US9271123B2 - Wireless reliability architecture and methods using network coding - Google Patents
Wireless reliability architecture and methods using network coding Download PDFInfo
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- US9271123B2 US9271123B2 US14/013,330 US201314013330A US9271123B2 US 9271123 B2 US9271123 B2 US 9271123B2 US 201314013330 A US201314013330 A US 201314013330A US 9271123 B2 US9271123 B2 US 9271123B2
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
- H04L1/004—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using forward error control
- H04L1/0076—Distributed coding, e.g. network coding, involving channel coding
- H04L1/0077—Cooperative coding
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W4/00—Services specially adapted for wireless communication networks; Facilities therefor
- H04W4/06—Selective distribution of broadcast services, e.g. multimedia broadcast multicast service [MBMS]; Services to user groups; One-way selective calling services
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
- H04L1/0001—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff
- H04L1/0009—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff by adapting the channel coding
- H04L1/0011—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff by adapting the channel coding applied to payload information
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W28/00—Network traffic management; Network resource management
- H04W28/02—Traffic management, e.g. flow control or congestion control
- H04W28/04—Error control
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W40/00—Communication routing or communication path finding
Definitions
- Subject matter disclosed herein relates generally to wireless communication and, more particularly, to techniques, systems, and devices for providing reliability within wireless systems.
- the 4 th generation (4G) wireless standards require stationary speeds of 1 giga bits-per-second (Gbps) and mobile speeds of 100 mega bits-per-second (Mbps), while the third generation (3G) standards only required stationary speeds of 2 Mbps and mobile speeds of 384 kilo bits-per-second (Kbps). That is, 4G requires 500 and 260 times faster speeds than 3G in the stationary and mobile cases, respectively. Thus, the need for low-cost performance-multiplying technologies is expected to become significant for wireless networks in the near future.
- a method for use in providing reliable data transfer in a wireless network comprises: obtaining data elements associated with a data transfer operation between a first node and a remote second node; distributing the data elements among a plurality of encoder worker threads; and employing random linear network coding (RLNC) in the encoder worker threads to generate, for corresponding data elements, coded segments for transmission from the first node to the second node.
- RLNC random linear network coding
- the method further comprises: generating uncoded segments in at least one of the encoder worker threads for corresponding data elements; and transmitting the coded and uncoded segments from the first node to the second node for implementing systematic RLNC.
- obtaining data elements includes intercepting data elements at a predetermined point within a protocol stack.
- intercepting data elements includes intercepting Internet protocol (IP) packets at an IP layer of the protocol stack.
- IP Internet protocol
- the method further comprises transmitting the coded segments from the first node to the second node, wherein transmitting the coded segments includes injecting the coded segments into the IP layer of the protocol stack.
- distributing the data elements among a plurality of encoder worker threads includes buffering the data elements, generating a plurality of buffer lists that each includes one or more data elements, and distributing the buffer lists among the plurality of encoder worker threads.
- distributing the buffer lists includes distributing the buffer lists to the encoder worker threads in a round robin fashion.
- generating a plurality of buffer lists includes, for each successive buffer list: acquiring a new data element; adding the new data element to a current buffer list; and repeating acquiring and adding until a maximum buffer list processing time has been reached or the maximum buffer list size has been reached.
- the method further comprises: concatenating data elements distributed to a first encoder worker thread to form a first coding block; and segmenting the first coding block into segments having a first segment size, wherein segmenting includes padding the first coding block if a size of the first coding block is not a multiple of the first segment size; wherein employing random linear network coding includes: (a) generating random coefficients for the segments; and (b) linearly combining the segments using the random coefficients to generate a first coded segment in the first encoder worker thread.
- employing random linear network coding further includes repeating generating and linearly combining to generate other coded segments in the first encoder worker thread until a predetermined number of coded segments has been generated or an acknowledgement message has been received from a corresponding processing thread in the second node.
- the method further comprises determining, before segmenting the first coding block, a segment length and a number of segments to use in performing random linear network coding for the first coding block, wherein the determining of the segment length and is based at least in part on a length of the first coding block.
- the method further comprises adding a header to the first coded segment.
- the header includes a thread identifier (TID) to identify a thread associated with the first coded segment.
- TID thread identifier
- the header includes a block identifier (BID) to identify a coding block associated with the first coded segment.
- BID block identifier
- the header includes a segment identifier (SID) to distinguish the first coded segment from other coded segments generated by the first encoder worker thread.
- SID segment identifier
- the header includes an indication of a number of segments used to generate the first coded segment.
- the header includes an indication of the coding coefficients used to generate the first coded segment.
- the indication of the coding coefficients used to generate the coded segment includes a seed of a random number generator used to generate the coding coefficients.
- the method further comprises adjusting at least one of: a number of coded segments to transmit to the second node, a number of segments in a coding block, a length of segments in a coding block, a number of coded segments within a transmission round, and a maximum number of coded segment transmission rounds, based at least in part on channel-related information.
- the channel-related information includes at least one of: channel estimates generated within the first node and feedback information received from the second node.
- the encoder worker threads are implemented in the first node.
- the encoder worker threads are implemented at a location outside the first node.
- the first node is a relay node and obtaining data elements includes receiving coded packets at the relay node; and employing RLNC in the encoder worker threads includes re-coding the coded packets using RLNC.
- the method further comprises: initiating a new encoder worker thread at the relay node for each received packet having a thread identifier (TID) that was previously unknown to the relay node; performing re-coding among packets of the same block; repeating re-coding in the relay node's encoder worker thread within each block, upon each new packet reception, or until a predetermined number of coded packets has been generated or an acknowledgement message has been received from a corresponding processing thread in the second node; and ceasing transmission of coded packets for any given block and sending an acknowledgement upstream to the next transmitting node upon receiving an acknowledgement for the block.
