained compositions were observed and tested in respect to the presence or absence of film-forming property, homogeneity, surface tackiness and tensile strength. The results are shown in TABLE 2 below, in which "X" indicates excellent state while hyphen "-" indicates an unmeasureable state.
TABLE 2
__________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLES
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
__________________________________________________________________________
(1)
Film-form. prop.
X X X X X X X X X X
(2)
Homogeneity
X X X X X X X X X X
(3)
Surface tack.
X X X X X X X X X X
(4)
Tensile streng.
350
300
400
350
400
350
250
300
200
200
(Kgf/cm.sup.2)
__________________________________________________________________________
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES
1 2 3 4 5 6
__________________________________________________________________________
(1) no
no no
no no
no
(2) --
-- --
-- --
--
(3) --
-- --
-- --
--
(4) --
-- --
-- --
--
__________________________________________________________________________
Referring also to FIG. 1 in which circular dots represent the composition ratios of EXAMPLES 1 to 10 and square dots represent those of COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 1 to 6, it will be seen that the composition ratios of PPO, STP and PB used in EXAMPLES 1 to 10 reach favorable results, while the composition ratios of COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES which are outside zone Cl produce no film.
According to a second feature of the present invention, PPO, polystyrene (hereinafter referred to as "PS"), triallyl isocyanurate (hereinafter referred to as "TAIC") and/or triallyl cyanurate (hereinafter referred to as "TAC") are mixed to provide a film-forming property and obtain a PPO composition. PPO has the same structure as that used in the foregoing EXAMPLES 1 to 10. PS should preferably be the one of a high molecular weight for the purpose of improving the film-forming property. Further, while TAIC and TAC are respectively an isomer, from the viewpoint of chemical structure, it has been known that they have substantially the same film-forming property, compatibility, solubility and reactivity, and either one or both of them may be used.
Referring next to FIG. 2 showing composition ratios of PPO, PS and TAIC in a triangular diagram, the three components being taken respectively on each of three sides of the triangle, it is seen that favorable PPO compositions can be obtained in a zone C2 shaded by rightward upward hatches. That is, when the PPO is present in an amount from 10 to 90 weight PS is present in an amount less than 90 weight % and TAIC (and/or TAC) is present in an amount below 60 weight % favorable results are obtained. Further, in a zone D2, located within the zone C2 and shaded with leftward upward hatches, more preferred PPO compositions can be obtained. In addition, in a zone E2, located within the zone D2 and shaded by vertical hatches, where PPO is present in an amount from 30 to 70 weight PS is present in an amount from 20 to 60 weight % and TAIC (and/or TAC) is present in an amount from 10 to 40 weight %, substantially optimum PPO compositions particularly in the form of films can be obtained.
In mixing PPO, PS and TAIC (and/or TAC), the same solvent as explained in connection with the first feature can be used, and their resultant solutions can be processed into films substantially through the same steps as those of the casting explained in connection with the first feature.
120 g of PPO, 40 g of PS, 40 g of TAIC, and 800 g of TCE as solvent were put in a reactor having defoamer and of a capacity of 2 liters, and sufficiently stirred and mixed until a homogeneous solution was obtained. The solution was applied onto a PET casting film to be a film of 500 μm thick, by means of a coater. The film in this state was subjected to air-drying and further dried under a heat of 50° C. After the drying the film formed on the PET casting film was released therefrom and then heated at 120° C. to be dried for 30 minutes. The obtained PPO composition film had a thickness of about 100 μm.
The composition ratio of PPO, PS and TAIC was variously changed as shown in the following TABLE 3, and PPO composition films were obtained through the same steps as in EXAMPLE 11.
The composition ratio of PPO, PS and TAIC was further changed as shown also in TABLE 3, to prepare differ®nt solutions, and an attempt was made to obtain films through the same steps as in EXAMPLE 11.
TABLE 3
__________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLES
11 12
13
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
__________________________________________________________________________
(1)
PPO (g)
120
80
70
20 40 60 100
160
110
80 175
(2)
PS (g)
40 80
70
140
120
40 90 20 10 10 5
(3)
TAIC (g)
40 40
60
40 40 100
10 20 80 110
20
__________________________________________________________________________
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES
7 8 9 10 11
__________________________________________________________________________
(1) 200 40 190 40 10
(2) 0 0 5 20 120
(3) 0 160 5 140 70
__________________________________________________________________________
The obtained compositions were observed and tested in respect to the presence or absence of the film-forming property, homogeneity, surface tackiness and tensile strength, results of which are given in TABLE 4 below. In the Table, the mark "X" indicates excellent and hyphen "-" indicates unmeasurable.
TABLE 4
__________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLES
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
__________________________________________________________________________
(1)
Film-form. prop.
X X X X X X X X X X X
(2)
Homogeneity
X X X X X X X X X X X
(3)
Surfce tack.
X X X X X X X X X X X
(4)
Tensile streng.
500
500
450
250
350
300
450
300
200
150
250
(Kgf/cm.sup.2)
__________________________________________________________________________
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES
7 8 9 10
11
__________________________________________________________________________
(1) no no
no no
no
(2) -- --
-- --
X
(3) -- --
-- --
no
(4) -- --
-- --
--
__________________________________________________________________________
As will be clear in view from FIG. 2, wherein circular dots represent the composition ratios of EXAMPLES 11 to 21 and square dots represent those of COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 7 to 11, it has been found that the composition ratios of PPO, PS and TAIC used in EXAMPLES 11 to 21 reach favorable results, while the composition ratios of COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES which are outside the zone C2 in FIG. 2 do not provide any favorable composition films.
According to a third feature of the present invention, PPO, STP and TAIC (and/or TAC) were mixed to provide a film-forming property and obtain a PPO composition. The same PPO and STP as those in the foregoing EXAMPLES 1 to 10 can be used, and the same TAIC (and/or TAC) as those in the above EXAMPLES 11 to 21 can be used.
Referring next to the triangular diagram of FIG. 3 of various composition ratios of PPO, STP and TAIC respectively taken on each side of the system, favorable PPO compositions can be obtained in a zone C3, shaded with rightward upward hatches, in which PPO is present in an amount above 7 and below 93 weight STP is present in an amount above 7 and below 93 weight %, and TAIC (and/or TAC) is present in an amount below 70 weight %, more preferred PPO compositions can be obtained in a zone D3, located within the zone C3 and shaded with leftward upward hatches, and most preferred PPO compositions can be obtained in a zone E3, located inside the zone D3 and shaded with vertical hatches, wherein PPO is present in an amount above 10 and below 80 weight STP is present in an amount from 20 to 80 weight % and TAIC (and/or TAC) is present in an amount below 60 weight %.
The solvent used in mixing the three of PPO, STP and TAIC (and/or TAC) may be the same as that explained in connection with the first feature, and the film formation can be performed by means of substantially the same casting process as explained also in connection with the first feature.
In a reactor having a defoamer and of a capacity of 2 liters, a solution of 110 g of PPO, 80 g of styrene-butadiene-block copolymer (SBS) as STP and 10 g of TAIC with 800 g of TCE was prepared, and a PPO composition film of about 100 μm thick was obtained through the same steps as in EXAMPLE I.
The composition ratio of PPO, STP and TAIC was varied as shown in the following TABLE 5 to obtain different PPO composition films through the same steps as in EXAMPLE 22.
The composition ratio of PPO, STP and TAIC was varied as shown also in TABLE 5 to prepare different solutions, and an attempt was made to obtain films through the same steps as in EXAMPLE 22.
TABLE 5
__________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLES
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
33 34
__________________________________________________________________________
(1)
PPO (g)
110
40 120
40 40 20 40 20 50 170
90
180
25
(2)
STP (g)
80 150
40 120
40 160
20 175
20 20 30
15 40
(3)
TAIC (g)
10 10 40 40 120
20 140
5 130
10 80
5 135
__________________________________________________________________________
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES
12 13 14 15 16
__________________________________________________________________________
(1) 200 80 10 160 20
(2) 0 0 160 10 20
(3) 0 120 30 30 160
__________________________________________________________________________
The obtained compositions were observed and tested in respect to the presence or absence of film-forming property, homogeneity, surface tackiness and tensile strength, the results of which are given in the following TABLE 6, in which the marks "X" and "-" indicate excellent and unmeasurable states, respectively.
TABLE 6
__________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLES
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
__________________________________________________________________________
(1)
Film-form.
