USRE37802E1 - Multicode direct sequence spread spectrum - Google Patents
Multicode direct sequence spread spectrum Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- USRE37802E1 USRE37802E1 US09/151,604 US15160498D USRE37802E US RE37802 E1 USRE37802 E1 US RE37802E1 US 15160498 D US15160498 D US 15160498D US RE37802 E USRE37802 E US RE37802E
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- data symbols
- transceiver
- code
- modulated data
- transform
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J11/00—Orthogonal multiplex systems, e.g. using WALSH codes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
- H04B1/69—Spread spectrum techniques
- H04B1/707—Spread spectrum techniques using direct sequence modulation
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J13/00—Code division multiplex systems
- H04J13/0077—Multicode, e.g. multiple codes assigned to one user
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
- H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
- H04L27/2601—Multicarrier modulation systems
- H04L27/2602—Signal structure
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
- H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
- H04L27/2601—Multicarrier modulation systems
- H04L27/2626—Arrangements specific to the transmitter only
- H04L27/2627—Modulators
- H04L27/2628—Inverse Fourier transform modulators, e.g. inverse fast Fourier transform [IFFT] or inverse discrete Fourier transform [IDFT] modulators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
- H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
- H04L27/2601—Multicarrier modulation systems
- H04L27/2647—Arrangements specific to the receiver only
- H04L27/2649—Demodulators
- H04L27/265—Fourier transform demodulators, e.g. fast Fourier transform [FFT] or discrete Fourier transform [DFT] demodulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
- H04L5/02—Channels characterised by the type of signal
- H04L5/023—Multiplexing of multicarrier modulation signals
- H04L5/026—Multiplexing of multicarrier modulation signals using code division
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
- H04B1/69—Spread spectrum techniques
- H04B1/707—Spread spectrum techniques using direct sequence modulation
- H04B1/709—Correlator structure
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B2201/00—Indexing scheme relating to details of transmission systems not covered by a single group of H04B3/00 - H04B13/00
- H04B2201/69—Orthogonal indexing scheme relating to spread spectrum techniques in general
- H04B2201/707—Orthogonal indexing scheme relating to spread spectrum techniques in general relating to direct sequence modulation
- H04B2201/70703—Orthogonal indexing scheme relating to spread spectrum techniques in general relating to direct sequence modulation using multiple or variable rates
Definitions
- the invention deals with the field of multiple access communications using Spread Spectrum modulation.
- Multiple access can be classified as either random access, polling, TDMA, FDMA, CDMA or any combination thereof.
- Spread Spectrum can be classified as Direct Sequence, Frequency-Hopping or a combination of the two.
- DSSS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
- CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
- DSSS is a communication scheme in which information bits are spread over code bits (generally called chips). It is customary to use noise-like codes called pseudo random noise (PN) sequences.
- PN sequences have the property that their auto-correlation is almost a delta function and their cross-correlation with other codes is almost null.
- the transmitted signal can be buried in noise and thus has a low probability of intercept.
- the receiver can recover the signal from interferers (such as other transmitted codes) with a jamming margin that is proportional to the spreading code length.
- DSSS codes of duration longer than the delay spread of the propagation channel can lead to multipath diversity implementable using a Rake receiver.
- the FCC and the DOC have allowed the use of unlicensed low power DSSS systems of code lengths greater than or equal to 10 in some frequency bands (the ISM bands).
- CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
- Synchronization of the receiver and the transmitter is complex (especially) if the receiver does not know in advance which code is being transmitted.
- MC-DSSS Multi-Code Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
- MC-DSSS When viewed as DSSS, MC-DSSS requires up to N correlators (or equivalently up to N Matched Filters) at the receiver with a complexity of the order of N 2 operations. When N is large, this complexity is prohibitive.
- ICI InterCode Interference
- a nonideal communication channel can cause InterCode Interference (ICI), i.e., interference between the N DSSS codes at the receiver.
- MC codes InterCode Interference
- Such codes allow the information in a MC-DSSS signal to be decoded in a sequence of low complexity parallel operations while reducing the ICI.
- our implementation of MC-DSSS using the MC codes has the following advantages:
- FIG. 8 is a schematic showing the Randomizer Transform (RT) where a (1) a (2) . . . a (N) are complex constants chosen randomly.
- FIG. 9 is a schematic showing the Permutation Transform (PT).
- FIG. 10 is a schematic showing (a) the shaping of a MC-DSSS frame and (b) the unshaping of a MC-DSSS frame
- v(k) [v(1,k) v(2,k) . . .
- FIG. 11 is a schematic showing (a) Description of the alias/window operation (b) Description of dealias/dewindow operation, where 1/T is the symbol rate.
- FIG. 12 is a schematic showing the frame structure for data transmission from source (Node A) to destination (Node B).
