DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 shows a topological sensor 10 that contains an array of sensing elements 12. The individual sensing elements 12 typically have dimensions smaller than the item under investigation. When used as a fingerprint sensor, the sensing elements should have dimensions that are smaller than the ridges and valleys of a finger. While the present invention will be described in terms of a fingerprint sensor, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the invention is more generally applicable to the detection of topological variations in objects other than fingerprints. In such cases, the dimensions of the sensing elements should be chosen as appropriate for the selected object or objects. Disposed above the sensing elements is a suitable insulating material such as glass or plastic, for example, which serves as a sensing surface 14.

FIG. 1 also shows a finger 16 under investigation which is brought in contact with the sensing surface 14. Because the surface of a finger is uneven, certain portions of the finger (ridges 18) will physically contact the sensing surface while other portions (valleys 19) will be spaced apart from the sensing surface 14. Each sensing element 12 forms a capacitor with the portion of the finger located directly thereabove. The sensing elements 12 form one set of electrodes or plates for the capacitors and the ridges and valleys of the finger form the other set of electrodes or plates for the capacitors.

As is well known, the capacitance C of a capacitor is determined by

C=k(A/d)                                                   (1)

where C is the capacitance, k is the dielectric constant, A is the surface area of the capacitor and d is distance between electrodes. It is also known that a capacitor stores a charge Q determined by

Q=CV                                                       (2)

where Q is the stored charge, and V is the voltage applied across the electrodes.

From (1) it is clear that the capacitance of a capacitor is proportional to the distance between the electrodes. As such, the capacitance of the array of capacitors formed between the sensing elements and the finger will vary with finger topography. Specifically, the capacitance of a capacitor formed between a sensing element 12 and a valley 19 of the finger will be less than the capacitance of a capacitor formed between a sensing element 12 and a ridge 18 of the finger. Capacitors formed between the sensing elements 12 and regions of the finger intermediate to the ridges and valleys will have capacitances between the limits defined by the ridges and valleys.

The capacitance information embodied in the array of capacitors is sufficient to represent the topography of the finger under investigation. The capacitances of the array of capacitors may be subsequently transformed into a signal representing, for example, an image to form a visual representation of this topography. In contrast to the system disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,353,056, the present invention advantageously does not require a flexible substrate since only one plate of each capacitor is located in the sensor itself.

One example of a circuit that may be employed to measure the capacitance of the capacitors is shown in FIG. 2. In operation, the finger is placed on the sensing surface 14 and the capacitors are brought to a known potential V.sub.i by connecting the array of sensing elements to a voltage source 20 via a switch 22. A given capacitor 26 having capacitance C now contains a charge q.sub.i =CV.sub.i. With the finger still in place on the sensing surface 14, the array of sensing elements are disconnected from the voltage source 20 and connected to a current source 24 via switch 22. The connection between the sensing elements 12 and the current source 24 is maintained for a fixed period of time t. The amount of charge drained from a given capacitor is q.sub.k =it, where i is the current generated by the current source 24. At the end of time period t the potential of the sensing element 12 can be measured to obtain a value V.sub.f. The capacitance of the given capacitor 26 can now be calculated from the relationship q=CV, where q is now the charge q.sub.k drained from the capacitor and V is the difference between the initial potential V.sub.i and final potential V.sub.f of the electrodes. The capacitance of the capacitor 26 is thus given by the expression

C=q.sub.k /(V.sub.i -V.sub.f)                              (3)

By measuring the capacitances of the array of capacitors it is possible to calculate from equation (1) the distance d between each sensing element 12 and the portion of the finger located thereabove. Of course, to obtain an image of the finger topography it is not necessary to actually calculate these distances. Rather, all that is required to obtain an image is the relative magnitude of the capacitances as they are distributed over the sensor array.

Of course, the sensing elements each have a parasitic capacitance with respect to other elements in the device. To detect the presence of a ridge, for example, the change in capacitance of the sensing element due to the presence of the ridge must be sufficiently large so that it is measurable with respect to the parasitic capacitance. For example, dynamic RAMs store data in small capacitors that typically have a relatively large parasitic capacitance. In comparison, the change in capacitance due to the presence of a ridge would be insignificant relative to the parasitic capacitance and would be virtually unmeasurable. Thus, since the parasitic capacitance of the capacitors in a RAM is substantially larger than the capacitance to be measured, dynamic RAMs would be unsuitable as fingerprint sensors.

