US6400855B1 - N × N optical switching array device and system - Google Patents
N × N optical switching array device and system Download PDFInfo
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- US6400855B1 US6400855B1 US09/612,049 US61204900A US6400855B1 US 6400855 B1 US6400855 B1 US 6400855B1 US 61204900 A US61204900 A US 61204900A US 6400855 B1 US6400855 B1 US 6400855B1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/29—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the position or the direction of light beams, i.e. deflection
- G02F1/31—Digital deflection, i.e. optical switching
- G02F1/313—Digital deflection, i.e. optical switching in an optical waveguide structure
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/29—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the position or the direction of light beams, i.e. deflection
- G02F1/295—Analog deflection from or in an optical waveguide structure]
- G02F1/2955—Analog deflection from or in an optical waveguide structure] by controlled diffraction or phased-array beam steering
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B2006/12083—Constructional arrangements
- G02B2006/12102—Lens
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B2006/12083—Constructional arrangements
- G02B2006/12114—Prism
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B2006/12133—Functions
- G02B2006/12147—Coupler
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B2006/12133—Functions
- G02B2006/1215—Splitter
Definitions
- the present invention generally relates to optics, and more particularly, to an N ⁇ N optical switching array device and system.
- Opto-mechanical technology for signal channeling or steering have several disadvantages.
- opto-mechanical devices are bulky and slow due to the mechanical scanning devices employed for optical signal distribution.
- degradation of mechanical components often makes these devices less reliable.
- Opto-mechanical devices also require complicated three-dimensional angular alignment, resulting in a low tolerance to harsh environments.
- opto-mechanical devices often fail to provide low-loss coupling among devices such as laser diodes, optical modulators, waveguide splitters, single-mode optic fibers, multi-mode optic fibers, and optical detectors.
- electro-optical deflector uses bulk crystals for beam steering. These devices, however, are generally large and heavy and require higher driving voltages (usually in the kV range). More compact devices with lower operating voltages include metallic electrodes on two sides of thin electro-optic crystals.
- multichannel phase-array devices employ the electro-optical properties of crystals to achieve phase modulation. These devices have the advantage of low operating voltages (around 32 V, for example), but they typically suffer from the presence of multiple grating lobes.
- Nonmechanical beam deflectors are of interest for many military and commercial applications such as laser tracking and targeting, optical data storage, optical switching, laser printing, scanning, optical sensing, optical computing, and laser control.
- Current beam steering systems are very complex, costly, and too large for most airborne/space applications.
- Devices for controlling the direction of a laser beam have been limited in the past, and restricted almost entirely to such methods as galvanic mirror, and acousto-optic and electro-optic beam deflection. These methods suffer from various problems including, high driving power, limited speed, low resolution, and complex fabrication.
- electro-optical beam deflection One of the most promising technologies to date for scanning a laser beam without any moving parts.
- electro-optic beam deflectors often include some advancements using domain reversal in ferroelectric crystals. As such, a major drawback of this conventional system is the demand of very high driving voltages (>1000 V).
- Typical electro-optic deflectors also do not meet the demand imposed by most aircraft/space applications.
- the deflection angle of conventional electro-optic devices is too small to provide large scanning angles.
- the driving voltage is high, which contributes to the possibility of a dielectric breakdown between closely-spaced electrodes.
- the switching speed of these devices is typically less than the gigahertz level and the fabrication and technical development of these devices are complex and/or impose difficult operating processes.
- an optical switching device for communicating optical signals in a communications network.
- the device includes a plurality of inputs optically coupled to at least one thermo-optic array and a plurality of outputs optically coupled to the thermo-optic array wherein the plurality of inputs and outputs cooperate with each other to communicate at least one optical signal via the thermo-optic array.
- a network communications system for communicating optical signals.
- the system includes a communication medium operable to communicate optical signals, a plurality of optical waveguides associated with the communications medium and a switching device operable to communicate signals from an initiating point to a selected destination point.
- the system preferably includes a switching device having an input optically coupled to at least one of the plurality of optical waveguides and an output optically coupled to at least one of the plurality of optical waveguides.
- the optical waveguides are preferably coupled with a thermo-optic array whereby the thermo-optic array is operable to deflect an optical signal from the initiating point to the selected destination point.
- an optical switching device for communicating optical signals.
