US6775028B1 - Non-linear method of mapping the lightness and chroma of a display device gamut onto a printing device gamut - Google Patents
Non-linear method of mapping the lightness and chroma of a display device gamut onto a printing device gamut Download PDFInfo
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- US6775028B1 US6775028B1 US09/511,756 US51175600A US6775028B1 US 6775028 B1 US6775028 B1 US 6775028B1 US 51175600 A US51175600 A US 51175600A US 6775028 B1 US6775028 B1 US 6775028B1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N1/00—Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
- H04N1/46—Colour picture communication systems
- H04N1/56—Processing of colour picture signals
- H04N1/60—Colour correction or control
- H04N1/6058—Reduction of colour to a range of reproducible colours, e.g. to ink- reproducible colour gamut
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- the present invention relates to a method of gamut mapping, and, more particularly, to a method of mapping a display device gamut onto a printing device gamut.
- the printing process often involves creating and viewing something on a display device before it is sent to a printing device. Consequently, it is desirable for the printing device output to look similar to the display device output. Since the physics behind the two devices is very different, many of the colors created on the display device cannot be created on the printing device and vice versa. Hence, the non-printable display device colors must be mapped to printable display device colors. Similarly, the mapping makes use of the printable colors that the display device does not use. This mapping process is referred to as “gamut mapping.”
- the gamut of a device is defined as the set of all colors that can be produced by that device.
- the colors in the gamut are defined by using a three-dimensional device-independent color space such as CIELAB.
- a gamut is usually represented as a three-dimensional volume in CIELAB space.
- luminance (lightness), hue (color) and chroma (saturation) are specified by three-dimensional coordinates (L*, a*, b*).
- CIE stands for Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage, an international body of color scientists. L describes relative lightness; A represents relative redness-greenness, and B represents relative yellowness-blueness.
- Luminance is specified by the L* value of the point of interest; hue is specified by the angle that is the arc tan of b*/a*; and chroma is specified by the distance of the point of interest from the L* axis, which can be calculated from the formula [(a*) 2 +(b*) 2 ] 1/2 .
- FIG. 1 is a three-dimensional plot of the gamut of a typical computer monitor.
- Gamut mapping is a process by which the gamut of one device is mapped onto the gamut of a different device. If the devices are similar, and hence have gamuts of similar shape and size, this process is relatively straightforward and usually consists of a one-to-one or near one-to-one mapping (by clipping the few out-of-gamut colors) from one gamut onto the other. However, when the devices are very different, which is the case for monitors and printers, the gamut mapping process is very problematic.
- the gamut of a monitor and the gamut of a printer are very different because of the physics involved with the way the colors are generated. Colors generated on a monitor are made by emitting different intensities of three different colors of light (red, green, and blue). In the case of the printed output of a printer, in contrast, ambient light reflecting off of the printed output creates colors. The ink on the printed output absorbs different amounts of three different colors of light (red, green, and blue), thereby creating different colors. Monitors use what is referred to as “additive color mixing” because they add or emit different intensities of three different colors of light. Printers use what is referred to as “subtractive color mixing” because the ink on the paper subtracts or absorbs different amounts of three different colors of light.
- Monitors are called RGB devices because they emit red, green, and blue light to make colors.
- Printers are called CMY devices because they use cyan, magenta, and yellow absorbers (ink) to make colors (cyan absorbs red, magenta absorbs green, and yellow absorbs blue).
- FIGS. 2 a , 2 b , 3 a , 3 b , 4 a and 4 b illustrate the differences between a monitor gamut and a printer gamut.
- FIGS. 2 a and 2 b are projections of a monitor gamut plot and a printer gamut plot, respectively, onto the a*b* plane.
- FIGS. 3 a and 3 b are projections of a monitor gamut plot and a printer gamut plot, respectively, onto the L*a* plane.
- FIGS. 4 a and 4 b are projections of a monitor gamut plot and a printer gamut plot, respectively, onto the L*b* plane.