- FIG. 14 is a schematic showing the baseband receiver for the received request frame
- v′ [v′(1) v′((1+ ⁇ ) MI)], ⁇ (0,1)
- FIG. 15 is a schematic showing the baseband transmitter for one address frame
- v [v(1) v(2) . . . v(1+ ⁇ ) MI)]
- l′ is the length of the CDMA code.
- FIG. 17 is a schematic showing the baseband transmitter for Ack.
- FIG. 18 is a schematic showing the baseband receiver for the ack. frame
- c [c(1) c(2) . . . c(I′′)] is the DSSS code for the Ack. frame
- d′ [d(1) d(2) . . . d′(I′′)] is the received Ack. frame
- FIG. 19 is a schematic showing the passband transmitter for a packet where f o is the IF frequency and f o +f c is the RF frequency.
- FIG. 20 is a schematic showing the passband receiver for a packet where f o is the IF frequency and f o +f c is the RF frequency.
- FIG. 1 illustrates the transmitter of the MC-DSSS modulation technique generating the kth MC-DSSS frame bearing N symbols of information.
- the symbols can be either analog or digital.
- a converter 10 converts a stream of data symbols into plural sets of N data symbols each.
- a computing means 12 operates on the plural sets of N data symbols to produce modulated data symbols corresponding to an invertible randomized spreading of the stream of data symbols.
- a combiner 14 combines the modulated data symbols for transmission.
- the computing means shown in FIG. 1 includes a source 16 of N direct sequence spread spectrum code symbols and a modulator 18 to modulate each ith data symbol from each set of N data symbols with the I code symbol from the N code symbol to generate N modulated data symbols, and thereby spread each I data symbol over a separate code symbol.
- FIG. 2 illustrates the receiver of the MC-DSSS modulation techniques accepting the kth MC-DSSS frame and generating estimates for the corresponding N symbols of information.
- the dot product in FIG. 2 can be implemented as a correlator.
- the detector can make either hard decisions or soft decisions.
- a sequence of modulated data symbols is received at 22 in which the sequence of modulated data symbols has been generated by the transmitter such as is shown in FIG. 1 or 4 .
- a second computing means 24 operates on the sequence of modulated data symbols to produce an estimate of the second string of data symbols.
- the computing means 24 shown in FIG. 2 includes a correlator 26 for correlating each I modulated data symbol from the received sequence of modulated data symbols with the I code symbol from the set of N code symbols and a detector 28 for detecting an estimate of the data symbols from output of the correlator 26 .
- FIG. 3 illustrates the code generator of the MC codes.
- Any one of the P N-point transforms in FIG. 3 consists of a reversible transform to the extent of the available arithmetic precision. In other words, with finite precision arithmetic, the transforms are allowed to add a limited amount of irreversible error.
- FIG. 4 An alternative transmitter to the one in FIG. 1 using the MC codes in FIG. 3 is shown in FIG. 4 .
- the alternative transmitter shown in FIG. 4 includes a transformer 20 for operating on each set of N data symbols to generate N modulated data symbols as output. A series of transforms are shown.
- FIG. 5 An alternative receiver to the one in FIG. 2 using the MC codes in FIG. 3 is shown in FIG. 5. L pilots are required in FIG. 5 for equalization.
- Both transmitters in FIGS. 1 and 4 allow using shaper 30 in diversity module 32 shaping and time diversity of the MC-DSSS signal as shown in FIG. 6 .
- Both receivers in FIGS. 2 and 5 allow diversity combining followed by the unshaping of the Data frame as shown in FIG. 7.
- a Synch. is required in FIG. 7 for frame synchronization.
- Examples of the N-point transforms in FIG. 3 are a Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), a Walsh Transform (WT), a Hilbert Transform (HT), a Randomizer Transform (RT) as the one illustrated in FIG. 8, a Permutator Transform (PT) as the one illustrated in FIG. 9, an Inverse DFT (IDFT), an Inverse FFT (IFFT), an Inverse WT (IWT), an Inverse HT (IHT), an Inverse RT (IRT), an Inverse PT (IPT), and any other reversible transform.
- DFT Discrete Fourier Transform
- FFT Fast Fourier Transform
- WT Walsh Transform
- HT Hilbert Transform
- RT Randomizer Transform
- RT Randomizer Transform
- PT Permutator Transform
- IFT Inverse DFT
- IDFT Inverse FFT
- IWT Inverse WT
- IHT Inverse HT
- IRT Inverse
- Preferred shaping in FIG. 6 consists of an Mth order interpolation filter followed by an alias/window operation as shown in FIG. 10 a.
- the Alias/window operation is described in FIG. 11a where a raised-cosine pulse of rolloff ⁇ is applied.
- the interpolation filter in FIG. 10a can be implemented as an FIR filter or as an NM-point IDFT where the first N(M ⁇ 1)/2 points and the last N(M ⁇ 1)/2 points at the input of the IDFT are zero.
