US8594138B2

US8594138B2 - Methods for in-band signaling through enhanced variable-rate codecs

Info

Publication number: US8594138B2
Application number: US13/184,752
Authority: US
Inventors: Michael Hirano
Original assignee: Airbiquity Inc
Current assignee: Karma Automotive LLC
Priority date: 2008-09-15
Filing date: 2011-07-18
Publication date: 2013-11-26
Also published as: US20110287736A1

Abstract

Improvements are disclosed for in-band signaling, i.e., transmission of data in a voice channel of a digital wireless network during a voice call session. A family of narrow-band signaling methods, some employing tapered waveforms, is disclosed to successfully pass data-carrying signals through the low-bit rate modes of the EVRC-B vocoder commonly used in CDMA wireless channels. These features can be used in cell phones or other wireless communication devices, including automotive applications.

Description

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/252,284 entitled “Methods for In-Band Signaling through Enhanced Variable-Rate Codecs” filed on Oct. 15, 2008, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/097,177 entitled “Signal Design for Low-Bit Rate EVRC-B” filed on Sep. 15, 2008, as well as to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/101,880 entitled “Tapered Narrow-band Data Signaling Method, System and Software for Enhanced Variable-rate Codec Compatibility in In-Band Signaling” filed on Oct. 1, 2008, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

COPYRIGHT NOTICE

© 2008-2011 AIRBIQUITY INC. A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. 37 CFR §1.71(d).

TECHNICAL FIELD

Wireless communications, including methods for in-band signaling of small amounts of data through a voice channel session of a digital wireless telecommunications system.

BACKGROUND

Many telecommunication components used in cellular and landline telephone networks are designed to efficiently transmit human voice signals over voice communication channels. For example, a digital voice coder (vocoder) uses linear predictive coding techniques to represent sampled voice signals in compressed form. These linear predictive coders filter out noise (non-voice signals) while compressing and estimating the frequency components of the voice signals before being transmitted over the voice channel.

It is sometimes desirable to transmit both audio signals and digital data over a wireless telecommunications network. For example, when a cellular telephone user calls “911” for emergency assistance, the user may wish to send digital location data to a call center over the same channel used to verbally explain the emergency conditions to a human operator. However, it can be difficult to transmit digital data signals over the voice channel of a wireless network because such signals are subject to several types of distortion. For example, encoded data signals traveling over the voice channel of a wireless network can be distorted by vocoder effects caused by the voice compression algorithm.

The need remains for improvements in data communications via the voice channel of a digital wireless telecommunications network. Voice channels are preferred for some applications, especially emergency applications, because wireless voice services, as distinguished from data services, are highly reliable, minimize delay, and are widely available in many geographic areas around the world.

Related information can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,144,336 incorporated herein by this reference. Additional disclosure can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,690,681 also incorporated by reference. And finally, further relevant disclosure appears in U.S. Pat. No. 6,493,338 also incorporated by reference as though fully set forth. The foregoing patents are owned by the assignee of the present application.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a plot of a 2225 Hz sinusoid with a Blackman-Harris window for transmission of data in a voice channel of a digital wireless telecommunications system.

FIG. 2 is a plot illustrating an example of a combination signaling waveform for transmission of data in a voice channel of a digital wireless telecommunications system.

FIG. 3 is an example of a rectangular windowed FSK waveform burst.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a window applied to the FSK waveform burst of FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 illustrates a Blackman Window with a vertical line indicating midpoint.

FIG. 6 illustrates a windowed FSK waveform burst.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

A family of narrow-band signaling methods is disclosed to successfully pass data-carrying signals through the low-bit rate modes of the EVRC-B vocoder commonly used in CDMA wireless channels. Narrow-band signals, or tones, above 2 kHz experience significant distortion by this processing chain, which results in poor detection performance in data transfer over the voice channel (called “in-band signaling”) of the digital wireless network.