X X X X X X X X X X X X X
prop.
(2)
Homogeneity
X X X X X X X X X X X X X
(3)
Surface
X X X X X X X X X X X X no
tack.
(4)
Tensile
450
300
400
350
200
150
100
150
150
400
300
350
150
Streng.
(Kgf/cm.sup.2)
__________________________________________________________________________
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES
12 13
14 15
16
__________________________________________________________________________
(1) no no
no no
no
(2) -- --
-- --
--
(3) -- --
-- --
--
(4) -- --
-- --
--
__________________________________________________________________________
As will be clear in view of FIG. 3, in which circular dots represent the composition ratios of EXAMPLES 22 to 34 and square dots represent those of COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES, it is found that the composition ratios of PPO, STP and TAIC used in EXAMPLES 22-34 result in favorable compositions, while the ratios of COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES which are outside the zone C3 in FIG. 3 never provide favorable films.
According to a fourth feature of the present invention, PB is further added to and mixed with the solution of PPO, STP and TAIC (and/or TAC) of the third feature, to provide a film-forming property and obtain a PPO compound. PB may be the one used in EXAMPLES 1 to 10. According to this feature, a favorable PPO compound can be obtained when PPO is present in an amount above 10 and below 90 weight %, STP is present in an amount above 10 and below 90 weight %, TAIC (and/or TAC) is present in an amount less than 80 weight % and PB is present in an amount below 20 weight %, and most preferred PPO composition films can be obtained when PPO is present in an amount above 30 and below 80 weight %, STP is present in an amount above 20 and below 70 weight %, TAIC (and/or TAC) is present in an amount less than 50 weight % and PB is present in an amount below 10 weight %.
The solvent used in mixing PPO, STP and TAIC (and/or TAC) may be the same as that explained in connection with the first feature, and the casting referred to with reference also to the first feature may be carried out substantially through the same steps for forming the film.
In a reactor having a defoamer and of a capacity of 2 liters, 100 g of PPO, 40 g of SBS as STP, 40 g of TAIC and 20 g of PB were mixed with 800 g of TCE to obtain a PPO composition film of 100 μm thick through the same steps as in EXAMPLE I.
The composition ratios of PPO, STP, TAIC and PB were changed as shown in the following TABLE 7 to obtain different PPO composition films through the same steps as in EXAMPLE 35.
The composition ratios of PPO, STP, TAIC and PB were changed as shown also in TABLE 7, to prepare different solutions in an attempt to obtain films through the same steps as in EXAMPLE 35.
TABLE 7
__________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLES
35 36 37 38 39 40
41 42 43
44 45
__________________________________________________________________________
(1)
PPO (g)
100
100
110
120
80 80
130
115
40
25 20
(2)
STP (g)
40 60 40 40 100
20
30 45 80
25 150
(3)
TAIC (g)
40 20 40 20 15 80
25 10 65
140
10
(4)
PB (g)
20 20 10 20 5 20
15 30 15
10 20
__________________________________________________________________________
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
__________________________________________________________________________
(1)
200 20 85 10 100 40 190
(2)
0 20 45 100
10 40 10
(3)
0 20 10 80 70 120 0
(4)
0 140 60 10 20 0 0
__________________________________________________________________________
The obtained compositions were observed and tested in respect of the presence or absence of film-forming property, homogeneity, surface tackiness and tensile strength. The results are given in TABLE 8 below, in which marks "X" and "-" represent excellent and unmeasurable states, respectively.
TABLE 8
__________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLES
35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
__________________________________________________________________________
(1)
Film-form.
X X X X X X X X X X X
prop.
(2)
Homogeneity
X X X X X X X X X X X
(3)
Surface
X X X X X X X X X no X
tack.
(4)
Tensile
400
400
400
400
400
350
400
300
250
100
250
streng.
(Kgf/cm.sup.2)
__________________________________________________________________________
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES
17 18
19 20
21 22
23
__________________________________________________________________________
(1) no no
X X no no
no
(2) -- --
no X -- no
no
(3) -- --
no no
-- no
no
(4) -- --
-- --
-- --
--
__________________________________________________________________________
It will be seen from TABLE 8 that the composition ratios of PPO, STP, TAIC and PB used in EXAMPLES 35 to 45 result in favorable PPO composition, while those used in COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 17 to 23 do not result in any favorable compositions.
According to a fifth feature of the present invention, PPO, PS and PB are mixed to obtain PPO compositions having the film-forming property. Here, PPO and PB may be the same as those used in EXAMPLES 1 to 10, and PS may be that used in EXAMPLES 11 to 21.
Referring to FIG. 4, a triangular diagram showing the composition ratios of PPO, PS and PB which are taken respectively on each of three sides of the diagram, it will be seen that favorable PPO compositions can be obtained in a zone C4, shaded with rightward upward hatches, wherein PPO is present in an amount above 8 and below 90 weight %, PS is present in an amount above 10 and below 92 weight % and PB is present in an amount below 24 weight %; that more preferred PPO compositions can be obtained in a zone D4, located inside the zone C4 and shaded with leftward upward hatches, and that most preferred PPO composition films can be obtained in a zone E4, located inside the zone D4 and shaded with vertical hatches wherein PPO is present in an amount above 30 and below 80 weight %, PS is present in an amount above 20 and below 70 weight % and PB is present in an amount below 10 weight %.
The solvent used in mixing PPO, PS and PB may be the same as that explained in connection with the first feature, and the casting explained also in connection with the first feature may be employed for forming the films as carried out substantially through the same steps.
In the reactor having a defoamer and of a capacity of 2 liters, 80 g of PPO, 110 g of PS and 10 g of PB were mixed with 800 g of TCE, and a PPO composition film of about 100 μm thick was obtained through the same steps as in EXAMPLE 1.
The composition ratios of PPO, PS and PB were changed as shown in the following TABLE 9, and different PPO composition films were obtained through the same steps as in EXAMPLE 46.
The composition ratios of PPO, PS and PB were changed as shown also in TABLE 9 to prepare different solutions, and an attempt was made to obtain films also through the same steps as in EXAMPLE 46.
TABLE 9
__________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLES
46 47 48 49 50 51
52 53 54 55 56
__________________________________________________________________________
(1)
PPO (g)
80 100
140
40 40 80
20 120
25 20 170
(2)
PS (g)
110
80 50 150
120
80
160
35 170
135
20
(3)
PB (g)
10 20 10 10 40 40
20 45 5 45 10
__________________________________________________________________________
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES
24 25 26 27 28 29
__________________________________________________________________________
(1) 200 10 160 50 120
20
(2) 0 170 10 90 20 0
(3) 0 20 30 60 60 80
__________________________________________________________________________
The obtained compositions were observed and tested in respect of the presence or absence of film-forming property, homogeneity, surface tackiness and tensile strength. The results are given in TABLE 10 below, in which marks "X" and "-" represent excellent and unmeasureable states, respectively.
TABLE 10
__________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLES
46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56
__________________________________________________________________________
(1)
Film-form.
X X X X X X X X X X X
prop.
(2)
Homogeneity
X X X X X X X X X X X
(3)
Surface X X X X X X X X X X X
tack.
(4)
Tensile 300
350
350
250
300
350
200
300
200
200
300
streng.
(Kgf/cm.sup.2)
__________________________________________________________________________
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES
24
25 26
27 28
29
__________________________________________________________________________
(1) no
X no
X X no
(2) --
no --
no no
no
(3) --
X --
no no
no
(4) --
-- --
-- --
--
__________________________________________________________________________
In view of FIG. 4, in which the composition ratios of EXAMPLES 46 to 56 are plotted by circular dots and those of COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 24-29 are plotted by square dots, it is found that the favorable PPO composition films can be obtained with the composition ratios of PPO, PS and PB in EXAMPLES 46 to 56, whereas no favorable PPO composition film were obtained using the ratios of COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 24-29, which are outside the zone C4 in FIG. 4.
According to the foregoing first to fifth features of the present invention, there has been provided a method in which PPO is mixed with at least one crosslinking polymer and/or crosslinking monomer as a setting means that includes polyfunctional components. According to a sixth feature of the present invention, PPO is mixed with at least one crosslinking polymer and/or monomer and an initiator. A PPO composition that exhibits excellent film-forming properties, solvent resistance, heat resistance and strength is thereby obtained.