- TID thread identifier
- the method is performed in coordination with one or more physical layer reliability enhancement mechanisms.
- the first and second nodes are part of a wireless municipal area network.
- a communication device comprises: a wireless transceiver; and one or more processors configured to: obtain data elements associated with a data transfer operation between the communication device and a remote node; and distribute the data elements among a plurality of encoder worker threads that are each configured to use random linear network coding (RLNC) to generate coded segments for corresponding data elements.
- RLNC random linear network coding
- the one or more processors are configured to: (a) cause encoded segments to be generated in at least one of the encoder worker threads for corresponding data elements; and transmit the coded and encoded segments to the destination node via the transceiver to implement systematic RLNC.
- the one or more processors are configured to obtain the data elements by intercepting the data elements at a predetermined point within a protocol stack of the communication device.
- the data elements are Internet protocol (IP) packets and the one or more processors include a netfilter to intercept IP packets at an IP layer of the protocol stack of the communication device.
- IP Internet protocol
- the one or more processors are configured to: acquire a new data element; add the new data element to a current buffer list; and repeat the acquisition and addition of new data elements until a maximum buffer list processing time or a maximum buffer list size is reached.
- a first of the encoder worker threads is configured to: concatenate corresponding data elements to form a first coding block; segment the first coding block into segments having a first segment size, wherein segmenting includes padding the first coding block if a size of the coding block is not a multiple of the first segment size; generate random coefficients for the segments; and linearly combine the segments using the random coefficients to generate a first coded segment.
- the first encoder worker thread is configured to generate additional random coefficients for the segments and linearly combine the segments using the additional random coefficients to generate additional coded segments.
- the first encoder worker thread is configured to generate additional coded segments until a predetermined number of coded segments have been generated or an acknowledgement message is received from a corresponding processing thread in the destination node.
- the first encoder worker thread is configured to generate coded segments in rounds, wherein N m coded segments are generated per round and a nominal delay of T r exists between rounds.
- the first encoder worker thread is configured to not exceed a maximum number N k of rounds.
- the first encoder worker thread is configured to determine, before segmenting the first coding block, a segment length and a number of segments to use for random linear network coding for the first coding block based at least in part on a length of the first coding block.
- a method for use in providing reliable data transfer in a wireless network comprises: receiving coded segments from a remote wireless node, each coded segment being associated with a specific coding thread and being coded with a random linear network code (RLNC); reading thread identifiers within the received coded segments and directing the coded segments to corresponding decoder worker threads based thereon, each decoder worker thread having a corresponding encoder worker thread associated with the remote wireless node; and using the coded segments within the corresponding decoder worker threads to recover original data elements.
- RLNC random linear network code
- the method further comprises: receiving uncoded segments from the remote wireless node, each uncoded segment being associated with a specific coding thread; and reading thread identifiers within the received uncoded segments and directing the uncoded segments to corresponding decoder worker threads based thereon; wherein using the coded segments within the corresponding decoder worker threads to recover original data elements includes using the coded segments as redundant information to the uncoded segments within the decoder worker threads to recover the original data elements using systematic RLNC.
- the uncoded segments are received before the corresponding coded segments for each decoder worker thread.
- the coded segments for each decoder worker thread are received in rounds, with N m coded segments per round and a nominal delay of T r between rounds.
- the method further comprises sending an acknowledgement (ACK) message from a decoder worker thread to a corresponding encoder worker thread associated with the remote wireless node in response to recovery of all original data elements associated with corresponding segments.
- ACK acknowledgement
- using the coded segments within the corresponding decoder worker threads to recover original data elements includes performing a Gauss-Jordan elimination operation for each new coded segment.
- using the coded segments within the corresponding decoder worker threads to recover original packets comprises: recovering a corresponding coding block within a first decoder worker thread; removing padding from the coding block, if any, within the first decoder worker thread; and separating the coding block into original data elements.
- the method further comprises delivering the original data elements recovered by the decoder worker threads to a corresponding application.
- a communication device comprises: a wireless transceiver; and one or more processors to: receive coded segments from a remote wireless node, each coded segment being associated with a specific coding thread and being coded with a random linear network code (RLNC); read thread identifiers within the received coded segments and direct the coded segments to corresponding decoder worker threads based thereon, each decoder worker thread having a corresponding encoder worker thread that is associated with the remote wireless node; and use the coded segments within the corresponding decoder worker threads to recover original data elements.
- RLNC random linear network code
- the one or more processors are configured to: receive uncoded segments from the remote wireless node, each uncoded segment being associated with a specific coding thread; read thread identifiers within the received uncoded segments and direct the uncoded segments to corresponding decoder worker threads based thereon; and use the coded segments as redundant information to the uncoded segments to recover the original data elements within the decoder worker threads, using systematic RLNC.
- each decoder worker thread is configured to send an acknowledgement (ACK) message to a corresponding encoder worker thread associated with the remote wireless node in response to recovery of all original data elements associated with the decoder worker thread.
- ACK acknowledgement
- each decoder worker thread is configured to perform a Gauss-Jordan elimination operation when a new coded segment is received.
- a method for use in a wireless system comprises: transmitting systematic packets to a remote node; and transmitting one or more nonsystematic packets to the remote node, the non-systematic packets being encoded with a random linear network code (RLNC), the nonsystematic packets to serve as redundant information to the systematic packets for implementing systematic RLNC.
