US6044694A - Resonator sensors employing piezoelectric benders for fluid property sensing - Google Patents
Resonator sensors employing piezoelectric benders for fluid property sensing Download PDFInfo
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- US6044694A US6044694A US08/704,116 US70411696A US6044694A US 6044694 A US6044694 A US 6044694A US 70411696 A US70411696 A US 70411696A US 6044694 A US6044694 A US 6044694A
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- bender
- liquid
- output voltage
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- amplitude
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
- G01F23/00—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm
- G01F23/22—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm by measuring physical variables, other than linear dimensions, pressure or weight, dependent on the level to be measured, e.g. by difference of heat transfer of steam or water
- G01F23/28—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm by measuring physical variables, other than linear dimensions, pressure or weight, dependent on the level to be measured, e.g. by difference of heat transfer of steam or water by measuring the variations of parameters of electromagnetic or acoustic waves applied directly to the liquid or fluent solid material
- G01F23/296—Acoustic waves
- G01F23/2968—Transducers specially adapted for acoustic level indicators
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
- B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
- B41J2/01—Ink jet
- B41J2/17—Ink jet characterised by ink handling
- B41J2/175—Ink supply systems ; Circuit parts therefor
- B41J2/17566—Ink level or ink residue control
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
- B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
- B41J2/01—Ink jet
- B41J2/17—Ink jet characterised by ink handling
- B41J2/195—Ink jet characterised by ink handling for monitoring ink quality
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
- G01F23/00—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm
- G01F23/22—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm by measuring physical variables, other than linear dimensions, pressure or weight, dependent on the level to be measured, e.g. by difference of heat transfer of steam or water
- G01F23/28—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm by measuring physical variables, other than linear dimensions, pressure or weight, dependent on the level to be measured, e.g. by difference of heat transfer of steam or water by measuring the variations of parameters of electromagnetic or acoustic waves applied directly to the liquid or fluent solid material
- G01F23/296—Acoustic waves
- G01F23/2966—Acoustic waves making use of acoustical resonance or standing waves
- G01F23/2967—Acoustic waves making use of acoustical resonance or standing waves for discrete levels
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N11/00—Investigating flow properties of materials, e.g. viscosity, plasticity; Analysing materials by determining flow properties
- G01N11/10—Investigating flow properties of materials, e.g. viscosity, plasticity; Analysing materials by determining flow properties by moving a body within the material
- G01N11/16—Investigating flow properties of materials, e.g. viscosity, plasticity; Analysing materials by determining flow properties by moving a body within the material by measuring damping effect upon oscillatory body
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N9/00—Investigating density or specific gravity of materials; Analysing materials by determining density or specific gravity
- G01N9/002—Investigating density or specific gravity of materials; Analysing materials by determining density or specific gravity using variation of the resonant frequency of an element vibrating in contact with the material submitted to analysis
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
- B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
- B41J2/01—Ink jet
- B41J2/17—Ink jet characterised by ink handling
- B41J2/175—Ink supply systems ; Circuit parts therefor
- B41J2/17566—Ink level or ink residue control
- B41J2002/17583—Ink level or ink residue control using vibration or ultra-sons for ink level indication
Definitions
- This invention relates to the field of fluid property sensing by which parameters such as fluid level, viscosity and density may be determined for a gas or liquid.
- the prior art for such devices is extensive, including devices dedicated to liquid level sensing, viscosity determination or density measurement.
- the present invention relates to the class of sensing devices generally known as resonating sensors.
- the advantages of resonating sensors have been well documented and several commercial devices exist. These include the vibrating wire viscometer, such as disclosed by James M. Goodwin in Journal Of Physics, Volume 6, 1973; the Dynatrol Viscometer manufactured by Automation Products, Inc.; tuning fork type viscometers, for example, of the type disclosed by M. R. Fisch, et al., J. Acoustic Soc. Am., Volume 60, No. 3, September 1976, p. 623, and tuning fork type liquid level detectors, such as those manufactured by Endress & Hauser and Automation Products, Inc.