Referring to the sixth feature, the foregoing STP and PB are preferably used as the crosslinking polymers, but one or a mixture of two or more rubbers may be also used. As the crosslinking monomers, for example, other polyfunctional monomers than TAIC and TAC may be used such as ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, divinylbenzene, diallyl phthalate and the like, such acrylic acids as ester acrylate, epoxy acrylate, urethane acrylate, ether acrylate, melamine acrylate, alkyl acrylate, silicon acrylate and the like, such monofunctional monomers as vinyltoluene, ethyl vinyl benzene, stryene, paramethylstyrene and the like, and mixtures of such polyfunctional monomers.
For the initiator, such organic peroxides as di-cumyl peroxide, t-butyl cumyl peroxide, di-t-butyl peroxide, ketone peroxide, peroxyketal, hydroperoxide, dialkyl peroxide, diacyl peroxide, peroxydicarbonate, peroxyesther and the like may be employed. Further, one or more peroxides selected from the group consisting of those compounds represented by following structural formulas (I), (II) and (III) may also be employed: ##STR2## where R represents a hydrocarbon radical and R' and R" represent a hydrocarbon radical or a hydrogen, and R, may be the same as or different from R".
The peroxides expressed by formula (I) include, for example, 2,2-bis-t-butyl-peroxyoctane, n-butyl-peroxyvalerate, 2,2-bis-t-butyl-peroxybutane, 2,5-dimethyl-hexane-2,5-dihydro-peroxide, 2,2'-bis-t-butyl-peroxy-m-isopropyl-benzene (also known as (1,4 or 1,3)-bis-t-butyl-peroxyisopropyl-benzene)), 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di-t-butyl-peroxyhexane, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di-t-butyl-peroxyhexane-3 and the like. The compounds expressed by formula (II) include, for example, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di-benzoylperoxyhexane and the like. The compounds expressed by formula (III) include, for example, di-t-butyl-peroxyisophthalate and the like. Among these peroxides listed above, in particular, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di-t-butyl-peroxyhexane-3 and α,α-bis-t-butyl-peroxy-m-isopropyl-benzene of formula (I) are preferred.
When the initiator used in the present feature is the peroxide expressed by, for example, formula (I), the crosslinking property can be further enhanced by the application of external physical action as, for example, heating and irradiation of ultraviolet or radioactive ray, which causes O--O coupling in the initiator to be cut. That is,
R'--O--O--R--O--O--R"→R'--.+.O--R--O.+.O--R"
to cause radical reaction to take place, which reaction further proceeds as ##STR3##
According to this sixth feature, it has been found that the desired PPO composition can be obtained when PPO is present in an amount from 50 to 95 weight %, the crosslinking polymer and/or crosslinking monomer is present in an amount from 5 to 50 weight and the initiator is present in an amount from 0.1 to 5.0 weight %. The solvent used in mixing them may be the same as explained in connection with the first feature, and the film formation may also be carried out by casting substantially through the same steps as in the case of the first feature.
According to a seventh feature of the present invention a method of manufacturing a laminate using the PPO compositions is provided. In this case, PPO, crosslinking polymer and/or crosslinking monomer are used in preparing the PPO composition film for the manufacture of the laminate, wherein PPO may be the same as used in EXAMPLES 1 to 10, and the crosslinking polymer and/or the crosslinking monomer may be the same as those detailed in connection with the sixth feature. If an initiator is employed, it is also possible to use an initiators, other than the organic peroxides such as BISCUMYL, a product available from the Japanese firm NIPPON YUSHI KABUSHIKI KAISHA having the following structure (hereinafter referred to as "BC"): ##STR4## BC has a one-minute half-life temperature of 330° C.
In mixing PPO with the crosslinking polymer and/or crosslinking monomer and, if desired, the initiator, the same solvent as that explained in connection with the first feature may be used and, in forming the films, the casting may be carried out substantially through the same steps as in the case of the first feature.
According to a predetermined laminate design, an appropriate number of the PPO composition films, as well as such metallic foils as copper, aluminum or the like, are properly stacked and preferably heat-pressed so that the films will melt to bond with each other and with the metallic foils so as to form a laminate. In this case, the heat-press temperature is set depending on the reaction temperature of the initiator, and is usually within a range of about 150° to 300° C. The heat-press pressure and time are also to be appropriately set, and are preferable under 50 Kg/cm2 for 10 to 60 minutes. It is possible to add to such a laminate a further metallic foil as overlaid onto one or both surfaces of the laminate and bonded thereto through a further carried out hot-press step.
In a 2 liter reactor having a defoamer, 120 g of PPO, 40 g of SBS, 18 g of 1,2 PB, 20 g of TAIC and 2 g of BC were mixed by adding TCE until a solution of 30 weight % was obtained. PPO composition films of 100 μm thick were obtained substantially through the same steps as in EXAMPLE 1. Then, ten of these prepared films were stacked and pressed to be of a dimension of 200×200 mm, a copper foil of 35 μm thick was placed on each of the upper and lower surfaces of the laminate, heat-press was carried out at a temperature of 240° C. and under a pressure of 50 Kg/cm2 for 30 minutes with respect to the laminate, and a both-faced copper-clad laminate was obtained.
The composition ratios of PPO, SBS, PB and TAIC were varied as shown in the following TABLE 11 with a suitable initiator (INIT) selected and added, and different PPO composition films were formed into different laminates through the same steps as in EXAMPLE 57.
The composition ratio of the materials of EXAMPLE 57 was varied as shown in TABLE 11, as COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 30 and 31, in an attempt to obtain PPO composition laminates through the same steps as in EXAMPLE 57.
TABLE 11
__________________________________________________________________________
COMPARATIVE
EXAMPLES EXAMPLES
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 30 31
__________________________________________________________________________
PPO (g)
120
120 120
120
120
120
120
140
160
140
188 172
SBS (g)
40 40 40 40 40 40 40 38 18 48 10 --
1,2PB (g)
18 18 18 18 18 18 18 -- -- -- -- 8
TAIC (g)
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 10 -- --
INIT (g)
BC2
DCP2
F2 G2 H2 I2 J2 H2 H2 H2 H2 I20
__________________________________________________________________________
On the line of the initiator (INIT) in the above TABLE 11, DCP is dicumyl peroxide, F is t-butylcumyl-peroxide, G is di-t-butyl-peroxide, H is 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di-t-butyl-peroxyhexane-3, I is 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di-t-butyl-peroxyhexane, and J is α,α'-bis-t-butyl-peroxy-m-isopropyl-benzene.
TABLE 12 shows the results of tests made on the obtained laminates in respect of (I) the room temperature peeling-strength, (II) soldering heat resistance, (III) insulation resistance, (IV) dielectric constant and (V) dielectric loss tangent, in which hyphens "-" indicate an unmeasurable state:
TABLE 12
__________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLES
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66
__________________________________________________________________________
(I) (Kg/cm)
1.5
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
2.0
2.0
(II) (sec)
20 30 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 30
(III) (Ω)
10.sup.15
10.sup.15
10.sup.15
10.sup.15
10.sup.15
10.sup.15
10.sup.15
10.sup.15
10.sup.15
10.sup.15
(IV) (9 GHz)
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.4
(V) (9 GHz)
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.002
__________________________________________________________________________
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES
30
31
__________________________________________________________________________
(I) (kg/cm) --
--
(II) (sec) --
--
(III) (Ω)
--
--
(IV) (9 GHz) --
--
(V) (9 GHz) --
--
__________________________________________________________________________
It can be seen that the metal-load laminates of EXAMPLES 57 to 66 are extremely excellent in the room temperature peeling-strength, soldering heat resistance and insulation resistance, fairly excellent in the dielectric constant and dielectric loss tangent based on the U.S. Military Specification and Standard (MIL), excellent in high frequency characteristics, and thus suitable for use in such superhigh frequency bands as the X band.
