US5946678A - User interface for document retrieval - Google Patents
User interface for document retrieval Download PDFInfo
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- US5946678A US5946678A US08/371,188 US37118895A US5946678A US 5946678 A US5946678 A US 5946678A US 37118895 A US37118895 A US 37118895A US 5946678 A US5946678 A US 5946678A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F16/00—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor
- G06F16/30—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor of unstructured textual data
- G06F16/33—Querying
- G06F16/338—Presentation of query results
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S707/00—Data processing: database and file management or data structures
- Y10S707/99931—Database or file accessing
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S707/00—Data processing: database and file management or data structures
- Y10S707/99931—Database or file accessing
- Y10S707/99933—Query processing, i.e. searching
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S707/00—Data processing: database and file management or data structures
- Y10S707/99941—Database schema or data structure
- Y10S707/99943—Generating database or data structure, e.g. via user interface
Definitions
- This invention relates to an improved user interface for a relevance-ranking, abstract or document retrieval computerized system.
- Document retrieval deals with the problem of how to search for documents relevant to a user's given information need.
- a relevance-ranking, full-text document retrieval computerized system is the type of document retrieval system that addresses this problem by first transforming a user's information need into a query, and subsequently matching this query with the full text of all the documents in the document base that is to be searched through. The document texts are subsequently sorted on their correspondence to the query, and a higher correspondence is then considered to represent the documents that are more relevant to the given information need.
- a known relevance-ranking, full-text document retrieval system described by Sanderson et al. in a paper published in Electronic Publishing, Vol, 4(4), 205-217, December 1991, entitled "NRT: news retrieval tool", the contents of which are incorporated herein, has a user interface that basically consists of a display of three parts: a query window, a results window, and a document window.
- a query window a user can enter his/her query typically in the form of multiple significant words, herein called "query words"; in the results window, s/he can see the results of the search (the result is a list of supposedly relevant documents); and in the document window, sometimes called the viewer window, the user can browse through a particular selected document.
- documents are displayed in order of relevance.
- the published NRT provides to the user the weights of the query words in an additional words window.
- all displayed query words are sorted on decreasing weights, while these weights are represented as sliders or as bar indicators. In this way, the user can see the weights of the query words prior to the search itself, and s/he is even able to modify the weights if necessary.
- An object of the invention is an improved user interface for an abstract or document retrieval computerized system.
- a further object of the invention is a relatively simple user interface for a relevance-ranking, full-text document retrieval system that indicates to the user more significant information about the documents found in the search.
- a user interface for an abstract or document retrieval computerized system comprises a display with a words window in which each query word is displayed in conjunction with a distinctive representation uniquely associated with each displayed word. Then, in the results window, each abstract or document header or title is accompanied by an indicator which employs the same distinctive representation to directly indicate to the user the relative contributions of the individual words from the query to each listed abstract or document.
- the invention is preferably employed in connection with a relevance-ranking, full-text document retrieval computerized system.
- the distinctive representation is integrated with an associated weight first indicator in a words window, and in the results window the distinctive representations are also integrated with an associated weight second indicator, in which the extent of the respective distinctive representations immediately informs the user of the relative contribution or relevance of each of the query words in an associated document.
- the distinctive representation can take several forms. In a color display system, the most preferred distinctive representation is by a different color. In a black and white system, the distinctive representation can be by means of hatching or shading or by displayed icons. The latter three distinctive representations can also be used in a color system.
- the first and second indicators are sliders or bars, in which case the length of the respective distinctive representations along the slider or bar indicates the relative relevance of each of the query words in the document.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a typical computer system for use in a relevance-ranking, full-text document retrieval system
- FIG. 2 is a one form of query window for a user interface in accordance with the invention in a relevance-ranking, full-text document retrieval system;
- FIG. 3 is one form of a words window for a user interface in accordance with the invention in a relevance-ranking, full-text document retrieval system;
- FIG. 4 is one form of a results window for a user interface in accordance with the invention in a relevance-ranking, full-text document retrieval system
- FIG. 5 is one form of a viewer window for a user interface in accordance with the invention in a relevance-ranking, full-text document retrieval system
- FIG. 6 is a block data flow structure diagram for one form of a user interface for a relevance-ranking, full-text document retrieval computerized system capable of displaying the windows of FIGS. 2-5;
- FIG. 7 illustrates the notation used for the blocks and arrows of the data flow diagram of FIG. 6;
- FIG. 8 is another form of a words window for a user interface in accordance with the invention in a relevance-ranking, full-text document retrieval system.
