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• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
  • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
  • C12N9/88—Lyases (4.)
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10S435/00—Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
  • Y10S435/8215—Microorganisms
  • Y10S435/822—Microorganisms using bacteria or actinomycetales
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10S435/00—Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
  • Y10S435/8215—Microorganisms
  • Y10S435/822—Microorganisms using bacteria or actinomycetales
  • Y10S435/85—Flavobacterium

Definitions

• This invention generally relates to the purification and characterization of heparinase I, II, and III from Flavobacterium heparinum and antibodies thereto.
• Heparin and heparan sulfate represent a class of glycosaminoglycans characterized by a linear polysaccharide of D-glucosamine (1 ⁇ 4) linked to hexuronic acid (Linhardt, R. J. (1991) Chem. Ind. 2, 45-50; Casu, B. (1985) Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. Biochem. 43, 51-134).
• Heparin and heparan sulfate are complex carbohydrates that play an important functional role in the extracellular matrix of mammals. These polysaccharides modulate and regulate tissue level events that take place either during development under normal situations or wound healing and tumor metastasis under pathological conditions.
• Enzymatic methods for heparin and heparan sulfate depolymerization are very specific and require mild conditions giving oligosaccharide products that closely resemble the glycosaminoglycans from which they were derived.
• Two types of enzymes that degrade heparin and heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans are the polysaccharide lyases from prokaryotic sources that act through an eliminative mechanism (Linhardt, R. J., Galliher, P. M., and Cooney, C. L. (1986) Appl. Biochem. Biotech. 12, 135-176), and the glucuronidases (hydrolases) from eukaryotic sources that act through a hydrolytic mechanism.
• Prokaryote degradation of heparin and heparan sulfate has primarily been studied using enzymes derived from Flavobacterium heparinum (Linker, A., and Hovingh, P. (1965) J. Biol. Chem. 240, 3724-3728; Linker, A., and Hovingh, P. (1970) J. Biol Chem. 245, 6170-6175); Dietrich, C. P., Silva, M. E., and Michelacci, Y. M. (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 6408-6415; Silva, M. E., Dietrich, C. P., and Nader, H. B. (1976) Biochem. Biophys.
• Heparin lyases are a general class of enzymes that are capable of specifically cleaving the major glycosidic linkages in heparin and heparan sulfate.
• Three heparin lyases have been identified in Flavobacterium heparinum, a heparin-utilizing organism that also produces exoglycuronidases, sulfoesterases, and sulfamidases that further act on the lyase-generated oligosaccharide products (Yang, V. C., Linhardt, R. J., Berstein, H., Cooney, C. L., and Langer, R. (1985) J. Biol. Chem.
• lyases are designated as heparin lyase I (heparinase, EC 4.2.2.7), heparin lyase II (heparinase II, no EC number) and heparin lyase III (heparitinase EC 4.2.2.8).
• Heparin lyase I primarily cleaves heparin
• heparin lyase III specifically cleaves heparan sulfate
• heparin lyase II acts equally on both heparin and heparan sulfate (Linhardt, et al., 1986; Linhardt, et al., 1990).
• This enzyme differs from those isolated from Flavobacterium heparinum in its molecular weight (94,000), pI (9.2), amino acid composition and kinetic properties (K m of 3.4 ⁇ M and V max of 36.8 ⁇ mol/min, pH optimum of 7.6).
• heparin lyases Three other heparin lyases, partially purified from Flavobacterium sp. Hp206, have molecular weights of 64,000, 100,000 and 72,000, as reported by Yoshida, K., Miyazono, H., Tawada, A., Kikuchi, H., Morikawa, L., and Tokuyasu, K. (1989) 10th Annual Symposium of Glycoconjugates, Jerusalem, different from heparin lyases I-III.
• heparin lyases of F. heparinum are the most widely used and best studied (Lindhardt, (1986)). Linker and Hovingh (1970) first separated these lyase activities, fractionating a crude lyase fraction into a heparinase (heparin lyase I) and a heparitinase (heparin lyase III). Both activities were purified by 50-100-fold, but no physical characterization of these enzymes was performed.
• heparitinase I and II purified two heparitinases (called heparitinase I and II, possibly corresponding to heparin lyases II and III, although no physical properties of these enzymes were presented) and characterized their substrate specificity toward heparin and heparan sulfate.
• Heparitinase I degraded both N-acetylated and N-sulfated heparan sulfate while heparitinase II degraded primarily N-sulfated heparan sulfate.
• McLean and Co-workers described the specificity of a partially purified heparinase II (Moffat, C. F., McLean, M. W., Long, W. F., and Williamson, F. B. (1991) Eur. J. Biochem. 197, 449-459; McLean, M. W., Long, W. F., and Williamson, F. B. (1985) in Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Glycoconjugates, pp. 73-74, September, Houston, Paeger Publishers, New York; McLean, M. W., Bruce, J. S., Long, W. F., and Williamson, F. B. (1954) Eur. J. Biochem.
• Heparin lyase I was used to prepare polyclonal antibodies in rabbits for affinity purification of heparin lyase I, but excessively harsh conditions required to elute the enzyme resulted in substantial loss of activity (Lindhardt, (1985)). Yang, V. C., Berstein, H., Cooney, C. L., and Langer, R. (1987) Appl. Biochem. Biotech. 35-50) also described a method to prepare heparin lyase I.
• Seikagaku Co. has recently orally reported the molecular weights of their commercial enzymes corresponding to heparin lyase I-III to be 43,000, 84,000, and 70,000, respectively (Yoshida, K. (1991) International Symposium on Heparin and Related Polysaccharides, September 1-6, Uppsala, Sweden). These reports are in close agreement to the molecular weights described herein, but no details of their purification or characterization methods have been published.
• Heparin lyases have been used to establish the presence of heparin in mixtures of proteoglycans (Kanwar, Y. S., and Farguhar, M. G. (1979) Presence of heparan sulfate in the glomerular basement membrane, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 76, 1303-1307), to depolymerize heparin and heparan sulfate to characterize the structure of the resulting oligosaccharides (Linhardt, R. J., Loganathan, D. Al-Hakim, A., Wang, H.-M., Walenga, J. M., Hoppensteadt, D., and Fareed, J.