According to an eighth feature of the present invention, a step of irradiating the laminates with a radioactive ray may be added to the foregoing seventh feature so as to maintain the dielectric characteristics and to remarkably improve the room temperature peeling-strength and soldering heat resistance. In the case of this feature, PPO and crosslinking polymer and/or crosslinking monomer are used in making the PPO composition films for the preparation of laminate, as in the case of the seventh feature. PPO may be the same as used in the foregoing EXAMPLES 1 to 10, while the crosslinking polymer and/or monomer may be the ones that exhibit a good crosslinking property when exposed to the irradiation. Such materials as disclosed in connection with the sixth feature may be also used as the crosslinking polymer and/or monomer. It is also possible to use poly-para-methylstyrene among the crosslinking resins or polymers disclosed in connection with the sixth feature, and TAIC among the crosslinking assistants or monomers disclosed also in connection with the sixth feature, in improving the crosslinking property by means of the irradiation. It has been found that TAIC increases the crosslinking degree up to 90% when exposed to 50 Mrad irradiation. The initiators explained in connection with the sixth feature and BC explained in connection with the seventh feature may be used concurrently. Other than such initiators as explained in the sixth feature, i.e., the organic peroxides, there may be enumerated as the initiator, benzoin, benzyl, allyldiazonium fluoroborate, benzylmethylketal, 2,2-diethoxyacetophenone, benzoyl isobutyl ether, p-t-butyl-trichloroacetophenone, benzyl-o-ethoxy-carbonyl-α-monooxime, biacetyl, acetophenone, benzophenone, tetramethylthiuram sulfide, azobisisobutyronitril, benzoyl peroxide, 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenylethane, 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenylpropane-1-one, 1-(4-isopropylphenyl)-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropane-1-one, 2-chlorothioxanthone, methylbenzoyl formate, 4,4-bis-dimethyl-amino-benzophenone (Michler's ketone), benzoin-methyl-ether, methyl-o-benzoyl-benzoate, α-acyloxime ester, and the like.
In mixing PPO with the crosslinking polymer and/or crosslinking monomer with the addition, if necessary, of the initiator, similarly to the foregoing features, the same solvent as explained in connection with the first feature may be employed to prepare a solution, and the film formation may be carried out by means of the casting substantially through the same steps as disclosed in connection with the first feature.
The required number for a predetermined laminate design thickness of such films thus obtained and such metallic foils as copper or aluminum foils were properly sequentially stacked, and processed through the same steps as in the seventh feature into the metal-clad laminate of the design thickness of, for example, 0.2 to 2.0 mm, preferably about 0.6 to 0.8 mm, and suitable for a circuit design. Subsequentially the laminate was exposed to an irradiation (β ray, γ ray or the like) by an amount of 10 to 70 Mrad, preferably 40 to 60 Mrad, according to the composition ratio of the macromolecular materials employed, so as to induce the thermal melting and bonding property of PPO, to increase the crosslinking property at the bonding boundary surfaces between the films and the metallic foils, and to thereby complete the metal-clad laminate.
Each of the laminates prepared in the EXAMPLES 57 to 66 was exposed to 30 Mrad irradiation (of βray).
The thus obtained metal-clad laminates were tested in respect of (I) the room temperature peeling-strength, (II) soldering heat resistance, (III) insulation resistance, (IV) dielectric constant and (V) dielectric loss tangent. Results of such tests are given in TABLE 13.
TABLE 13
__________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLES
67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76
__________________________________________________________________________
(I) (Kg/cm)
2.4
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
(II) (sec)
40 60 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90
(III) (Ω)
10.sup.15
10.sup.15
10.sup.15
10.sup.15
10.sup.15
10.sup.15
10.sup.15
10.sup.15
10.sup.15
10.sup.15
(IV) (9 GHz)
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.4
(V) (9 GHz)
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.005
0.003
0.003
0.002
__________________________________________________________________________
As can be seen from comparison between TABLES 13 and 12 that, according to the present feature, the room temperature peeling-strength and soldering heat resistance of the laminates can be remarkably improved, while the insulation resistance, dielectric constant and dielectric loss tangent remain substantially unchanged so as to maintain the excellent dielectric characteristics.
According to a ninth feature, PPO, TAIC (and/or TAC) are used as basic materials to obtain the laminate of the PPO composition films. PPO may be the same as in EXAMPLES 1 to 10 and TAIC (and/or TAC) may be the same as explained in connection with the second feature. In the present feature, it is desirable that PPO be present in an amount from 50 to 95 weight % and TAIC (and/or TAC) be present in an amount from 5 to 50 weight %. In mixing these materials, 0.1 to 5.0 weight % of an initiator is preferably added and mixed therewith.
For the purpose of improving the film-forming property, it is further preferable to add to this mixture PB.
In mixing these materials, the same solvent as explained in connection with the first feature may be used. Even a mere mixing may be sufficient. The films may be formed by means of the casting performed substantially through the same steps as explained in connection with the first feature. A required number of the films thus obtained and metallic foils are stacked to a predetermined laminate design thickness and processed through the same steps as in the seventh feature into a metalclad laminate having a thickness of preferably 0.6 to 0.8 mm, and suitable for a circuit design.
In forming the laminate, if desired, it may be possible to employ even a resin-impregnated substrate, which may be glass cloth, glass mat, polyester cloth, aramid fiber cloth, paper, unwoven cloth or the like, impregnated with a resin solution containing PPO, TAIC (and/or TAC) and, if necessary, an initiator and/or PB and dried. The impregnation may be made alternatively with a solution containing such other material than PB as the crosslinking polymer and/or monomer disclosed in the sixth feature, added to PPO, TAIC (and/or TAC) and, if necessary, an initiator, the solution being also dried.
In forming the laminate with such a resin-impregnated substrate, a required number of the PPO composition films and metallic foils for a predetermined design thickness of the laminate are stacked on the substrate, a stack thus obtained is heat-pressed so that the resin-impregnated substrate, PPO composition films and metallic foils will be mutually firmly bonded, with the adhesion of PPO being utilized, and the desired metal-clad laminate will be obtained. In this case, the heatpress temperature is set depending on the reaction temperature of the initiator, usually within a range of 150° and 300° C., while the pressure and time are set preferably to be 10 to 150 Kg/cm2 and for about 10 to 90 minutes.
180 g of PPO, 170 g of SBS, 650 g of TAIC, 20 g of 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di-t-butyl-peroxyhexane-3 (PH25B) and 3000 g of TCE were mixed while being heated to 50° C. in a container having an agitator until completely dissolved and a resin solution was obtained A glass cloth of E glass 100 μm thick (104.5 g/m2) was immersed into the resin solution and was dried at 70° C. for 5 minutes. A prepreg having a resin content of 50% was then prepared.
Six of the above prepregs were stacked with copper foils of 18 μm, the stack was heated and compressed by means of a laminating press at 200° C. under 10 kg/cm2 for 40 minutes, and a laminate of a thickness of 0.8 mm and both of its outermost surfaces being copper-clad was obtained. Various properties of this laminate are as shown in Table 14.
250 g PPO, 250 g SBS, 500 g TAIC, 20 g PH25B and 3000 g TCE were employed and a laminate, both of its outermost surfaces being copper-clad, was prepared in the same manner as in EXAMPLE 77. The properties of the laminate are as shown in Table 14.
330 g PPO, 320 g SBS, 250 g TAIC, 20 g PH25B and 3000 g TCE were employed and a laminate, both of its outermost surfaces being copper-clad, was prepared in the same manner as in EXAMPLE 77. The properties of the laminate are as shown in Table 14.
TABLE 14
______________________________________
EX- EX- EX-
AMPLE 77
AMPLE 78 AMPLE 79
______________________________________
Specific
Inductivity 3.5 3.4 3.4
(1 MHz)
Dielectric
Loss(1 MHz) 0.003 0.003 0.0025
Soldering
Heat (260° C.) Bef. PCT
120< 120< 120<
Resist. (sec.) Aft. PCT
60< 60< 60<
Oven Heat
Resist. (°C.)
280 280 280
Solvent
Resist. (boiled TCE)
Good Good Good
Volume
Resistivity (Ω-cm)
5 × 10.sup.15
5 × 10.sup.15
5 × 10.sup.15
Insulation
Resistance (Ω)
5 × 10.sup.14
7 × 10.sup.14
7 × 10.sup.14
Water Absorption (%)
0.20 0.15 0.15
______________________________________
The laminate including resin-impregnated substrate and prepared in the above-mentioned manner can be exposed to heat and/or an irradiation of ultraviolet light or radioactive ray (β or γ ray), and radical reaction takes place so as to enhance the hardening of the laminate.
In preparing the metal-clad laminate, it is not always necessary to stack the metallic foils simultaneously with the film.