- the usability of the user interface of the invention is basically in relevance-ranking, text retrieval computerized systems, both stand-alone and on-line systems.
- the invention also extends beyond that to other systems where full-text document retrieval techniques can be used.
- systems including, but not limited to, CD-I, video-on demand systems, multi-media, and on-line interactive services.
- other types of retrieval systems such as speech retrieval and image retrieval, could also benefit from the invention.
- the most common use is a user sitting at a PC or workstation having access to a document base and a retrieval engine and wanting to retrieve documents relevant to certain query words, the invention will be described in the context of such a system.
- FIG. 1 shows a typical computerized system 10 that can be employed using the invention, comprising a console 11 containing a CPU 12, memory 13, 13' in the form of RAM, ROM and disk, and I/O circuitry 14 connected to a monitor 15 having a display screen 16, and control devices in the form of a keyboard 17 and a mouse 18.
- the mouse 18 typically contains button switches 19 operated by a user of the system.
- a cursor or pointer 20 is typically displayed on the screen 16 and its position is controllable via the mouse 18 or the keyboard 17 as is well known.
- a typical window 21 is displayed on the screen 16, with a title bar 22 in the window.
- Window means a portion of a computer screen used to display information and as used herein includes a pane.
- Control device means devices manipulated by users to move cursers around a screen, and include a mouse and keyboard.
- Pointing to an object on screen means actuating the control device to move the cursor so that it is over or adjacent the object.
- the cursor is a pointer such as an arrow, it means moving the arrow tip close to the object.
- “Clicking” on an object means to press and quickly release a switch on the control device, such as a button on a mouse, when the cursor is pointing to the object.
- Dragging means to click on the object, and while holding the switch activated, to manipulate the control device to move the object to a new screen location, and then to release the switch to drop it on another object or to fix the new screen location of the object.
- Select is the action of choosing an object or other user interface element, such as an icon.
- the action of selecting may be performed with the mouse, or through the keyboard.
- a “slider” is a representation of a control device for use with a mouse.
- a button on a slider can sometimes be moved between its ends, and whose location on the slider corresponds to a parameter of the information of the current view.
- Icon means any screen image or representation which signifies some parameter of importance of information available to a user.
- the invention features, associated with existing windows, the provision of new, user-interface displays for the purpose of greatly enhancing the ability of a user to understand the significance of documents found by a search engine in response to actions by the user applied via the keyboard or mouse in a relevance-ranking, full-text document retrieval computerized system.
- a user would typically have access via a system of the type shown in FIG. 1 to a document base and a retrieval engine for searching and selecting documents that match by some criteria query words inputted by the user.
- the type of criteria used is not important to the invention, and known document bases use various forms of criteria for selecting documents.
- a simple criteria used to illustrate the invention can be the presence of the query word or the frequency of the query word in the document.
- the system is usually enhanced by providing means for stemming the query word and searching for any document that contains a word that is a variant of the stem. Again, this is not important to the invention and the invention is usable with all such kinds of relevance-ranking, text retrieval computerized systems.
- the window 30 has a title bar 31 labelled "query”, an editable section 32, and a column of control buttons 33.
- the user types into the editable section 32 the query words to be searched. In the example illustrated, three query words have been entered: car, sales and europe. Depending on the system, the positions of the words are or are not important.
- a "words" window 35 (FIG. 3) then appears. In the words window, the words are listed in a vertical column and next to each word is a weight indicator 37, referred to hereinbefore as the first indicator. Typically, the words are listed in accordance with their respective weight rankings; words with higher weights are listed earlier in the words window.
- the type of criteria used to search for and select those documents that match a query is not important to the invention.
- the user lists the most important word on the first line in the first position, modifiers for the word in second and higher positions, and words second in importance as the first word on a lower line.
- the manner in which the user entered the words shown in the query window 32 tells the computer how to weight the words in the words window 35.
- the computer can estimate the weight of a word by its frequency in the query and relative abstractness or concreteness.
- stemming capabilities not the weights of single words but of their stems instead are reflected: all words that have the same stem are mapped onto that stem for weight determination, and all those words are shown together on one and the same line in the words window.
- a slider is used as the first indicator 37 and the position of a button 39 on the slider indicates its weight, the higher weight words having buttons positioned more toward the right end of the slider.
- the buttons 39 can be dragged by the user to different positions to selectively vary the weights imparted to the individual words.