- the device includes a plurality of optical inputs operable to communicate optical signals and a plurality of optical outputs selectively coupled to the optical inputs.
- At least one thermo-optic array is optically coupled to the plurality of optical inputs and the plurality of optical outputs.
- the thermo-optical array is preferably operable to selectively deflect an optical signal from one of the plurality of optical inputs to one of the plurality of optical outputs in response to a temperature differential.
- FIG. 5B illustrates the substrate of FIG. 5A having a plurality of defined geometric regions
- FIG. 5C illustrates the substrate of FIG. 5B incorporating a cladding layer and a thermoelement
- FIG. 9 illustrates a thermo-optic N ⁇ N deflection system for switching optical signals in accordance with the teachings of the present invention
- FIG. 10 is a schematic drawing illustrating another thermo-optic N ⁇ N deflection system in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.
- FIG. 11 is a schematic illustration of a wide angle thermo-optic deflection system in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.
- FIG. 14 illustrates a communication network incorporating an N ⁇ N switching array system in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.
- first region 102 may be comprised of a polymer material having a thermo-optic coefficient of ⁇ 7 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 /° C.
- Second region 103 may be comprised of a silica having a thermo-optic coefficient of 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 /° C.
- waveguide 101 may have a length of L of approximately seven millimeters and a height h of approximately five hundred and twenty micrometers. Therefore, a deflection sensitivity of 0.06° C. may be calculated utilizing equations 1-3 for deflection device 100 .
- a change in temperature may cause the refractive indices of the polymer and the silica to change in opposite directions, resulting in a controlled index of diffraction difference between the polymer and silica regions.
- a relative increase in temperature of thermal element 104 may be proportional to the dissipated electrical power density and inversely proportional to the thermal conductivity of waveguide's 101 material.
- the thermo-optic coefficient of polymers ( ⁇ 1.4 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 /° C.) is an order of magnitude larger than that of silica (+1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 /° C.) and have oppositely signed thermo-optic coefficients.
- thermo-optic response is generally a linear function of temperature change.
- materials having different relative thermo-optic coefficients with the same signs may be used to create a desirable thermo-optic response. Materials having higher or lower relative thermo-optic coefficients may provide a desirable thermo-optic response and deflection of an optical signal.
- Polymer and silica only illustrate one example of providing two materials having different thermo-optic coefficients responsive to changes in temperature of the materials to deflect optical signals.
- Other embodiments may include materials having desirable thermo-optic coefficients such as polycrystalline lanthanum modified lead titonate zirconate.
- FIG. 3 illustrates an optical waveguide deflection system according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- Optical waveguide deflection system 300 includes an optical input 301 such as an optical waveguide, fibre optic cable, etc., coupled to mounting surface 302 .
- Deflection system 300 includes an optical deflection device 303 coupled to mounting surface 302 and includes lens 306 , such as a collimator, optically coupled to array 305 .
- Array 305 includes a plurality of optical deflection prisms 304 and may be optically coupled to outputs 307 which may include several optical waveguides, fibre optic cables, etc.
- an optical signal may be provided by input source 301 to optical device 303 .
- the signal incident on optical device 303 may be collimated utilizing lens 306 and optically coupled to array 305 .
- Array 305 may be comprised of a plurality of waveguides similar to FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 and operable to selectively deflect an optical signal utilizing a thermo-optic effect.
- system 300 may provide a temperature differential to optical device 303 such that a composite index of refraction of optical array 305 may be altered to deflect or switch an optical signal to a desired output 307 .
- System 300 advantageously provides a low cost, low power consumption approach to switching optical signals to desirable outputs.
- System 300 may be realized as a microelectronic device operable to provide a thermo-optic response to variances in temperature.
- associated electronic circuitry (not expressly shown) may be provided in association with system 300 to provide a desirable thermo-optic response of waveguide 303 .
- integration of system 300 within microelectronic circuitry allows for efficient production of system 300 in association with fabricating microelectronic devices.
- FIG. 4 illustrates an optical waveguide deflection system according to another embodiment of the present invention.
- System 400 includes a waveguide 401 preferably coupled to a substrate 405 .
- Waveguide 401 includes a plurality of concave optical lenses 402 for optically coupling input ⁇ i to optical array 403 .