- the gamut of the monitor is more extensive than the gamut of the printer.
- Morovic and Luo describe a gamut mapping method called “Linear Chroma Mapping and Lightness Range Mapping (CLLIN)”. This method depends on first determining the cusps of the two different gamuts.
- the cusp of a gamut is defined as the boundary of the gamut in the a*b* projection and is generally taken to be the edges of the RGB color cube that go from red to yellow to green to cyan to blue to magenta and back to red in CIELAB space.
- the printer gamut cusp and the monitor gamut cusp have been determined, then at a given hue the chroma of the monitor is scaled using the following equation (1):
- C* in is the input monitor chroma
- C* cusp(out) is the maximum value of the chroma of the printer cusp over the entire range of L* values
- C* cusp(in) is the maximum value of the chroma of the monitor cusp over the entire range of L* values
- C* out is the remapped chroma (see FIG. 5 ).
- L* out L* outMin +( L* in ⁇ L* inMin )[( L* outMax ⁇ L* outMin )/( L* inMax ⁇ L* inMin )]
- L* in is the input monitor lightness
- L* out is the remapped lightness (see FIG. 6 )
- L* outMin is the minimum lightness of the printer at C* out
- L* inMin is the minimum lightness of the monitor at C* out
- L* outMax is a maximum lightness of the printer at C* out
- L* inMax is a maximum lightness of the monitor at C* out .
- the CLLIN gamut mapping method described in Morovic and Luo consists of two linear mapping steps and has some good attributes.
- the biggest problem with this method is that it tends to make the printer output too dark. This is because of the fact that the cusp of the printer gamut is much darker than the cusp of the monitor gamut.
- the present invention provides a non-linear gamut mapping process which preserves hue completely, preserves lightness for all but the more saturated or more chromatic colors, and performs most of the gamut mapping by changing chroma.
- the invention comprises, in one form thereof, a method of mapping an input color gamut of an input device onto an output color gamut of an output device.
- a threshold chroma value in the input color gamut is established.
- each first input chroma value is mapped onto a respective one of a plurality of first output chroma values such that a first linear relationship exists between the first input chroma values and the first output chroma values.
- Each corresponding first input lightness value is mapped onto a respective one of a plurality of first output lightness values such that a second linear relationship exists between the first input lightness values and the first output lightness values.
- each second input chroma value is mapped onto a respective one of a plurality of second output chroma values such that a first non-linear relationship exists between the second input chroma values and the second output chroma values.
- Each corresponding second input lightness value is mapped onto a respective one of a plurality of second output lightness values such that a second non-linear relationship exists between the second input lightness values and the second output lightness values.
- An advantage of the present invention is that the output of the printer is not too dark.
- FIG. 1 is a three-dimensional plot of the gamut of a computer monitor
- FIG. 2 a is a projection of a monitor gamut onto the a*b* plane
- FIG. 2 b is a projection of a printer gamut onto the a*b* plane
- FIG. 3 a is a projection of a monitor gamut onto the L*a* plane
- FIG. 3 b is a projection of a printer gamut onto the L*a* plane
- FIG. 4 a is a projection of a monitor gamut onto the L*b* plane
- FIG. 4 b is a projection of a printer gamut onto the L*b* plane
- FIG. 5 is a plot of a first step of a known method of mapping a monitor gamut onto a printer gamut
- FIG. 6 is a plot of a second step of the known method of FIG. 5;
- FIG. 7 is a plot of a first step of one embodiment of the method of the present invention.
- FIG. 8 is a plot of a second step of the method of FIG. 7.
- FIG. 9 is a plot of the printer chroma versus the monitor chroma in the known method of FIGS. 5 and 6 and in the method of FIGS. 7 and 8 .
- the present invention is a method of non-linear gamut mapping that performs most of the mapping on the most chromatic colors.
- a minimum chroma threshold value (C* min ) is defined, and input chromas below C* min are not remapped.
