US6873729B2 - Method, apparatus and computer program product for processing image data - Google Patents
Method, apparatus and computer program product for processing image data Download PDFInfo
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- US6873729B2 US6873729B2 US09/903,577 US90357701A US6873729B2 US 6873729 B2 US6873729 B2 US 6873729B2 US 90357701 A US90357701 A US 90357701A US 6873729 B2 US6873729 B2 US 6873729B2
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N23/00—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof
- H04N23/70—Circuitry for compensating brightness variation in the scene
- H04N23/71—Circuitry for evaluating the brightness variation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N1/00—Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
- H04N1/40—Picture signal circuits
- H04N1/407—Control or modification of tonal gradation or of extreme levels, e.g. background level
- H04N1/4072—Control or modification of tonal gradation or of extreme levels, e.g. background level dependent on the contents of the original
- H04N1/4074—Control or modification of tonal gradation or of extreme levels, e.g. background level dependent on the contents of the original using histograms
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- the present invention relates to an image data processing system, and more particularly, to a method, apparatus and computer program product for processing image data acquired by an image capturing device, such as a digital camera, etc.
- Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 4-168879 discloses an image forming apparatus in which the printing operation is performed based on a video signal.
- video signals are sampled and an image is determined to be overexposed when a number of samples, which have a value equal to a specified threshold value TH or greater, is equal to a predetermined value NH or greater.
- a tone conversion of the video signal is then performed using a suitable tone conversion curve. It is determined that the image is photographed with flash light when the number of samples, which have a value equal to a specified threshold value TL ( ⁇ TH) or lower, is equal to a predetermined value NL or greater.
- the tone conversion of the video signal is performed using a suitable tone conversion curve.
- Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 63-184473 discloses an image forming apparatus in which the luminance histogram of image data is used to switch the tone correction table based on the luminance condition of the image data.
- Two histograms are generated i.e., one for a high luminance region and the other for a low luminance region, to reduce the memory capacity required for generating the histogram.
- An image capturing device such as a digital camera, generally includes an automatic exposure control mechanism to obtain an optimum exposure.
- three systems are employed as the automatic exposure control mechanism, Namely, an average, center-weighted, and spot metering systems. In the average metering system, the amount of light is measured by dividing the image screen into multiple regions.
- the exposure is controlled based on a weighted average value of the amount of light of the divided regions.
- the amount of light in the center region of the image screen is mainly measured.
- the exposure is controlled by measuring the amount of light in a local spot of the image screen.
- a proper exposure adjustment may not be easily made even in an image capturing device having the above-described automatic exposure control mechanism when an image is photographed under backlight or partly under backlight conditions.
- the subject in a true backlight condition in which the sun is located just behind a subject, the subject is darkened (i.e., underexposed) in the average or the center-weighted metering systems because the luminance difference between the background and the subject is substantial.
- the background part e.g., the sky is whitened (i.e., overexposed).
- the exposure is controlled such that the subject is not underexposed in the true backlight condition.
- the background e.g., the sky is tends to be overexposed.
- the correct exposure for the subject is not always obtained under various photographing conditions because the position and the size of the photometry frame in the image screen are fixed.
- a halation phenomenon in which light from the light source enters into the photographic lens also often occurs.
- the halation tends to occur frequently when a landscape is photographed in the morning or in the evening when the sun is low in the sky.
- the subject itself is correctly exposed, although a part of the image is bleached-out, because the light source is not located immediately behind the subject.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above-mentioned and other problems and addresses the above-discussed and other problems.
- the present invention advantageously provides a novel image processing apparatus, method and computer program product, wherein image data acquired with an image capturing device, such as a digital camera, is properly determined whether the image data is in a true backlight or a halation conditions, and an appropriate process is performed on the image data in both the true backlight condition and the halation condition to improve quality of the image.