In one example consistent with the present invention, a narrow-band signal can be created to pass through known cellular network and EVRC-B processing and be successfully detected by a tone detector. Assuming that we have a system designed to detect a signal of given or predetermined frequency, we create the desired signal with an envelope that is tapered at both ends (see FIG. 1). We have discovered that this has the effect of stimulating the vocoder to represent the signal at higher bit rates that would otherwise occur. Consequently, the signal will be a more accurate representation of the original signal and be more readily detected by the receiver. By way of example, a preferred embodiment is described below.

In this example, the signal of interest is a 3 second 2225 Hz tone, and is created as a simple sinusoid multiplied by a windowing function as shown in FIG. 1. In this example, the Blackman-Harris window function is used, although there are other well-known windowing functions that could be used; e.g., Hamming, Parzen, Gaussian, Bartlett, Kaiser, etc. In addition to minimizing distortion by the EVRC-B network, another advantage of this waveform is that legacy detectors designed to detect the 2225 Hz tone will detect this new waveform as well. Thus this improved waveform can be used to advantage to signal a receiving modem, for example to prepare it to receive subsequent data to follow in the voice channel. The waveforms disclosed herein can also be used to prepare the transmission side coder or vocoder in advance of sending data encoded as audio frequency tones.

Once the design parameters of this waveform, such as its duration, frequency, and windowing function, are determined the waveform can be generated using a general programming language such as C, or with a signal processing software package such as Matlab. Both are commercially available. The digital samples of the waveform can then be stored in memory of the in-band signaling device, and retrieved whenever necessary for operation. Alternatively, the design parameters can be stored in memory of the in-band signaling device and the waveform generated ‘on-the-fly’ using these parameters whenever necessary.

These methods may be applied to various in-band signaling devices. For example, an in-band “modem” may be implemented in software stored and executed in a cell phone. It may execute using the cell phone processor and or DSP device. Other implementations of an in-band modem may be fashioned, for example, in a motor vehicle. In such cases, the modem may be coupled to an on-board network of the motor vehicle for integration with other systems. For example, an air bag deployment or other emergency signal (fire, engine explosion, etc) detected in the vehicle systems may be used to trigger the modem to initiate a call automatically to an emergency call taker.

The signaling concepts disclosed herein also may be used for the transmission of data. In some embodiments, the application of a windowing function or tapering to a data burst (e.g., an FSK data burst), may be advantageous for avoiding or minimizing distortion in a vocoder. Preferably, precautions should be taken to avoid bit errors at the leading and trailing edges of the burst which may arise due to the decreasing signal amplitude.

In a preferred embodiment, sacrificial or “throwaway” bits may be used during the tapered portion of the waveform, namely the leading and or trailing edges. The number of throwaway bits is the product of taper duration, bits per symbol, and the symbol rate of a particular implementation. For example, an implementation with a 0.010 second taper duration, 1 bit per symbol, and 400 symbols per second symbol rate has 4 throwaway bits in each tapered edge. To avoid bit errors, actual user data should not be placed in the tapered part of the waveform. FIG. 3 is an example of a rectangular windowed FSK waveform data burst. Here, payload bits are FSK-modulated. This arrangement may be subject to data loss or errors, however, for the reasons explained above related to vocoder due to speech compression algorithms or filtering.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example of an outline or envelope waveform comprising a window applied to the FSK waveform burst of FIG. 3. This window comprises tapered leading and trailing edges adjoined by a constant amplitude section. To form such a waveform, in one example, a Blackman Window, such as that illustrated in FIG. 5, may be used. The Blackman window can be split substantially at its midpoint, indicated by a vertical line in the drawing, and the edge portions interconnected by the constant amplitude data section.

Referring now to FIG. 6, the modified window is applied to the FSK waveform burst. The burst has throwaway bits appended at the leading and trailing edges with the window of FIG. 4 applied to the resulting waveform. In some embodiments, it may suffice to taper only the leading edge of the burst. In some embodiments, the waveforms may be generated under software control, i.e., as a computer or processor implemented process. General purpose microprocessors, special processors, DSP and the like may be used in various implementations, the details of which will be accessible to those skilled in the art in view of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the tapered data burst concept may be realized in an in-band signaling modem for improved data communications via the voice channel of a digital wireless telecommunications network.