• Heparin depolymerising enzymes are excellent tools to understand the role of heparin-like molecules in the extracellular matrix or to be used in different tissue microenvironments to modulate and alter the extracellular matrix in a highly specific manner.
• studies utilizing heparin lyases are hampered by difficulties in purifying the enzymes from Flavobacterium heparinum, especially with regard to separation of the three enzymes from each other (Linhardt, et al.; 1985).
• heparin lyase II the capacity of heparin lyase II to cleave both heparin and heparan sulfate makes it difficult to distinguish from heparin lyase I which cleaves heparin and heparin lyase III which cleaves heparan sulfate.
• heparin/heparan sulfate lyases are widely used, with the exception of heparin lyase I, there is no information on the purity or physical and kinetic characteristics of heparinase II and heparinase III.
• Heparin lyase I heparinase, EC 4.2.2.7
• heparin lyase II no EC number
• heparin lyase III heparitinase, EC 4.2.2.8
• M r 42,800, pI 9.1-9.2 M r 70,800, pI 9.9-10.1 molecular weights (by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) and isoelectric points (by isoelectric focusing) of M r 42,800, pI 9.1-9.2 M r 70,800, pI 9.9-10.1, respectively.
• Their amino acid analyses and peptide maps demonstrate that while these proteins are different gene products they are closely related.
• the kinetic properties of the heparin lyases have been determined as well as the conditions to optimize their activity and stability.
• heparinase II The purification and characterization of heparinase II from Flavobacterium heparinum is described.
• the approximate pI of the lyase calculated from agarose IEF using a pH gradient from 9-11 is around 8.9.
• the optimum temperature for heparin lyase II (both heparin and heparan sulfate) is 35° C. The activity is greater at higher temperatures but the stability is greatly reduced.
• heparinase III (EC 4.2.2.8) from Flavobacterium heparinum is described.
• the approximate pI of the lyase was calculated from agarose IEF using a pH gradient from 9-11 and was found to be 9.2.
• the optimum temperatures for the heparin lyase III activity is 35° C. The activity is higher at higher temperatures for the enzyme but the stability is greatly reduced.
• the substrate specificity of heparinase III is for the hexosamine-glucuronic acid linkages of the heparan sulfate backbone.
• the enzyme is a monomeric protein, very different from heparinase I and II in size and activity. It is possible to use heparinase III to release heparin-like chains in the extracellular matrix, for both sequencing and eliciting heparin based cellular response.
• Salt effects were not observed for either heparinase II or heparinase III. Four different salts were used to confirm that salt effects and not ion effects were tested.
• the antibodies are useful for isolation, detection and characterization of the heparinases, individually and as a group, and in studies involving substrate specificity, enzyme inhibition and active site mapping.
• FIG. 1 is a graph of the HA-HPLC fractionation of heparin lyases.
• the protein (A 280 ) is the solid line.
• the activity (unit/ml) toward heparin (solid circles) and activity (unit/ml) toward heparan sulfate (solid squares) are shown with cross-hatching to indicate the portion of the peaks that were collected.
• FIG. 2 is Mono-S FPLC fractionation of heparin lyases: a, heparin lyase I, and b, heparin lyase III.
• the arrow indicates the start of the salt gradient elution, and the cross-hatching indicates the portion of the peaks that were collected.
• FIG. 3 is a GPC-HPLC fractionation of heparin lyases.
• a heparin lyase I
• b heparin lyase II
• c heparin lyase III
• d molecular weight standards (M r ) consisting of thyroglobulin (bovine, 670,000), gamma globulin (158,000), oval-bumin (44,000), myoglobin (horse, 17,000), and cyanocobalamin (1350).
• M r molecular weight standards
• FIG. 4 is an SDS-PAGE in a 12% discontinuous polyacrylamide gel under reducing conditions. Two ⁇ g each of heparin lyase I (lane a), heparin lyase II (lane b), heparin lyase III (lane c), and molecular weight standards (lane d). Shown to the right are the mass of the molecular weight standards in kDa.
• FIG. 5 Panel A: Western Blot of SDS-PAGE gel using M2-A9. (a) heparin lyase I; (b) heparin lyase II; (c) heparin lyase III; (d) Flavobacterium heparinum cell homogenate. Arrows indicate bands of interest. This analysis demonstrates the ability of this Mb to detect the presence of heparin lyases that are either purified or present in homogenized cellular material.
• Panel B SDS-PAGE analysis of purified heparin lyases.
• FIG. 6 is a map of the tryptic digest of heparinase II and III. Panel A is heparinase II and Panel B is heparinase III by
• Enzyme assays and absorbance measurements were done on a UV 160 spectrophotometer from Shimadzu connected to a Fisher Scientific Isotamp model 9100 refrigerated circulating water bath. Fermentations were performed in a two-liter stirred tank fermenter from Applikon. Centrifugation was done on a Sorval RC-5 refrigerated centrifuge in a GSA rotor from Du Pont. HPLC was performed using a LDC Milton-Roy Constametric IIIG pump, a Rheodyne 7125 injector, a Jule Linear Gradient Former, and an ISCO model UA-5 absorbance monitor with a 280-nm filter.
• the hydroxylapatite HPLC column 1 ⁇ 30 cm connected in series with a 1 ⁇ 5 cm guard column was from Regis
• the Mono-S FPLC column was from Pharmacia LKB Biotechnology Inc.
• the C 18 column was from Vydac
• the Bio-Sil gel permeation HPLC column was from Bio-Rad.
• the capillary zone electrophoresis system and the silica capillaries were from Dionex.
• the Mini-Protein II electrophoresis chamber, a model 1405 horizontal electrophoresis cell, and a model 1420B power source were from Bio-Rad.
• the tube gel electrophoresis equipment was from E-C Apparatus Corp.
• the precast agarose IEF gels were from Iso-labs, and the prestained molecular weight markers and the Rapid CoomassieTM stain were from Diversified Biotech.
• the Bio-Gel HT hydroxylapatite was from Bio-Rad and the QAE-Sephadex was from Sigma.
• Pressure filtration units and 25- and 43-mm PM-10 filters were from Amicon.
• Heparin (porcine mucosal sodium salt) was from Celsus, heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate A, C, D, and E were from Seikagaku.
• Bovine serum albumin, lactose, protamine (free base), bromphenol blue, naphthol red, cyto-chrome c (bovine heart type VA), hyaluronic acid, CAPS, bis-Tris, HEPES, TES, dithiothreitol, MOPS, mercaptoethanol, iodoacetamide, and trypsin were for Sigma.