- RLNC random linear network code
- transmitting one or more nonsystematic packets to the remote device includes transmitting the one or more nonsystematic packets to the remote device in successive rounds, each round having N m packets.
- transmitting the one or more nonsystematic packets to the remote device in successive rounds includes transmitting the packets with a nominal inter-round delay of T r .
- the method further comprises: before transmitting the systematic packets, generating the systematic packets, at least in part, within a plurality of encoder threads, each systematic packet including a thread identifier (TID) to identify a corresponding encoder thread; and before transmitting the nonsystematic packets, generating the nonsystematic packets, at least in part, within the plurality of encoder threads, each nonsystematic packet including a thread identifier (TID) to identify a corresponding encoder thread.
- TID thread identifier
- generating the nonsystematic packets includes: obtaining a coding block within a first encoder thread; segmenting the coding block into a number of segments; generating first random coefficients for the segments; and linearly combining the segments using the first random coefficients to generate a first nonsystematic segment.
- a method for use in a wireless system comprises: obtaining a coding block; segmenting the coding block into a number of equal-length uncoded segments; generating one or more coded segments by applying random linear network coding (RLNC) to the number of equal-length segments; and transmitting the uncoded segments and the one or more coded segments to a remote node, the one or more coded segments for use as redundant information by the remote node to recover one or more of the uncoded segments should they be erased in the wireless channel.
- RLNC random linear network coding
- FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a wireless municipal area network (WMAN) that may incorporate features described herein;
- WMAN wireless municipal area network
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an example node architecture that may be used within a communication device or node in accordance with an embodiment
- FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a modified protocol stack that may be implemented within a node in accordance with an embodiment
- FIGS. 4 and 5 are block diagrams illustrating an encoder process and a decoder process, respectively, in accordance with embodiments
- FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary encoding process in accordance with an embodiment
- FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an NC packet header format that may be used in accordance with an embodiment.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating an ACK packet format that may be used in accordance with an embodiment.
- the subject matter described herein relates to techniques, devices, systems, circuits, and concepts for use in implementing network coding (or other similar coding techniques) within wireless systems in a manner that can enhance data transfer reliability and efficiency.
- the techniques, devices, systems, circuits, and concepts may be used in any of a wide variety of different types of wireless systems and networks.
- the techniques are used within wireless municipal area networks (WMANs), such as those that follow the IEEE 802.16 family of wireless networking standards or the Long Term Evolution (LTE) family of standards. It should be appreciated, however, that many other applications also exist.
- WMANs wireless municipal area networks
- LTE Long Term Evolution
- network-coding-enabled reliability architectures are provided for next generation wireless networks.
- These network coding (NC) architectures may, in some implementations, use a flexible thread-based coding design.
- these architectures may utilize systematic intra-session random linear network coding (RLNC) as a packet erasure code to support fast and reliable information transfer between wireless nodes.
- the systematic RLNC coding and decoding may be performed within, for example, a number of coding/decoding threads that span the channel between a transmitter and a receiver.
- an architecture is provided that is able to decrease packet loss from around 11-32% to nearly 0% with respect to a network implementing HARQ and joint HARQ/A mechanisms.
- the architecture is capable of achieving an increase in throughput by a factor of up to 5.9 and a reduction in end-to-end file transfer delay by a factor of up to 5.5.
- the protocols and architectures described herein may reduce or eliminate the need to use other reliability enhancement techniques within a system or network (e.g., ARQ and/or joint HARQ/ARQ schemes in the PHY/MAC layers, etc.).
- network coding may be applied across the OSI model.
- some layers may be better choices than others in different applications. For example, additional performance gains at the physical layer may be onerous, since existing coding schemes have achieved near-optimal efficiency levels in this layer.
- network coding may yield important gains when integrated within the transport and MAC sub-layers.
- transport and MAC functions are performed at the convergence and MAC sub-layers.
- the current context for higher Internet layers i.e., TCP/IP
- TCP/IP The current context for higher Internet layers (i.e., TCP/IP) is extremely dynamic. This is essentially due to the sensitivity of TCP's congestion control to the variety of possible transmission environments (e.g., wireless, satellite, optical long-haul, etc.), leading to the emergence of a number of alternative competing transport protocols and enhancements.
- Network coding may therefore benefit from the continuity offered by industrial standards such as IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) and LTE.
- WiMAX IEEE 802.16
- LTE Long Term Evolution
- network coding is applied at the convergence sub-layer (or at the edge between the IP layer and the convergence sub-layer), although other locations within a protocol stack are used in other embodiments.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a wireless municipal area network (WMAN) 10 that may incorporate features described herein in one or more embodiments.
- the WMAN 10 may operate in accordance with one or more wireless networking standards such as, for example, the IEEE 802.16 wireless networking standard, the LTE advanced wireless standard, and/or others.
- the WMAN 10 may include one or more wireless base stations 12 , 14 , 16 to provide communication services to one or more wireless subscribers in a corresponding wireless coverage area.
- the base stations 12 , 14 , 16 may, for example, provide last mile services for one or more homes 18 , 20 in the coverage area.
- the homes 18 , 20 may each include internal or external customer premises equipment (CPE) to support wireless communication with one of more of the base stations 12 , 14 , 16 .
- CPE customer premises equipment
- the homes 18 , 20 may include a separate internal wireless local area network (e.g., an IEEE 802.11 (WiFi) network or the like).
- a separate internal wireless local area network e.g., an IEEE 802.11 (WiFi) network or the like.
- one or more of the homes 18 , 20 may include one or more user devices (e.g., a laptop, a smart phone, a desktop, etc.) that are capable of communicating directly with a base station of the WMAN 10 .