Digital Processor and Associated Memory

The invention in some embodiments may be implemented, as noted, by a digital computing system. By the term digital computing system we mean any system that includes at least one digital processor and associated memory, wherein the digital processor can execute instructions or “code” stored in that memory. (The memory may store data as well.) A digital processor includes but is not limited to a microprocessor, multi-core processor, DSP (digital signal processor), vocoder, processor array, network processor, etc. A digital processor may be part of a larger device such as a laptop or desktop computer, a PDA, cell phone, iPhone PDA, Blackberry® PDA/phone, or indeed virtually any electronic device.

The associated memory, further explained below, may be integrated together with the processor, for example RAM or FLASH memory disposed within an integrated circuit microprocessor or the like. In other examples, the memory comprises an independent device, such as an external disk drive, storage array, or portable FLASH key fob. In such cases, the memory becomes “associated” with the digital processor when the two are operatively coupled together, or in communication with each other, for example by an I/O port, network connection, etc. such that the processor can read a file stored on the memory. Associated memory may be “read only” by design (ROM) or by virtue of permission settings, or not. Other examples include but are not limited to WORM, EPROM, EEPROM, FLASH, etc. Those technologies often are implemented in solid state semiconductor devices. Other memories may comprise moving parts, such a conventional rotating disk drive. All such memories are “machine readable” in that they are readable by a suitable digital processor as is well known.

Storage of Computer Programs

As explained above, the present invention preferably is implemented or embodied in computer software (also known as a “computer program” or “code”; we use these terms interchangeably). Programs, or code, are most useful when stored in a digital memory that can be read by a digital processor.¹We use the term “computer-readable storage medium” (or alternatively, “machine-readable storage medium”) to include all of the foregoing types of memory, as well as new technologies that may arise in the future, as long as they are capable of storing digital information in the nature of a computer program or other data, at least temporarily, in such a manner that the stored information can be “read” by an appropriate digital processor. By the term “computer-readable” we do not intend to limit the phrase to the historical usage of “computer” to imply a complete mainframe, mini-computer, desktop or even laptop computer. Rather, we use the term to mean that the storage medium is readable by a digital processor or any digital computing system. Such media may be any available media that is locally and/or remotely accessible by a computer or processor, and it includes both volatile and non-volatile media, removable and non-removable media. ¹In some cases, for example a simple text document or “flat file,” a digital computing system may be able to “read” the file only in the sense of moving it, copying it, deleting it, emailing it, scanning it for viruses, etc. In other words, the file may not be executable on that particular computing system (although it may be executable on a different processor or computing system or platform.

Computer Program Product

Where a program has been stored in a computer-readable storage medium, we may refer to that storage medium as a computer program product. For example, a portable digital storage medium may be used as a convenient means to store and transport (deliver, buy, sell, license) a computer program. This was often done in the past for retail point-of-sale delivery of packaged (“shrink wrapped”) programs. Examples of such storage media include without limitation CD-ROM and the like. Such a CD-ROM, containing a stored computer program, is an example of a computer program product.

The present invention thus includes in-band signaling circuits and software configured to generate and or transmit waveforms of the types described herein. conversely, at the receiving end, detectors and decoders may be employed for decoding data transmitted using such waveforms. In some embodiments, the waveforms are backward compatible for detection and decoding by legacy equipment.

In some embodiments, a waveform of the type disclosed above may be used in combination with another tone or waveform to provide in-band modem signaling capability for wireless networks that employ multiple types of vocoders. An in-band modem may use a particular signaling waveform that operates in one type of vocoder channel, but not in another. Such a scenario arises when voice vocoders in the network are upgraded, as when EVRC-B vocoders are introduced to CDMA wireless networks and co-exist with legacy EVRC vocoders. Unlike EVRC, the EVRC-B voice codec channel is not transparent to signals over 2 kHz, and will suppress signals greater than 2 kHz that were developed for EVRC channels. In-band modems can use an EVRC compatible waveform in tandem with one that is compatible with EVRC-B to ensure operation in such a wireless network. Alternatively the combination may consist of one waveform that is detectable in both vocoder channels, and one that is compatible in only one vocoder channel.