- image data acquired with an image capturing device such as a digital camera
- an image processing apparatus includes an image input device configured to input image data, an image condition determining device configured to determine whether the input image data input by the image input device is in a true backlight condition or in a halation condition, and a processing device configured to perform a specific process on the input image data based on the condition of the input image data determined by the image condition determining device.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example of an image processing apparatus
- FIG. 2 is a flowchart illustrating the overall operation of the image processing apparatus
- FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating an example of a process step for evaluating the polarization degree of a luminance histogram
- FIG. 4 illustrates a typical luminance histogram of image data in a true backlight condition
- FIG. 5 illustrates a typical luminance histogram of image data in a halation condition
- FIG. 6 is a diagram explaining the evaluation of the polarization degree of the luminance histogram
- FIG. 7 is a diagram explaining the evaluation of the polarization degree of the luminance histogram
- FIG. 8 is a diagram explaining the dynamic range correction performed on image data in the true backlight condition
- FIG. 9 is a diagram explaining the dynamic range correction performed on image data in the halation condition.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing examples of tone curves
- FIG. 11 is a block diagram illustrating a construction of a printer into which the image processing apparatus according to the present invention is incorporated.
- FIG. 12 is a block diagram illustrating the construction of an image capturing device into which the image processing apparatus according to the present invention is incorporated.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example of an image processing apparatus.
- the image processing apparatus includes an image input section 101 , an image memory section 102 , an image condition determining section 103 , and a tone processing section 106 .
- the image input section 101 inputs image data.
- the image memory section 102 temporarily stores the input image data.
- the image condition determining section 103 receives the input image data from the image memory section 102 and determines the condition of the image.
- the tone processing section 106 receives the input image data from the image memory section 102 and performs a tone process on the image data based on the condition of the image data determined by the image condition determining section 103 .
- the image condition determining section 103 includes a histogram generating section 104 and a polarization degree evaluation section 105 .
- FIG. 2 is a flowchart illustrating an overall operation of an image processing apparatus 100 .
- FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating an example of a process step performed by the polarization degree evaluating section 105 of the image condition determining section 103 .
- the image input section 101 inputs image data and stores the input image data in the image memory section 102 at step 200 .
- the input image data is assumed to be monochrome image data of 256 tones. More specifically, the image input section 101 inputs image data from, for example, (1) a digital camera, a personal computer, etc., via a universal serial bus (USB) cable, (2) a memory card or other recording media in which image data is stored, or (3) via a wire or radio network.
- USB universal serial bus
- the histogram generating section 104 of the image condition determining section 103 inputs the input image data from the image memory section 102 and generates a luminance histogram, which shows the brightness of image data, at step 201 . It is not necessarily required to use information of all of pixels of the input image data for generating the luminance histogram.
- the luminance histogram can be generated by sampling the input image data in a set sampling interval and using a part of the discrete pixel information.
- the polarization degree evaluating section 105 evaluates the degree of a polarization of the luminance histogram generated by the histogram generating section 106 to determine the condition of an image of the input image data at step 202 .
- FIG. 4 illustrates a typical luminance histogram of image data in a true backlight condition.
- FIG. 5 illustrates a typical luminance histogram of image data in a halation condition.
- the luminance histogram is polarized between in the high luminance region and in the low luminance region both in the halation condition and in the true backlight condition.
- the luminance histogram is perfectly polarized such that the low luminance region separates from the high luminance region.
- the main information about a subject is included in the low luminance region.
- the luminance histogram is not perfectly polarized in the halation condition such that the high luminance region and the low luminance region are completely separated.
- the degree of the polarization is remarkably high in the true backlight condition while the polarization degree is relatively low in the halation condition.
- the polarization degree evaluating section 105 evaluates the degree of polarization of the luminance histogram and determines that the image data is in the true backlight condition when the luminance histogram is perfectly polarized as shown in FIG. 4 .
- the polarization degree evaluating section 105 determines that the image data is in the halation condition when the luminance histogram is not perfectly polarized. When such a polarization of the luminance histogram is not recognized, the polarization degree evaluating section 105 determines that the image data is in the non-backlight condition (i.e., in the orderly light condition). More specific steps for evaluating the degree of the polarization will be described below referring to FIGS. 3 through 7 .
- the tone processing section 106 inputs input image data from the image memory section 102 and performs a tone process on the input image data suited for the condition of the image data determined by the image condition determining section 103 at step 203 .
- the processed image data is then output.