- optical array 403 may include the same or similar material as optical lenses 402 thereby providing optical components made of similar materials. As such, a potential reduction in fabrication processes may be realized when fabricating system 400 .
- Thermoelement 404 may be thermally coupled to array 403 to provide variations in temperature thereby altering the refractive indices of waveguide 401 and array 403 .
- system 400 may be operable to deflect an input signal ⁇ i a desirable amount through providing a temperature variance utilizing thermoelement 404 thermally coupled to waveguide 401 comprised of array 403 .
- the input signal may be collimated by optical lenses 402 and optically coupled to array 403 through waveguide 401 having a first index of refraction.
- Array 403 may be formed from a material having a second index of refraction such that, upon providing a variance in temperature, a desirable thermo-optic response may be provided and input signal ⁇ i may be deflected a desirable amount. Though not illustrated, a desirable angle of deflection may be provided by each prism within array 403 .
- each prism may provide two degrees of deflection at a relative temperature variance of five degrees Celsius.
- an array having five prisms may provide a total of ten degrees of deflection for input signal ⁇ i . Therefore, system 400 may be operable to provide several deflection angles for output signal ⁇ o by varying the relative temperature of waveguide 401 .
- thermoelement 404 may be configured and positioned in a plurality of ways.
- thermoelement may entirely cover waveguide 401 , partially cover waveguide 401 , be coupled to the back surface of waveguide 401 , etc. or other configurations or positions without departing from the scope of the present invention.
- waveguide 401 may be comprised of a thin-film polymer material having a thermo-optic coefficient of approximately ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 /° C.
- array 403 may comprise a GeO 2 doped thin film silica having a thermo-optic coefficient of approximately 10 ⁇ 5 /° C. Therefore, a change in temperature may be provided by thermoelement 404 to alter the composite index of refraction of waveguide 401 comprised of array 403 .
- desirable angles of deflection may be realized utilizing a polymer based waveguide advantageously allowing for low-power consumption of energy when altering the temperature of waveguide 401 .
- low-power sources for incident optical signals may be realized due to minimizing power losses associated with communicating optical signals via polymer waveguides having passive optical switching capabilities.
- FIG. 5A is a schematic drawing showing an isometric view of a substrate for fabricating an optical waveguide deflection device according to one aspect of the present invention.
- Substrate 501 may include different types of material such as silicon, germanium, etc., and includes upper cladding layer 502 coupled to the surface of substrate 506 .
- Guiding layer 503 is coupled to upper cladding 502 and may include a thin-film GeO 2 of doped silica coupled to cladding layer 502 comprised of oxide or an oxide derivative such as silicon dioxide.
- the resulting structure may be prefabricated on the upper surface of substrate 501 and configured as a waveguide.
- FIG. 5B illustrates the substrate of FIG. 5A having a plurality of defined geometric regions, such as triangles or microprisms operable to deflect optical signals.
- Guiding layer 503 of FIG. 5A may be fabricated to include the array of prisms having alternating first material 504 and second material 505 resulting in guiding layer 503 ′.
- Guiding layer 503 ′ comprised of microprisms having alternating material types may be used to provide a deflection based upon a relative temperature change of the prisms and the thermo-optic coefficients of the materials.
- FIG. 5C illustrates the substrate of FIG. 5B incorporating an upper cladding layer and a thermoelement.
- Upper cladding layer 506 may be comprised of a polymer material spun coated onto the upper surface of guiding layer 503 ′.
- Thermoelement 507 may be coupled to second cladding layer 506 such that a variance in temperature may be provided.
- thermoelement 507 may comprise a layer of chromium operable as a heating element to create a variance in temperature of guiding layer 503 ′.
- thermoelement 507 may be coupled to selective regions of guiding surface 503 ′. As such, a variance in temperature may be provided to separate regions of guiding surface 503 ′ thereby providing localized temperature variations and associated thermo-optical responses of guiding layer 503 ′.
- the thin-film thermo-optic waveguide beam deflector illustrated in FIG. 5C may be fabricated using an optical polymer and GeO 2 doped silica waveguide.
- Substrate 501 may include a planar thin-film silica waveguide layer as guide layer 503 having a thickness of approximately five micrometers.
- cladding layer 502 may be comprised of SiO 2 having a thickness of approximately fifteen micrometers.