- the base stations 12 , 14 , 16 of WMAN 10 may also communicate with one or more mobile devices 22 or other mobile platforms within the coverage area. Likewise, the base stations 12 , 14 , 16 may communicate with one or more subscribers within an office building 24 or other structure. The base stations 12 , 14 , 16 may also be capable of communicating with one or more wireless hot spots 26 in a surrounding environment to provide access to the network for users within the hotspot coverage region. As is apparent, the number of different subscriber scenarios that are possible within WMAN 10 and other wireless MANs is large.
- the base stations 12 , 14 , 16 may also be capable of directly communicating with one another via one or more direct line of sight (LOS) backhaul links 28 , 30 , 32 between base stations. Further, in some systems, the base stations 12 , 14 , 16 may also be coupled to one or more large external networks (e.g., the Internet 38 , a public switched telephone network (PSTN), etc.) by one or more fixed back haul links 34 , 36 or other links to provide corresponding services to subscribers.
- LOS line of sight
- the techniques and features described herein may be used to enhance data transfer reliability and/or data transfer efficiency between nodes in a wireless MAN, such as WMAN 10 of FIG. 1 .
- a wireless MAN such as WMAN 10 of FIG. 1 .
- features described herein may be implemented within the base stations 12 , 14 , 16 of WMAN 10 and also within the various types of subscriber equipment that communicate with the base stations 12 , 14 , 16 .
- the techniques and features described herein may also be implemented in other types of wireless networks and systems.
- the features and techniques described herein may be used in both single hop links and multi-hop links within a network.
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an example node architecture 50 that may be used within a communication device or node in accordance with an embodiment.
- the architecture 50 may be used within, for example, a base station or subscriber equipment associated with a WMAN (e.g., WMAN 10 of FIG. 1 , etc.) or node equipment within other wireless networks or systems.
- the node architecture 5 d 0 may include: one or more digital processors 52 , a memory 54 , a wireless transceiver 56 , and a user interface 58 .
- a bus 62 and/or other structure(s) may be provided for establishing interconnections between the various components of node architecture 50 .
- Digital processor(s) 52 may include one or more digital processing devices that are capable of executing programs or procedures to provide functions and/or services for a user.
- Memory 54 may include one or more digital data storage systems, devices, and/or components that may be used to store data and/or programs for other elements of node architecture 50 .
- Wireless transceiver 56 may include any type of transceiver that is capable of supporting wireless communication with one or more remote wireless entities.
- User interface 58 may include any type of device, component, or subsystem for providing an interface between a user and the corresponding node equipment.
- Digital processor(s) 52 may include, for example, one or more general purpose microprocessors, digital signals processors (DSPs), controllers, microcontrollers, application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), programmable logic arrays (PLAs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), reduced instruction set computers (RISCs), and/or other processing devices or systems, including combinations of the above.
- Digital processor(s) 52 may be used to, for example, execute an operating system for a corresponding node.
- Digital processor(s) 52 may also be used to, for example, execute one or more application programs for a node.
- digital processor(s) 52 may be used to implement, either partially or fully, one or more of the communications related processes or techniques described herein in some implementations.
- wireless transceiver 66 may include any type of transceiver that is capable of supporting wireless communication with one or more remote wireless entities.
- Wireless transceiver 56 may include one or more digital processors for performing corresponding functions.
- Wireless transceiver 56 may be coupled to one or more antennas 64 and/or other transducers, to facilitate the transmission and/or reception of communication signals.
- wireless transceiver 56 may be used to implement, either partially or fully, one or more of the communications related processes or techniques described herein.
- architecture 50 may also include one or more wired transceivers (not shown).
- wireless transceiver 56 may be configured in accordance with one or more wireless networking standards and/or wireless cellular standards. Multiple wireless transceivers may be used in some implementations to support operation in different networks or systems in a surrounding environment or with different wireless networking and/or cellular standards. Wireless transceiver 56 may, in some implementations, be capable of communicating with peer devices in a peer-to-peer, ad-hoc, or wireless mesh network arrangement. In addition, in some implementations, wireless transceiver 56 may be capable of communicating with a base station or access point of an infrastructure-type wireless communication scenario. In some instances, wireless transceiver 56 may be a base station transceiver that is capable of supporting multiple simultaneous wireless links with different subscriber equipment.
- Memory 54 may include any type of system, device, or component, or combination thereof, that is capable of storing digital information (e.g., digital data, computer executable instructions and/or programs, etc.) for access by a processing device or other component.
- digital information e.g., digital data, computer executable instructions and/or programs, etc.
- This may include, for example, semiconductor memories, magnetic data storage devices, disc based storage devices, optical storage devices, read only memories (ROMs), random access memories (RAMs), non-volatile memories, flash memories, USB drives, compact disc read only memories (CD-ROMs), DVDs, Blu-Ray disks, magneto-optical disks, erasable programmable ROMs (EPROMs), electrically erasable programmable ROMs (EEPROMs), magnetic or optical cards, and/or other digital storage suitable for storing electronic instructions and/or data.
- ROMs read only memories
- RAMs random access memories
- CD-ROMs compact disc read only memories
- DVDs DVDs
- node architecture 50 of FIG. 2 represents one possible example of a node architecture that may be used in an implementation. Other architectures may alternatively be used.
- node device node
- node communication device
- similar terms are used to describe any type of digital electronic device or system that includes some form of communication capability.