- the weights determine in what ranking order the found documents should be listed. For example, suppose the user tells the computer to list only the 10 most important documents containing any of the query words. If the search engine locates 40 documents, each of which contains one or more of the query words, then the assigned weights determine which 10 of the 40 documents would be chosen and in what ranking order they should be presented or listed to the user.
- each word has uniquely associated with it a distinctive representation that is different for all of the words.
- the distinctive representation is shading.
- the word “car” is displayed on a lightly shaded background 41 which also surrounds its adjacent slider 37.
- the word “europe” is displayed on a heavily shaded background 43 which also surrounds its adjacent slider 37.
- the word “sales” is displayed on a medium shaded background 45 which also surrounds its adjacent slider 37.
- results window 47 (FIG. 4).
- the results window lists in order of importance the headings or titles 48 of the documents found next to a view button, and, in accordance with the invention, a second indicator 49, in which is displayed the same distinctive representation, i.e., the shading, representing for the adjacent document the relative contributions of each of the query words.
- the same reference numerals as used for the shading in FIG. 3 are also used here.
- the user can then obtain a full view of any of the listed documents by simply clicking on the adjacent view button, and a viewer window 52 (FIG. 5) pops up which displays the full text.
- a viewer window 52 (FIG. 5) pops up which displays the full text.
- the query words are highlighted using the same distinctive representation associated with each query word.
- the viewer window 52 in the second text line, the word "car” is presented on a lightly shaded background, the word “sales” on a moderately shaded background, and two lines further down the word “Europe” on a darkly shaded background, and so on throughout the text displayed.
- FIG. 8 shows for each slider 55 of the type illustrated in FIG. 3 a distinctive representation in the form of unique hatchings 56, 57, 58, with each hatching style being reproduced in the corresponding results window 47 in the sliders 49 to indicate the importance of the respective query words in the listed documents in the same manner as is done by the shading.
- FIG. 8 equally illustrates different colors such as red 56, blue 57 and green 58 associated with each of the query words, in which case, as before, the same colors would appear in the bars in the results window to indicate the relevance of each of the query words in the document, and in the viewer window the respective query words would be highlighted in their respective unique color.
- FIG. 6 illustrates a data flow diagram for such a system.
- the notation used is explained in FIG. 7.
- the windows generated in the conventional manner as in all GUI systems has the same reference numerals as used before.
- FTR is an abbreviation for any known full-text retrieval engine (including auxiliary document data such as indexes) 60 which can be stored as software in memory 13 or accessed via a network.
- a document base 61 can be stored on disk 13 or accessed via a bulletin board or other commercial source.
- the FTR processes 63, 65, and 67 are routines that may be part of the FTR engine or as separate software routines.
- each document in the document base would be preprocessed as follows. Using a stop word list (trivial words), the system removes each stop word from the document which contains one or more document words. Using a known stemming algorithm, the system replaces each remaining document word with its stem or document term. The system can then calculate and store the term weight or term relevance of each document term. This can be done in many different ways that are well known in the art and is not important to the invention. For instance, the referenced paper describes one way of calculating relevance. In my paper published in Document Management, June 1992, Pgs. 5-7, published by Samsom BedrijfsInformatie, The Netherlands, I describe a preferred way of calculating relevance using a probabilistic or vector-space term-weighting retrieval model that can be used in a system of this type.
- Real time processing of query text containing typically multiple words can be carried out as follows.
- the user enters the query words in the query window 30.
- the system removes each stop word from the query.
- the system replaces each occurrence of each remaining query word with its stem or query stem to form a query data structure 70.
- the system calculates the term weight or term relevance of each query term in a known manner with respect to the document base currently to be searched using any known routine 63 referred to herein as FTR process 1.
- the system sorts the query terms on decreasing term weight and uniquely associates with each query term a unique color, shading or hatching or other distinctive representation to form the words data structure 72 made up of term items (query term weight plus all query words that stem to that query term plus distinctive representation). This is visually represented, for example, by the sliders 37 and colors 41, 43, 45 as in FIG. 3.
- the system visually presents to the user a list of term items in the words window 35 in such manner that a one-to-one correspondence exists between all term item representations and all query terms.
- the term item representations are sorted on decreasing term weight of the corresponding query terms.
- Each term item representation shows:
- the user can modify each term weight using the sliders in the words window 35, after which the system may do some renormalization of the term weights of the query terms and returns to step 5.
