US5235844A - Multiple gas property sensor - Google Patents
Multiple gas property sensor Download PDFInfo
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- US5235844A US5235844A US07/781,770 US78177091A US5235844A US 5235844 A US5235844 A US 5235844A US 78177091 A US78177091 A US 78177091A US 5235844 A US5235844 A US 5235844A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/36—Detecting the response signal, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/02—Analysing fluids
- G01N29/036—Analysing fluids by measuring frequency or resonance of acoustic waves
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/22—Details, e.g. general constructional or apparatus details
- G01N29/30—Arrangements for calibrating or comparing, e.g. with standard objects
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/34—Generating the ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/22—Fuels, explosives
- G01N33/225—Gaseous fuels, e.g. natural gas
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
- G01N2291/01—Indexing codes associated with the measuring variable
- G01N2291/014—Resonance or resonant frequency
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
- G01N2291/02—Indexing codes associated with the analysed material
- G01N2291/021—Gases
- G01N2291/0212—Binary gases
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
- G01N2291/02—Indexing codes associated with the analysed material
- G01N2291/021—Gases
- G01N2291/0215—Mixtures of three or more gases, e.g. air
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
- G01N2291/02—Indexing codes associated with the analysed material
- G01N2291/028—Material parameters
- G01N2291/02818—Density, viscosity
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
- G01N2291/04—Wave modes and trajectories
- G01N2291/042—Wave modes
- G01N2291/0422—Shear waves, transverse waves, horizontally polarised waves
Definitions
- the present invention relates to instruments and methods for determining properties of a gas and, more particularly, to a transducer apparatus and a related method for substantially simultaneously determining pressure and one other property (or property combination) of a flowing gas of varying pressure and composition.
- the heating value of a gaseous substance is of significant interest because it forms one basis for determining the commercial value of that substance as a fuel.
- Techniques for measuring the quality of gaseous fuels to ascertain the amount of heat available therefrom are already being used in practice for numerous purposes.
- One particularly novel technique for determining the heating value of a gaseous fuel is described in co-filed U.S. Patent Application entitled “On-Line Combustionless Measurement and/or Regulation of Gaseous Fuels Fed to Gas Consumption Devices," Ser. No. 07/781,598.
- heating value determination In addition to determining heating value of a gaseous fuel based upon parameters such as gas density, thermal conductivity, specific heat, molecular weight, viscosity, etc., proper heating value determination normally requires contemporaneous pressure and temperature sensing for correction of the calculated value to standard conditions. Most, if not all, known techniques for determining such gas parameters as pressure and temperature separately measure each desired property. Further, existing sensing devices are often expensive and complex, requiring extensive electronic support equipment and thus warranting only limited use in complex systems where cost is less critical. Fuel gas quality measurement is further complicated by the fact that combustion gases, and particularly natural gases, are typically distributed together notwithstanding separate origin, composition and properties that differ to a greater or lesser extent from each other.
- a primary object of the invention is to provide a transducer apparatus and method for determining multiple properties of a gas of varying pressure and composition.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide such an apparatus and method which are capable of determining multiple gas properties within the same measurement cycle.
- Yet another object of the present invention is to provide such an apparatus and method which are less complex and costly to implement than presently available instruments for determining gas properties.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide such an apparatus and method which can be readily incorporated into a heat content measuring apparatus and method.
- a further object of the present invention is to provide such an apparatus and method which can be implemented in an on-line manner.
- a still further object of the present invention is to provide such an apparatus and method which are capable of determining gas pressure and the property combination (molecular weight ⁇ viscosity) substantially simultaneously.
- a transducer apparatus which determines pressure and at least one other gas property or property combination of a test gas of varying pressure, density and viscosity.
- the apparatus includes a reference vibrator sealed within a chamber having a fixed gas pressure and density, and a detector vibrator exposed to the test gas surrounding the transducer.
- the frequencies of the reference and detector oscillators are compared by a first means which produces an output signal proportional to the difference in the frequencies of the oscillators.
- the series resistances of the reference and detector vibrators are compared by a second means which similarly produces an output signal proportional to the difference in the series resistances of the vibrators.
- the transducer apparatus includes computational means for deriving signals representive of test gas pressure and one other gas property based upon the proportional differential frequency signal and the proportional differential series resistance signal obtained from the reference and detector vibrators.