- the properties of the marking fluid must be monitored and modified when deviations from standard parameters are detected.
- the viscosity and/or density of the marking fluid must be monitored as well as the level of the fluid in the various reservoirs in which the marking fluid are kept.
- a piezoelectric bender is adapted to this purpose.
- the term piezoelectric bender is meant to describe a class of devices which are commercially available, such as piezoelectric ceramic wafers which function as transducers between mechanical and electrical energy.
- One source of such devices is Morgan Matroc, Inc. of Bedford, Ohio.
- Such devices are often used as audio tone generators and as strain gauges for measuring tensile or compressive force, etc.
- the present invention adapts these devices to a new purpose not previously known in this art.
- Piezoelectric benders so-called because they are a composite structure which bends when a voltage is applied, and, conversely generate a voltage when strained.
- One type of bender manufactured by Morgan Matroc is known in the trade as a Bimorph.
- the Bimorph is a composite structure of two transverse-expander piezoelectric plates bonded together. This structure enhances the bending characteristics of the device and simplifies the electronics required to operate it.
- piezoelectric benders are employed for the dual purpose of detecting liquid level in a fluid system and for monitoring the viscosity and/or density of the fluid.
- the preferred embodiment accomplishes this by driving the piezoelectric bender at a voltage and frequency which cause it to resonate.
- By monitoring the output voltage from the bender it is possible to monitor changes in the viscosity of a liquid or gas. Should the viscosity of such a liquid approach zero, this signifies that the device is no longer immersed in liquid, thereby performing level sensing as well.
- the density of a liquid can be monitored.
- the invention relates to resonator sensors which may be implemented as fluid property sensors by measuring the effects of viscous damping and mass loading on the vibrating structure of the sensor and converting these measurements into the fluid property values of interest via predetermined relationships. These effects can be measured by monitoring an output magnitude and/or frequency.
- Other suitable techniques include measuring quality factor (Q), logarithmic decrement of free oscillation, decay time constant of free oscillation, electrical impedance characteristics (motional impedance and resistance), drive amplitude required to maintain constant output amplitude, and phase difference between input and output signals.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a piezoelectric bender according to a preferred embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 2 illustrates the use of such piezoelectric benders in a typical ink jet printing system for use in monitoring the level and viscosity of ink.
- FIG. 3 illustrates, in block diagram form, the manner in which the piezoelectric bender is operated to obtain useful information therefrom.
- FIG. 4 is a data plot illustrating the manner in which the data obtained is utilized to determine viscosity and liquid level.
- FIG. 5 is a block diagram similar to FIG. 3 for a single port bender.
- FIG. 1 there is shown in cross-section the basic structure of a piezoelectric bender suitable for use according to the present invention.
- piezoelectric benders are piezoelectric ceramic devices made from lead metaniobate and lead zirconate titanate compositions. Such devices are available in a number of different configurations, including thin piezoelectric disks and double-plate ceramic elements.
- the device shown in FIG. 1 is a cantilevered piezoelectric bender. Unlike standard piezoelectric crystals that only expand or contract, the composite structure of the device shown in FIG. 1 causes it to bend when a voltage is applied. Conversely, when the element is strained or flexed from its initial position, it generates a voltage.
- the bender illustrated is sold under the trade name Bimorph. Two transverse-expander piezoelectric plates are bonded together. They are identified in the drawing as elements 10 and 12. Elements 10 and 12 are electrically isolated to simplify the electronics required to obtain the result described herein. Standard wire tacking techniques are used to attach the leads 14, 16 and 18 required for external connection to control circuitry.
- the plates 10 and 12 are encapsulated in a potting material 20.
- the potting material forms a base or support element which can be used for mounting the sensor to a vessel in which the fluid to be monitored is contained.
- the potting materials further serves to clamp one end of the bender to provide a cantilever structure. This structure is not required, but is a preferred embodiment due to its simplicity.
- the FIG. 1 embodiment is preferred because it enhances the vibrating structure of the bender and because it is a suitable geometry to interface with fluids.
- the potting material also provides electrical insulation and protects the plates from corrosion.