- This may include, for example, a laptop, desktop, notebook, or tablet computer; a personal digital assistant (PDA); a personal communication service (PCS) device; a personal navigation assistant (PNA); a cellular telephone, smart phone, or other handheld wireless communication device; a pager; a wireless sensor device; a satellite communication device; a media player having communication capability; a digital storage device with communication capability; CPE equipment; a set top box; wireless network interface cards (NICs) and other network interface structures; a wireless base station or wireless access point; an integrated circuit or system on chip (SOC) having communication functionality; and/or other devices, systems, or equipment.
- PDA personal digital assistant
- PCS personal communication service
- PNA personal navigation assistant
- FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a modified protocol stack 70 that may be implemented within a node to support a network coding based reliability architecture in accordance with an embodiment.
- protocol stack 70 may be implemented within, for example, the processor(s) 52 and/or the wireless transceiver 56 of the node.
- the stack 70 may include, for example: an application layer 72 , a transport layer 74 , an internet protocol (IP) layer 76 , a convergence sublayer 78 , an upper medium access control (MAC) sublayer 80 , a lower MAC sublayer 82 , and a physical layer 84 .
- IP internet protocol
- MAC medium access control
- the functions of these various layers are well known in the art and, therefore, will not be described herein.
- the lower layers 86 of the protocol stack 70 e.g., the convergence sublayer 78 , the upper and lower MAC sublayers 80 , 82 , and the physical layer 84
- the lower layers 86 of the protocol stack 70 may be configured in accordance with a particular wireless networking standard (e.g., WiMAX, etc.).
- a particular wireless networking standard e.g., WiMAX, etc.
- modifications are made to protocol stack 70 to incorporate network coding into a corresponding wireless network or system.
- network coding may be added to a network in a manner that acts as a packet erasure code to support data transfer reliability and data transfer efficiency in the network.
- network coding is applied at the IP layer 76 of the protocol stack 70 .
- a Linux packet filtering framework (netfilter) 88 or other functionality may be used to intercept IP packets that are flowing downward through the stack 70 for use in applying network coding.
- the terms “original packets” and “native packets” will be used to describe packets just before network coding is applied (i.e., the packets that will eventually be extracted in the receiver).
- the IP packets may be intercepted by netfilter 88 near, for example, the boundary between the IP layer 76 and the convergence sublayer 78 in one approach.
- a network coding module 90 may be provided to process the intercepted packets to apply network coding.
- Processed packets which may include both coded packets and uncoded packets, may then be injected back into protocol stack 70 by the network coding module 90 and allowed to flow downward toward physical layer 84 for transmission to a remote receiver. Similar processing may be performed in the reverse direction in the receiver device to recover the original data packets.
- the network coding module 90 may be implemented in user-space.
- the module 90 may act as an encoder at a source node (e.g., a base station, etc.) and as a decoder at a destination node (e.g., a subscriber station, etc.).
- a source application located in user-space may send outgoing IP packets to an operating system (OS) where the transport and IP layers are run.
- OS operating system
- the netfilter 88 (or other packet interception functionality) can be used to intercept the IP packets and send them to the network coding module 90 in user-space.
- the network coding module 90 then returns coded IP packets or segments to the OS.
- Coded IP packets then traverse the WiMAX stack 86 , passing through the convergence sublayer (CS) 78 , the upper and lower MAC sublayers 80 , 82 , and the PHY layer 84 .
- a netfilter may intercept the incoming coded IP packets handed from WiMAX to the OS and deliver them to a corresponding network coding module in user space.
- the network coding module of the destination node may then send decoded packets (or original data packets) to the corresponding OS, which forwards the packets to the destination application.
- the ARQ and HARQ run from the upper and lower MAC sublayers, respectively, may be switched off.
- the network coding modules 90 within source and destination nodes may use a flexible thread-based design, where parallel encoding-decoding instances are generated to process packets concurrently.
- network coding (and, more specifically, random linear network coding or RLNC) is implemented as a systematic packet erasure code in the network where uncoded packets are transmitted to a destination node along with coded packets. The coded packets then serve as redundant information that may be used to recover original packets in the destination node. This technique may be referred to as systematic RNLC.
- systematic RNLC Random linear network coding
- the same technique of intercepting packets, applying network coding, and then re-injecting coded packets may be applied at other locations in a stack in other implementations (e.g., the convergence sub-layer 78 , the upper or lower MAC layer 80 , 82 , etc.).
- the network coding module 90 is implemented in user-space (e.g., as part of application layer 72 ) within the node. In other implementations, however, the network coding module 90 (or the functions thereof) may be implemented in other layers or locations in a network, either inside or outside the original node.
- the network coding module 90 is implemented within the user space of another node in the network.
- the netfilter 88 may forward the extracted packets to the other node through, for example, a network link or other communication path.
- the coded packets may then be returned to the first node for re-injection into the stack 70 .
- the application of network coding may be made part of a corresponding protocol stack and, therefore, would not require an interception and re-injection of packets.
- a netfilter 88 is used to intercept IP packets at an IP layer 76 of a protocol stack.
- the term netfilter is commonly associated with the IP layer and filtration of IP packets. Therefore.
- other types of filters or data element interception functions or devices may be used to intercept data elements for coding.
- FIGS. 4 and 5 are block diagrams illustrating an encoder process 100 and a decoder process 200 , respectively, in accordance with an embodiment.
- the encoder process 100 may be used, for example, within a source node (or relay node) and the decoder process 200 may be used within a corresponding destination node during a data transfer operation.
- the encoder process 100 may include an encoder master thread 102 and a plurality of encoder worker threads 104 a , . . . , 104 n .
- the decoder process 200 may include a decoder master thread 202 and a plurality of decoder worker threads 204 a , . . .