- the test gas comprises natural gas and the apparatus simultaneously determines pressure and at least one other gas property, which may consist of the property combination (molecular weight ⁇ viscosity).
- the present invention comprises a related method for determining two properties of a test gas having varying pressure and composition.
- the method includes the steps of: providing a reference vibrator sealed within a chamber having a fixed gas pressure and density; providing a detector vibrator exposed to the test gas; causing the reference vibrator and the detector vibrator to vibrate at a resonant frequency, the frequency of the detector oscillator varying with variations in test gas pressure and composition; providing signals corresponding to the frequencies of oscillation of the reference and detector oscillators; comparing the frequencies of the corresponding signals and producing an output signal proportional to the difference in said frequencies; determining the series resistance of the reference vibrator and the series resistance of the detector vibrator; comparing the series resistances of the reference and detector vibrators and producing an output signal proportional to the difference in the series resistances; and deriving signals representative of two gas properties based upon the proportional differential frequency signal and the proportional differential series resistance signal produced from the reference and detector vibrators.
- a further feature of the method includes the substantially simultaneous comparison of the frequencies and series resistances of the vibrators to determine the two test gas properties within the same measurement cycle.
- the test gas comprises natural gas and the two properties determined are pressure and the property combination (molecular weight ⁇ viscosity).
- FIG. 1A is a schematic diagram of a tuning fork type crystal vibrator and a basic drive circuit
- FIG. 1B is a schematic diagram of an equivalent circuit for the tuning fork crystal of FIG. 1A;
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a gas property transducer apparatus according to the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a preferred drive circuit for the detector and reference vibrators of FIG. 2;
- FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of an equivalent circuit for the frequency mixer of FIG. 2;
- FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of the ratioing circuits of FIG. 2.
- the heating value of a gaseous substance is important to determination of the commercial value of that substance as a fuel.
- it is frequently necessary to feed a well defined amount of heat per unit of time to a furnace in order to obtain optimum results.
- it is desirable to optimize the consumption of fuel i.e., to feed only the amount of heat actually required by a process even if supplying a larger amount of heat does not adversely affect the process or product.
- billing on the basis of the amount of heat supplied has also been preferred to billing on a volume basis.
- a principal goal of the referenced co-filed U.S. patent application entitled “On-Line Combustionless Measurement and/or Regulation of Gaseous Fuels Fed to Gas Consumption Devices” comprises the production of a low cost, reliable and inexpensive meter for determining heating value of gaseous fuel, and particularly natural gas. Such a low cost meter could be installed on-site with most industrial and commercial consumers, and possibly even residential consumers, to more accurately determine heat content of the gas. Due to the complexities involved with available equipment, gas properties and heating value (e.g., BTU/ft 3 ) are presently evaluated only at gas transfer stations.
- n viscosity
- z molecular weight, M, or density, of the fuel gas
- k t1 thermal conductivity at a first temperature, t1;
- k t2 thermal conductivity at a second temperature, t2;
- c pt1 specific heat at the first temperature, t1.
- the preferred algorithm for calculating heat content of the fuel gas reduces to:
- Mn (molecular weight of the gas) ⁇ (viscosity of the gas).
- molecular weight multiplied by viscosity, Mn, or its alternate expression density multiplied by viscosity, ⁇ n is capable of being determined by those skilled in the art using a combination of available technologies.
- all of these technologies have associated drawbacks, for example: requiring trained personnel to operate, producing time delayed results, lacking repeatability, destroying the sample, being cumbersome or expensive to implement, being incapable of implementation in an on-line manner, and lacking sufficient accuracy due to an inability to completely distinguish constituents.
- the present invention is designed to avoid these drawbacks by providing a more efficient, inexpensive, reliable and accurate means than any known technique for determining properties of gases, such as gas pressure and the property combination (molecular weight ⁇ viscosity), and thereby facilitate the determination of gas heating value.
- the present transducer apparatus and method use a tuning fork type quartz crystal vibrator.
- the properties of such a mechanically oscillating member depend in part on the viscosity and density of the ambient gas surrounding the member.
- the adjacent mass of the ambient gas affects the total mass of the oscillating member, and thereby it s oscillation frequency.