In the reactor having the defoamer, 140 g of PPO, 60 g of TAIC and 4 g of 2,5-dimethyl-2, 5-t-butyl-peroxyhexane-3 as the initiator were mixed by adding TCE until the mixture became a solution of 20 weight %. PPO composition films of 100 μm thick were obtained substantially through the same steps as in the foregoing EXAMPLES. Six of such films were stacked and heat-pressed at a temperature of 200° C., under a pressure of 50 Kg/cm2 and for 30 minutes, and a laminate of 0.8 mm thick was obtained.
160 g of PPO, 40 g of TAIC and 2 g of 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di-t-butylperoxyhexane-3 as the initiator were mixed by adding TCE until the mixture became a 15 weight % solution. This solution was used in having a glass cloth impregnated therewith to form through drying a resin-impregnated substrate. Thereafter, a copper foil, three of the thus obtained resin-impregnated substrates and a copper foil were stacked in the order mentioned and heat-pressed at a temperature of 200° C., under a pressure of 50 Kg/cm2 and for 30 minutes so as to be formed into a laminate of 0.8 mm thick.
The composition ratio of EXAMPLE 80 was changed to 100 g of PPO, 100 g of TAIC, and 4 g of α,α-bis-t-butylperoxy-m-isopropyl benzene as the initiator, and a laminate similar to that of EXAMPLE 80 was obtained substantially through the same steps.
The composition ratio of EXAMPLE 81 was changed to 180 g of PPO, 20 g of TAIC, and 2 g of 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-t-butylperoxyhexane-3 as the initiator, to obtain a laminate including the resin-impregnated substrates similar to that of EXAMPLE 81 substantially through the same steps.
The composition ratio of EXAMPLE 80 was changed to 140 g of PPO, 40 g of TAIC, 20 g of 1,2-PB, and 4 g of 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-t-butylperoxyhexane-3 to form the PPO composition films, 15 sheets of which were stacked and heat-pressed under a pressure of 100 Kg/cm2, but without changing other conditions of the steps of EXAMPLE 80 for forming the laminate thereof.
The composition ratio of EXAMPLE 81 was changed to 120 g of PPO, 40 g of TAIC, 40 g of 1,2-PB, and 2 g of α,α'-bis-t-butylperoxy-m-isopropylbenzene as the initiator, and a laminate including the resin-impregnated substrates similar to that of EXAMPLE 81 was obtained through a heat-press process that used a temperature and time of 200° C. and 60 minutes, respectively, but without changing the other conditions.
The composition ratio of EXAMPLE 80 was changed to 160 g of PPO, 20 g of TAIC, 20 g of 1,2-PB, and 2 g of an initiator, and a laminate similar to that of EXAMPLE 80 was obtained substantially through the same steps.
The thus obtained laminates of EXAMPLES 80 to 86 were tested in respect of (I) the room temperature peeling-strength, (II) soldering heat resistance, (III) insulation resistance, (IV) dielectric constant and (V) dielectric loss tangent. The results are given in TABLE 15 as follows:
TABLE 15
______________________________________
EXAMPLES
80 81* 82 83* 84 85* 86
______________________________________
(I) (Kg/cm)
2.0 2.5 2.0 2.5 2.0 2.5 2.0
(II) (sec)
60 >120 60 >120 90 >120 90
(III) (Ω)
10.sup.15
10.sup.15
10.sup.15
10.sup.15
10.sup.15
10.sup.15
10.sup.15
(IV) 2.6 3.0 2.65 2.95 2.6 2.9 2.55
(10 GHz)
(V) (10 GHz)
0.003 0.004 0.003
0.003 0.003
0.003 0.002
______________________________________
From comparisons of TABLE 15 with TABLES 12 and 13, it will be appreciated that the room temperature peeling-strength, soldering heat resistance and dielectric characteristics remained excellent. Regarding the soldering heat resistance the test for which has been carried out throughout the seventh to the ninth features by measuring required time (sec) until the laminate surface starts to blister after being put in a solder bath of 260° C., it is found that the laminates including the resin-impregnated substrate of glass cloth according to EXAMPLES 81, 83 and 85 denoted by mark "*" in TABLE 15 provide a further improved soldering heat resistance. It has been further found that the laminates of EXAMPLES 80 to 86 are also high in solvent resistance, as proved by dipping them in a boiling TCE solution for 5 minutes, resulting in no surface change at all and thus showing that their hardening is sufficient.
According to the present invention, further modifications are possible. For example, other combinations of the materials for the PPO composition than those referred to in the foregoing EXAMPLES may be adopted. In an event, as will be readily appreciated, where such materials as PB, TAIC, TAC and the like which per se do not have the film-forming property are employed as the setting means, it is necessary to add means for providing to PPO the film-forming property, such as polystyrene, poly-paramethylstyrene or the like referred to. In the case, on the other hand, when such crosslinking polymer as STP which itself has both of the setting and film-forming properties, it is of course not required to add any other means for providing to PPO the film-forming property.
Further, the PPO composition according to the present invention is suitable not only for making the laminates, but also in the form of a single film as further hardened to be in C-stage, in which instance the film may be provided on one surface with, for example, a printed-wiring so as to form a circuit film.
It will be also appreciated that, in adhering the metallic foil to the films, the use of the PPO composition according to the present invention allows such adhesion to be reliably achieved without using any separate adhesive such as epoxy resin or the like, and that, in this respect, too, the invention achieves improvements in the heat-resistance and high frequency characteristics.
Further, as PPO exhibits a low dielectric constant and less dielectric loss, another feature of the present invention lies in the preparation of a PPO resin composition that has a desired dielectric constant by mixing with the aforementioned PPO compositions an inorganic filler. Such a filler can be chosen such that the final PPO resin composition exhibits any desired dielectric constant. It is preferable to use an inorganic filler that has as large a dielectric constant as possible. Thus, the inorganic filler should preferably be of a relative dielectric constant of above 10.
Suitable inorganic fillers include such ceramics as titanium dioxide ceramics, barium titanate ceramics, lead titanate ceramics, strontium titanate ceramics, calcium titanate ceramics, bismuth titanate ceramics, magnesium titanae ceramics, lead zirconate ceramics, and the like. These fillers can be used alone or in a mixture of two or more. This mixture can be sintered. Further, the ceramics can be refined or can be present as raw materials. If used as raw materials, the ceramics are preferably crushed after sintering. The inorganic fillers have different dielectric properties depending not only on their composition but also on their sintering and crushing conditions, i.e., particle size and particle size distribution. Their sintering condition varies according to the particular inorganic filler, but it is substantially the same as the calcining condition of ceramic dielectrics made from these fillers. While some of the calcined ceramic dielectrics are very hard and not easily crushed, it is necessary to crush the dielectric until a fixed particle size is obtained because, to a large extent, the particle size determines the dielectric properties. Further, since the particle size intimately relates to the ease of fabrication of uniform PPO resin compositions that include the inorganic filler, it is preferable that the inorganic filler be of finely divided particles of a size less that 50 μm so that the production of the final product is not inconvenient. The particle size should preferably be in the range of 0.1 to 20μm, or, most preferably, in the range of 0.5 to 7 μm so as to avoid difficulties that may arise when the particle size is too small.
While the inorganic filler may be used without any special surface treatment, it is possible to perform a surface treatment to improve, for example, the heat resistance and water absorption of the hardened composition. To this end, coupling agents such as silane, titanium, and the like are used.
With the use of inorganic fillers that exhibit high dielectric constants, the resulting PPO resin compositions are relatively high in their dielectric constant in their hardened product state. It is also possible to adjust the dielectric constant of the hardened product of the PPO resin composition over a wide range by choosing the appropriate type and amount of the dielectric material used as the inorganic filler. That is, the inorganic filler acts as a dielectric constant adjuster and any type of filler high in dielectric constant may be used when it is only intended to elevate the dielectric constant. The upper limit of the amount of inorganic filler that can be used in the PPO resin composition is the point where undesirable loss of strength of the PPO resin composition occurs, such as where the hardened PPO resin composition product becomes porous.
The composition ratio of the inorganic filler may be up to 450 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the PPO resin composition except any solvent utilized, i.e., the resin composition including PPO, setting means, initiator, and any other organic material added as desired. In practice, the ratio should be below 400 parts, preferably below 200 parts by weight of the PPO resin composition, as ratios over 450 parts by weight create undesirable strength deterioration. There is substantially no lower limit since the mere addition of an inorganic filler has a positive effect on the PPO resin composition. However, the addition of less than 5 parts by weight of inorganic filler to 100 parts by weight of the PPO resin composition causes no appreciable effect, while a practically appreciable effect arises when the inorganic filler is added in an amount of at least 30 parts by weight to 100 parts by weight of the PPO resin composition.
