This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/336,745, filed on Nov. 3, 1994, now abandonment abandoned.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Among the most important components of fiber optic transmission systems are connectors and attenuators.

The chief function of a fiber optic connector is to assure a low-loss connection between optical fiber ends and/or between optical fibers and other components of a fiber optic system, such as optical sources (lasers and LEDs), optical receivers (PIN or APD diodes) etc. There are many versions of fiber optic connectors, known as ST®¹, SC, FC, biconic etc.

¹ST is a registered trademark of AT&T

The chief function of an attenuator is to regulate the strength of an optical signal in the transmission system. It is desirable to maintain the strength of an optical signal within a certain range to avoid receiver saturation, or to compensate for variable distances of various receivers from the source or to compensate for aging or other changes in the system.

There are several kinds of attenuators on the market. They can provide either variable or fixed attenuation over a wide range of signal strength.

Another important aspect of fiber optic transmission systems is the control of optical back-reflections. As an optical signal propagates through the fiber, it passes through a series of interfaces (e.g., between two connectors) which cause a certain portion of the signal to reflect back toward its source. Such back-reflections cause undesirable interference with a signal and thus must be minimized. This is particularly important for high-speed transmission systems and analog signal transmission systems, such as cable TV. There are several methods which are employed to control back-reflections, e.g., optical isolators angle polished connectors, anti-reflection coatings etc.

This invention describes a device called a variable attenuation connector (VAC), which simultaneously addresses all of the above described requirements of a fiber optic transmission system, i.e., a VAC provides connectivity, regulates attenuation and controls back-reflection.

The VAC is a very important development for economic as well as technical reasons. In order to cover all of the functions of a VAC one has to employ a variable attenuator connected by a fiber to the connector. One thus deals with three fiber terminations, i.e., termination at the entry into the attenuator, termination at the exit of the attenuator and the termination of the connector itself. With a VAC only one termination is needed, that of the VAC itself. Elimination of two terminations is a major economic advantage, since terminations cost about $10 each.

A second major savings is in the cost of components. Variable attenuators with characteristics comparable to VAC sell for over $150 in quantities of one hundred or so, while connectors cost about $10-$20 each. The cost of a VAC will be significantly below $100, thus one saves about $100 per attenuator by using a VAC.

The technical advantages of a VAC are also significant. In the so called fiber-in-the-loop networks, which make up the fastest-growing segment of fiber optic markets, it is very important that all receivers in the loop receive similar levels of light signals. This is difficult to achieve since some receivers are closer to sources than others, these will then receive a considerably stronger signal. A VAC will enable cable installers to adjust the strength of the signal for each receiver by simply measuring the incoming signal at the given location and then setting the attenuation at the desirable level.

Also important is the convenience of adjustment at the connector itself. By turning the knurled nut one basically opens and closes the “light faucet” at the point of need, just as one regulates flow of water at the end of a pipe.

The VAC will thus find wide usage in fiber-in-the-loop systems.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

A VAC is essentially a modified optical connector which permits linear motion of a fiber-containing ferrule to create an air gap between two mating connectors. The attenuation of the signal strength is proportional to the size of the air gap.

The linear motion which creates the gap is accomplished by a fine screw mechanism attached to the ferrule. The size of the gap is regulated by the number of turns of a knurled nut positioned at the rear of the VAC. In this way signal attenuation ranging from 0-40 db can be achieved.

The extent of back-reflection is regulated by the angle polishing of the ferrule face. Once the gap is created, the light is reflected at an angle, which makes it miss the core of the fiber polished at an angle. Thus, only a minute fraction of back-reflected light enters the fiber. Back-reflections below −50 db have been shown.

We have thus invented a device that performs multiple functions in fiber optic transmission systems, i.e., the VAC acts as a connector, a variable attenuator and it reduces back-reflections.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the attenuation of an ST® compatible single mode VAC as a function of the number of ¼ turns of the knurled nut. Since in this case we used a fine screw with 100 threads per inch (TPI), one turn corresponds to an air gap increment of 254 micrometers. The graph shows that in approximately 3 turns the attenuation increased from 0 to over −25 db. Assuming that one can exercise control to {fraction (1/10)} of a turn one can control attenuation to within ±0.25 db.

FIG. 2 shows attenuation of an ST® compatible single mode VAC fitted with a 200 TPI screw. In 13 turns the attenuation increased from about −0.03 db to −21.8 db. The resolution of attenuation in this case is better than ±0.1 db.

FIG. 3 shows the effect of angle polishing on attenuation. In 12 turns, a straight polished VAC achieved attenuation of −21.1 db and an angle polished VAC reached −25.2 db attenuation.

FIG. 4 shows the effect of angle polishing on the reduction of back-reflections. For a straight polished VAC back-reflection values of −30 db were achieved, while for an angle polished VAC values of −50 db were achieved.

FIG. 5a is a partial cross section and shows the VAC fastened to a coupling device with no air gap introduced.

FIG. 5b is a partial cross section and shows the VAC fastened to a coupling device with an air gap introduced.

FIG. 6 is a partial section drawing and shows the VAC when not attached to a coupling device.