• the Coomassie reagent for the protein assay was from Bio-Rad. All water used in reagents was deionized and distilled in glass.
• the spectrophotometer was adjusted to the optimum temperature of the particular lyase being assayed.
• a 700 ⁇ l quartz microcuvette containing 400 ⁇ g of substrate in 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer (containing 100 mM sodium chloride for heparin lyase I) was thermally equilibrated.
• a measured quantity of lyase was added, bringing the final volume to 400 ⁇ l and the cuvette was gently mixed.
• the microcuvette was then immediately returned to the spectrophotometer and the change of absorbance at 232 nm was measured at 10 seconds intervals over 3 min.
• the activity was measured from the change of absorbance/unit time using an extinction coefficient of 3800 M ⁇ 1 for products.
• the specific activity was then calculated by dividing the micromoles of product produced per minute by the milligrams of protein in the cuvette.
• the molecular weights used for heparin, heparan sulfate, and the chondroitin sulfates were 14,000, 20,000 and 25,000, respectively, Rice, K. G., and Linhardt, R. J. (1989) Carbohydr. Res. 190, 219-233. Protein concentration was measured by the Bradford assay, Bradford, M. M. (1976) Anal. Biochem. 72, 248-254, based on a bovine serum albumin standard curve.
• F. heparinum (Payza, A. N., and Korn, E. D. (1956) Nature 177, 88-89) (ATCC 13125) was stored at ⁇ 70° C. in a defined medium containing dimethyl sulfoxide (Me 2 SO) (Zimmermann, J. J., Oddie, K., Langer, R., and Cooney, C. L. (1991) Appl. Biochem. Biotech. 30, 137-148).
• the organism was grown in a two liter stirred tank fermenter on heparin as the sole carbon source in defined medium by the method of Galliher, P. M., Cooney, C. L., Langer, R. S., and Linhardt, R. J. (1981) Appl.
• Protamine free base (2.0 g) was dissolved in 20 ml of 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, and added dropwise with stirring to the 500 ml of supernatant. Centrifugation at 10,000 ⁇ g, at 4° C. for 20 min, removed the precipitated DNA and gave 510 ml of supernatant.
• HA hydroxylapatite
• the buffers used to wash the HA matrix were prepared by mixing a solution of 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer at pH 6.8, with a solution of 250 mM sodium phosphate buffer at pH 6.8, containing 500 mM sodium chloride in ratios of 6:0, 5:1, 4:2, 3:3, 2:4, and 0:6 (v/v) at 4° C.
• the protein supernatant solutions were placed in dialysis tubing having a molecular weight cut-off of 14,000 and dialyzed overnight at 4° C. against 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer at pH 7.0.
• Lyase activity purified by batch HA was used immediately without freezing.
• a quaternary ammonium ethyl (QAE)-Sephadex chromatography step was performed at 4° C.
• Three batch HA-purified fractions (4:2, 3:3, and 2:4), having a total volume of 1.5 liters, containing more than 89% of the activity toward heparin and 88% of the activity toward heparan sulfate were consolidated (1.81 mg/ml protein and 1.72 units/ml toward heparin and 2.16 units/ml toward heparan sulfate) and applied directly in equal portions to three columns (2.5 ⁇ 20 cm) containing 600 ml of QAE-Sephadex.
• the QAE-Sephadex columns had been previously equilibrated with 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, at 4° C. Each column was then washed with 1-column volume of 50 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, at 4° C. The fractions containing lyase activity that passed through the columns without interaction were collected and combined. The 2.6 liters of eluent was then concentrated to 63 ml (containing 8.23 mg/ml of protein) by Amicon pressure filtration at 60 psi and 4° C. using a 43 mm PM-10 membrane (10,000 molecular weight cut-off).
• the 63 ml of QAE-Sephadex-purified and concentrated solution was divided into twelve 5 ml aliquots and stored at ⁇ 70° C. until needed.
• a 5 ml sample 43 mg of protein was removed from the freezer, allowed to thaw at room temperature, and, using a 5 ml loop, injected onto a HA HPLC column.
• the HA-HPLC column had been equilibrated with 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0. After loading the sample, the column was washed with 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, at 0.5 ml/min, for 20 min.
• the fractions corresponding to heparin lyase I, heparin lyase II, and heparin lyase III from each of the 12 fractionations were pooled, dialyzed against 20 volumes of 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, for 12 h at 4° C., and concentrated at 60 psi and 4° C. using Amicon pressure filtration equipped with PM-10 membranes. The three lyase preparations were each divided into 1-ml aliquots and frozen at ⁇ 70° C.
• the concentrated heparin lyase I and heparin lyase III preparations were taken from the ⁇ 70° C. freezer, thawed at room temperature, and applied to a Mono-S FPLC HR 5/5 cation-exchange column equilibrated with 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0. A portion of each lyase preparation, 350 ⁇ l containing 1.75 mg of protein, was injected and the column washed at 1 ml/min for 5 min with 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, to elute non-interacting proteins.
• the active heparin lyase I and heparin lyase III fractions were dialyzed at 4° C. against 200 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, for 12 h and concentrated using Amicon Pressure Filtration with a PM-10 membrane (molecular weight cut-off 10,000).
• heparin lyase I and III preparation obtained from Mono-S FPLC and the heparin lyase II preparation obtained from HA-HPLC were applied to a Bio-Sil gel permeation chromatography (GPC) HPLC column (1 ⁇ 25 cm) that had been equilibrated with 200 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0.
• GPC Bio-Sil gel permeation chromatography
• Each lyase was injected (250 ⁇ l samples containing 800 ⁇ g of protein for heparin lyases I and III; 200 ⁇ l samples containing 1.5 mg of protein for heparin lyase II), eluted at a flow rate of 1 ml/min and absorbance at 280 nm was measured.
• Discontinuous SDS-PAGE was performed on the three heparin lyases using a modification of a procedure previously described by Laemmli, U.K. (1970) Nature 227, 680-685 (FIG. 4 ).
• the gels were fixed with 12% (w/v) trichloroacetic acid, rinsed with deionized, distilled water and stained with a Rapid Coomassie Stain solution, and desrained.