- Gas density and the viscosity of the gas will affect the Q or equivalent series resistance of the oscillating member.
- its series resistance and frequency are found to be uniquely dependent on the pressure, density, and viscosity of several test gases, such as natural gas, methane, air and others. The apparatus and method of the present invention make use of this relationship.
- a tuning fork quartz crystal 10 is schematically shown along with a basic drive circuit 12 configured to sustain crystal 10 in oscillation at the crystal resonant frequency.
- Any available oscillating means including noncrystalline members such as vibrating plates or membranes, could be substituted for the tuning fork type crystal 10.
- a tuning fork oscillator is used because of its low cost, reliability, ready availability and relative insensitivity to temperature variations.
- any one of longitudinal, transverse and shear modes of deformation are acceptable for coupling the mechanical oscillator to the test gas, results obtained with shear mode coupling appear superior, particularly when viscosity is one of the gas properties desired.
- a fundamental oscillation frequency of 160 kHz seems to provide superior coupling of energy between the tuning fork oscillator and the surrounding natural gas, and therefore provides greater accuracy.
- Basic drive circuitry 12 includes: an operational amplifier 14, configured with gain; an inductor 16, a capacitor 18 and a resistor 20, all designed to drive crystal 10 with a sine wave; and a load resistance 22 at the input to amplifier 14.
- the output voltage E o from crystal 10 is provided as positive feedback to circuit 12 as shown.
- Voltage E o varies in value as a function of gas pressure and gas composition surrounding crystal 10.
- FIG. 1B is a schematic diagram of an equivalent electrical circuit for tuning fork type crystal 10.
- the circuit includes an inductor 24 in series with a capacitance 26 and a resistance 28, all of which are shunted by a capacitance 30.
- the motional resistance of the test gas to the motion of the tuning fork while oscillating is represented by series resistor 28, R s , which comprises a variable resistance.
- R s represents internal resistive losses within the quartz material that the tuning fork is made of. Determination of series resistance R s is important to the present apparatus and method.
- each tuning fork crystal is used in implementing the preferred transducer apparatus.
- One crystal is directly exposed to the test gas ambient (i.e., the crystal in the detector oscillator) and the other crystal is sealed in a fixed ambient reference chamber, which is exposed to the test gas ambient (i.e., the crystal in the reference oscillator).
- the reference oscillator is used to account for effects of temperature variations on detector oscillator readings.
- the reference chamber is preferably substantially evacuated.
- the damping component, or series resistance of each tuning fork can be obtained by dividing the voltage across the tuning fork by the current through it at series resonance. Lastly, each tuning fork will control the frequency of its respective oscillator circuit.
- R sr series resistance of reference vibrator
- R s series resistance of detector vibrator
- f frequency of detector oscillator.
- R l crystal load resistance of oscillator circuit
- E i oscillator input voltage to detector crystal
- R lr crystal load resistance of reference oscillator
- E ir oscillator input voltage to reference crystal.
- test gas under evaluation comprises natural gas and the crystals used in the transducer apparatus have series resonant frequencies of approximately 160 kHz, then specific values for the coefficients and exponents of equations (3) and (4) are:
- the property combination Mn can be used in a heating value algorithm such as equation (2) to calculate heat content of the fuel gas, while the pressure of the gas can be used as a conversion factor to translate the calculated heat content to a corresponding value at standard pressure.
- FIG. 2 One preferred implementation of the present transducer apparatus is schematically depicted in FIG. 2.
- a first tuning fork quartz crystal 10 (herein referred to as the detector crystal) is exposed to the test gas and a second, identical tuning fork quartz crystal 10' (herein referred to as the reference crystal) is positioned within a sealed chamber 11. Sealed chamber 11 is itself exposed to the test gas.
- the crystals (and chamber 11) preferably reside in a sensor chamber filled with the test gas, such as that described in the referenced co-pending application. Crystals 10 and 10' are sustained in oscillation by detector circuit 12 and reference circuit 12', respectively.
- the voltages from crystal 10, i.e., output voltage E 0 and input voltage E i are fed through a servo ratioing type of A/D converter, which converts the ac E 0 and E i signals to digital signals and outputs the ratio E o /E i 40 to computer 44, (discussed further below with reference to FIG. 5).