- the system calculates the similarity between the query and each document in the document base, in which the similarity is the sum of products of the current query term weights and the document term weight of the query terms (this process is explained in my above-mentioned paper--any other known relevance algorithm may be substituted).
- the system sorts the documents on decreasing similarity and stores the results in the results data structure 74.
- the system presents to the user a list of the result items in the results window 47 in such manner that there is a a one-to-one correspondence between all result items and all documents in the document base searched.
- the result items are sorted on decreasing similarities between the query and the documents corresponding to the result items.
- Each result item shows:
- ii a textual representation of the document corresponding to the result item, such as 48 in FIG. 5.
- each color in its colored bar corresponds to a query term that is also a document term of the document corresponding to the result item; the length of each color piece in the colored bar represents the product of the query term weight and the document term weight of the common term that is uniquely associated with that color, such as 41, 43, 45 in FIG. 8. As the total of these individual products equals the similarity, the total of these color piece lengths equals the length of the bar stack.
- the user can then select a result item from the results list by creating a requests data structure 76 and in a known manner the full text of the selected document is displayed in the viewer window 62.
- the system using viewer data 78 colors each document word associated with a query term with the color uniquely associated with the query term using any known process represented by block FTR process 3 67.
- the invention is not limited to the sliders or bars as the first or second indicators. Other representations of numbers or ratios, such as actual numerics or pie charts, can be substituted.
- the invention is not limited to the ways described for calculating term weight or similarities.
- a simple system can use calculations in which zero (0) means most relevant or most similar, in which case the sorting would be reversed.
- the interface of the invention has its most important utility in a relevance-ranking, full-text document retrieval computerized system that employs a weighting model for the user or the computer to assign comparative relevances to the query terms, it can also be used in a much simpler system in which, for example, modifying the term weights is not possible, or in which no term weights are used at all. In the latter case, a words window would be unnecessary, and the distinctive representation uniquely associated with each query word could be directly presented in the query window 30 by coloring, for example, each query word with a different color when it is entered in the window.
- each document that contains one or more of the query words would be listed in a results window with an indicator next to each document listed which by means of the same color or other distinctive representation uniquely associated with each query word indicates to the user the importance of that particular word in the document, which can be indicated by the length of a slider or by the intensity of a color or by any other easily observable and understandable means.
- While the invention is most important for relevance-ranking full-text, document retrieval systems, it can also be used in systems which do not display the relative importance but only the presence of the query words in the result documents indicated by the presence of its distinctive representation in the results window, or in systems which do not provide full-text retrieval but only, for example, text retrieval through keywords in an indexing system or abstracts in an abstracts database.
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Abstract
Description
Claims (12)
Priority Applications (9)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US08/371,188 US5946678A (en) | 1995-01-11 | 1995-01-11 | User interface for document retrieval |
PCT/IB1996/000018 WO1996021901A2 (en) | 1995-01-11 | 1996-01-10 | User interface for full-text document retrieval |
KR1019960705107A KR100432070B1 (en) | 1995-01-11 | 1996-01-10 | User interface for full-text document retrieval |
DE69615459T DE69615459T2 (en) | 1995-01-11 | 1996-01-10 | USER INTERFACE FOR A FULL TEXT DOCUMENT SEARCH SYSTEM |
EP96900016A EP0749603B1 (en) | 1995-01-11 | 1996-01-10 | User interface for full-text document retrieval |
JP8521538A JPH09510811A (en) | 1995-01-11 | 1996-01-10 | User interface for full text document search |
US08/922,825 US6094648A (en) | 1995-01-11 | 1997-09-03 | User interface for document retrieval |
JP2003293706A JP2004005742A (en) | 1995-01-11 | 2003-08-15 | User interface for document full-text search |
JP2005152962A JP2005339556A (en) | 1995-01-11 | 2005-05-25 | User interface for full-text document retrieval |
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DE69615459D1 (en) | 2001-10-31 |
DE69615459T2 (en) | 2002-05-23 |
JP2005339556A (en) | 2005-12-08 |
EP0749603A1 (en) | 1996-12-27 |
JPH09510811A (en) | 1997-10-28 |
KR100432070B1 (en) | 2004-10-06 |
EP0749603B1 (en) | 2001-09-26 |
KR970701887A (en) | 1997-04-12 |
US6094648A (en) | 2000-07-25 |
JP2004005742A (en) | 2004-01-08 |
WO1996021901A2 (en) | 1996-07-18 |
WO1996021901A3 (en) | 1996-09-19 |
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