- Guiding layer 503 may then be patterned to provide an array of triangular geometric regions or microprisms within guiding layer 503 ′.
- low-loss cross-linked polyacrylates may be used in association with fabrication of guiding layer 503 ′ and upper cladding layer 502 and lower cladding layer 506 with each having an optical refractive indices of 1.464 and 1.420, respectively.
- These polymers have a glass transition temperature T g of 60° C. and are thermally stable up to approximately 250° C. After cross-linking an optical loss of approximately 0.2 dB/cm at 633 nm and 0.3 dB/cm at 1550 nm may occur.
- Cross-linking the polymer may be accomplished by spin-coating the optical polymer on the surface of guiding layer 503 to assist in providing guiding layer 503 ′.
- the polymer waveguide arrays may then be cross-linked by exposing the structure to ultraviolet light at a specified pressure.
- the structure may be exposed to an EFO Sultracure 100 ss Plus Lamp for forty minutes.
- the optical characteristics may then be evaluated with the Metricon 2010 Prism Coupler System for optical loss and index measurements.
- FIG. 6 illustrates a cross-sectional view of an optical waveguide deflection device according to one aspect of the present invention.
- Device 600 includes several layers configured to provide a thermo-optical waveguide deflection device and may be fabricated, for example, using conventional semiconductor process techniques such as the methods described above.
- Substrate 601 includes cladding layer 602 adjacent to substrate 601 .
- Waveguide layer 603 includes first region 604 and second region 605 alternatingly deposed within waveguide layer 603 .
- First region 604 and second region 605 may include different materials having different indices of refraction and thermo-optical coefficients.
- Structure 600 may further include an upper cladding 606 coupled to the upper surface of waveguide 603 and thermoelement 607 coupled to upper cladding such that a variance in temperature may be coupled to waveguide 603 .
- thermoelement 607 may be directly coupled to cladding 606 for providing a temperature differential.
- other embodiments may include coupling thermoelement 607 to other regions of structure 600 .
- thermoelement 607 may be disposed adjacent to structure 600 such that a temperature differential may be provided to waveguide 605 .
- FIG. 7 is an illustration of a multiple input thermo-optic N ⁇ N deflection system for switching optical signals in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.
- the system illustrated generally at 700 , includes a plurality of optical inputs shown collectively at 701 and associated input lenses 702 optically coupled to optical inputs 701 .
- Input lenses 702 are optically coupled to a plurality of thermo-optic prisms 703 which are optically coupled to an output lens 704 .
- Output lens 704 is coupled to a plurality of optical outputs shown collectively at 705 .
- System 700 having thermo-optic prisms 703 further includes a thermal element (not shown) for providing a temperature differential for thermo-optic prisms 703 .
- thermo-optic prisms 703 may include materials such as polymer and silica having thermo-optic coefficients that may be operable to provide a desirable diffraction of an incident signal to system 700 .
- a thermal element providing a temperature differential to thermo-optic prisms 703 may diffract an optical signal incident to optical inputs 701 to a desirable optical output at optical outputs 705 .
- Further system 700 having of a plurality of optical inputs 701 may be operable to receive a plurality of input signals incident to optical inputs 701 . As such, a plurality of optical inputs incident to thermo-optic prisms 703 may be switched or deflected to a desirable optical output for a given temperature differential.
- FIG. 8 is a schematic drawing showing an isometric view of a thermo-optic N ⁇ N deflection system in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.
- System 800 may be fabricated in a plurality of ways such as utilizing conventional semiconductor process techniques.
- System 800 includes a cladding layer 802 coupled to a substrate 801 .
- a waveguide layer 803 may be coupled to cladding layer 802 for communicating optical signals.
- Waveguide layer 803 includes a first optical input 804 , a second optical input 805 , a third optical input 806 , and a fourth optical input 807 .
- First optical 804 includes a first input lens 808
- second optical input 805 includes a second input lens 809
- third optical input 806 includes a third input lens 810
- fourth optical input 807 includes a fourth input lens 811 .
- optical input lenses 808 , 809 , 810 , 811 may be configured as concave lenses operable to optically communicate a signal incident to optical inputs 804 , 805 , 806 , 807 respectively.
- System 800 further includes a first optical array 812 and a second optical array 820 optically coupled to input lenses 808 , 809 , 810 , and 811 .