• IEF gel electrophoresis was run on pre-cast agarose gels (85 ⁇ 100 mm). Two electrode wicks were wetted with 1M phosphoric acid (anolyte) and 1M sodium hydroxide (catholyte). Electrophoresis was at 5 watts for 5 min, then at 10 watts for 1 h until the voltage was constant at 1200 V. The gel was immediately fixed in 15% aqueous trichloroacetic acid, blotted and rinsed with water, dried overnight, stained by using Coomassie G-250, and destained.
• Capillary zone electrophoresis on the three heparin lyases used a Dionex Capillary Electrophoresis System on a 375 ⁇ m ⁇ 70-cm capillary by a previously published method for protein analysis (Lauer, H. H., and McManigill, D. (1986) Anal. Chem. 58, 166-170) in 20 mM CAPS containing 10 mM potassium chloride, pH 11.0, at 20 kV at room temperature and detection was by absorbance at 280 nm. Heparin lyase I-III samples (20 nl), each containing 2.74, 2.07, and 2.45 mg/ml, respectively, were analyzed.
• Reversed-phase (RP) HPLC HP-1090 Hewitt Packard, CA
• RP Reversed-phase
• CA Reversed-phase
• One nmol of each purified enzyme was injected onto the RP-HPLC column and eluted using a gradient from 0 to 80% acetonitrile in 0.1 to 1 TFA, H 2 O for 120 min. These elution profiles were monitored at 210 and 280 nm.
• the enzyme peaks were isolated for amino acid analysis for composition and digestion with trypsin for peptide mapping.
• a nanomole of each RP-HPLC-purified enzyme was denatured in 50 ⁇ l of 8M urea containing 400 mM ammonium carbonate and 5 mM dithiothreitol at 50° C. (Sasisekharan, R. (1991) Ph.D. thesis). After cooling to room temperature, the proteins were alkylated with 10 mM iodoacetamide for 15 min in the dark. The total reaction volume was 200 ⁇ l. Trypsin (4%, w/w) was added to each lyase solution, and the proteins were digested at 37° C. for 24 h. Proteolysis was terminated by heating at 65° C. for 2 min.
• the peptides formed in each digest were completely soluble and were injected onto RP-HPLC column and were eluted using a gradient from 0 to 80% acetonitrile in 120 min.
• the tryptic peptide maps were monitored at 280 nm.
• the activity pH optimum or each of the lyases was obtained by using succinic acid (4.0-6.5), bis-tris propane (BTP)-HCl (6.5-9.0) and both Tris-HCl and sodium phosphate (6.0-7.5).
• Heparin lyase I-III assay solutions were made by diluting a 10- ⁇ l sample of the purified lyase (2-3 mg/ml protein concentration) with 90 ⁇ l of sodium phosphate buffer at 50 mM, pH 7.0, and placed on ice until required for assay.
• the activities of each lyase (I acting on heparin, II acting on both heparin and heparan sulfate, and III acting on heparan sulfate) were then determined at different pH values.
• the buffer giving optimum activity for each heparin lyase was selected by testing buffers with buffering capacity near the pH optima calculated in the previous experiments. These buffers were: Tris-HCl, sodium phosphate, HEPES, MOPS, TES, and BTP-CHl. Each buffer was prepared at 50 mM, and its pH was adjusted with hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide to 6.9 for heparin lyase II acting on heparin, 7.15 for heparin lyase I, 7.3 for heparin lyase II acting on heparan sulfate, and 7.6 for heparin lyase III.
• heparin lyase assay solutions were made by diluting enzyme in 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer adjusted to the appropriate pH as previously described. Heparin lyase activity was determined in each buffer. Activity was assayed both immediately after addition to each buffer and following incubation for 24 h at 37° C.
• BTP-HCl buffer 50 mM was prepared containing either 10 mM calcium chloride, 10 ⁇ M or 1 mM copper (II) chloride, 10 ⁇ M and 1 mM mercury (II) chloride, and 1 mM zinc (II) chloride. Each solution was adjusted to the optimum pH for the lyase being tested, and the activity of the heparin lyases was measured in the presence and absence of divalent metals.
• the salt concentration for optimum activity was investigated.
• Sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and sodium and potassium acetate were used to differentiate between ionic strength and specific ion affects.
• Added salt concentrations varied between 0 and 500 mM and were prepared in 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer after which the pH was adjusted to each enzyme's optimum and the heparin lyase activity was measured.
• heparin lyases were determined for their optimum pH in sodium phosphate buffer (the heparin lyase I assay buffer contained 100 mM sodium chloride) in 5° increments at temperatures between 15° and 55° C. The temperature was adjusted in a temperature-regulated spectrophotometer and equilibrated for 10 min before the assay was started.
• Lyase assay stock solutions were prepared in the appropriate buffer and placed in water baths at the following temperatures: heparin lyase I at 30° C., heparin lyase II at 35° C., and heparin lyase III at both 35° and 40° C. Small aliquots were taken out at various time intervals (1-22 h) to measure remaining enzyme activity.
• Michaelis-Menten constants were determined using the optimized conditions.
• the final absorbance value for total depolymerization was divided by 20 to find a value that represented 5% reaction completion.
• the purified lyase preparations were diluted so that 5% of total depolymerization would be reached only at the end of a 3-min assay.
• the reaction velocities at specific molar concentrations for each lyase and their substrates were used for kinetic analysis using EZ-FIT hyperbolic curve-fitting program of Perella, F. W. (1988) Anal. Biochem. 174, 437-447).
• Substrate solutions were prepared from 50 mg/ml heparin and 40 mg/ml for heparan sulfate stock solutions.
• Each heparin lyase was added to a solution of complex polysaccharides (1 mg/ml) under optimized assay conditions, and the reaction was monitored at 232 nm for 30 min. The amount of purified lyase used was sufficient for complete depolymerization of heparin or heparan sulfate substrates within 30 min. The initial rate of depolymerization of each polysaccharide was measured, the reaction was then continued for 24 h, and the final level of polysaccharide depolymerization was assessed by measuring the final absorbance at 232 nm and expressed as percent activity.
• heparin lyases I-III were determined in the presence and absence of excipients after: 1) brief storage at 4° C.; 2) freezing at ⁇ 70° C. and thawing; and 3) ⁇ 70° C. freezing, lyophilization, and reconstituting with an equal volume of cold water.