Another preferred embodiment employs the aforementioned tapered signaling waveform in tandem with another waveform using FSK-modulation. The tapered, or windowed, waveform is detectable in both EVRC and EVRC-B channels and the FSK-modulated signal is intended for use in the EVRC-B channel. Such a waveform combination results in improved performance in the EVRC-B channel because there are 2 waveforms that can be detected, and supports in-band modems that operate in EVRC channels. An example of this tandem waveform is shown in FIG. 2, in which a 2225 Hz windowed tone is followed by an FSK-modulated waveform.

It will be apparent to those having skill in the art that many changes may be made to the details of the above-described embodiments without departing from the underlying principles of the invention. The scope of the present invention should, therefore, be determined only by the following claims.

Claims

The invention claimed is:

1. A method for transmitting digital data in a voice channel connection of a digital wireless telecommunication system, the method comprising:

receiving digital input data;

encoding the digital input data into a series of audio frequency tones;

assembling the series of audio frequency tones into a data burst;

applying a selected windowing function to the data burst, the windowing function comprising a tapered leading edge followed by a substantially constant amplitude data region, so as to form a windowed waveform burst having the substantially constant amplitude data region that includes the data burst; and

inputting the windowed waveform burst to a transmission side vocoder for transmission over the voice channel connection of the digital wireless telecommunication system;

wherein the tapered leading edge of the windowing function gradually increases in amplitude from substantially zero amplitude to substantially a predetermined peak amplitude, over a first predetermined duration in a range of approximately one-half second to three seconds, so that the leading edge of the windowed waveform burst gradually increases in amplitude from substantially zero amplitude to substantially the predetermined peak amplitude, over the first predetermined duration.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the selected windowing function also includes a tapered trailing edge, so that the windowed waveform burst includes tapered leading and trailing edges.

3. The method of claim 2 wherein each of the leading and trailing edges of the windowed waveform burst has a corresponding duration in a range of approximately one-half second to three seconds.

4. The method of claim 3 wherein the digital input data is encoded using FSK (frequency shift keying) modulation of two audio frequencies to form the data burst.

5. The method of claim 3 including inserting throw away bits into the tapered leading and trailing edges of the windowed waveform burst.

6. The method of claim 5 wherein the respective durations of the leading and trailing edges of the windowed waveform burst are substantial equal.

7. The method of claim 5 wherein the windowing function is formed using a windowing function selected from the group consisting of the Hamming, Parzen, Gaussian, Bartlett, and Kaiser window functions.

8. The method of claim 5 wherein the transmission side vocoder implements an EVRC-B vocoder.

9. An in-band signaling modem for use in a digital wireless telecommunications device to send data over a voice channel of a digital wireless telecommunications network, the in-band signaling modem comprising:

software stored in a memory in the digital wireless telecommunications device, the software executable in a processor in the digital wireless telecommunications device;

the software configured to control the processor to

receive digital input data;

encode the digital input data into a series of audio frequency tones;

assemble the series of audio frequency tones into a data burst;

apply a selected windowing function to the data burst, the windowing function comprising a tapered leading edge followed by a substantially constant amplitude data region, so as to form a windowed waveform burst having the substantially constant amplitude data region that includes the data burst; and

output the windowed waveform burst to a transmission side vocoder for transmission over the voice channel connection of a digital wireless telecommunication system;

10. The in-band signaling modem according to claim 9 wherein:

the selected windowing function also includes a tapered trailing edge, so that the windowed waveform burst includes tapered leading and trailing edges; and

each of the leading and trailing edges of the windowed waveform burst has a corresponding duration in a range of approximately one-half second to three seconds.

11. The in-band signaling modem according to claim 10 wherein the digital wireless telecommunications device comprises a cell phone or smart phone.

12. The in-band signaling modem according to claim 10 wherein the digital wireless telecommunications device is integrated into a motor vehicle and arranged for automatic operation to send data responsive to an emergency over said voice channel of the digital wireless telecommunications network.