- An example of the tone process performed on image data in the true backlight condition and in the halation condition is described below referring to FIGS. 8 through 10 .
- a conventional tone process is performed on image data in an orderly light condition.
- the degree of polarization is evaluated by using the frequency and the gradient of the luminance histogram.
- the frequency and the gradient at the luminance level “i” are described with “f (i)” and “h (i) ”, respectively.
- Threshold values of the absolute rate of frequency and the increase rate of the gradient are set as C (0 ⁇ C ⁇ 1) and D (0 ⁇ D ⁇ 1), respectively.
- the values of the absolute frequency threshold and the gradient increase threshold are set as described below.
- the absolute frequency threshold value Th 1 C ⁇ N (2)
- the gradient increase threshold value Th 2 f ( i ) ⁇ D (3)
- the absolute frequency threshold value Th 1 is indicated by the dotted line in FIGS. 6 and 7 .
- the condition 1 means that the h(i) is more than zero (i.e., h(i)>0). Namely the gradient h(i) is positive.
- the level of the luminance “i” is decremented by 1 at step 217 .
- the process returns to step 211 to determine whether or not the condition 1 is satisfied when the luminance level “i”, which has been decremented, is equal to the lowest level of the luminance histogram MIN or higher (i.e., No at step 218 ).
- condition 2 means that h(i) is more than ⁇ Th 2 (i.e., h(i)> ⁇ Th 2 ) as well as f(i) is equal to or less than Th 1 (i.e., f(i) ⁇ Th 1 ).
- the luminance level “i” is decremented at step 217 . The process then returns to step 211 .
- condition 3 means that f(i) is more than Th 1 (i.e., f(i)>Th 1 ). Namely, the frequency exceeds the absolute frequency threshold value Th 1 .
- the condition 3 is satisfied, the image is determined to be in the halation condition at step 215 . The process is then finished.
- condition 4 means that h(i) is equal to or less than ⁇ Th 2 (i.e., h(i) ⁇ Th 2 ).
- h(i) is equal to or less than ⁇ Th 2 (i.e., h(i) ⁇ Th 2 ).
- the image is determined to be in the true backlight condition at step 216 . The process is then finished.
- step 216 When the condition 4 is not satisfied at step 216 , the luminance level “i” is decremented at step 217 . The process then returns to step 211 .
- the image is determined not to be in the true backlight condition or in the halation condition, i.e., in the orderly light condition at step 219 .
- the process is then finished.
- the condition 4 is satisfied at the point Y indicated in FIG. 6 (i.e., a level of luminance where the frequency remarkably changes), and the image is determined to be in the true backlight condition.
- these values are just one of many examples. Since the evaluation of the quality of the image, which is printed or displayed after the image data is processed, differs according to the personal point of view of the observer, no absolute optimum value is available.
- FIGS. 8 through 10 the tone process, which is performed by the tone processing section 106 on image data determined to be in the true backlight condition or in the halation condition, is now described referring to FIGS. 8 through 10 .
- MAX and MIN represent the highest and the lowest luminance level of the luminance histogram.
- the dynamic range correction is performed based on the image condition.
- a tone curve correction is then performed on the image data, on which the dynamic range correction has been performed, based on the image condition.
- the appropriate range to be corrected by the dynamic range correction is set for each image of in different type of conditions i.e., in the true backlight and the halation conditions.
- the value of the parameter for determining the proper exposure is obtained using data on a region other than the high luminance white light region of the luminance histogram. The optimum tone curve is determined based on the value obtained.
- the dynamic range correction is described below.
- the luminance histogram is perfectly polarized such that the low luminance region separates from the high luminance region. Main information about the subject is included in the low luminance region. Therefore, information about the high luminance region is not required.
- the maximum value of the luminance Max for the dynamic range correction is set such that the value satisfies the following condition instead of being set to the highest luminance level MAX of the luminance histogram (see FIG. 8 ). Y ⁇ Max ⁇ X (4)
- the minimum value of the luminance Min for the dynamic range correction is set to the lowest luminance level MIN of the luminance histogram both in the true backlight condition and in the halation condition (see FIGS. 8 and 9 ). That is,
- the value of input image data i.e., an input value (i.e., 0 ⁇ 255) is converted by the following equation using the Max and Min values which are set as described above.