The adjustment of the dielectric constant by the addition of an inorganic filler may be illustrated as follows. A PPO composition comprising 70 par&:s by weight of PPO, 15 parts by weight of styrene-butadiene copolymer, 14 parts by weight of triallyl isocyanurate, and 1 part by weight of dicumyl peroxide exhibits a dielectric constant of 2.6 and a dielectric loss of 0.002 at 23° C. and 1 MHz. When 255 parts by weight of barium titanate are added to 100 parts by weight of this PPO composition, the dielectric constant and dielectric loss of the PPO composition becomes 9.2 and 0.009 at 23° C. and 1 MHz, respectively. Since the dielectric constant of barium titanate is 2000, the composition ratio of barium titanate added as the inorganic filler bears a close relationship to the dielectric properties of the PPO resin composition. Accordingly, the dielectric constant of the PPO resin composition can be set by fixing the composition ratio of the inorganic filler to the level that achieves the desired dielectric constant.
To this end, the PPO composition and any other organic materials are dissolved in a suitable solvent so as to obtain a solution of 5 to 50 weight %. An inorganic filler is added to the solution to adjust the dielectric constant of the resin composition solution. Of course, the inorganic filler is not dissolved but is dispersed in the solution. A substrate is impregnated with this PPO resin/inorganic filler composition by dipping the substrate into the solution so as to deposit the composition onto the substrate. The solvent may be removed from the produced prepreg by, e.g., drying or the composition may be semi-hardened so as to be in the B stage. The resin composition content of the prepreg is preferably from 30 to 80 weight %.
The produced product, such as a laminate, of the PPO resin/inorganic filler composition retains the desirable properties of PPO and is excellent in its dielectric properties, heat resistance, chemical resistance, and dimensional stability. Furthermore, the dielectric constant of the composition can be set by the appropriate selection of the type and amount of the added inorganic filler, while the dielectric loss of the composition remains low. The following examples illustrate this aspect of the present invention.
In a 2 1. reactor having a vacuum means, 100 g of PPO, 30 g of styrene-butadiene copolymer, 40 g of triallyl isocyanurate, and 2 g of 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di-t-butyl-peroxyhexane-3 were mixed with 750 g of trichloroethylene sufficiently into a uniform solution. Thereafter, 150 g of powdery barium titanate (BaTiO3) of an average particle size of 1 to 2 m was added and mixed with the solution in a ball mill for about 24 hours, so as to be uniformly dispersed therein. Deaeration was then performed and the resultant PPO resin composition solution was applied onto a film of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) by means of a coating applicator so as to be 500 m thick. The coating was dried at 50° C. for about 10 minutes. The produced film of the composition was separated from the PET film and was further dried at 170°C. for 20 minutes to completely remove trichloroethylene and a sheet of the PPO resin composition having a thickness of about 150 m was obtained. Four of the sheets were stacked and joined under conditions of 220° C. and 50 kg/cm2 for 30 minutes, to have them completely set, and a laminate was thereby obtained.
EXAMPLES 88 to 107 as well as COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 32 and 33 were carried out to obtain a variety of laminates. The process steps were substantially iden&:ical to those of EXAMPLE 87. The composition ratio of the solution as well as the solid state properties of the obtained laminates, including those of EXAMPLE 87, are as shown in TABLE 16, in which the composition ratio of the inorganic filler is shown in parts by weight with respect to 100 parts of the PPO composition solution.
TABLE 16
__________________________________________________________________________
COMPARATIVE
EXAMPLES EXAMPLES
87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 32 33 (*6)
__________________________________________________________________________
Composition Ratio (wt. %)
PPO 100
100 100 100
100
100
100
100 100
100 100 40
Crosslink. 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 40
polymer (*1)
Crosslink. 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 120
monomer (*2)
Initiator (*3)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 6
Inorg. A 87
A 145
A 200
B 87
A 47
C 87
A 58
A 35
H 58
J 36
-- --
filler (*4) B 58 D 17
G 12
E 6
F 3
Solid State Properties:
Dielec. 9.2
11.5
12.8
8.0
8.6
8.1
14.6
7.2 6.9
15.0
2.7 3.0
const. (1 MHz)
Dielec. 0.009
0.010
0.011
0.009
0.010
0.010
0.012
0.011
0.010
0.015
0.003
0.003
loss (1 MHz)
Soldering heat
120
120 120 120
120
120
120
120 120
90 30 90
resist. (sec)
Chemical OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OUT OK
resist.(*s)
Thermal exp. coeff.
XY direct. (ppm/°C.)
45 40 40 50 45 45 45 50 50 50 100 20
__________________________________________________________________________
97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
__________________________________________________________________________
Composition Ratio (wt. %):
PPO 100 100 100 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 25
Crosslink. 30 30 30 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 25
polymer
Crosslink. 40 40 40 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 50
monomer
Initiator 2 2 2 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 2
Inorg. K 145
L 116
M 116
A 63
B 73
C 73
G 49
K 121
L 97
M 97
N 99
filler
Solid State Properties:
Dielec 8.0 9.5 10.0
8.5 9.0 9.1
7.0 10.7
9.5 10.2
10.5
const. (1 MHz)
Dielec. 0.004
0.005
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.005
0.003
Soldering heat
120<
120<
120<
120<
120<
120<
120<
120<
120<
120<
120<
resist. (sec)
Chemical OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
resist.
Thermal exp. coeff.
15 15 15 17 16 16 19 15 15 15 15
XY direct. (ppm/°C.)
__________________________________________________________________________
*.sup.1 styrenebutadiene copolymer
*.sup.2 triallyl isocyanurate
*.sup.3 2,5dimethyl-2,5-di-t-butyl-peroxybexane-3
*.sup.4 A = BaTiO.sub.3 ; B = PbZrO.sub.3 ; C = PbTiO.sub.3 ; D = Sr
TiO.sub.3 ; E = CaTiO.sub.3 ; F = MgTiO.sub.3 ; G = BaZrO.sub.3 ; H =
K.sub.2 OPbO-SiO.sub.2 glass; J = Pb,Zr.sub.0.5 Ti.sub.0.5 O.sub.3
*.sup.5 appearance change after 5 min. dipping in boiled TCE.
*.sup.6 laminate including glass cloth.
K = TiO.sub.2 ; L = Bi.sub.4 Ti.sub.3 O.sub.12 ; M = TiO.sub.2
+BaTiO.sub.3 + ZrO.sub.2 calcined power; N = TiO.sub.2 + BaTiO.sub.3 +
SrTiO.sub.3 calcined powder
While the invention has been described in terms of various preferred embodiments, the skilled artisan will appreciate that various modifications, substitutions, omissions, and changes may be made without departing from the spirit thereof. Accordingly, it is intended that the scope of the present invention be limited solely by the scope of the following claims, including equivalents thereof.
Claims (44)
1. A method of preparing a film-forming polyphenylene oxide composition, comprising: mixing from above 7 and below 93 weight % of polyphenylene oxide, above 7 and below 93 weight of a setting means selected from the group consisting of a crosslinking monomer, a crosslinking polymer, and mixtures thereof, and an initiator; and allowing said setting means and said initiator to crosslink so as to provide said composition with the ability to form a film.
2. A method of preparing a film-forming polyphenylene oxide composition, comprising: mixing from above 7 and below 93 weight % of polyphenylene oxide, above 7 and below 93 weight of a setting means selected from the group consisting of a crosslinking monomer, a crosslinking polymer, and mixtures thereof, and from 0.1 to 5.0 weight % of an initiator; and allowing said setting means and said initiator to crosslink so as to provide said composition with the ability to form a film.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein polyphenylene oxide is present in an amount from above 10 and below 80 weight % and said setting means comprises a mixture of from 20 to 80 weight of styrene copolymer and less than 60 weight % of at least one of triallyl isocyanurate and triallyl cyanurate.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein said setting means comprises a mixture of triallyl isocyanurate and triallyl cyanurate.
5. A method of preparing a film-forming polyphenylene oxide composition, comprising: mixing from above 7 and below 93 weight % of polyphenylene oxide, above 7 and below 93 weight of a setting means comprising styrene copolymer and triallyl isocyanurate, and 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di-t-butyl-peroxyhexane-3 as an initiator; and allowing said setting means and said initiator to crosslink so as &:o provide said composition with the ability to form a film.