- Computer 44 uses the ratio E o /E i to calculate the series resistance R s of crystal 10, by means of equation (5).
- the output and input voltages E or and E ir from reference crystal 10' are fed to A/D converter 42 for conversion to digital format and determination of the ratio E or /E ir .
- Computer 44 uses the ratio E or /E ir to calculate the series resistance R sr of crystal 10' by means of equation (6).
- frequency signals are fed from detector oscillator circuit 12 and reference oscillator circuit 12' to a frequency mixer 46 (discussed below) which is configured to output the sum and difference frequencies between oscillator circuits 12 and 12'.
- frequency signals from the oscillators could be fed, with subsequent appropriate conversion, directly to computer 44 for direct computer calculation of the difference in the oscillator circuit frequencies (f r -f).
- the signals are fed through a low pass filter 48, which eliminates the unwanted summation frequency; thereafter, the difference in frequencies (f r -f) is fed to a divide by N operation 50.
- Operation 50 comprises an optional and arbitrary division of the frequency difference signal f r -f by a preselected number N to reduce the frequency of the difference signal and improve its compatibility with other system components.
- the reduced difference signal is then fed to a counter 52 which determines, for example, the number of pulses from a clock 54 that occur within one cycle of the difference signal.
- a representative signal is output from counter 52 to computer 44 for determination of the desired multiple gas properties, e.g., pursuant to equations (3) and (4).
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a preferred embodiment of detector oscillator circuit 12 and reference oscillator circuit 12'. (Since the implementation is identical for both the detector and reference circuits, only the detector circuit 12 is described in detail herein.)
- input voltage E i is fed to tuning fork type crystal 10.
- Output voltage E o from crystal 10 is fed back to the drive circuitry at the input of an amplifier 60, which comprises a cascode amplifier configured with gain.
- amplifier 60 is overloaded such that an approximate square wave signal appears at its output.
- This square wave signal is fed through a first series resistor 62 to a pair of shunt diodes 63 and 64, which are configured as an amplitude clamp to provide a constant amplitude for driving the crystal.
- a second series resistor 66 is disposed between the amplitude clamp and an LC resonant circuit comprised as an inductor 68 and a capacitor 70.
- the LC resonant circuit is tuned to the same frequency as the oscillator and functions to convert the square wave signal from amplifier 60 to a sine wave signal.
- a sine wave is preferred for driving crystal 10 to facilitate accurate determination of the equivalent series resistance R s pursuant to equation (5), i.e., since E o is a sine wave, preferably E i is also.
- a second amplifier 72 this one without gain, is used as an impedance conversion device.
- Amplifier 72 comprises an emitter follower with a low output impedance and high input impedance.
- an amplifier 74 is disposed at the output of crystal 10 for measuring output voltage E o across the load resistor R l without loading the resistor.
- Output voltage E o and input voltage E i are separately fed to ratio E o /E i 40 circuitry (FIG. 2).
- frequency mixer 46 Since the frequencies of both input voltage E i and output voltage E o are the same, the frequencies fed to frequency mixer 46 (FIG. 2) can be derived from either voltage signal.
- An equivalent circuit representation for frequency mixer 46 is depicted in FIG. 4. This circuit comprises a balanced frequency mixer (such as those available in the open literature) which obtains, in part, a difference between the detector oscillator frequency f and the reference oscillator frequency f r .
- the detector oscillator frequency f is fed to the primary windings of a first transformer 80 which has a center tapped secondary winding.
- the exact frequency of detector oscillator circuit 12 will vary with the pressure and composition of the surrounding gas such that it will be slightly off from 160 kHz (i.e., the resonant frequency of the reference oscillator).
- the voltages at opposite sides of the secondary winding of transformer 80 are 180° out of phase.
- Switches 82 for example, field effect transistors, are closed and opened in synchronism with the phase of the reference oscillator frequency f.sub. r.
- Frequency f r is fed into the primary winding of a second transformer 84 which also has a center tapped secondary winding.
- ratio E o /E i 40 circuitry is depicted in FIG. 5.
- This circuit comprises a servo ratioing type A/D converter, specific details of which are available in the open literature.