- the potting material may preferably be formed of a quartz glass composition although other materials, including epoxies, plastics or composites may also be suitable.
- FIG. 2 there is illustrated a fluid handling system in which the present invention may be employed.
- a fluid handling system of a continuous ink jet printer includes a mixing vessel 30 containing a supply of marking fluid or ink 32.
- a vessel 34 contains a supply of fresh ink which is used periodically to refill the mixing vessel as ink is consumed during the printing processes.
- a third vessel 36 contains a supply of solvent used to maintain the composition of the ink in mixing vessel 30 within desired parameters. The solvent is added periodically to make up for evaporative losses as the ink in the mixing vessel 30 is recycled from a printing head 40.
- the ink from the mixing vessel 30 is conducted by conduit 38 to a remotely located printhead 40.
- the mixing vessel 30 it is desired to monitor the liquid level therein as well as the viscosity of the ink. This determines when it is necessary to provide additional fresh ink and/or solvent to prevent the ink from becoming too viscous due to evaporative losses.
- the mixing vessel is preferably outfitted with three benders 50, 52 and 54.
- Bender 50 provides a dual function, namely, it determines both fluid level and viscosity.
- Benders 52 and 54 although capable of determining viscosity, are principally used to determine the level of the fluid in the mixing vessel 30.
- Additional benders in 56 and 58 may be provided in the fresh ink and solvent vessels 34 and 36 respectively for the same purpose, namely fluid level detection and, if desired, viscosity measurement.
- the encapsulated benders are mounted to the side of the vessels forming probes protruding into the vessels through openings provided therefor.
- the potting material 20 to which the one end of the plates is secured serves as a surface for mounting the device to the vessel wall and to seal the vessel to prevent leakage.
- the piezoelectric plates 10 and 12 clamped at one end by the potting material 20 protrude into the mixing vessel to interact with any fluids contained therein.
- the electrical leads 14, 16 and 18 extending from the benders 50 through 58 are connected to the control circuitry described hereafter for measuring the viscosity and liquid level in the vessels.
- the manner in which the benders are employed to sense viscosity and fluid level will be explained.
- the plates 10 has a voltage applied thereto, the plates 10 and 12 are caused to bend. Applying an AC voltage causes vibration of the benders.
- viscosity is measured by measuring the effects of viscous damping on the vibration of the benders.
- the preferred embodiment, illustrated in FIG. 3 applies a voltage having an amplitude and frequency to optimize resonant vibration, of the bender. That is, the vibrating portion of the bender is driven at its fundamental resonant frequency by applying to it a voltage signal of proper amplitude and frequency.
- the frequency of the voltage is dependent on the environment in which the sensor operates. There are, however, many standard methods for determining the correct frequency.
- FIG. 3 there is illustrated an embodiment, which is presently preferred, for driving the bender at its natural resonance frequency by means of a feedback loop.
- the bender is configured as two separate crystals, thus using three electrical connections.
- the electrical connection on lead 16 is grounded to prevent cross-talk between the two plates 10 and 12.
- An AC voltage meter 60 is positioned to receive the output signal from lead 18 from the lower plate 12 of the bender. This meter provides data representing the amplitude and frequency of the output signal.
- This signal is also supplied to a controller 61 which is used to operate the mechanisms for adding additional ink and solvent to the mixing vessel 30 in the case of an ink jet printing application of FIG. 2.
- other control circuitry may be employed to respond to the output signal 18 from the bender.
- the output 18 is also provided to an amplifier 62 which amplifies the output signal to a level required to drive the bender without saturating components.
- the phase of the signal from the amplifier 62 In order to drive the bender at is natural resonant frequency (for a given temperature and application environment) the phase of the signal from the amplifier 62 must be shifted by approximately ninety degrees, as is well known in the electrical arts. This is accomplished by a phase shift circuit 64 which receives the output signal from the amplifier 62 and which, in turn, outputs a phase shifted signal as an input to the bender via lead 14, to plate 10.