- First optical array 812 and second optical array 820 include a first region 818 comprised of a first material and a second region 819 comprised of a second material.
- first region 818 may include a material such as polymer and second as region 819 may include a material, the same material as waveguide layer 803 .
- a change in temperature of first optical array 812 and/or second optical array 820 may provide a modulated index of refraction for first region 818 and second region 819 operable to alter as an optical path in response to a change in temperature.
- System 800 further includes an output lens 813 optically coupled to first optical array 812 and second optical array 820 and first optical output 814 , second optical output 815 , third optical output 816 , and fourth optical output 817 .
- During use system 800 may deflect an incident optical signal in response to a change in temperature.
- an optical signal may be incident to first input 804 and optically coupled to first optical array 812 and second optical array 820 through first input lens 808 .
- a temperature differential may be provided to first optical array 812 and second optical array 820 such that the optical signal incident to first optical input 804 may be diffracted or switched to a desirable output such as fourth optical output 817 .
- an incident signal to one of the optical inputs may be switched to a desirable optical output through providing a temperature differential to first optical array 812 and second optical array 820 .
- FIG. 9 illustrates a thermo-optic N ⁇ N deflection system in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.
- the system shown generally at 900 , includes a first optical input 901 coupled to a first input lens 905 , a second optical input 902 coupled to a second input lens 906 , a third optical input 903 coupled to a third input lens 907 , and a fourth optical input 904 coupled to fourth optical input lens 908 .
- System 900 further includes a first thermo-optical array 909 which includes alternating first regions 916 and second regions 917 .
- system 900 includes a second optical array 915 which includes first regions 916 and second regions 917 .
- System 900 further includes an output lens 910 coupled to first thermo-optical array 909 and second thermo-optic array 915 .
- Output lens 910 is optically coupled to first optical output 911 , second optical output 912 , third optical output 913 , and fourth optical output 914 .
- first regions 916 and second regions 917 include materials having desirable thermo-optic coefficients such that a temperature differential may provide a desirable diffraction of an incident optical signal.
- first region 916 may include a first optical material having a positive thermo-optic coefficient and second region 917 may include a second material having a second thermo-optic coefficient.
- a temperature differential provided to either or both first thermo-optic 909 and second thermo-optic array 915 may provide a modulated index of refraction for first regions 916 and second regions 917 .
- thermo-optic array 909 and second thermo-optical array 915 may be provided to first thermo-optic array 909 and second thermo-optical array 915 such that an incident optical signal incident to one of the optical inputs 901 , 902 , 903 , and 904 may be diffracted to a desirable optical output 911 , 912 , 913 , or 914 .
- an optical input may be incident to optical input 902 and switched or diffracted to any one of the optical outputs 911 , 912 , 913 and 914 .
- an optical signal incident to optical input 902 may be optically coupled to first thermo-optic array 915 through second input lens 906 .
- the incident optical signal may be deflected from second optical input 902 to fourth optical output 914 through first thermo-optic array and second thermo-optic array 915 .
- the incident signal Upon the incident signal being diffracted by first thermo-optic array 909 , the signal will be diffracted to second thermo-optic array 915 and optically coupled to optical output 914 through output lens 910 . Therefore, a plurality of optical signals may be incident to an optical input switched to a desirable output by relative temperature differential to first thermo-optic array 909 and thermo-optic second array 915 .
- FIG. 10 is a schematic drawing illustrating a thermo-optic N ⁇ N deflection system having plural outputs in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.
- the system shown generally at 1000 , includes a plurality of optical inputs shown collectively at 1001 optically coupled to input lenses 1002 .
- Input lenses 1002 are optically coupled to first thermo-optical array 1003 , second thermo-optical array 1004 , third thermo-optical array 1005 , and fourth thermo-optical array 1006 .
- First output lens 1007 and second output lens 1008 optically couple output array 1009 to first to thermo-optical arrays 1003 , 1004 , 1005 , and 1006 .
- Output array 1009 includes a plurality of optical outputs for communicating signals.
- Optical output array 1009 includes a first group of optical outputs 1010 which include a first optical output 1010 a , and a second optical output 1010 b , and a third optical output 1010 c .