The fingerprint sensor may be fabricated from any appropriate materials known in the art. In some applications it will be advantageous to employ solid state sensors that can contain in a single unit the sensing elements and associated circuitry to read out the value of each sensing element such as, for example, amplifiers, noise reduction circuitry, and analog-to-digital converters. Some examples of suitable integrated circuit devices include devices fabricated by conventional CMOS processing techniques. Such solid state devices are typically covered by a layer of silicon dioxide several microns thick. This layer may serve as the insulating layer that forms the sensing surface 14 located between the sensing elements and the finger under investigation. In some embodiments of the invention it may advantageous to provide a more resilient sensing surface which is better capable of withstanding abrasion due to repeated contacts with fingers. In such cases the silicon dioxide may be covered or replaced by a stronger insulating material such as diamond, for example.

In one particular embodiment of the invention the sensor is fabricated by a conventional CMOS process and the sensing elements are spaced apart from one another by approximately 50 microns to achieve a resolution of 300-500 dpi. The parasitic capacitance of the sensing elements without the finger in contact with the sensing surface is approximately 180 fF. When the sensing surface receives the finger the capacitance of those sensing elements contacting the finger increases to approximately 350 fF under typical environmental conditions.

The sensor may be incorporated into a variety of different devices to provide an indication that a person having possession of the device is authorized to use the device. For example, authentication cards such as credit cards, debt cards, smart cards, etc., often require the user to provide a personal identification number (PIN) prior to use. If the card itself is misappropriated, the PIN would not be known to unauthorized users. However, the PIN would be given to and known by a merchant when the card holder initiates a transaction. It is also possible for the PIN to be misappropriated by a person who overhears a transaction or observes the cardholder as the PIN is written or entered via a keyboard or by a vendor to whom the customer gives the PIN to authorize themselves.

These problems can be overcome by incorporating the fingerprint sensor of the present invention into an authorization card. The card includes circuitry for comparing the acquired fingerprint against those of an authorized user or users, which are stored in a memory incorporated into the card. When the card is presented for use, the user verifies that he or she is an authorized user by placing a finger on the sensor located on the card.

The fingerprint sensor also may be incorporated into other validation devices that store fingerprints of authorized users. For example, the fingerprint sensor may be incorporated into an automated teller machine (ATM). The user would be required to demonstrate that he or she is an authorized user prior to performing a transaction. The fingerprint sensor also may be incorporated into a validation or authorization device in possession of a merchant at a point of sale, for example.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional view of the array of sensing elements receiving two fingerprint ridges of a finger in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 2 shows an example of circuit that may be employed by the present invention to measure the capacitance of the capacitors formed by the sensing elements and the finger shown in FIG. 1.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates generally to a sensor for detecting topographic variations such as a fingerprint, and more particularly to a sensor for detecting topographic changes due to changes in capacitance.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In a fingerprint acquisition system a finger is placed contact with a flat surface that senses the pattern of ridges and valleys on the finger. Acquisition is often accomplished by optical techniques that provide an electronic image of the fingerprint. For example, the fingerprint may be optically imaged onto a light-sensitive detector such as a chargecoupled device (CCD). Optical techniques have a number of drawbacks, including their relatively high cost, complexity, low image quality, and susceptibility to circumvention by using, for example, a photocopy of a fingerprint. Moreover, the optical system is subject to misalignment and breakage.

Another type of fingerprint acquisition system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,353,056. In this system an array of capacitors are formed in a flexible substrate. When a finger comes in contact with the substrate, those capacitors directly under a ridge of the finger will be compressed, altering their capacitance. Those capacitors not under a ridge will not be compressed and hence their capacitances will be substantially unchanged. An image is obtained by measuring the capacitances of the various capacitors in the array. This method has a number of limitations, including its inability to form a quality image because it can only detect the presence or absence of ridges as well as its susceptibility to circumvention by using, for example, a plastic replica of a fingerprint. Additionally, manufacturing may be unduly complex because of the incompatibility between a flexible substrate and conventional integrated circuit fabrication techniques. Moreover, since the system must be flexible it cannot be protected by a resilient inflexible material such as diamond.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides an apparatus and method for detecting topographic variations on an object such as a finger. The apparatus includes an array of sensing elements disposed on a substrate which each have a parasitic capacitance. An insulating receiving surface is disposed over the array of sensing elements and is adapted to receive the object such that a sensing element and a portion of the object located thereabove creates a measurable change in capacitance with respect to the parasitic capacitance. An electronic circuit is coupled to the array of sensing elements for measuring the measurable change in capacitance.