- the circuit uses a very accurate resistance divider string in a D/A converter for measuring the actual signal ratio E o /E i with a closed loop servo continuously driving the ratio device to null.
- the ratio output is digital by taking advantage of the digital drive in a D/A converter which is used backwards as an A/D readout.
- a variable potentiometer or resistance string 90 receives input voltage E i .
- Potentiometer 90 includes a wiper 92 which traverses the resistor string to define a voltage proportional to input voltage E i .
- This proportional voltage is fed to a differential amplifier 94 which compares the proportional signal to output voltage E o .
- the output of amplifier 94 is fed to a combined synchronous demodulator and low pass filter 96 which converts the sine wave differential input signal to a dc voltage and hence to a comparator 98 which determines whether the resulting voltage signal is positive or negative.
- the output of comparator 98 is fed to a counter 100 which receives, for example, a 10 MHz clock input signal for counting.
- comparator 98 directs the counter to either increase or decrease its pulse count.
- the output of counter 100 is fed via line 101 back to wiper 92.
- the feedback circuitry continously operates to drive wiper 92 to null whereupon the voltage signal taken from the resistance string is equal to output voltage E o .
- the resulting ratio E o /E i signal 101 is fed to computer 44 (FIG. 2) for use in equations (5) and (6).
- the invention comprises the generalized method for determining multiple properties of a test gas having varying pressure and composition as set forth above.
- the method includes the steps of: causing a reference vibrator and a detector vibrator to vibrate at a resonancy frequency, whereby the frequency of the detector vibrator (exposed to the test gas) varies with variations in the gas pressure and composition; deriving frequency signals corresponding to the frequencies of oscillation of the reference vibrator and the detector vibrator; comparing the corresponding frequency signals and producing an output signal proportional to the difference in their frequencies; determining the series resistance of the reference vibrator and the series resistance of the detector vibrators; comparing the series resistances of the two oscillators and producing a signal proportional to the difference in their series resistances; and deriving signals representative of two gas properties based upon the proportional differential frequency signal and the proportional differential series resistance signal produced from the reference and detector vibrators.
- the two properties determined can comprise pressure and the property combination (molecular weight ⁇ viscosity), which are determinable by equations (3) and (4).
- the two comparing steps i.e., comparing the frequencies and comparing the series resistances occur substantially simultaneously such that the two properties of the test gas are derived in the same measurement cycle.
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Abstract
Description
μ=a.sub.o +b.sub.1 {f(n)(z)}.sup.o1 +c.sub.1 f.sub.1 (k.sub.t1, k.sub.t2).sup.m1 +c.sub.2 f.sub.2 (k.sub.t1, k.sub.t2).sup.m2 +d.sub.1 c.sub.pt1.sup.p1 (1)
H.sub.c =-1287.7+808,700C.sub.p.sup..73846 -1,048,800k.sup.-1.7142 -0.00090189(Mn).sup.1.7514 (2)
P=((R.sub.sr -R.sub.s)/A).sup.d/g ×(B/(f.sub.r -f)).sup.b/g(3)
Zn=((R.sub.sr -R.sub.s)/A).sup.c/g ×(B/(f.sub.r -f)).sup.a/g(4)
R.sub.s =R.sub.l (1-E.sub.o /E.sub.i)/(E.sub.o /E.sub.i) (5)
R.sub.sr =R.sub.lr (1-E.sub.or /E.sub.ir)/(E.sub.or /E.sub.ir)(6)
Claims (16)
P=((R.sub.sr -R.sub.s)/A).sup.d/g ×(B/(f.sub.r -f)).sup.b/g
Mn=((R.sub.sr -R.sub.s)/A).sup.c/g ×(B/(f.sub.r -f)).sup.a/g
R.sub.s =R.sub.l (1-E.sub.o /E.sub.i)/(E.sub.o /E.sub.i)
R.sub.sr =R.sub.lr (1-E.sub.or /E.sub.ir)/(E.sub.or /E.sub.ir)
P=((R.sub.sr -R.sub.s)/A).sup.d/g ×(B/(f.sub.r -f)).sup.b/g
n=((R.sub.sr -R.sub.s /A).sup.c/g ×(B/f.sub.r -f)).sup.a/g
P=((R.sub.sr -R.sub.s)/A).sup.d/g ×(B/(f.sub.r -f)).sup.b/g