• Optimized cell lysis of F. heparinum by sonication was accomplished in 10 min at 100 watts using a 40% pulse mode without inactivation of the liberated enzyme.
• Protamine precipitation increases both the total and specific activity by 42-fold without decreasing protein concentration, presumably by removing the polyanionic nucleic acids that may competitively inhibit the heparin lyases.
• a batch HA purification step greatly reduces the protein concentration and other contaminating activities associated with heparin/heparan sulfate metabolism, but does not separate the three heparin lyase activities.
• QAE-Sephadex is used to remove contaminating acidic proteins.
• HA-HPLC resolves the three lyase activities.
• a linear sodium chloride gradient is used to elute heparin lyases I-III at 330, 555, and 435 mM sodium chloride, respectively, as shown in FIG. 1 .
• Chondroitin/dermatan sulfate lyases also found in this bacterium, elute from the HA-HPLC column at the end of the gradient, just behind heparin lyase II. This technique gave good recovery of total heparin lyase activity while reducing protein concentration.
• Heparin lyases I and III were further purified by cation exchange FPLC, as shown in FIG. 2 . Heparin lyase I is recovered with excellent retention of activity and a large decrease in protein concentration.
• heparin lyase III does not improve using Mono-S FPLC, as it showed a substantial reduction in total activity. SDS-PAGE analysis, however, revealed an improvement in the purity of heparin lyase III following this step.
• Heparin lyase II was not purified by Mono-S FPLC, since it does not bind to the column.
• heparin lyases I-III were fractionated using GPC, as shown in FIG. 3 .
• each heparin lyase preparation was shown to be homogeneous by SDS-PAGE, acid-urea PAGE, IEF, capillary zone electrophoresis, and reverse phase HPLC.
• the molecular weights estimated by SDS-PAGE from heparin lyases I-III were 42,800, 84,100, and 70,800, respectively.
• Heparin lyase I was purified 3400-fold over the cell homogenate. The scheme provided on overall yield based on mass of 0.03%, a yield based on total activity recovery of 10.8%, and had a specific activity of 130 units/mg.
• Heparin lyase II was purified 5200-fold over the cell homogenate with an overall yield based on a mass of 0.02%. This enzyme had a specific activity of 19 units/mg toward heparin with a 1.02% total activity recovery. This enzyme preparation also had a specific activity of 36.5 units/mg toward heparan sulfate, a 1.54% total activity recovery.
• Heparin lyase III was purified 5100-fold over the cell homogenate, a yield of based on mass of 0.02%, a yield based on total activity of 2.74%, and had a specific activity of 63.5 units/mg.
• the physical, kinetic, and stability characteristics of the three heparin lyases were investigated. Discontinuous SDS-PAGE (Laemmli, U.K. (1970)) illustrated the three heparin lyases were apparently homogeneous. The molecular weights of heparin lyase I, III were estimated at 42,800, 84,100, and 70,800, respectively. Nonreducing SDS-PAGE without ⁇ -mercaptoethanol revealed the same bandign pattern, suggesting that no subunits were present. IEF was used to determine the isoelectric points of the three heparin lyases and to assess their purity.
• IEF using a variety of pH gradients failed to give accurate pI values for the three lyases as they each migrated to a position very near the cathode.
• the pI values measured for heparin lyases I-III were 9.1-9.2, 8.9-9.1, and 9.9-10.1, respectively.
• Urea-acetic acid PAGE in tube gels using the method of Panyim, S., and Chalkley, R. (1969), confirmed the homogeneity of the three heparin lyases.
• RP-HPLC was used to desalt the three heparin lyases prior to amino acid compositional analysis and tryptic digestion for peptide mapping (Sasisekharan, R. (1991) Ph.D. thesis). Interestingly, each chromatogram shows a very tight doublet of peaks suggesting the presence of isoforms, possibly due to post-translational modification.
• Amino acid analysis of heparin lyase isoforms for I, II, and III were identical. The isoforms differ slightly in hydrophilicity, possibly due to some post-translational modification such as glycosylation or phosphorylation.
• the major isoform of heparin lyases I-III had retention times of 38.5, 44.3, and 42.7 min, respectively, in a RP-HPLC.
• amino acid composition and peptide mapping demonstrate that heparin lyases I-III are different gene products and that heparin lyases I and III are not merely post-translationally processed from the larger heparin lyase II.
• the lyases all contain a high amount of lysine that may contribute to their high isoelectric points.
• the optimal reaction conditions for each of the three heparin lyases was determined in a series of experiments.
• the first parameter examined was the pH optimum.
• a heparin concentration of 2.5 mg/ml for heparin lyases I and II and a heparan sulfate concentration of 1.0 mg/ml for heparin lyases II and III were demonstrated to be saturating based on published values (14, 26) and preliminary experiments.
• a reaction temperature of 37° C. was initially chosen as an average of values reported in the literature (Linhardt, R. J., Turnbull, J. E., Wang, H. M., Loganathan, D., and Gallagher, J. T. (1990); Silva, M. E., Dietrich, C.
• the pH optima determined were 7.15 on heparin for lyase I, 7.3 on heparin and 6.9 on heparan sulfate for lyase II, and 7.6 on heparan sulfate for lyase III.
• the buffer giving optimum activity for each heparin lyase was selected using six different buffers each adjusted to the optimum pH for the enzyme and substrate being studied. Heparin lyase I showed similar initial reaction velocities in Tris-HCl and BTP-HCl, intermediate activity in sodium phosphate, and reduced activity in MOPS, TES, and HEPES. After incubation in each buffer at 37° C. for 24 h, the activity was reduced to 1-20% of its initial value. Heparin lyase I incubated in MOPS, TES, and HEPES retained the most activity. Heparin lyase II activity on heparin was remarkably similar in all six buffers.
• heparin lyase II When acting on heparan sulfate, however, heparin lyase II also showed a marked reduction of activity in MOPS, TES, and HEPES. After incubation in each buffer, MOPS, TES, and HEPES were found to best protect heparin lyase II activity (30-70% retention of activity) toward both heparin and heparan sulfate. Heparin lyase III showed only slight differences in activity in the six buffers studied. MOPS and HEPES protected heparin lyase III activity (15-30% retention of activity) following incubation.
• Heparin lyase I showed increased activity in response to increased salt concentrations, with an optimum activity at 100 mM.