- Output array 1009 also includes a second group of optical outputs 1011 which include a first optical output 1011 a , a second optical output 1011 b , a third optical output 1011 c , a fourth optical output 1011 d , and a fifth optical output 1011 e .
- Optical output array 1009 also includes a third group of optical outputs 1012 which includes a first optical output 1012 a , a second optical output 1012 b , and a third optical output 1012 b .
- Output array 1009 may include alternate configurations of optical groups which may include optical outputs from one or more additional groups. For example, optical output 1010 a may be grouped with optical output 1012 c.
- an optical signal may be incident on input array 1001 such that the incident signal may be diffracted to a desirable output within an output array 1009 .
- a temperature differential may be provided to one of the thermo-optical arrays such that the signal incident to input array 1009 may be diffracted to a desirable output.
- a control circuit may be used to deflect or switch an optical signal to a desirable optical output.
- a control circuit may provide one or more temperature differentials to arrays 1003 , 1004 , 1005 , 1006 such that a signal incident to optical input 1001 may be diffracted to a desirable optical output.
- an incident signal may be diffracted from first array 1003 to fourth array 1006 and subsequently to optical output 1012 c by providing temperature differential using a control circuit and operable to produce the desired diffraction.
- thermo-optic array 1003 may be operated at a larger temperature differential to produce a wide angle of diffraction than thermo-optic array 1006 .
- a plurality of temperature differentials may be used to produce a desired diffraction to an optical output.
- FIG. 11 is a schematic illustration of a wide angle thermo-optic N ⁇ N deflection system in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.
- the system illustrated generally at 1100 , includes input array 1101 optically coupled to input lenses 1102 .
- System 1100 also includes a first thermo-optic array 1103 , a second thermo-optic array 1104 , a third thermo-optic array 1105 , and a fourth thermo-optic array 1106 optically coupled to input lenses 1102 .
- Thermo-optic array 1103 , 1104 , 1105 and 1106 are optically coupled to output lens 1107 operable to communicate an optical signal to one of the optical outputs within optical output array 1108 .
- first thermo-optical array 1103 and second thermo-optical array 1104 have an opposing orientation relative to third thermo-optical array 1105 and fourth thermo-optical array 1106 .
- a temperature differential may be provided one or more thermo-optic array such that an optical signal incident to input array 1103 may be diffracted or switched a desirable amount such that a signal may be optically communicated to an optical output within output array 1108 .
- wide diffraction angles for incident signals may be provided by system 1100 for communicating incident optical signals to desirable output within output array 1108 .
- the configuration of system 1100 may allow for a signal to be diffracted a wide angle by providing a large relative temperature differential.
- one or more signals may be diffracted from one or more inputs to a desirable output.
- a signal may be incident on each input within input array and diffracted or switched to a single output within output array 1108 .
- several signals may be diffracted from one or more input to a single output.
- FIG. 12 is a schematic illustration of another wide angle thermo-optic deflection system in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.
- the system illustrated generally at 1200 , includes a plurality of thermo-optic arrays 1201 optically coupled to output lens 1202 and output array 1203 .
- System 1200 may be optically coupled to a plurality of optical waveguides (not shown) such as a fiber optic cable or several fiber optic cables which may be proximal or distal to system 1200 .
- Thermo-optic arrays 1201 being optically coupled to an optical input, may diffract an input signal to a desirable output by providing a temperature differential to one or more thermo-optic array.
- thermo-optic arrays 1201 may be diffracted to a desirable output through output lens 1202 and optically couple to output array 1203 .
- Wide angles of diffraction may be provided using various temperature differentials as required to produce a desirable angle of diffraction to switch a signal from an input to an optical output.
- a plurality of thermo-optic arrays may be optically coupled to several inputs for switching or deflecting optical signals.
- FIG. 13 is a schematic illustration of an N ⁇ N deflection system and control circuit in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.
- the system illustrated generally at 1300 , includes a thermo-optic N ⁇ N array 1301 which includes a plurality of thermo-optic arrays 1302 operable to communicate optical signals.
- Thermo-optic arrays 1302 are coupled to thermal elements 1303 operable to provide a temperature differential.
- Thermal elements 1303 are coupled to a voltage potential 1304 and control circuit 1305 for providing a potential to thermal elements 1303 .
- control circuit 1305 may provide a signal or voltage operable to heat up or cool down any communication of thermal elements 1303 .