FIG. 7 is a detail of the adjusting nut.

FIGS. 8a, 8b and 8c are details of the coupling nut.

FIGS. 9a & 9b are details of the thrust washer.

FIG. 10a & 10b are details of the ferrule body.

FIG. 11a-11h are details of coupling devices.

FIG. 12a & 12b are sectioned assembly drawing of an FC version of a VAC.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF VAC (ST®VERSION)

The ferrule 20 is pressed into a counter bore at the front end of the ferrule body 30. Optical alignment of the two mating fibers is dependent upon the extreme precision of the ferrule 20.

The ferrule body 30 has an enlarged outer diameter 31 at the front end. The dimension of this outer diameter is such that it provides a close fit with the inner diameter 101 of the mating coupling device 100. A key 32 protrudes radially outward from the enlarged outer diameter and is sized such that it fits into a slot 102 in the mating coupling device 100. This key provides a radial alignment and prevents the ferrule body 30 from rotating while engaged in the mating coupling device 100 and during attenuation adjustment. The shoulder 33 formed by the enlarged outer diameter and the main ferrule body 30 diameter provide a bearing surface for one end of the smaller compression spring 80.

The two threaded sections 34 & 35 on the ferrule body 30 are separated by tension slots. The tension slots are sized, positioned and compressed such that the desired tension between the two threaded sections is achieved when the knurled adjusting nut 60 is threaded on. This tension translates into a controlled torque between the knurled adjusting nut 60 and the ferrule body 30. A groove behind the second thread section on the ferrule body 30 accommodates a C-clip 90. A wider groove behind the C-clip groove provides a better purchase for an elastomeric strain relief. The internal diameters on the ferrule body 30 are dimensioned to accommodate commonly used fiber optic cables. A section 36 at the rear of the ferrule body 30 has the largest inner diameter and this section may be crimped to secure the fiber optic cable to the VAC.

On the forward section of the coupling nut 40 there is an enlarged inner diameter section 41, a shoulder 48 is formed by the enlarged inner diameter and the forward smaller inner diameter 42. This section is dimensioned such that it will positively contain the large compression spring 70. The large compression spring 70 with flat ground ends is sized and positioned such it will bear against the end of any standard ST® coupling device 100. A wall 44 with a small threaded hole 43 separates the front and rear internal sections of the coupling nut 40. The hole is threaded to match the external threads on the ferrule body 30. The flat surface of the wall on the forward side provides a bearing surface for both the large and the small compression spring 80. The rear surface of the wall provides a bearing surface for the thrust washer 50. The two hook shaped keyways 45 on the front of the coupling nut 40 are sized and located such that the coupling nut 40 will mate with any standard ST® coupling device 100. A diagonally knurled external rear section 46 provides the operator with a positive and secure grip during the push and twist motion required during engagement and disengagement of the coupling nut 40.

The thrust washer 50 has two parallel flat surfaces and serves as a thrust bearing to reduce friction between the coupling nut 40 and the adjusting nut 60.

The adjusting nut 60 has a fine internal thread to match the external thread on the ferrule body 30 and this internal thread runs the entire length of the adjusting nut 60. On the rear end of the adjusting nut 60 there is a raised external knurl 61 to provide a positive grip for the operator.

A ferrule 20 is pressed into the ferrule body 30 and the small compression spring 80 is slid over the external threaded section of the ferrule body 30. A special tool may be employed to prevent damage to the threads during this assembly operation.

The large compression spring 70 has an outer diameter that is slightly larger than the inner diameter of the front section 47 of the coupling nut 40. The large spring 70 is pressed into the front section of the coupling nut 40 and the spring's diameter is initially reduced and then returns to its original size after it is completely pressed into the enlarged inner diameter section of the coupling nut 40.

The coupling nut 40 and large spring 70 assembly are attached to the ferrule body assembly by threading the coupling nut 40 over both thread sections on the ferrule body 30. This arrangement will contain the small spring 80 between the enlarged diameter on the front of the ferrule body 30 and the internal front wall on the coupling nut 40. This arrangement also minimizes the clearance between the small threaded hole 43 in the coupling nut 40 and the smooth diameter of the ferrule body 30. Removal of the coupling nut 40 from the ferrule body 30 can only be achieved by unthreading one from the other.

The thrust washer 50 is slid over both threaded sections on the ferrule body 30 and is located adjacent to the rear internal wall of the coupling nut 40.

The adjusting nut 60 is threaded onto the ferrule body 30 with the knurled section to the rear. The adjusting nut 60 is threaded up to a position such that its rear face is forward of the groove for the C-clip 90. Note that a lubricant may be applied to reduce friction between the coupling nut 40, thrust washer 50 and adjusting nut 60 and also between the adjusting nut's internal threads and the ferrule body's external threads.

A C-clip 90 is attached to the ferrule body 30 in the previously mentioned groove. The C-clip 90 serves as both a positive stop for the adjusting nut 60 as well as a reference stop for the crimp section.

A fiber optic cable is terminated in the VAC assembly using conventional means known to those experienced in the art. A strain relief may be employed at the rear of the terminated VAC assembly to protect the optical fiber from breakage due to sideways pulling of the cable.