- Each of the encoder worker threads 104 a , . . . , 104 n in the source node may correspond to one of the decoder worker threads 204 a , . . . , 204 n in the destination node.
- Each encoder-decoder thread pair may operate independently from the other pairs and may be identified by a unique thread ID (TID).
- TID unique thread ID
- different worker threads being executed within a node may be processed concurrently within different processors or processor cores associated with the node.
- multiple worker threads may be executed within a single processor in a node using, for example, time division multiplexing or a similar technique.
- multiple processor cores that each execute multiple worker threads may be used within a node.
- the encoder master thread 102 load-balances the encoder worker threads 104 a , . . . , 104 n by distributing incoming data elements, packets in this embodiment, to the threads 104 a , . . . , 104 n in a predetermined manner. In at least one embodiment, the master thread 102 distributes the packets in a round-robin fashion, although other techniques may alternatively be used.
- the encoder worker threads 104 a , . . . , 104 n may apply network coding to packets distributed to them to generate coded packets. As will be described in greater detail, the unique thread ID associated with each coded packet may be inserted into the coded packet before it is transmitted to the destination node.
- the decoder master thread 202 directs each incoming coded IP packet to a corresponding decoder worker thread 204 a , . . . , 204 n according to its TID.
- the decoder worker thread may then process the packets it receives to recover the original data packets.
- the original data packets may then be delivered to the appropriate application.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary encoding process 300 in accordance with an embodiment.
- the process 300 may be used within, for example, a network coding module associated with a source node in a wireless network.
- Incoming IP packets may first be buffered ( 302 ) and stored successively as a “buffer list” in a master thread associated with a network coding module.
- the master thread may use a predetermined criterion to determine when a buffer list is ready to handed off to a next available encoder worker thread.
- the following process may be used to generate buffer lists and determine when they are to be handed off.
- a timer T may first be initialized.
- the length L b of a new buffer list may next be initialized to zero.
- the length of each new packet received may then be added to L b . This may be repeated for each new packet until T reaches T i or L b reaches L t , where T i is the maximum time to develop the buffer list and L t is the maximum length of the buffer list. If adding a new packet would result in L b exceeding L t , the new packet will not be added and will be held for the next buffer list. The current buffer list is then delivered to the next worker thread. The process is then repeated for the next buffer list. This process may be expressed in pseudocode as follows:
- the buffer list may be concatenated into a coding block ( 304 ).
- padding may be added to the coding block ( 306 ) to generate a padded coding block that is a multiple of a desired coding segment size.
- a “segment” is the basic unit of operation within the network coding module.
- the well-known ANSI X.923 byte padding algorithm is used to perform padding. In ANSI X.923, bytes filled with zeros are appended to the data and the last byte stores the number of padded bytes.
- the coding block may next be divided into equal sized segments ( 308 ) having the desired segment size.
- Random linear network coding may then be used to generate one or more coded segments during a coding process ( 310 ), A coded segment may be generated by first generating random coefficients (a i ) for each of the segments, multiplying each segment by the corresponding coefficient, and then summing the products together as follows:
- a different coded segment may be generated by generating and using new random coefficients.
- the coded segments may be encapsulated ( 312 ) by adding NC headers to form coded IP packets.
- the coded IP packets may then be transmitted to the destination node via the wireless channel.
- all of the segments associated with a particular coding block will be the same size, but the segment size will be avowed to change from coding block to coding block.
- the number of segments N s and the segment length L s that are used for a particular coding block are calculated by the corresponding worker thread (or the master thread) based, at least on part, on the length L b , of the coding block, the maximum length L m of the segments, and the preferred number N r of segments.
- One technique for calculating these values will now be described. As shown below, using this technique, the calculation of the number of segments N s and the segment length L s and the addition of padding (e.g., padding 306 of FIG. 6 ) are performed as together as part of a common process.
- the current length L b of the coding block may first be incremented by 1 byte to serve as a padding boundary.
- An initial value of N s may then be set as N r .
- the value of N s may then be repeatedly incremented and the value of L s may be repeatedly calculated as
- random linear network coding is used as a systematic packet erasure code within a wireless network. This will be referred to herein as systematic RLNC.
- systematic RLNC random linear network coding
- some or all of the segments may be transmitted to the destination node in an uncoded form. Coded segments may then be transmitted for use as redundant information during subsequent data decoding, in this manner, any uncoded packets that are lost (i.e., erased) in the channel may be recovered in the receiver.
- N s uncoded segments may first be generated and sent to the destination node, followed by one or more coded segments.
- the uncoded segments may each be generated by using a coefficient of 1 for a desired segment and a coefficient of zero for all other segments.
- the coded segments may be generated using randomly generated coefficients as described previously.
- the uncoded segments will be referred to herein as “systematic segments” and the coded segments as “nonsystematic segments.”
- the nonsystematic segments will be transmitted in a series of rounds, with N m nonsystematic segments being transmitted in each round.
- a maximum number of rounds N k may be specified in some implementations.
- An inter-round pause of duration T r may be implemented between rounds to allow other threads to process their blocks.
- ACK acknowledgement
- systematic RLNC is implemented using a Galois Field of size 2 8 . This field size allows each coefficient to be expressed as a single byte. However, other field sizes may be used in other implementations.
- the above-described process for implementing systematic RLNC may be expressed in pseudocode as follows:
- FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an NC header format 400 that may be used in accordance with an embodiment.
- the NC header format 400 may include: an IP header field 402 , a thread ID (TID) field 404 , a block ID (BID) field 406 , a segment ID (SID) field 408 , a filed 412 for the number N s of segments in the coding block, and a coding coefficients field 414 .