6. A method of preparing a film-forming polyphenylene oxide composition, comprising: mixing from above 7 and below 93 weight % of polyphenylene oxide, above 7 and below 93 weight of a setting means comprising styrene copolymer and triallyl isocyanurate, and from 0.1 to 5.0 weight % of 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di-t-butyl-peroxyhexane-3 as an initiator; and allowing said setting means and said initial&:or to crosslink so as to provide said composition with the ability to form a film.
7. A method of forming a polyphenylene oxide film, comprising: mixing from above 7 and below 93 weight % of polyphenylene oxide, above 7 and below 93 weight % of a setting means selected from the group consisting of a crosslinking monomer, a crosslinking polymer, and mixtures thereof, and an initiator; allowing said setting means and said initiator to crosslink; forming said mixture of polyphenylene oxide and crosslinked setting means and initiator into a film member; and hardenings said film member.
8. A method of forming a polyphenylene oxide film, comprising: mixing from above 7 and below 93 weight % of polyphenylene oxide, above 7 and below 93 weight % of a setting means selected from the group consisting of a crosslinking monomer, a crosslinking polymer, and mixtures thereof, and from 0.1 to 5.0 weight % of an initiator; allowing said setting means and said initiator to crosslink; forming said mixture of polyphenylene oxide and crosslinked setting means and initiator into a film member; and hardening said film member.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein polyphenylene oxide is present in an amount from above 10 and below 80 weight % and said setting means comprises a mixture of from 20 to 80 weight of styrene copolymer and less than 60 weight % of at least one of triallyl isocyanurate and triallyl cyanurate.
10. The method of claim 7, wherein said setting means comprises a mixture of triallyl isocyanurate and triallyl cyanurate.
11. A method of forming a polyphenylene oxide film, comprising mixing from above 7 and below 93 weight % of polyphenylene oxide, above 7 and below 93 weight % of a setting means comprising styrene copolymer and triallyl isocyanurate, and 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di-t-butyl-peroxyhexane-3 as an initiator; allowing said setting means and said initiator to crosslink; forming said mixture of polyphenylene oxide and crosslinked setting means and initiator into a film member; and hardening said film member.
12. A method of forming a polyphenylene oxide film, comprising mixing from above 7 and below 93 weight % of polyphenylene oxide, above 7 and below 93 weight % of a setting means comprising styrene copolymer and triallyl isocyanurate, and from 0.1 to 5.0 weight % of an initiator; allowing said setting means and said initial or to crosslink; forming said mixture of polyphenylene oxide and crosslinked setting means and initiator into a film member; and hardening said film member.
13. A method of preparing a laminate, comprising: mixing from above 7 and below 93 weight % of polyphenylene oxide, above 7 and below 93 weight % of a setting means selected from the group consisting of a crosslinking monomer, a crosslinking polymer, and mixtures thereof, and an initiator; allowing said setting means and said initiator to crosslink; forming said mixture of polyphenylene oxide and said crosslinked setting means and initiator into a film member; stacking a plurality of said film members; and intergralizing said stacked film members into a laminate.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein said setting means comprises a mixture of triallyl isocyanurate and triallyl cyanurate.
15. A method of preparing a laminate, comprising: mixing from above 7 and below 93 weight % of polyphenylene oxide, above 7 and below 93 weight % of a setting means selected from the group consisting of a crosslinking monomer, a crosslinking polymer, and mixtures thereof, and from 0.1 to 5.0 weight % of an initiator; allowing said setting means and said initiator to crosslink; forming said mixture of polyphenylene oxide and said crosslinked setting means and initiator into a film member; stacking a plurality of said film members; and intergralizing said stacked film members into a laminate.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein polyphenylene oxide is present in an amount from above 10 and below 80 weight % and said setting means comprises a mixture of from 20 to 80 weight % of styrene copolymer and less than 60 weight % of at least one of triallyl isocyanurate and triallyl cyanurate.
17. A method of preparing a laminate, comprising: mixing from above 7 and below 93 weight % of polyphenylene oxide, above 7 and below 93 weight % of a setting means comprising styrene copolymer and triallyl isocyanurate, and 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di-t-butyl-peroxyhexane-3 as an initiator; allowing said setting means and said initiator to crosslink; forming said mixture of polyphenylene oxide and said crosslinked setting means and initiator into a film member; stacking a plurality of said film members; and integralizing said stacked film members into a laminate.
18. A method of preparing a laminate, comprising: mixing from above 7 and below 93 weight % of polyphenylene oxide, above 7 and below 93 weight % of a setting means comprising styrene copolymer and triallyl isocyanurate, and from 0.1 to 5.0 weight % of 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di-t-butyl-peroxyhexane-3 as an initiator; allowing said setting means and said initiator to crosslink; forming said mixture of polyphenylene oxide and said crosslinked setting means and initiator into a film member; stacking a plurality of said film members; and integralizing said stacked film members into a laminate.
19. A method of preparing a laminate, comprising: mixing from above 7 and below 93 weight % of polyphenylene oxide, above 7 and below 93 weight % of a setting means comprising styrene copolymer and triallyl isocyanurate, and from 0.1 to 5.0 weight % of an initiator; allowing said setting means and said initiator to crosslink; forming said mixture of polyphenylene oxide and said crosslinked setting means and initiator into a solution impregnating a substrate with said solution; stacking a plurality of said impregnated substrates; and integralizing said stacked impregnated substrates into a laminate.
20. A method of preparing a laminate, comprising: mixing from above 7 and below 93 weight % of polyphenylene oxide, above 7 and below 93 weight % of a setting means selected from the group consisting of a crosslinking monomer, a crosslinking polymer, and mixtures thereof, and an initiator; allowing said setting means and said initiator to crosslink; forming said mixture of polyphenylene oxide and said crosslinked setting means and initiator into a solution; impregnating a substrate with said solution; stacking a plurality of said impregnated substrates; and integralizing said stacked impregnated substrates into a laminate.
21. The method of claim 20, wherein said setting means comprises a mixture of triallyl isocyanurate and triallyl cyanurate.
22. A method of preparing a laminate, comprising: mixing from above 7 and below 93 weight % of polyphenylene oxide, above 7 and below 93 weight % of a setting means selected from the group consisting of a crosslinking monomer, a crosslinking polymer, and mixtures thereof, and from 0.1 to 5.0 weight % of an initiator; allowing said setting means and said initiator to crosslink; forming said mixture of polyphenylene oxide and said crosslinked setting means and initiator into a solution; impregnating a substrate with said solution; stacking a plurality of said impregnated substrates; and integralizing said stacked impregnated substrates into a laminate.
23. A method of preparing a laminate comprising: mixing from above 7 and below 93 weight % of polyphenylene oxide, and above 7 and below 93 weight % of a setting means comprising styrene copolymer and triallyl isocyanurate, and 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di-t-butyl-peroxyhexane-3 as an initiator; allowing said setting means and said initiator to crosslink; forming said mixture of polyphenylene oxide and said crosslinked setting means and initiator into a solution; impregnating a substrate with said solution; stacking a plurality of said impregnated substrates; and integralizing said stacked impregnated substrates into a laminate.
24. A method of preparing a laminate comprising: mixing from above 7 and below 93 weight % of polyphenylene oxide, and above 7 and below 93 weight % of a setting means comprising styrene copolymer and triallyl isocyanurate, and from 0.1 to 5.0 weight % of 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di-t-butyl-peroxyhexane-3 as an initiator; allowing said setting means and said initiator to crosslink; forming said mixture of polyphenylene oxide and said crosslinked setting means and initiator into a solution; impregnating a substrate with said solution; stacking a plurality of said impregnated substrates; and integralizing said stacked impregnated substrates into a laminate.
25. A method of preparing a film-forming polyphenylene oxide composition, comprising: mixing polyphenylene oxide, a setting means selected from the group consisting of a crosslinking monomer, a crosslinking polymer, and mixtures thereof, and an inorganic filler having a relative dielectric constant of above 10; and allowing said setting means to crosslink so as to provide said composition with the ability to form a film.
26. The method of claim 25, wherein polyphenylene oxide is present in an amount of from 10 to 95 parts by weight, said setting means is present in an amount of from 1 to 90 parts by weight, and said inorganic filler is present in an amount of from 1 to 200 parts by weight.