- one of the thermo-optic wave guides may be operable to diffract a signal based on a temperature differential.
- control circuit 1305 may provide a desirable temperature differential to selective thermal elements 1303 such that an optical signal incident on thermo-optic arrays 1302 may be diffracted or switched to a desirable output (not shown).
- FIG. 14 illustrates a communication network incorporating an N ⁇ N switching array system in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.
- the network illustrated generally at 1400 , includes a plurality of regions operable to communicate information via a fiber-optic network.
- Network 1400 includes a region A 1401 , region B 1402 , region C 1403 , and region D 1404 optically coupled to an N ⁇ N array 1405 .
- Region D is further coupled to region E 1407 , and region F 1408 via N ⁇ N array 1406 .
- Server 1409 is coupled to region F 1408 and N ⁇ N array 1410 .
- N ⁇ N array 1410 is also coupled to first client terminal 1411 , second client terminal 1412 , and third client terminal 1413 .
- Fiber-optic cable's A general illustration of a fiber-optic cable having a plurality of fiber-optic waveguides illustrated at 1420 and 1421 .
- Fiber-optic cable 1420 having a plurality of fiber-optic waveguides 1421 may be coupled between regions via an N ⁇ N array.
- region A 1401 may be coupled to N ⁇ N array 1405 via a fiber-optic cable having 10,000 channels or fiber-optic wave guides.
- region 1404 may be coupled to N ⁇ N array 1405 via a fiber-optic cable having 1,000 channels or fiber-optic waveguides.
- an optical signal may be communicated or switched by N ⁇ N array 1405 to a desirable channel or fiber-optic wave guide.
- Network 1400 advantageously provides for high capacity fiber-optic utilization operable to communicate optical signals at high transmission capacities.
- communication between each region may be observed as a “long haul” communication, a “regional” communication, a “metro” communication, and “user” communication regions.
- N ⁇ N arrays 1405 , 1506 and 1410 provide communication between the plurality of regions such that optical signals may be communicated to desirable destinations.
- N ⁇ N array 1405 may include optical outputs and optical inputs between region A 1401 and region B 1402 .
- a control circuit may provide a control signal such that an optical signal may be switched using N ⁇ N array.
- N ⁇ N array 1405 operable as a thermo-optic array may diffract or switch a signal in response to a temperature differential.
- an optical signal from region A 1401 may be switched or diffracted by N ⁇ N array 1405 to region C 1403 .
- network 1400 may be operable to communicate or switch optical signals between server 1409 and client terminals 1411 , 1412 and 1413 .
- a control circuit (not shown) operably coupled to N ⁇ N array 1410 may switch or diffract optical signals between server 1409 client terminals 1411 , 1412 and 1413 by providing a signal operable to create a temperature differential such that an optical signal incident to N ⁇ N array 1410 may be switched or diffract between a client terminal and server 1409 .
- N ⁇ N array 1410 may provide efficient communication between server 1409 and client terminals 1411 , 1412 and 1413 .
- aspherical lenses may be used for correcting or reducing aberrations which may be associated with optical signals.
- the present invention advantageously allows for fabrication of lenses using conventional semiconductor processes. As such, desirable control over lens characteristics may be achieved which conventional fabrication techniques may not.
- lenses 702 and 704 illustrated in FIG. 7 may be fabricated using a photolithography process. As such, lenses 702 and 704 may not require the use of, for example, antireflective coatings that may be associated with conventional lens processing fabricated in free space.
- thermo-optic coefficients may be selected by selecting optical polymers or other materials having higher thermo-optic coefficients, employing longer device lengths, and using more efficient thermoelements such as chromium heating electrodes.
- thermoelements such as chromium heating electrodes.
- Several embodiments of thin-film waveguide beam deflectors disclosed may be operable in many types of applications such as laser beam steering, optical storage, and optical communication associated communication systems.
Abstract
Description
Claims (26)
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US09/612,049 US6400855B1 (en) | 1999-04-16 | 2000-07-07 | N × N optical switching array device and system |
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US12962099P | 1999-04-16 | 1999-04-16 | |
US55048000A | 2000-04-14 | 2000-04-14 | |
US09/612,049 US6400855B1 (en) | 1999-04-16 | 2000-07-07 | N × N optical switching array device and system |
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