- Other NC header formats may alternatively be used.
- Segment length L s is not included because it can be derived using the packet length field in the IP header 402 .
- the TID identifies which thread the packet belongs to.
- the BID identifies which block the packet belongs to within a given thread. For each thread, the BID may be incremented for every new coded block.
- the SID keeps track of the individual segments generated for a particular block (i.e., the SID is incremented for each new coded segment that is generated). N s and the coding coefficients are used during the decoding process.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating an ACK packet format 450 that may be used in accordance with an embodiment. As shown, the ACK packet 450 may include an IP header 452 , a TID 454 , and a BID 456 . Other ACK formats may alternatively be used.
- the decoding process used at a decoder worker thread is essentially a reverse of the encoding process used in the corresponding encoder worker thread (see, e.g., FIG. 6 ).
- de-capsulation may be performed to strip the NC header from a received coded segment. Each received coded segment may then be used to progressively decode using Gauss-Jordan elimination or a similar technique.
- Gauss-Jordan elimination or a similar technique.
- M represents the current coefficient matrix of incoming coded packets
- M[r+1] refers to row r+1 of M
- rank(M) is the rank of M.
- the code rate (CR) may be defined as the ratio of the number N s of segments to the sum of N s and the number of redundancy segments:
- N k is the number of redundancy rounds
- N m is the number of redundancy segments transmitted per round. Note that this is an upper bound on the effective code rate, as an ACK may interrupt before N k rounds of N m redundancy segments have been transmitted.
- blocks that cannot be decoded can still contain useful information, as some uncoded packets may be extracted.
- an additional two-byte field may be provided in the NC header called the stark field. The start field allows IP packet defragmentation at the decoder in the event of unsuccessful block decoding.
- the total NC header length may be L h +N s , where L h , is the length of the NC header without coding coefficients.
- the NC header overhead ratio would therefore be
- L h + N s L s where L s is the segment length. If N s is 120, L h is 24, and L s is 1400, the overhead would be 10.29%.
- This overhead can be reduced in three ways: 1) by increasing L m , the maximum length of segments, thus increasing L s , 2) by reducing N s , and 3) by sending a seed of a pseudo-random number generator instead of a coefficient vector. Using random seeds, the overhead becomes
- a type field and either a segment number (segn) or seed.type field may be used to identify whether a packet is coded or uncoded.
- the parameter segn may be used in a systematic packet to specify the segment number.
- the seed field may be used in a coded packet as a random seed.
- a simple pseudo-random number generator may be used to generate the random seed.
- Gerhard's generator is described in pseudo code below. Given a seed a, the generator generates a pseudo-random number from 1 to lim.
- various techniques, devices, and architectures were described for implementing network coding within a source node of a network. It should be appreciated that these techniques, devices, and architectures may also be used to perform re-coding in, for example, intermediate or relay nodes within multi-hop networks. For example, instead of decoding packets at a relay node and then applying a new layer of network coding to the decoded information, a relay node may simply collect received data elements such as coded packets and code them together in a re-coding operation before relaying them. In the above description, data elements may denote segments or packets that may be coded or uncoded. Re-coding is particularly well suited for use in scenarios involving two links having different characteristics.
- a re-coding operation is performed as follows.
- the relay initiates a new encoder worker thread for each received packet having a TID that was previously unknown to the relay node.
- the re-coding operation includes generating a new coded packet through linearly combining all the previously received packets of the same block through RLNC.
- re-coding is repeated upon each new packet reception, or until a predetermined number of coded packets have been generated or an acknowledgement message has been received from the receiver node.
- the recoding node Upon receiving an acknowledgement for any given block, the recoding node ceases transmitting coded packets for that block and sends an acknowledgement upstream to the next transmitting node.
- one or more operational parameters used in a wireless reliability node, system, or architecture may be adapted based on channel-related information. For example, in some implementations, adjustments may be made to one or more of the following operational parameters in a source node based on current channel and/or environmental conditions: number of redundant coded packets, number of segments in a coding block, length of segments in a coding block, number of coded packets within a round, maximum number of rounds, and/or others.
- the channel-related information may include channel state information generated by a channel estimation unit or other structure within the source node.
- channel-related information or environmental information may be received from a remote node (e.g., as feedback from the destination node).
- a source node may receive signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) information as feedback from a destination node.
- SINR signal to interference and noise ratio
- the source node may then predict packet loss in the channel based on the SINR information and adjust the number of redundant coded packets that will be transmitted based thereon. Other parameters may be adjusted in a similar fashion.
- SINR signal to interference and noise ratio
- the techniques and structures described herein may be used to enhance data transfer reliability within a network or system.
- Other techniques or mechanisms may also be available to enhance or improve reliability in a network.
- the WiMAX standard adopted two retransmission mechanisms: namely, Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) at the upper MAC layer, and Hybrid ARQ (HARQ) at the lower MAC and PHY layers.
- ARQ Automatic Repeat reQuest
- HARQ Hybrid ARQ
- a transmitter will determine whether to retransmit information based on whether or not an acknowledgement (ACK) message or a negative acknowledgement (NACK) message is received in response to a transmission.
- ACK acknowledgement
- NACK negative acknowledgement
- reliability mechanisms may also (or alternatively) be implemented within a network.
- one or more reliability mechanisms may be provided within the physical layer. These mechanisms may include, for example, various modulation and coding schemes (MCSs) used in the physical layer, adaptive MCS techniques implemented in the physical layer (where the MCS scheme is varied based upon, for example, channel conditions), and/or other techniques.