- the fluid being monitored When the sensor is to be used with conductive fluids, such as continuous jet inks, the fluid being monitored must be grounded to prevent cross-talk between the input and output sides of the bender. Alternatively a ground shield may be placed around the bender as part of the sensor structure.
- this feedback circuitry is used to operate the bender by maintaining it at its natural resonant frequency. Changes in the amplitude of the voltage obtained on output lead 18 will then vary as a function of changes in the fluid being sensed as will now be described. Due to configuration and electronic variables, however, the phase shift may need to be optimized at slightly more or less than ninety degrees, but this can be easily determined for any given application.
- Viscosity is measured by measuring the effects of viscous damping on the vibration of the vibrating structure.
- the vibrating structure is the bonded plates 10 and 12.
- the output signal on lead 18 is proportional to the amplitude of vibration of the bender. This output signal can be correlated to viscosity as illustrated in FIG. 4.
- the voltage is an inverse function of viscosity. Specifically:
- a and B are empirically determined constants
- V rms is the root mean square voltage and n is viscosity.
- the values A and B are unique to the sensor used to collect the data.
- the vibrating structure is driven at its fundamental resonant frequency by placing a voltage signal of proper amplitude and frequency on the bender.
- the frequency is dependent upon the environment in which the sensor operates and, for example, temperature can have a material affect on the frequency.
- the output voltage from the bender 50 used to monitor the level and viscosity of the ink in the mixing vessel 30 may be compared with the output of the bender 56 in vessel 34 which contains only fresh ink. In this manner, the temperature effect on the sensors may be nullified, provided that the two vessels are maintained at the same temperature.
- the sensor of the present invention detects both the viscosity of a fluid in a vessel and liquid level in a vessel since the viscosity of a gas is significantly less than that of most fluids of interest. It is for this reason that the benders 52 and 54 may be provided in the mixing vessel 30.
- the viscosity reading determined from the curve of FIG. 4 will indicate the presence of a liquid.
- the bender is no longer immersed in a liquid, but is operating in air, its viscosity value will drop significantly, almost to zero, indicating that the liquid is below the level of the bender.
- benders 50, 52 and 54 in tank 30 provide an indication of the liquid level in the vessel 30 by signalling a major viscosity change as liquid drops below their positions.
- the voltage output on lead 18 of FIG. 3 is typically converted to an analog DC signal and then to a digital signal and provided to a micro-processor based controller 61 which, for example, will compare the information against a selected value or reference measurement and, when called for, add fresh ink or solvent to the mixing vessel 30.
- the reference measurement may be provided from bender 56.
- it can be programmed to determine alarm conditions such as a lack of ink in the mixing vessel 30 as would be the case for example, if bender 50 were to signal a very low viscosity.
- alarm conditions such as a lack of ink in the mixing vessel 30 as would be the case for example, if bender 50 were to signal a very low viscosity.
- the voltage output on lead 18 is less than a certain threshold (on the order of 80% of the voltage for air) this is an indication that liquid is present.
- a certain threshold on the order of 80% of the voltage for air
- the voltage amplitude is above that threshold, it means that the bender is no longer immersed in liquid and therefore the fluid level in the vessel has fallen below the position of the bender.
- the voltage magnitude may be used to determine the viscosity of the liquid. This information can be used by a controller to modify that viscosity by the addition of solvent, fresh ink or other components as desired.
- the present invention can be used to make density measurements. Density can be measured by measuring the effects of mass loading on the vibration of the bender structure. To do so, it is necessary to monitor the frequency of the output voltage signal rather than the magnitude. This signal has a frequency equal to the fundamental resonant frequency of the vibrating structure which can be correlated to density. The main effect of mass loading is to reduce the fundamental resonant frequency.
- the density measurement capability of the present invention can be used to distinguish liquids from gas because the density of gas is, of course, significantly less than that of a liquid.
- a graph similar to FIG. 4 is produced from data points taken for a given system. The graph would have density on its horizontal axis and frequency on its vertical axis. For a constant viscosity, the density of a fluid being monitored by the bender is determined by the equation:
- piezoelectric ceramic devices can be used according to this invention, including another Morgan Matroc bender sold under the trade name Unimorph® which is a thin piezoelectric bender with two surfaces of dissimilar composition. Unlike the Bimorph® bender which is a two-port device, the Unimorph is a one-port device.