• Heparin lyases II and III each show a decrease in activity with increasing concentration of added salt. At 400 mM of salt, the activity heparin lyase I-III were almost completely inhibited.
• the temperature for optimum activity was determined for the heparin lyases in 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer at their optimum pH (with heparin lyase I containing 100 mM sodium chloride) using temperatures between 15° and 55° C.
• the temperatures for maximum activity were 35° C. for heparin lyase I, 40° C. for heparin lyase II acting on both heparin and heparan sulfate, and 45° C. for heparin lyase III.
• the temperature stability optima for the heparin lyases were established to ensure that thermal inactivation did not influence experiments aimed at determining the kinetic constants.
• Heparin lyases I and III showed an exponential decrease in activity. Heparin lyase I lost 80% of its activity in 5 h at 30° C. Heparin lyase III lost 80% of its activity in 3.5 h and 0.5 h at 35° C. and 40° C., respectively. Heparin lyase II (protein concentration 1-2 ⁇ g/ml) showed a much slower decay in activity, retaining 70% of its activity on both heparin and heparan sulfate after 25 h at 35° c. All further studies on heparin lyase I-III used 30, 35, and 35° C., respectively, to retain high activity while maintaining enzyme stability.
• the heparin lyases showed less than 0.5% activity toward chondroitin sulfate C and dermatan sulfate and no activity toward chondroitin sulfate A, D, and E. No hyaluronidase, glucuronidase activity and less than 0.5% sulfatase activity was observed.
• Heparin lyase I-III acted at an average of 7, 14, and I sites in the heparin polymer and 5, 25, and 20 sites in the heparan sulfate polymer, respectively.
• Heparin lyase II acted on heparan sulfate at 1.7 times the initial rate observed on heparin.
• Oligosaccharide maps in which the oligosaccharide products were analyzed by strong anion-exchange HPLC and gradient PAGE (Linhardt, R.
• heparin lyase I stored at 4° C., after a single freeze-thawing and after freeze-drying, retained 50, 45, and 25% of its activity, respectively.
• the addition of 2.0 mg/ml BSA enhanced storage stability, resulting in greater than 85% retention of activity, as did the addition of 5% lactose, giving 40-80% retention of activity.
• Heparin lyase II retained greater than 75% of its activity under all storage conditions, and the addition of BSA or lactose gave little additional stabilization.
• Heparin lyase III is very unstable toward freeze-thawing and lyophilization. Heparin lyase III retains most of its activity during brief storage at 4° C. but lost 70-80% on freeze-thawing or freeze-drying. The presence of BSA increases the recovered activity by 20-25% but added lactose destabilizes heparin lyase III.
• Protein concentrations for heparin lyases I-III were 80, 994 and 68 ng/ml, respectively. Standard errors of apparent K m and V max values indicate the precision of fitting the initial rates and corresponding concentrations of heparin and heparan sulfate to the Michaelis-Menten equation as described # under “Materials and Methods”.
• b V max is expressed as ⁇ mol/min mg protein.
• c K cat /K m is expressed as (s- ⁇ M) ⁇ 1 .
• the pH optimum calculated for heparin lyase I was 7.15. This value was higher than the pH of 6.5 reported by Yang et al. (1985) and by Linker and co-workers (Hovingh and Linker, (1965 and 1970)). Both groups assayed their lyase preparations using time periods of up to 6 h where thermal instability might become a factor. The maximum time period used in this study was only 3 min.
• the pH optimum of heparin lyase II acting on heparan sulfate was 6.9.
• the pH optimum for heparin lyase III was 7.6. Hovingh and Linker as well as Dietrich and co-workers reported the pH optimum of between 6.0 and 7.0 for this enzyme. Again, the assay time intervals used by both groups were up to 6 h, and the thermal instability might account for the differences between these values.
• heparin lyase I The activity of heparin lyase I is slightly reduced by 1 mM zinc and markedly reduced by 10 ⁇ M and 1 mM mercury and 1 mM copper. Calcium at 10 mM increased activity by 30%.
• the activity of heparin lyase II acting on both heparin and heparan sulfate in the presence of divalent metal ions showed inhibition by all of the metals tested except for 10 ⁇ M copper. Even calcium resulted in dramatically reduced heparin lyase II activity.
• Heparin lyase III was activated (20%) by calcium, unaffected by copper and mercury (both at 10 ⁇ M), and inhibited by zinc, mercury, and copper (all at 1 mM).
• heparin lyases II and III activity decreases with increasing salt concentrations.
• Table III summaries the apparent Michaelis-Menten constants for heparin lyases I-III acting on heparin and heparan sulfate.
• Apparent K m values for heparin lyase I ranging from 0.3 to 42 ⁇ M and a V max of 19.7 ⁇ mol/min/mg protein have been reported (Rice, et al., (1989); Yang, et al., (1985); Lindhardt, (1984)).
• An apparent K m of 5.7 ⁇ M and V max of 3.57 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 ⁇ mol/min for a purified heparin lyase III acting on heparin sulfate have been reported (Rice and Lindhardt, (1989)).
• Heparin lyase I and II act on both heparin and heparan sulfate while heparin lyase III acts only on heparan sulfate. All three enzymes act endolytically, however, all cleavable sites within the polymer may not be equally susceptible (Cohen, D. M. and Linhardt, R. J. (1990) Biopolymers 30, 733-741). The primary linkages within these polymeric substrates that are cleaved by each enzyme were deduced from oligosaccharide mapping experiments.
• heparin lyases I-III on dermatan and chondroitin sulfates A-E was also studied. These substrates vary in position and degree of sulfation as well as the chirality of their uronic acid. The slight activity of these enzymes toward chondroitin sulfate C and dermatan sulfate suggested that either the heparin lyases are contaminated or that these substrates contained small amounts of heparin or heparan sulfate. To distinguish between these two possibilities, the reaction was followed for longer times. All of the activity was observed initially, after which the substrate became stable toward repeated challenges with fresh enzyme.
• Heparin lyase I was injected into mice and their B lymphocytes used to form monoclonal antibody-producing hybridomas. The specificity of the monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) for each of the three heparin lyases was examined.
• Heparin lyases I, II and III were isolated from Flavobacterium heparinum and purified to homogeneity as described above. Heparin lyase concentrations were determined using a Bio-Rad Protein Assay Kit (Richmond, Calif., U.S.A.).