Mn=((R.sub.sr -R.sub.s)/A).sup.c/g ×(B/(f.sub.r -f)).sup.a/g
Priority Applications (7)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US07/781,770 US5235844A (en) | 1991-10-23 | 1991-10-23 | Multiple gas property sensor |
AT92923543T ATE157772T1 (en) | 1991-10-23 | 1992-10-22 | SENSOR FOR DIFFERENT GAS PROPERTIES |
CA002121832A CA2121832C (en) | 1991-10-23 | 1992-10-22 | Multiple gas property sensor |
PCT/US1992/009146 WO1993008466A1 (en) | 1991-10-23 | 1992-10-22 | Multiple gas property sensor |
DE69222052T DE69222052T2 (en) | 1991-10-23 | 1992-10-22 | SENSOR FOR DIFFERENT GAS PROPERTIES |
AU29332/92A AU2933292A (en) | 1991-10-23 | 1992-10-22 | Multiple gas property sensor |
EP92923543A EP0609388B1 (en) | 1991-10-23 | 1992-10-22 | Multiple gas property sensor |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US07/781,770 US5235844A (en) | 1991-10-23 | 1991-10-23 | Multiple gas property sensor |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US5235844A true US5235844A (en) | 1993-08-17 |
Family
ID=25123872
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US07/781,770 Expired - Lifetime US5235844A (en) | 1991-10-23 | 1991-10-23 | Multiple gas property sensor |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5235844A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0609388B1 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE157772T1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2933292A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2121832C (en) |
DE (1) | DE69222052T2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1993008466A1 (en) |
Cited By (43)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5486107A (en) * | 1992-01-30 | 1996-01-23 | Honeywell, Inc. | Determination of fuel characteristics |
DE19547419A1 (en) * | 1995-12-19 | 1997-06-26 | Leybold Ag | Determining concn. of gases of two component gas mixture with pressure lying below atmospheric pressure |
US5668310A (en) * | 1995-01-20 | 1997-09-16 | Alternative Fuel Technology Systems, Ltd. Co. | Vehicle fuel usage tracking device |
US5707150A (en) * | 1995-09-19 | 1998-01-13 | Rosemount Analytical Inc. | Apparatus for computing BTU content in a sample of gas |
WO1998037412A1 (en) * | 1997-02-19 | 1998-08-27 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Device for detecting material parameters of liquid media |
US5822058A (en) * | 1997-01-21 | 1998-10-13 | Spectral Sciences, Inc. | Systems and methods for optically measuring properties of hydrocarbon fuel gases |
US6029500A (en) * | 1998-05-19 | 2000-02-29 | Advanced Technology Materials, Inc. | Piezoelectric quartz crystal hydrogen sensor, and hydrogen sensing method utilizing same |
US6044694A (en) * | 1996-08-28 | 2000-04-04 | Videojet Systems International, Inc. | Resonator sensors employing piezoelectric benders for fluid property sensing |
EP1008805A1 (en) | 1998-12-11 | 2000-06-14 | Honeywell B.V. | Process to regulate a gas burner |
US6089078A (en) * | 1998-04-08 | 2000-07-18 | Hycel Diagnostics | Process and device for measuring particles in suspension in a liquid |
US6161420A (en) * | 1997-11-12 | 2000-12-19 | Fisher Controls International, Inc. | High frequency measuring circuit |
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US6301973B1 (en) | 1999-04-30 | 2001-10-16 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Non-intrusive pressure/multipurpose sensor and method |
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US5804698A (en) * | 1993-10-29 | 1998-09-08 | Uhp Corp. | Method and system for measuring fluid parameters by ultrasonic methods |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CA2121832A1 (en) | 1993-04-29 |
DE69222052T2 (en) | 1998-01-15 |
EP0609388B1 (en) | 1997-09-03 |
EP0609388A1 (en) | 1994-08-10 |
DE69222052D1 (en) | 1997-10-09 |
WO1993008466A1 (en) | 1993-04-29 |
EP0609388A4 (en) | 1994-06-03 |
CA2121832C (en) | 1997-04-22 |
AU2933292A (en) | 1993-05-21 |
ATE157772T1 (en) | 1997-09-15 |
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