- MCSs modulation and coding schemes
- adaptive MCS techniques implemented in the physical layer (where the MCS scheme is varied based upon, for example, channel conditions), and/or other techniques.
- the network coding techniques described herein may be implemented with or without other reliability enhancing mechanisms.
- the techniques and features described herein are used within a WiMAX network with both the ARQ and HARQ mechanisms turned off.
- the described techniques may be used as the sole reliability enhancing mechanism above the physical layer.
- the network coding techniques described herein may be implemented in a coordinated fashion with one or more reliability enhancing mechanisms at the physical layer. That is, the higher layer network coding techniques and the lower, physical layer mechanisms may be jointly optimized to generate an enhanced level of reliability.
- a network coding architecture is provided that is capable of significantly decreasing packet loss compared to a network using HARQ or joint HARQ/ARQ mechanisms.
- the HARQ/ARQ mechanisms may be viewed as a posteriori repetition code adaptation mechanisms, with rates determined by the number of reactive retransmissions for each unit of data. Since retransmissions are packet specific, the rate granularity is low, and the maximum rate is small.
- network coding formulates unique packets into equivalent degrees of freedom, offering three advantages as a code adaptation scheme. First, coded packets can be sent a priori, in expectation of packet losses, thus reducing the effect of large round trip times in ARQ.
- each newly received degree of freedom can make up for any previously lost packet, thus leading to rate adaptation in steps of 1/block-size, where a block is the group of data packets coded together.
- HARQ/ARQ relies heavily on the acknowledgment process and is thus prone to ACK/NACK errors, delays, and losses, which in turn can result in inefficient retransmission of correctly received packets.
- Network coding is less sensitive, since each transmitted coded packet is a new degree of freedom that can be useful in decoding.
- the combination of proactive transmissions, rate adaptation with a finer granularity, and robustness to ACK losses can make network coding an efficient alternative reliability mechanism. It is also more in-line with the ever increasing speed and performance of a priori adaptive modulation and coding at the PHY layer.
- techniques and structures described herein may be implemented in any of a variety of different devices or systems that may operate as, or be part of, a network node.
- techniques or features may be embodied as instructions and/or data structures stored on non-transitory computer readable media that may be read and executed by a computing system.
- Computer readable media may include, for example, floppy diskettes, hard disks, optical disks, compact disc read only memories (CD-ROMs), digital video disks (DVDs), Blu-ray disks, magneto-optical disks, read only memories (ROMs), random access memories (RAMs), erasable programmable ROMs (EPROMs), electrically erasable programmable ROMs (EEPROMs), magnetic or optical cards, flash memory, and/or other types of media suitable for storing electronic instructions or data.
- CD-ROMs compact disc read only memories
- DVDs digital video disks
- Blu-ray disks magneto-optical disks
- ROMs read only memories
- RAMs random access memories
- EPROMs erasable programmable ROMs
- EEPROMs electrically erasable programmable ROMs
- magnetic or optical cards flash memory, and/or other types of media suitable for storing electronic instructions or data.
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Abstract
Description
1: Initialize timer T | ||
2: Initialize length Lb of buffer list | ||
3: while T < Ti and Lb < Lt do | ||
4: Receive new packet with length Lp | ||
5: Lb ← Lb + Lp | ||
6: end while | ||
7: Transfer buffer list to next worker thread and repeat. | ||
A different coded segment may be generated by generating and using new random coefficients.
until Ls is less than or equal to the maximum segment length Lm. This process may be expressed in pseudocode as follows:
1: | Lb ← Lb + 1 | |
2: |
|
|
3: | Ns ← Nr | |
4: | while Ls > Lm do | |
5: | Ns ← Ns + 1 | |
6: |
|
|
7: | end while | |
1: for x = 1 → Ns do | >generate systematic code first |
2: generate an uncoded segment. | |
3: end for | |
4: while ACK has not yet been received do | |
5: for y = 1 → Nk do | |
6: for z = 1 → Nm do | |
7: generate a coded segment | |
8: end for | |
9: wait for duration Tr |
10: | >terminate if an ACK is received | ||
11: end for | |||
12: end while | |||
1: r ← 0 | ||
2: MN | ||
3: for each incoming coded IP packet Np do | ||
4: M[r + 1] ← coefficients and segment of Np | ||
5: Gauss-Jordan elimination on (r + 1) × (Ns + Ls) of M | ||
6: if rank(M) = r + 1 then | ||
7: r ← r + 1 | ||
8: if r = Ns then | ||
9: done decoding | ||
10: end if | ||
11: end if | ||
12: end for | ||
Other techniques for decoding received segments may be used in other embodiments.
where Nk is the number of redundancy rounds, and Nm, is the number of redundancy segments transmitted per round. Note that this is an upper bound on the effective code rate, as an ACK may interrupt before Nk rounds of Nm redundancy segments have been transmitted.
where Ls is the segment length. If Ns is 120, Lh is 24, and Ls is 1400, the overhead would be 10.29%. This overhead can be reduced in three ways: 1) by increasing Lm, the maximum length of segments, thus increasing Ls, 2) by reducing Ns, and 3) by sending a seed of a pseudo-random number generator instead of a coefficient vector. Using random seeds, the overhead becomes
where q is the size of the seed value, typically 4 bytes. Using the previously assumed values of Lh and Ls, the overhead is reduced to 2% using this approach.
1: a ← 1 | ||
2: function RAND(lim) | ||
3: a ← (a × 32719 + 3) mod 32749 | ||
4: return (a mod lim) + 1 | ||
5: end function | ||
where x mod y is the modulo operator. Other random number generators may alternatively be used.
Claims (16)
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