27. The method of claim 25, wherein said inorganic filler is selected from the group consisting of titanium dioxide ceramics, barium titanate ceramics, lead titanate ceramics, strontium titanate ceramics, calcium titanate ceramics, bismuth titanate ceramics, magnesium titanate ceramics, lead zirconate ceramics, and mixtures thereof.
28. The method of claim 27, wherein at least two of said ceramics are selected, said selected ceramics being sintered.
29. The method of claim 28, wherein said selected ceramics are present as raw materials, and, after sintering, said sintered selected ceramics are crushed.
30. A method of preparing polyphenylene oxide film comprising: mixing polyphenylene oxide, a setting means selected from the group consisting of a crosslinking monomer, a crosslinking polymer, and mixtures thereof, and an inorganic filler having a relative dielectric constant of above 10; allowing said setting means to crosslink; forming said mixture of polyphenylene oxide, crosslinked setting means, and inorganic filler into a film member; and hardening said film member.
31. The method of claim 30, wherein polyphenylene oxide is present in an amount of from 10 to 95 parts by weight, said setting means is present in an amount of from 1 to 90 parts by weight, and said inorganic filler is present in an amount of from 1 to 200 parts by weight.
32. The method of claim 30, wherein said inorganic filler is selected from the group consisting of titanium dioxide ceramics, barium titanate ceramics, lead titanate ceramics, strontium titanate ceramics, calcium titanate ceramics, bismuth titanate ceramics, magnesium titanate ceramics, lead zirconate ceramics, and mixtures thereof.
33. The method of claim 32, wherein at least two of said ceramics are selected, said selected ceramics being sintered.
34. The method of claim 33, wherein said selected ceramics are present as raw materials, and after sintering, said sintered selected ceramics are crushed.
35. A method of preparing a laminate comprising: mixing polyphenylene oxide, a setting means selected from the group consisting of a crosslinking monomer, a crosslinking polymer, and mixtures thereof, and an inorganic filler having a relative dielectric constant of above 10; allowing said setting means to crosslink; forming said mixture of polyphenylene oxide, said crosslinked setting means,.and said inorganic filler into a film member; stacking a plurality of said film members; and integralizing said stacked film members into a laminate.
36. The method of claim 35, wherein polyphenylene oxide is present in an amount of from 10 to 95 parts by weight, said setting means is present in an amount of from 1 to 90 parts by weight, and said inorganic filler is present in an amount of from 1 to 200 parts by weight.
37. The method of claim 35, wherein said inorganic filler is selected from the group consisting of titanium dioxide ceramics, barium titanate ceramics, lead titanate ceramics, strontium titanate ceramics, calcium titanate ceramics, bismuth titanate ceramics, magnesium titanate ceramics, lead zirconate ceramics, and mixtures thereof.
38. The method of claim 37, wherein at least two of said ceramics are selected, said selected ceramics being sintered.
39. The method of claim 38, wherein said selected ceramics are present as raw materials, and after sintering, said selected ceramics are crushed.
40. A method of preparing a laminate comprising: mixing polyphenylene oxide, a setting means selected from the group consisting of a croslinking monomer, a crosslinking polymer, and mixtures thereof, and an inorganic filler having a relative dielectric constant of above 10; allowing said setting means to crosslink; forming said mixture of polyphenylene oxide, said crosslinked setting means, and said inorganic filler into a solution; impregnating a substrate with said solution; stacking a plurality of said impregnated substrates; and integralizing said stacked impregnated substrates into a laminate.
41. The method of claim 40, wherein said polyphenylene is present in an amount of from 10 to 95 parts by weight, said setting means is present in an amount of from 1 to 90 parts by weight, and said inorganic filler is present in an amount of from 1 to 200 parts by weight.
42. The method of claim 40, wherein said inorganic filler is selected from the group consisting of titanium dioxide ceramics, barium titanate ceramics, lead titanate ceramics, strontium titanate ceramics, calcium titanate ceramics, bismuth titanate ceramics, magnesium titanate ceramics, lead zirconate ceramics, and mixtures thereof.
43. The method of claim 42, wherein at least two of said ceramics are selected, said selected ceramics being sintered.
44. The method of claim 43, wherein said selected ceramics are present as raw materials, and, after sintering, said sintered selected ceramics are crushed.
Applications Claiming Priority (16)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP60-61542 | 1985-03-25 | ||
| JP6154385A JPS61218655A (en) | 1985-03-25 | 1985-03-25 | Production of solid polyphenylene oxide |
| JP6154885A JPS61218656A (en) | 1985-03-25 | 1985-03-25 | Production of solid polyphenylene oxide |
| JP6154585A JPS61218653A (en) | 1985-03-25 | 1985-03-25 | Production of solid polyphenylene oxide |
| JP60-61548 | 1985-03-25 | ||
| JP6154685A JPS61217239A (en) | 1985-03-25 | 1985-03-25 | Manufacture of metallic foil-lined laminated board |
| JP60-61544 | 1985-03-25 | ||
| JP60-61545 | 1985-03-25 | ||
| JP6154785A JPS61217240A (en) | 1985-03-25 | 1985-03-25 | Manufacture of metallic foil-lined laminated board |
| JP6154485A JPS61218652A (en) | 1985-03-25 | 1985-03-25 | Production of solid polyphenylene oxide |
| JP6154285A JPS61218654A (en) | 1985-03-25 | 1985-03-25 | Production of solid polyphenylene oxide |
| JP60-61546 | 1985-03-25 | ||
| JP60-61547 | 1985-03-25 | ||
| JP60-61543 | 1985-03-25 | ||
| JP13015885A JPS61287739A (en) | 1985-06-15 | 1985-06-15 | Laminated board |
| JP60-130158 | 1985-06-15 |
Related Parent Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US06896964 Continuation-In-Part | 1987-09-21 | ||
| US07099071 Continuation-In-Part | 1987-09-21 |
Related Child Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US07/379,281 Continuation US5124415A (en) | 1985-03-25 | 1989-07-13 | Method of preparing polyphenylene oxide composition and laminates using such compositions |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US4874826A true US4874826A (en) | 1989-10-17 |
Family
ID=27572537
Family Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US07/157,936 Expired - Lifetime US4874826A (en) | 1985-03-25 | 1988-02-19 | Method of preparing polyphenylene oxide composition and laminates using such compositions |
| US07/379,281 Expired - Lifetime US5124415A (en) | 1985-03-25 | 1989-07-13 | Method of preparing polyphenylene oxide composition and laminates using such compositions |
Family Applications After (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US07/379,281 Expired - Lifetime US5124415A (en) | 1985-03-25 | 1989-07-13 | Method of preparing polyphenylene oxide composition and laminates using such compositions |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (2) | US4874826A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1285675C (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2579213B1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2172892B (en) |
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| US8431222B2 (en) | 2006-08-08 | 2013-04-30 | World Properties, Inc. | Circuit materials with improved bond, method of manufacture thereof, and articles formed therefrom |
| US20080038528A1 (en) * | 2006-08-08 | 2008-02-14 | World Properties, Inc. | Circuit materials with improved bond, method of manufacture thereof, and articles formed therefrom |
| US20110031003A1 (en) * | 2008-04-10 | 2011-02-10 | Rogers Corporation | Circuit materials with improved bond, method of manufacture thereof, and articles formed therefrom |
| US8519273B2 (en) | 2008-04-10 | 2013-08-27 | Sankar Paul | Circuit materials with improved bond, method of manufacture thereof, and articles formed therefrom |
| KR20150119845A (en) * | 2013-02-21 | 2015-10-26 | 니폰 가세이 가부시키가이샤 | Crosslinking aid and practical application thereof |
| US20150353784A1 (en) * | 2013-02-21 | 2015-12-10 | Nippon Kasei Chemical Company Limited | Crosslinking aid and practical application thereof |
| US9428672B2 (en) * | 2013-02-21 | 2016-08-30 | Nippon Kasei Chemical Company Limited | Crosslinking aid and practical application thereof |
| TWI564342B (en) * | 2013-02-21 | 2017-01-01 | Nippon Kasei Chem | Crosslinking auxiliaries and their applications |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA1285675C (en) | 1991-07-02 |
| FR2579213A1 (en) | 1986-09-26 |
| GB2172892B (en) | 1989-01-25 |
| GB8606764D0 (en) | 1986-04-23 |
| US5124415A (en) | 1992-06-23 |
| GB2172892A (en) | 1986-10-01 |
| FR2579213B1 (en) | 1989-01-20 |
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