- the dynamic range correction suitable for the image data either in the true backlight condition or in the halation condition is performed.
- the tone curve correction is described below. It is assumed that the tone curve correction is performed by selecting an optimum tone curve from the prearranged plural types of tone curves as shown in FIG. 10 , for example.
- the white light part ought to be removed to judge the exposure for the image. It is necessary to calculate the tone curve correction parameter based on data of the low luminance region for the image either in the true backlight condition or in the halation condition. That is, whether or not an exposure is correct is determined using the data between Min and Y in FIGS. 8 and 9 .
- the median value Mod is used as the determining parameter.
- the tone curve 3 in FIG. 10 is selected.
- the tone curve 2 is selected.
- the tone curve 1 is selected. The tone curve correction is performed on image data, on which the dynamic range correction has been performed, using the tone curve selected as described above.
- the parameter for determining the correct exposure is not limited to the median value.
- the tone curve correction may be performed in such a manner in which the proper tone curve is generated, or the standard tone curve is modified based on the value of the parameter for determining the correct exposure instead of selecting one of prearranged tone curves.
- the histogram generating section 104 calculates the luminance component from RGB (Red, Green, Blue) color image data and generates the luminance histogram based on the calculated luminance component, when the RGB color image data is input. More simply, the luminance histogram is generated using the G (green) component of the RGB color image data or using the component, which has a maximum luminance value out of the three components i.e., R (Red), G (Green) and B (Blue), as luminance information.
- RGB Red, Green, Blue
- the dynamic range correction is performed, for example, based on the above-described equation (7) with respect to the G component.
- the dynamic range corrections on the R and B components are performed by multiplying values of the R and B components by a ratio of values of the G component between before and after the dynamic range correction is performed.
- the tone curve correction is performed, for example, on the G component using the selected tone curve.
- the tone curve corrections on the R and B components are performed by multiplying values of the R and B components by the ratio of values of the G component between before and after the dynamic range correction is performed.
- the above-described image processing apparatus 100 can be accomplished using the hardware of a common computer which includes a processor, a memory, and so forth.
- the contents of the process of the image processing apparatus 100 can be handled on a computer.
- a program for handling the tasks is read into the computer from various types of recording media, such as a magnetic disk, an optical disk, a magneto-optical disk, a semiconductor memory element, and the like.
- the program may be read into the computer via a network.
- the read program is executed by a processor.
- the above-described various types of recording media, in which the program is recorded, are also included in the present invention.
- the image condition determining section 103 which perform the method for determining the condition of an image according to the present invention, is included in the present invention.
- various types of recording media, in which the program for causing a computer to perform the process of the method is recorded, are included in the present invention.
- the image processing apparatus can be incorporated into an image forming apparatus, such as a printer, an image display apparatus, and an image capturing device, such as a digital camera. Those apparatuses and devices which include this image processing apparatus are included in the present invention. An example of an image forming apparatus is described below.
- FIG. 11 is a block diagram illustrating the construction of a printer into which an image processing apparatus according to the present invention is incorporated.
- the printer includes an image processing block 300 , a print process/control section 306 , and an image forming engine 307 .
- the image processing block 300 performs a similar process performed by the image processing apparatus 100 shown in FIG. 1 .
- the image processing block 300 includes a USB interface 301 , a memory card reader 302 , an image memory section 303 , an image condition determining section 304 , and a tone processing section 305 .
- the USB interface 301 and the image memory section 303 correspond to the image input section 101 and the image memory section 102 in FIG. 1 , respectively.
- the image condition determining section 304 and the tone processing section 305 correspond to the image condition determining section 103 and the tone processing section 106 in FIG. 1 , respectively.
- Image data to be printed is input from a device, such as a digital camera, a personal computer etc., connected with the USB interface 301 via a USB cable, or is input from a memory card set in the memory card reader 302 .
- the image data is temporarily stored in the image memory section 303 .
- the input image data is read into the image condition determining section 304 in which the above-described image condition determining process is performed.
- the input image data is read into the tone processing section 305 in which the above-described tone process according to an image condition is performed.