- a method for measuring the effects of viscous damping and mass loading that does not require two ports must be used to employ a one-port bender as a fluid properties sensor.
- One such method is that of measuring the changes in motional impedance or resistance as described for example, in "Acoustic Wave Micro Sensors" Analy. Chem. 1993 #65, pp. 987-996.
- Motional resistance, R is the change in circuit resistance due to viscous damping. It can be measured using a network analyzer or equivalent circuit. Viscosity, v, is related to motional resistance as follows:
- K is a constant
- R is the motional resistance
- r density
- f the resonant frequency of the bender
- FIG. 5 there is shown a block diagram of a circuit for use with a one-port bender in order to determine viscosity by measuring motional resistance R.
- the one-port or Unimorph device 70 has dissimilar surfaces 72 and 74.
- One surface is electrically connected via lead 76 to a network analyzer or similar circuit indicated at 78.
- a network analyzer or similar circuit indicated at 78.
- the other surface is grounded via lead 80.
- a voltage from the analyzer is applied to the bender via lead 76.
- the analyzer measures the resistance of the circuit, which in this case is the motional resistance R.
- the viscosity is then computed using the formula.
Abstract
Description
V.sub.rms =0.1/(A*sqrt(n)+B)
D=A f[(1/Q)-B].sup.-2
v=K fR 2/r
Claims (19)
Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US08/704,116 US6044694A (en) | 1996-08-28 | 1996-08-28 | Resonator sensors employing piezoelectric benders for fluid property sensing |
JP10511372A JP2001500965A (en) | 1996-08-28 | 1997-08-26 | Resonator sensor using piezoelectric bender for sensing fluid properties |
AU39508/97A AU738267B2 (en) | 1996-08-28 | 1997-08-26 | Resonator sensors employing piezoelectric benders for fluid property sensing |
PCT/GB1997/002287 WO1998009139A1 (en) | 1996-08-28 | 1997-08-26 | Resonator sensors employing piezoelectric benders for fluid property sensing |
EP97936811A EP1007914A1 (en) | 1996-08-28 | 1997-08-26 | Resonator sensors employing piezoelectric benders for fluid property sensing |
CA002262680A CA2262680A1 (en) | 1996-08-28 | 1997-08-26 | Resonator sensors employing piezoelectric benders for fluid property sensing |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
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US08/704,116 US6044694A (en) | 1996-08-28 | 1996-08-28 | Resonator sensors employing piezoelectric benders for fluid property sensing |
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US6044694A true US6044694A (en) | 2000-04-04 |
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US08/704,116 Expired - Fee Related US6044694A (en) | 1996-08-28 | 1996-08-28 | Resonator sensors employing piezoelectric benders for fluid property sensing |
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US (1) | US6044694A (en) |
EP (1) | EP1007914A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2001500965A (en) |
AU (1) | AU738267B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2262680A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1998009139A1 (en) |
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WO2002042724A1 (en) * | 2000-11-22 | 2002-05-30 | Endress + Hauser Gmbh + Co. Kg. | Method and device for determining and/or monitoring the level of a medium in a container, or for determining the density of a medium in a container |
US6401519B1 (en) * | 1996-10-09 | 2002-06-11 | Symyx Technologies, Inc. | Systems and methods for characterization of materials and combinatorial libraries with mechanical oscillators |
US20020105555A1 (en) * | 2000-05-18 | 2002-08-08 | Kenji Tsukada | Ink consumption detecting method, and ink jet recording apparatus |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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AU3950897A (en) | 1998-03-19 |
JP2001500965A (en) | 2001-01-23 |
CA2262680A1 (en) | 1998-03-05 |
AU738267B2 (en) | 2001-09-13 |
WO1998009139A1 (en) | 1998-03-05 |
EP1007914A1 (en) | 2000-06-14 |
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