- the first step is to linearly scale the input (monitor) gamut in lightness so that the white point of the monitor maps to the white point of the printer and likewise for the black point. This first step results in the effect indicated by arrow 10 in FIGS. 7 and 8, wherein the lower boundary of the printer gamut intersects the L* axis at the same point as the lower boundary of the monitor gamut, and the upper boundary of the printer gamut intersects the L* axis at the same point as the upper boundary of the monitor gamut.
- the next step is to map the chroma using the following equation (3):
- Equation (5) uses the result of equation (4) to perform the lightness mapping and is given as follows:
- q is another user-selectable power that controls the strength of the mapping for the less chromatic colors.
- p the exponent in Equation (3)
- q the exponent in Equation (4)
- the gamut mapping method of the present invention has most of the good attributes of the CLLIN method, but has enough flexibility to solve the problem of the CLLIN output being too dark.
- This method does not provide an exact mapping because equation (5) may leave some colors out of the printer gamut.
- any colors that are out of the gamut are clipped, while hue is preserved. That is, if the mapping results in any color that is outside of the printer gamut, that color is remapped to a nearby point on the printer gamut. More particularly, the color can be remapped to the point on the printer gamut that has the same L* value as the color, i.e., shift the color left horizontally in FIG. 8 until the printer gamut is reached.
- the color can be remapped to the closer of two points on the printer gamut that have the same C* value as the color.
- Another option is to remap the color to the closest point on the printer gamut, regardless of that point's L* value and C* value.
- FIG. 9 provides a plot 12 of C* in versus C* out according to the known method of equation (1), as well as a plot 14 of C* in , versus C* out according to the method of the present invention.
- plot 12 is linear throughout the range of C* in .
- C* out is always less than C* in since, as can be seen in FIG. 5, C* (cusp)out is less than C* (cusp)in .
- This proportional reduction in chroma is one reason that printer output resulting from the known method of Morovic and Luo appears too dark.
- the mapping is performed using equations whose outputs may be calculated using a microcontroller.
- the mapping may also be performed using a look up table that approximates the values that are obtainable by the equations.
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Cited By (14)
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US20060061588A1 (en) * | 2004-09-20 | 2006-03-23 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Apparatus and method for controlling hue and luminance in image display device |
KR100605164B1 (en) | 2005-01-28 | 2006-07-28 | 삼성전자주식회사 | Gamut mapping apparatus and method thereof |
US20070046691A1 (en) * | 2005-09-01 | 2007-03-01 | Microsoft Corporation | Gamuts and gamut mapping |
US20070121133A1 (en) * | 2005-11-30 | 2007-05-31 | Microsoft Corporation | Quantifiable color calibration |
US20070121132A1 (en) * | 2005-11-30 | 2007-05-31 | Microsoft Corporation | Spectral color management |
US20070280529A1 (en) * | 2004-11-22 | 2007-12-06 | Bridgestone Corporation | External-Appearance Inspection Apparatus |
US20100232694A1 (en) * | 2009-03-13 | 2010-09-16 | Boris Oicherman | Minimizing Unwanted Changes Of Color During Image Processing |
US20110013833A1 (en) * | 2005-08-31 | 2011-01-20 | Microsoft Corporation | Multimedia Color Management System |
CN101390153B (en) * | 2005-10-14 | 2011-10-12 | 三星电子株式会社 | Improved gamut mapping and subpixel rendering system and method |
US20120195498A1 (en) * | 2011-02-01 | 2012-08-02 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Image processing apparatus and profile generation method |
US20120218572A1 (en) * | 2011-02-25 | 2012-08-30 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Profile creation method, profile creation apparatus and image processing apparatus for performing color conversion using a profile |
EP3301902A1 (en) * | 2016-09-28 | 2018-04-04 | Thomson Licensing | Lightness independent non-linear relative chroma mapping |
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US7333236B2 (en) * | 2000-04-10 | 2008-02-19 | Oce Printing Systems Gmbh | Method for the mapping of colour values of a colour image in the colour values of a highlight-colour image and corresponding print system |
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