- the image data is then transmitted to the print process/control section 306 .
- a conversion for example, a conversion from the RGB data to the CMYK (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and Black) data
- the half tone process for example, a dither process and an error diffusion process
- a driving signal is supplied to the image forming engine 307 to form the image.
- An image display apparatus into which the image processing apparatus according to the present invention is incorporated, is accomplished, for example, by replacing the image forming engine 307 and the print process/control section 306 in FIG. 11 with the display and the display control section, respectively.
- FIG. 12 is a block diagram illustrating the construction of an image capturing device, such as a digital camera into which an image processing apparatus according to the present invention is incorporated.
- the image capturing device includes an imaging optical system 401 , a CCD (charge-coupled device) 402 , and an analog signal processing section 403 .
- the imaging optical system 401 includes an imaging lens and an aperture mechanism.
- the CCD 402 converts an optical image formed by the imaging optical system 401 into an analog image signal.
- the analog signal processing section 403 eliminates the noise in the analog image signal and adjusts the signal level of the analog image signal.
- the analog signal processing section 403 also converts the analog image signal into a digital signal.
- the image capturing device further includes an image processing section 404 , a buffer memory 405 , a monitor 406 , a USB i/F interface 407 , and a memory card i/F interface 408 .
- the image processing section 404 includes a DSP (digital signal processor) for controlling a program.
- the buffer memory 405 is used by the image processing section 404 .
- the monitor 406 includes a liquid crystal display panel.
- the USB i/F interface 407 is used for a connection with an external personal computer, etc.
- the memory card i/F interface 408 interfaces with a memory card 409 for writing and reading operation.
- the image capturing device also includes an operation unit 411 with which the user inputs various instructions, a control section 410 which controls the imaging optical system 401 , the CCD 402 , and the image processing section 404 .
- the image processing section 404 performs processes, such as (1) to generate monitor display data (i.e., so called through image data) from digital image data input from the analog signal processing section 403 and to display the monitor display data on the monitor 406 , (2) to compress digital image data, which is input from the analog signal processing section 403 , based on the depression of the release button of the operation unit 411 , and write the compressed image data into the memory card 409 , (3) to read the compressed image data from the memory card 409 and decompress the image data to display it on the monitor 406 .
- monitor display data i.e., so called through image data
- compress digital image data which is input from the analog signal processing section 403 , based on the depression of the release button of the operation unit 411 , and write the compressed image data into the memory card 409
- the image processing section 404 When the instruction to perform the backlight correction process is given by the operation unit 411 , the image processing section 404 reads the compressed image data from the memory card 403 and decompresses the read image data in the buffer memory 405 . The image processing section 404 then performs an image condition determining process on the decompressed image data similar to that performed by the image condition determining section 103 in FIG. 1 . The image processing section 404 further performs a tone process similar to that performed by the tone processing section 106 in FIG. 1 according to the result of the determination.
- the image processing section 404 displays the processed image data on the monitor 406 and write the image data into the memory card 409 by compressing the image data when an instruction is given from the operation unit 411 . That is, the image processing section 404 acts as the image input section 101 , the image condition determining section 103 , and the tone processing section 106 in FIG. 1 , when the instruction to perform the backlight correction process is provided. In other words, processes performed by the image input section 101 , the image condition determining section 103 , and the tone processing section 106 are performed by the image processing section 404 by the program.
- the buffer memory 405 corresponds to the image memory section 102 in FIG. 1 .
Abstract
Description
h(i)=(f(i+δ)−f(i)/δ(i=0, 1, 2, . . . 255−δ, δ>0) (1)
Threshold values of the absolute rate of frequency and the increase rate of the gradient are set as C (0<C<1) and D (0<D<1), respectively. The values of the absolute frequency threshold and the gradient increase threshold are set as described below.
The gradient increase threshold value
The absolute frequency threshold value Th1 is indicated by the dotted line in
Y≦Max≦X (4)
Max=MAX (5)
Output value=α×input value+β
α=255/(max−min)
β=−(255·min)/(max−min) (7)
Thus, the dynamic range correction suitable for the image data either in the true backlight condition or in the halation condition is performed.
Mod_after=α×Mod+β (8)
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