• mAbs Six monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were prepared. Briefly, purified heparin lyase I was injected into mice three times over a period of 70 days. The mouse spleens were harvested and lymphocytes were isolated from the splenocyte mixture. The lymphocytes were fused with mouse myeloma cells to produce hybridomas. The hybridomas were cultured and screened for production of antibodies to heparin lyase I. Six hybridomas found to produce mAbs to heparin lyase I were designated M-1A, M2-B7, M2-A9, M-32, M-33, and M-34. Protein concentrations of the mAb solutions were determined using BCA Protein Assay Reagents from Pierce (Rockford, Ill., U.S.A.).
• MAb concentrations MAb (mg/mL) a M-32 49 M-33 45 M-34 41 M-1A 42 M2-A9 44 M2-B7 48 MAb solution protein concentration determined by BCA protein assay (Pierce).
• Nitrocellulose membranes, Goat anti-Mouse IgG (H+L) Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP) Conjugate, Tris ⁇ hydroxymethyl ⁇ aminomethane (Tris), gelatin, Tween-20 and HRP Color Development Reagent (4-chloro-1-naphthol) were purchased from Bio-Rad (Richmond, Calif., U.S.A.). Tris buffered saline (TBS) was 20 mM Tris containing 500 mM sodium chloride, pH 7.5. Blocking solution was 3.0% gelatin in TBS. Tween-20 wash solution diluted in TBS (TTBS) was 0.05% Tween-20 in TBS. Antibody buffer was 1% gelatin in TBS. HRP color development solution was made by mixing 60 mg HRP Color Development Reagent in 100 mL methanol at 0° C. with 0.015° % H 2 O 2 in TBS just prior to use.
• HRP Color Development Reagent was made by mixing 60 mg
• nitrocellulose membranes were cut to 2 ⁇ 3 cm pieces and 1 ⁇ 1 cm squares were drawn on the membranes using a soft pencil. The membranes were soaked in TBS for 15 minutes and air dried on filter paper for 15 minutes. Various concentrations of the heparin lyase (1 ⁇ L in TBS) were placed in the center of each square and the membrane was air dried for 15 minutes, then the membrane was immersed in blocking solution for 1 hour to coat the remaining hydrophobic sites.
• Electrophoresis was performed using a Mini-Protean II electrophoresis cell from Bio-Rad (Richmond, Calif., U.S.A.).
• Acrylamide and N,N′-methylene bisacrylamide were from International Biotechnologics Inc. (New Haven, Conn., U.S.A.) or used as a prepared 40% acrylamide solution that is 37.5 acrylamide:l N,N′-methylene bisacrylamide (Fischer Scientific, Fairlawn, N.J., U.S.A.).
• Tris ⁇ hydroxymethyl ⁇ aminomethane (Tris) was from Bio-Rad (Richmond, Calif., U.S.A.).
• N,N,N′,N′-Tetramethylethylenediamine was from Boehringer Mannheim Biochemicals (Indianapolis, Ind., U.S.A.). Ammonium persulfate (APS) and glacial acetic acid were from Mallinckrodt Inc. (Pads, Ky., U.S.A.). Urea and glycerol were from Fischer Scientific (Fair Lawn, N.J., U.S.A.). Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was from BDH Chemicals, Ltc. (Poole, England). Naphthol red was from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, Mo., U.S.A.).
• 2- ⁇ -mercaptoethanol was from EM Science (Gibbstown, N.J., U.S.A.). Bromophenol blue was from MCB Manufacturing Chemists, Inc. (Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A.). Molecular Weight Standards and Rapid Coomassie Stain were from Diversified Biotech (Newtown Centre, Mass., U.S.A.)
• Heparin lyases I, II, III and Flavobacterium heparinum cell homogenate were analyzed using SDS-PAGE as described above. Separating gels (12% acrylamide, 10% SDS) were prepared by mixing 4.35 mL distilled water, 2.5 mL of 1.5M Tris, pH 8.8 and 3.0 mL of a commercially prepared solution of 37.5 acrylamide:l N,N′-methylene bisacrylamide (Fischer Scientific, Fairlawn, N.J., U.S.A.) as described above. This solution was degassed under vacuum for at least 15 minutes. Next, 50 ⁇ L of APS (10%) and 5 ⁇ L of TEMED were added to the monomer solution to initiate polymerization. The gel solution was quickly poured between two glass plates separated by 0.75 mm spacers, overlaid with distilled water saturated gamma-butanol and allowed to polymerize at 25° C. for 60 minutes.
• Stacking gel was prepared by mixing 6.4 mL distilled water, 2.5 mL 0.5 M Tris, pH 6.8, 1.0 mL acrylamide/Bis solution (Fischer Scientific), 50 ⁇ L APS (10%) and 10 ⁇ L TEMED. The gamma-butanol was removed from the separating gel, the gel was rinsed with distilled water and the stacking gel solution was carefully added to the top of the separating gel. A well-forming electrophoresis comb was inserted in the stacking gel prior to polymerization. The stacking gel was allowed to polymerize for 60 minutes and the well-forming comb was removed just prior to loading of the samples.
• Sample buffer was prepared by mixing 4.0 mL distilled water, 1.0 mL 0.5M Tris, pH 6.8, 0.8 mL glycerol, 1.6 mL SDS (10%), 0.4 mL 2- ⁇ -mercaptoethanol and 0.2 mL bromophenol blue (0.05% W/V). Samples and molecular weight standard markers for electrophoresis were diluted 1:4 in sample buffer and heated for 4 minutes at 100° C. just prior to loading into the wells formed earlier in the stacking gel.
• Running buffer (0.125M Tris, 0.1M glycine, 0.5% SDS, pH 8.3) was carefully overlaid on the stacking gel and the electrophoresis was conducted at a constant voltage of 200 V until the bromophenol blue marker moved to within 0.3 cm of the bottom of the gel (typically about 45 minutes). Following electrophoresis, the gels were either electro-transferred to nitrocellulose membranes or were stained with Rapid Coomassie Stain for 45 minutes followed by destaining with a 7.5% methanol/5% acetic acid solution.
• urea/acetic acid-PAGE system (Panyim, S., and Chalkley, R. (1969) High resolution acrylamide gel electrophoresis of histories. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 130, 337-346) was used instead of SDS-PAGE to compare the effects of SDS on the capacity of the mAbs to detect the heparin lyases in Western blots.