- Preferred values of M are 1,2,3 and 4.
- Preferred unshaping in FIG. 7 consists of a dealias/dewindow operation followed by a decimation filter as shown in FIG. 10 b.
- the dealias/dewindow operation is described in FIG. 11 b.
- Time Diversity in FIG. 6 can consist of repeating the MC-DSSS frame several times. It can also consist of repeating the frame several times then complex conjugating some of the replicas, or shifting some of the replicas in the frequency domain in a cyclic manner.
- Diversity combining in FIG. 7 can consist of cophasing, selective combining, Maximal Ratio combining or equal gain combining.
- L pilots are used to equalize the effects of the channel on each information-bearing data frame.
- the pilot frames can consist of Data frames of known information symbols to be sent either before, during or after the data, or of a number of samples of known values inserted within two transformations in FIG. 4.
- a preferred embodiment of the pilots is to have the first pilot consisting of a number of frames of known information symbols.
- the remaining pilots can consist of a number of known information symbols between two transforms.
- the L estimators can consist of averaging of the pilots followed by either a parametric estimation or a nonparametric one similar to the channel estimator in the patent: “Method and Apparatus for Multiple Access between Transceivers in Wireless Communications using OFDM Spread Spectrum” by M. Fattouche and H. Zaghloul, filed in the U.S. Pat Office in Mar. 31, 1992, Ser. No. 07/861,725.
- FIG. 12 a preferred embodiment of a packet is illustrated in FIG. 12 : a Request frame 40 , an Address frame, an Ack. frame, a Pilot frame 36 and a number of Data frames 38 .
- the Request frame is used (1) as a wake-up call for all the receivers in the band, (2) for frame synchronization and (3) for packet synchronization. It can consist of a DSSS signal using one PN code repeated a number of times and ending with the same PN code with a negative polarity.
- FIGS. 13 and 14 illustrate the transmitter and the receiver for the Request frame respectively. In FIG.
- the dot product operation can be implemented as a correlator with either hard or soft decision (or equivalently as a filter matched to the PN code followed by a sample/hold circuit).
- the Request frame receiver is constantly generating a signal out of the correlator. When the signal is above a certain threshold using the level detector, (1) a wake-up call signal is conveyed to the portion of the receiver responsible for the Address frame and (2) the frames are synchronized to the wake-up call. The packet is then synchronized to the negative differential correlation between the last two PN codes in the Request frame using a decoder as shown in FIG. 14 .
- the Address frame can consist of a CDMA signal where one out of a number of codes is used at a time.
- the code consists of a number of chips that indicate the destination address, the source address and/or the number of Data frames.
- FIGS. 15 and 16 illustrate the transmitter and the receiver for the Address frame respectively. Each receiver differentially detects the received Address frame, then correlates the outcome with it is own code. If the output of the correlator is above a certain threshold, the receiver instructs its transmitter to transmit an Ack. Otherwise, the receiver returns to its initial (idle) state.
- the Ack. frame is a PN code reflecting the status of the receiver, i.e. whether it is busy or idle. When it is busy, Node A aborts its transmission and retries some time later. When it is idle, Node A proceeds with transmitting the Pilot frame and the Data frames.
- FIGS. 17 and 18 illustrate the transmitter and the receiver for the Address frame respectively.
- An extension to the MC-DSSS modulation technique consists of passband modulation where the packet is up-converted from baseband to RF in the transmitter and later down-converted from RF to baseband in the receiver.
- Passband modulation can be implemented using IF sampling which consists of implementing quadrature modulation/demodulation in an intermediate Frequency between baseband and RF, digitally as shown in FIGS. 19 and 20 which illustrate the transmitter and the receiver respectively.
- IF sampling trades complexity of the analog RF components (at either the transmitter, the receiver or both) with complexity of the digital components.
- carrier feed-through is often a problem implying that the transmitter has to ensure a zero dc component. Such a component reduces the usable bandwidth of the channel. In IF sampling the usable band of the channel does not include dc and therefore is the dc component is not a concern.
- a further extension to the MC-DSSS modulation technique consists of using antenna Diversity in order to improve the Signal-to-Ratio level at the receiver.
- a preferred combining technique is maximal selection combining based on the level of the Request frame at the receiver.
Abstract
Description
Claims (40)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US07/861,725 US5282222A (en) | 1992-03-31 | 1992-03-31 | Method and apparatus for multiple access between transceivers in wireless communications using OFDM spread spectrum |
US08/186,784 US5555268A (en) | 1994-01-24 | 1994-01-24 | Multicode direct sequence spread spectrum |
US15160498A | 1998-09-10 | 1998-09-10 |
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USRE37802E1 true USRE37802E1 (en) | 2002-07-23 |
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US09/151,604 Expired - Lifetime USRE37802E1 (en) | 1992-03-31 | 1998-09-10 | Multicode direct sequence spread spectrum |
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