• Stock solutions used in the preparation of the urea/acetic acid-PAGE gels were prepared as follows. A 60% acrylamide solution was prepared by dissolving 60 g acrylamide and 0.4 g N,N′-methylene bisacrylamide in 1 00 mL of distilled water.
• a 43.2% acetic acid/TEMED stock solution was prepared by mixing 43.2 mL acetic acid, 4.0 mL TEMED and 52.8 mL distilled water.
• APS/urea was prepared by dissolving 5 mg APS in 25 mL of 1 0M urea.
• the urea/acetic acid-PAGE gels were formed by mixing 4.0 mL of 60% acrylamide solution, 3.0 mL 43.2% acetic acid/TEMED and 2.0 mL distilled water. This solution and the APS/urea solution were degassed for 15 minutes, 15 mL of the APS/urea was added to the acrylamide monomer solution, mixed and carefully poured between two glass plates separated by two 0.75 mm spacers. A well-forming electrophoresis comb was inserted into the top portion of the gel and the gel was allowed to polymerize for 60 minutes.
• the heparin lyases were diluted 1:4 in urea/acetic acid sample buffer.
• This sample buffer was prepared by mixing 520 ⁇ L acetic acid, 1.0 mL glycerol, 1.0 mg naphthol red, and 6.0 g urea in distilled water that was brought to a final volume of 10 mL.
• the well-forming comb was removed and samples were loaded into wells and overlaid with running buffer (0.9M acetic acid). Electrophoresis was conducted at a constant current of 20 mA for 3 hours (prefocusing of the gel) and then at 10 mA until the naphthol red moved to about 0.3 cm from the bottom of the gel (about 3 hours).
• Semi-dry transblotting was conducted using a SemiPhor Transfer Unit (TE-70) from Hoefer Scientific Instruments (San Francisco, Calif., U.S.A.). Electro-transfer of the heparin lyases from the SDS-PAGE or Urea/acetic acid-PAGE to nitrocellulose membranes was accomplished using Semi-dry transblotting techniques as described by Al -Hakim, A., and Linhardt, R. J. (1990) Isolation and recovery of acidic oligosaccharides from polyacrylamide gels by semi-dry electrotransfer. Electrophoresis 11, 23-28, except that 50 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6.8 was used as the transfer buffer. Transfer was accomplished in 40 minutes at 8 V.
• TE-70 SemiPhor Transfer Unit
• Heparinases on the nitrocellulose membranes were detected using Western blotting techniques exactly as described above for dot-blotting immunoassay procedures.
• each of the six mAbs toward the three heparin lyases was examined. Varying amounts of each of the three heparin lyases were spotted on nitrocellulose membranes and detected using the anti-heparin lyase mAbs followed by addition of Goat anti-Mouse IGG-HRP and color development of the immune conjugates. Table V summarizes the lowest levels of each heparin lyases that were detected by immunoassay procedures. As seen in Table V, the mAbs have a broad range of sensitives toward immunodetection of the three heparin lyases.
• M2-A9 and M2-B7 can detect as little as 10 pg of heparin lyase II, whereas M-32, M-33 and M-34 require the presence of 1 ⁇ g of heparin lyase III in order to detect that lyase.
• MAb detection of heparin lyases on nitrocellulose membranes a MAb Heparin lyase I Heparin lyase II Heparin lyase III M-32 10 ng 100 ng 1 ⁇ g M-33 10 ng 10 ng 1 ⁇ g M-34 10 ng 10 ng 1 ⁇ g M-1A 100 pg 100 pg 10 ng M2-A9 100 pg 10 pg 10 ng M2-B7 100 pg 10 pg 10 ng a The minimum amount of each heparin lyase detectable by each of the six mAb using dot-blotting immunodetection.
• M-32 can detect levels of heparin lyase I that are ten times lower than heparin lyase II.
• M2-A9 and M2-B7 can detect levels of heparin lyase II that are ten times lower than heparin lyase I.
• M-33, M-34 and M-lA cannot be used to distinguish between heparin lyases I and II.
• heparin lyases I and II are able to detect much lower levels of heparin lyases I and II than of heparin lyase III, thus permitting distinction between heparin lyase III and heparin lyases I or II. Distinction between heparin lyases I and II is important because both enzymes can act on heparin and heparan sulfate and therefore are not easily distinguished based on their substrate specificity.
• FIG. 5 a contains a typical SDS-PAGE gel of the three heparin lyases stained with Coomassie Blue along with molecular weight markers.
• the ability of mAbs to detect heparin lyases was examined by running the three heparin lyases and Flavobacterium heparinum cell homogenate through six SDS-PAGE gels followed by Western blotting immunodetection of the gel contents.
• Four of the mAbs (M-34, M-lA, M2-A9 and M2-B7) were able to detect purified heparin lyases I, II and III as well as heparin lyases present in the Flavobacterium heparinum cell homogenate.
• the reagent in the SDS-PAGE system that was responsible for destroying the ability of M-32 and M-33 to immunodetect the heparin lyases was determined.
• Dot-blotting immunoassays of the heparin lyases using M-32 and M-33 were used to evaluate each component in the SDS-PAGE system.
• Heparin lyases I and II, in the presence or absence of SDS and/or 2- ⁇ -mercaptoethanol, were blotted on nitrocellulose membranes and examined using dot-blotting immunoassay techniques.
• the mAbs were unable to detect the lyases when SDS was present, demonstrating that SDS was responsible for the reduction of sensitivity of these two MAbs during the Western blotting procedures.
• This experiment suggests that M-32 and M-33 must be recognizing an epitope on the lyases that requires secondary conformation such as a folded structure present in all three heparin lyases that is destroyed by SDS den
• SDS is the agent primarily responsible for the reduced reactivity of MAbs M-32 and M-33 toward the heparin lyases. All six MAbs are able to detect all three heparin lyases, in either the purified or the native form, when analyzed using PAGE followed by Western blotting immunodetection.
• mAbs can be used to detect heparin lyases I, II and III in either their purified state or when present together in a solution of homogenized Flavobacterial cells. These mAbs can also be used in dot-blotting analyses of the lyases to distinguish between the three lyases based on their different sensitivity for each of the three lyases.

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